Database Management Systems
Introduction
Database Management Systems
Course Outline
Unit 1: Introduction to Database Management
Database System Applications, Purpose, View of data, Database Languages, Database
design, Introduction to databases, Database application architecture, Users and
Administrators, E-R Model, reducing ER to a relational schema. Structure of relational
databases, Database schema, and its constraints, Keys
14 Hours
Unit 2: Relational Model and Database Design
Relational operations (Algebra), Unary Operations - Unity, Binary, Aggregate Functions,
Grouping, SQL ,overview, Data definition, Structure of SQL queries, Additional Basic
Operations, Set Operations, Null Values, Aggregate Functions, Nested Subqueries,
Database Modification, Join expressions, Views, Triggers, Functions, and Procedures,
Introduction to strategies of Query processing and Query optimization.
14 Hours
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Database Management Systems
Course Outline
Unit 3: Advanced Design Concepts and Implementation
Functional Dependencies, Inference Rules, Closure, Equivalence, Minimal Cover Normal
Forms Based on Primary Keys (1NF, 2NF, and 3NF), General Definitions of Second and
Third Normal Forms Boyce-Codd Normal Form, Properties of Relational Decompositions,
Overview of Higher Normal Forms.
14 Hours
Unit 4: Advanced Databases
Database transactions, Concurrency control, Locking, Recovery, Database Security,
Introduction to NoSQL databases, Document database (MongoDB), Key-Value database
(DynamoDB), Graph databases (Neo4j), Wide-column store database (HBase)
14 Hours
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Database Management Systems
Course Outline
Lab/Hands-on sessions
• Draw an ER diagram for a given problem statement
• Conversion of an ER diagram into Relational schema
• DDL – create, constraints, alter, rename, drop, truncate table, Views. DML –
Insert, Update, Delete, Transactions - commit, rollback, savepoint
• SQL - Set operators: union, intersect, minus.
• SQL – Aggregate functions.
• SQL – Joins: inner, outer; Sub queries: correlated and uncorrelated. SQL – Creating
Functions and Procedures
• SQL – Creating Triggers and Cursors
• XML- Database access. NoSQL database queries
• High-level programming language accessing a database using an API.
Tools/ Languages: MySQL Workbench, Python, ERwin, Any other tool for ER modeling
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Database Management Systems
Textbooks
Textbook 1 (TB1) Textbook 2 (TB2)
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Database Management Systems
Course Evaluation Policy : Tentative
DBMS- 5 credits course
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Database Management Systems
Unit 1: Introduction to Database Management
Slides adapted from Author Slides of “Database System Concepts”, Silberschatz, H Korth and S
Sudarshan, McGrawHill, 7th Edition, 2019. And Author Slides of Fundamentals of Database
Systems”, Ramez Elamsri, Shamkant B Navathe, Pearson, 7th Edition, 2017.
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Database Management Systems
Introduction
➔ Have you ever wondered on how a large e-commerce website like Amazon is able to retrieve
the products that you would want to purchase?
➔ Nowadays social media (eg: Instagram) one of the most active platforms where people post
their day to day activities etc. how and where is all these information stored? By typing a
person's name we can get to see their entire profile, posts that person has posted how is this
possible?
➔ In a bank, multiple transactions take place everyday. Even if 2 transactions are happening
simultaneously from account, still the money in the accounts is properly deducted and
credited how does this happen?
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Database Management Systems
Introduction
➔ Suppose you visit your doctor for a general checkup. Now by typing in your name or
your ID, all your medical history details would be visible to the doctor. How does this
happen?
➔ When you search for a specific topic on Google, how does the search engine quickly
retrieve relevant web pages from millions of websites and present them to you?
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Database Management Systems
Introduction
All the above questions have a single answer and that is DATABASE
Before going ahead and understanding what database exactly and how is designed and
used for all the other application, let us try answering a few more questions:
● What do you mean by Data?
● How is it different from Information?
In current world, there is a lot of data that is available, how are all these stored or
organised so that we can get the required information?
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Database Management Systems
What Do you mean by Data & Information?
Data
• Data represents the raw material, like individual puzzle pieces,
that serves as the foundation for knowledge.
• Data is a raw and unorganized fact that is required to be
processed to make it meaningful.
Information
• When data is processed, organized, structured, or presented
in a given context to make it useful is called information.
• Data is a collection of facts, while information puts those facts
into context
• It is organized and is utilized by humans in some significant
way to make decisions and draw some conclusions Data doesn’t depend on
information, Information depends
on data
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Database Management Systems
What is a Database?
Database
• A database is a collection of related data representing some aspect of the real
world, also called the mini-world or the universe of discourse (UoD).
• It is a logically coherent collection, meaning it is not just a random assortment
of data but is organized with inherent meaning and structure.
• Databases are designed, built, and populated for a specific purpose, catering to
the needs of applications or systems that interact with them.
• They can vary in size and complexity, ranging from small databases used by
individual applications to large-scale enterprise databases handling vast amounts
of data.
Could you think of what do these individual terms mean w.r.t student information
Database?
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Database Management Systems
What is a Database
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Database Management Systems
Database Management System
Database Management System
• A modern database system is a complex software system whose task is to
manage a large, complex collection of data.
• DBMS contains information about a particular enterprise
○ Collection of interrelated data
○ Set of programs to access the data
○ An environment that is both convenient and efficient to use
• Database systems are used to manage collections of data that are:
○ Highly valuable
○ Relatively large
○ Accessed by multiple users and applications, often at the same time.
Let us break these statements down further and understand them in the context of
the student information database
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Database Management Systems
Student Information Database
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Database Management Systems
Database Management System
Database Management System
• A general-purpose software system that facilitates the processes of defining, constructing,
manipulating, and sharing databases among various users and applications
○ Defining a database involves specifying the data types, structures, and constraints of
the data to be stored in the database. By defining the structure and data types, the
DBMS ensures the consistency and integrity of the stored data.
➢ The "Students" table may include fields such as "Student ID" (numeric), "Name"
(text), "Email" (text), "Date of Birth" (date), and "Major" (text).
➢ The "Courses" table may have fields like "Course ID" (numeric), "Course Name"
(text), "Credits" (numeric), and "Instructor" (text).
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Database Management Systems
Database Management System
Database Management System
• A general-purpose software system that facilitates the processes of defining,
constructing, manipulating, and sharing databases among various users and
applications
○ Constructing the database is the process of storing the data on some
storage medium that is controlled by the DBMS. It organizes the data in a
way that allows for efficient retrieval and manipulation. The DBMS ensures
data is securely stored and can be accessed by authorized users or
applications.
➢ The DBMS may store the Student Information Database on a server
with appropriate data storage capacity and performance capabilities.
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Database Management Systems
Database Management System
Database Management System
• A general-purpose software system that facilitates the processes of defining,
constructing, manipulating, and sharing databases among various users and
applications
○ Manipulating a database includes functions such as querying the database to
retrieve specific data, updating the database to reflect changes in the mini
world, and generating reports from the data. It ensures that any changes made
to the database follow predefined constraints and maintain data consistency.
➢ A university administrator may use SQL queries to retrieve specific
information, such as "Retrieve all students enrolled in Computer Science
courses." The DBMS processes the query, retrieves the relevant data from
the database, and presents it to the user.
➢ Allows authorized users to update the database, such as adding new
students or updating grades. 18
Database Management Systems
Database Management System
Database Management System
• A general-purpose software system that facilitates the processes of defining,
constructing, manipulating, and sharing databases among various users and
applications
○ Sharing a database allows multiple users and programs to access the
database simultaneously, provided they have the necessary permissions
➢ Faculty members, administrative staff, and students can access relevant
information concurrently, as long as they have the necessary
permissions.
➢ For example, faculty members can access student details for their
courses, while administrators can update and maintain the overall
database.
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Database Management Systems
Questions
Some questions to revise
1) How do you define data, and how does it differ from information in the context of
database management systems?
2) List out the data types you would take to define a database for an online bookstore.
3) Explain the role of a DBMS in managing highly valuable and relatively large
collections of data. Why is this important for organizations?
4) What are some of the common operations performed on a database? How do these
operations interact with the data stored in the database?
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Database Management Systems
How are databases used?
Some online resources -
● https://dev.mysql.com/doc/
● https://www.oracle.com/in/database/what-is-database/
● https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E17952_01/index.html
● https://downloads.mysql.com/docs/mysql-tutorial-excerpt-8.0-en.a4.pdf
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THANK YOU
S Nagasundari
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
nagasundaris@pes.edu
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