1

0EKİ
M
YDS
1) Attaining ----- in the current job is a basic 4) The population of koalas dropped ------
career strategy, given that organisations make during the early part of the 20th century
promotion decisions, at least in part, on an because they were over-hunted for their fur.
employee's present performance.
A) strictly
A) assurance
B) drastically
B) competence
C) cautiously
C) balance
D) ardently
D) recession
E) merely
E) insurance

5) When neurological issues like aphasia and

2) Despite its being a remote and harsh dyslexia arise, they often ------ themselves in
environment, there is ------- about ownership the things we say and how we say them.
of the North Pole as there could be rich
A) alienate
natural resources beneath the ice.
B) improve
A) discrimination
C) manifest
B) substitution
D) diminish
C) exposure
E) receive
D) controversy

E) neglect
6) When you cook meat, a chemical reaction
turns creatine into a group of compounds
3) The reasons for an urban climate are heat called heterocyclic amines and there is some
storage, trapping of radiation, increasing evidence that these compounds ----- cancer in
roughness and less evaporation, which are high concentrations.
seen in cities worldwide but are most -------
A) rely on
in densely built-up megacities.
B) break into
A) evident
C) pass for
B) arbitrary
D) call off
C) convenient
E) lead to
D) constructive

E) mediocre
7) Recently, nutritional scientists ----- strong 10) People intuitively tend to equate
evidence that the eating, drinking, and happiness ----- freedom, however without
exercise habits of the Mediterranean people obstacles ----- our desires it is harder to know
----- a major role in their low risk for heart what we really want, let alone fulfilling them.
disease.
A) between / on
A) uncover / are playing
B) with / to
B) are uncovering / had been playing
C) at/ into
C) have uncovered / play
D) in / among
D) may uncover / have played
E) for / from
E) uncovered / had played

11) People who feel strongly that they do not

8) There are some people who ------ objects want to be awake and alert ----- certain
from 6 metres away with the same sharpness procedures may not be good candidates ------
that a normal-sighted person ------ in to 4.5 local or regional anaesthesia.
metres to achieve.
A) through / at
A) may view / had to move
B) by / with
B) must view / could move
C) during / for
c) can view / would have to move
D) upon / to
D) ought to view / should have moved
E) against / about
E) might view / can move

12) ----- social media has become widely

9) While many people welcome the chance ---- integrated into everyday life, there is a
exotic foods or novel flavours, others do not growing interest in understanding its impact
even consider ----- foods beyond their usual and the noms of online conduct.
repertoire.
A) Supposing that
A) to be tasting / having consumed
B) Although
B) tasting / to have consumed
C) Now that
C) to have tasted / to be consuming
D) As much as
D) having tasted / to consume
E) While
E) to taste / consuming
13) For many years, social researchers 16) ----- many individual cases of malicious
regarded gossip as unworthy of scientific data leaks online that have caught the public
investigation; -----, sociologists have recently eye, there has been very little research
begun to recognise gossip as an important examining the scale of the problem.
feature of social life.
A) Similar to
A) accordingly
B) Due to
B) in other words
C) As a result of
C) however
D) In accordance with
D) as a result
E) Despite
E) for example

14) In diabetic patients, even though food

intake may be increased, weight loss cạn
occur ----- muscles and fat stores may shrink
as they are not getting the necessary glucose.

A) because

B) given that

C) as long as

D) although

E) in case

15) ----- you are a long-time fan ----- casual

follower of the series of Street Fighter, you are
already well-aware that it is constantly
updated with new characters, costumes, and
story content.

A) Both / and

B) Neither / nor

C) Rather / than

D) Whether / or

E) Not only / but also

Elvis Presley is the single most significant 18)
figure in rock and roll history, and it is hard to
A) cannot be exposed
imagine rock and roll without his
contributions. (17)----- revolutionising the way B) are not exposed
popular music sounded and looked, he forever
changed the way young people relate to C) would not have been exposed
music. Emerging from the racially segregated D) should not have been exposed
American South in the mid-1950s, he
promoted racial harmony by making African- E) have not been exposed
American music accessible to millions of white
teens who (18)----- to it otherwise.
Furthermore, in popularising rock and roll 19)
(19)------ a worldwide audience, Elvis almost
A) under
single-handedly eltered the parameters of the
entertainment industry. By many estimates, B) towards
he remains history's biggest-selling recording
C) for
artist. Elvis certainly was not the first white
person to perform music rooted in black D) against
culture; (20)-----, he was the first to fuse
elements of rhythm and blues, country, and E) without
gospel into a charismatic package. Charismatic
and overconfident yet humble and polite,
generous and charitable yet selfish and 20)
tyrannical, Elvis (21)----- the contradictions of A) for instance
his time and his genre, and this distinctive
combination of different musical styles still B) as a result
enchants too many people around the world
C) in short

D) that is

E) however
17)

A) Instead of 21)
B) Regardless of
A) ceased
C) In contrast with B) falsified
D) Despite
C) condemned
E) In addition to
D) embodied

E) devastated
If you are locked in a constant struggle with 23)
your willpower, here is some good news.
A) rations
There is some evidence to show that thinking
about new healthy habits as opportunities B) possessions
(22)----- obligations can help you stay on track.
In a recent study at Yale University in the US, C) attributes
people were trained to think about the D) structures
positive (23)----- of healthy foods. The
researchers told them, for instance, that E) senses
broccoli was crunchy and delicious and that
(24)------ they ate it, they would feel good
about themselves. The results were striking. 24)
"We found that we can actually get people to
A) if
increase their cravings (25)----- healthy foods."
says Hedy Kober, PhD, who headed the study. B) although
In a second study, her team trained people to
C) moreover
engage in that same type of thinking
repeatedly. They discovered that if people D) unless
practised looking at healthy foods and
considering their wonderful qualities, it E) while
encouraged them (26)------ better dietary
choices and thev consumed fewer calories in
evervdav 25)

A) to

B) into

22 C) on

A) because of D) for

B) rather than E) in

C) contrary to

D) according to 26)

E) in spite of A) being made

B) to have made

C) making

D) make

E) to make
27) Even though many people still remain 29) Because of the health hazards that lead
unconvinced that global warming is a real poses for humans and other animals, -----.
phenomenon, ------.
A) tetraethyl lead, which releases free lead to
A) the evidence in support of man-made the environment when broken down within an
climate change is quite overwhelming engine, has been banned for use as a gasoline
additive
B) the consequences for our lives are still
uncertain and absolutely way too complex B) lead compounds were once widely used for
paints as they covered surfaces well and were
C) it is reassuring that everything around us
available in a number of vivid colours
changed simply through chance
C) lead has been popular as a covering for
D) some people reject the idea that it has
underground cables, such as buried cables
been affecting the entire world
that carry telephone messages
E) the lack of some solid proof makes it hard
D) alloys of lead are quite popular for the
to accept the situation
manufacture of solders; for example, ordinary
plumber's solder contains about two parts of
lead to one part of tin
28) ------ if doing so helps them to pursue the
goals that are aligned with their values. E) today, physiologists understand that the
human body is able to excrete about two
A) Meditative practices may not be beneficial milligrams of lead efficiently each day
for everyone with depression

B) The study of how people react to mind-

altering practices like meditation is still in its 30) Unless rich countries help poor ones adopt
infancy greener technologies, -----.

C) Psychologically flexible people show A) some projects that lie in the heart of
willingness to welcome uncomfortable states environmental protection could come to a halt

D) Psychologists call the ability to walk B) it is in their interest to help establish a

through bad experiences 'resilience sustainable energy future for all the world's
inhabitants
E) Those with lower than average signs of
post-traumatic stress disorder have higher C) they barely depend on fossil fuels, which
scores of psychological flexibility are damaging to both human health and the
environment

D) every country, regardless of their economic

power, is expected to contribute to global
welfare

E) energy consumption in the rich world would

always dwarf that in poor countries
31) Provided that loan programmes are 33) Today, the sanitary landfill is the major
properly designed, effectively managed and a method of disposing waste materials in North
high rate of recovery is achieved, -----. America and other developed countries, ----.

A) an important feature of student loan A) while some older landfills are being mined
schemes is that they offer financial assistance for useful products such as methane gas that
and subsidies to individual students, rather can be used as fuel
than to institutions
B) just as many tons of solid waste dumped in
B) there are important differences in the way a landfill today will not decompose until 30
different loan programmes are administered, years from now
particularly in terms of how they are operated
C) as composting and burning up require
C) implications for student loans of what is uniformity in the form and chemical
variously described as international labour properties of the waste for efficient operation
mobility or brain drain' have received limited
D) because about 70% of materials that are
attention
routinely disposed of in landfills could be
D) student loans can make a valuable recycled instead
contribution to relieving the financial
E) though considerable efforts are being made
pressures facing higher education
to find alternative methods, such as recydling
E) sound financial management is required to and composting
maintain the capital value of the loan fund
and cover administrative costs
34) The popularity of many flat-faced dog
breeds such as French bulldogs has risen
32) Many researchers and clinicians observe dramatically in recent years ------.
that the traditional Chinese medicine dan
A) because French bulldogs have short faces
hope to function in full partnership with
that can make breathing difficult
Western medicine -----.
B) even though French bulldogs are not seen
A) even though some herbs are used routinely
as dangerous as other dog breeds
in therapy, including treatment of some
common diseases C) although there are regular assertions that
they are prone to many health issues
B) only if practitioners pay attention to the
most recent discoveries made by D) given that there is limited reliable evidence
immunological research studies on the wider general health of flat-faced dogs
C) but Chinese doctors are well aware of the E) while it enables ongoing identification of
value of using traditional medicine to cure breed health-related priorities
diseases

D) whenever there is a chance to get the

medical professionals in the West to question
medical practices

E) as if the immunological effects were due to

the unknown or unrecognised substances in
herbs
35) The pleasures of chocolate, tea, and coffee
drinking have been known to humans for
centuries, ------.

A) while caffeine is a member of the alkaloid

family, a group of compounds obtained from
numerous plants

B) because full characterisation of caffeine's

molecular structure was completed by a
German chemist

C) since researchers identified the active

agents in tea and chocolate and gave them
various names

D) but the isolation of caffeine from these

everyday treats was accomplished only in the
early 1800s

E) although caffeine is one of the most widely

used central nervous system stimulants
worldwide

36) Individuals with social phobia fear being

humiliated while doing something in public,
-----.

A) because those who receive treatment can

completely overcome their fears in social life

B) and therefore they will avoid any situation

in which such participation may be required

C) as one of the most common manifestations

of social phobia involves public speaking

D) although they have intense fears of social

interactions, such as meeting others and
dating

E) whereas it generally develops after puberty

and peaks after the age of 30
37) In 1991, two German mountaineers 38) Because salt is indispensable to life, and
discovered the mummy and personal artefacts uniquely flavours foods, humans have been
of a man now called as Ötzi the Iceman in the preoccupied with it since the beginning of
Ötztal Alps, which were well-preserved in the recorded history.
ice for 5,300 years.
A) Insanlar, tarih kayıt altına alınmaya
A) 1991 yılında iki Alman dağcı Öztal başladığından bu yana tuzla yakından
Alplerinde bir adamın 5300 yıl boyunca buz ilgilenmişlerdir çünkü yaşam için vazgeçilmez
içinde oldukça iyi şekilde korunmuş mumyasını olan tuz, yiyecekleri eşsiz bir şekilde
ve kişisel eşyalanını bulmuşlardır ve bu adam tatlandırmaktadır.
günümüzde Buz Adam Ötzi olarak
B) İnsanlar kayıt altına alınan tarihin
anılmaktadır.
başlangıcından itibaren yaşam için vazgeçilmez
B) 1991 yılında iki Alman dağcı Ötztal olan ve yiyeceklere eşsiz bir tat veren tuzla
Alplerinde, günümüzde Buz Adam Ötzi olarak yakından ilgilenmişlerdir.
anılan bir adamın 5300 yıl boyunca buz içinde
C) insanların kayıt altına alınan tarihin
oldukça iyi bir şekilde korunmuş mumyasını ve
başlangıcından beri tuzla yakından
kişisel eşyalarını buldular.
ilgilenmesinin nedeni yiyeceklere eşsiz bir
C) Günümüzde Buz Adam Ötzi olarak anılan bir biçimde tat vermesinin yanı sıra yaşam için de
adamın 5300 yıl boyunca buz içinde oldukça iyi vazgeçilmez olmasıdır.
bir şekilde korunmuş mumyası ve kişisel
D) Tuz, yaşam için vazgeçilmez olduğu ve
eşyalar, iki Alman dağcı tarafından 1991
yiyeceklere eşsiz bir biçimde tat verdiği için
yılında Ötztal Alplerinde bulunmuştur.
insanlar kayıt altına alınan tarihin
D) İki Alman dağcı tarafından 1991 yılında başlangıcından beri tuzla yakından
Öztal Alplerinde bulunan ve günümüzde Buz ilgilenmişlerdir.
Adam Ötzi olarak anılan bir adamın mumyası
E) Yiyecekleri eşsiz bir biçimde tatlandıran tuz,
ve kişisel eşyaları, 5300 yıl boyunca buz içinde
yaşam için vazgeçilmez olduğundan, tarihin ilk
oldukça iyi bir şekilde korunmuştur.
kayıt altına alındığı andan itibaren insanoğlunu
E) 1991 yılında Ötztal Alplerinde iki Alman fazlasıyla ilgilendirmiştir.
dağcı tarafından 5300 yıl boyunca buz altında
oldukça iyi bir şekilde korunmuş mumyası ve
kişisel eşyaları bulunan adam, günümüzde Buz
Adam Ötzi olarak anılmaktadır.
39) Objectivity refers to perceiving and 40) Yeni deneyimlere açık insanlar, görsel
describing something from as neutral and bilgiyi farklı şekillerde işleme yeteneğine
unbiased a perspective as possible in order to sahiptir ve bu, yaratıcılıklarının artmasını
produce observations that can be verified by a sağlamaktadır, böylece bu özelliğe sahip
trained community of observers. insanlar farklı bakış açıları sayesinde diğerleri
tarafından gözden kaçırılan çözümleri fark
A) Nesnellik, bir şeyi olabildiğince tarafsız ve
etmede iyi olabilirler.
önyargısız bir bakış açısı üzerinden algılayıp
betimlemenin yanı sıra söz konusu şeyin A) People who are open to new experiences
eğitimli bir gözlemciler topluluğu tarafından have the ability to boost their creativity by
doğrulanabilmesi anlamına gelmektedir. processing visual information in different
ways, so people with this trait can be good at
B) Nesnellikten kastedilen, eğitimli bir
spotting solutions that others overlooked,
gözlemciler topluluğu tarafından
thanks to their diverse outlook.
gözlemlenebilecek algılamalan ve
betimlemeleri ortaya koymak ve bunun için B) People who are open to new experiences
mümkün olduğunca tarafsız ve önyargısız have the ability to spot solutions overlooked
bakış açılan üretmektir. by others thanks to their diverse outlook,
which is a trait that enables these people to
C) Eğitimli bir gözlemciler topluluğu tarafından
process visual information in different ways
doğrulanabilecek gözlemler ortaya koyabilmek
and helps boost their creativity.
için bir şeyi mümkün olduğunca tarafsız ve
önyargısız bir bakış açısıyla algilamak ve C) People who have the ability to process
betimlemek gerekmektedir ve bu da nesnellik visual information in different ways that boost
olarak tanımlanır. their creativity are open to new experiences;
therefore, people with this trait can be good
D) Nesnellik, eğitimli bir gözlemciler topluluğu
at spotting solutions overlooked by others,
tarafından doğrulanabilecek gözlemler ortaya
thanks to their diverse outlook.
koymak için bir şeyi mümkün olduğunca
tarafsız ve önyargısız bir bakış açısıyla D) People who have the ability to be open to
algılamak ve betimlemek anlamını new experiences process visual information in
taşımaktadır. different ways to boost their creativity, so
people with diverse outlook might be good at
E) Bir şeyi mümkün olduğunca tarafsız ve
spotting solutions that others overlook, thanks
önyargısız bir bakış açısıyla algilamak ve
to this trait.
betimlemek, nesnelligin eğitimli bir
gözlemciler topluluğu tarafından E) People who are open to new experiences
gözlemlenebilecek şekilde ortaya koyulmasına have the ability to process visual information
bağlıdır. in different ways and this helps boost their
creativity, so people with this trait might be
good at spotting solutions overlooked by
others, thanks to their diverse outlook.
41) Evlat edinme, ister sağlıklı bir yenidoğan 42) Vücudun akciğerleri koruyan
isterse de özel ihtiyacı olan herhangi bir mekanizmaları olmasına rağmen, akciğerlerde
yaştaki bir çocuk olsun, bir aileye ihtiyacı olan biriken birçok madde vardır ve bunlar
tüm çocukların gereksinimlerine uygun olarak akciğerlerde tekrarlayan iritasyona veya uzun
sürekli gelişen bir olgudur. süreli hastalığa yol açabilir.

A) Adoption is a phenomenon that constantly A) Although the body has mechanisms that
evolves in relation to the needs of any protect the lungs, there are many substances
children who need families, whether they are that deposit in the lungs and these may cause
healthy newborns or children of any age with recurrent iritation to the lungs or lead to long-
special needs. term illness.

B) Adoption is a phenomenon involving the B) Many substances can deposit in the lungs
needs of children, whether they are healthy and cause recurring irritation to the lungs that
newborns or children at all ages with special leads to long-term illness even though various
needs, and it constantly evolves to meet those mechanisms of the body protect the lungs.
needs.
C) Despite the protective mechanisms of the
C) The phenomenon of adoption evolves body, lots of substances may deposit in the
constantly to fit the needs of all children in lungs that can cause long-term illness by
need of families, be it healthy newbors or causing recurrent irritation to the lungs
children of any age with special needs.
D) Even if there are mechanisms of the body
D) Adoption refers to a phenomenon that for the protection of the lungs, many
constantly evolves in order to meet the needs substances may deposit in the lungs and lead
of children needing families, be it healthy to long-term illness as a result of recurring
newborns or children of all ages with special irritation.
needs.
E) Although the body protects the lungs
E) The phenomenon of adoption, ranging from through various mechanisms, many
healthy newborns to children of all ages with substances can cause long-term illness by
special needs, constantly evolves to fit the depositing in the lungs and leading to
needs of any children who need families. recurring irritation.
Azerbaijan's transformation is particularly 44. It can be understood from the passage
impressive considering that twenty-seven that -----.
years ago it was involved in a deep political
A) the 1994 agreement attracted a lot of
and economic crisis. Amid post-Soviet
foreign investment to Azerbaijan
uncertainty, the economy was in free fall, with
a severe contraction in output and growing B) Azerbaijan's economic development would
inflation. The revival of the country's economy have been impossible without Soviet aid
followed the introduction of a new oil strategy
which encompassed a series of production C) Azerbaijan has become a preferred
sharing agreements, and the opening of destination to which other countries export
Azerbaijan's historic oil sector to international gas
investment. A 1994 agreement, hailed as the D) the country's greatest challenge is how to
'contract of the century', gave investors access best take advantage of the Caspian Sea
to Azerbaijan's rich oil fields in the Caspian
Sea. The resulting inflow of capital and E) the country's new oil strategy is
expertise permanently altered the country’s questionable, given the limited amount of
fortunes. Large-scale production and the foreign investment
construction of multiple pipelines contributed
to making Azerbaijan one of the world's
largest oil and gas exporters. Azerbaijan's 45. The underlined word in the passage
biggest challenge today is diversifying away 'hailed' is closest in meaning to -----.
from hydrocarbons (chemicals found in petrol
A) praised
and natural is gas), which represent more than
90 percent of the country's total exports, a 60 B) ignored
percent increase from fifteen years ago. The
C) recruited
country expects to capitalise on hydrocarbons
for at least another forty years, but oil D) ceased
production is believed to have peaked and
Azerbaijan must do more for its non-oil E) retained
economy. For the government this is a clear
priority.
46. According to the passage for further
economic development Azerbaijan needs to
43. It is clearly stated in the passage that more -----.
than a quarter of a century ago Azerbaijan ----. A) abandon hydrocarbons as soon as possible
A) became a politically developed and B) revise the 1994 agreement to make it more
economically compettive country profitable
B) was entangled in serious administrative and C) seek other sources of income as
financial difficultes alternatives for oil
C) was in a problematic situation in terms of D) focus on expanding the uses of oil and the
infrastructure and services range of markets where it is sold
D) was economically and politically more E) find more efficient ways of obtaining more
stable but suffered from rising inflation oil from the Caspian Sea
E) experienced strong economic growth
thanks to post-Soviet investors
Deconstruction - the method which claims 48. It is stated in the passage that Jacques
there is no single explanation of the meaning Derrida's book Of Grammatology -----.
of a piece of writing - in and of itself, is almost
A) is considered to be the cornerstone of his
dead, but it retains enomous influence on
works
current critical thinking. While deconstruction
itself peaked in the late 1970s, an evolving B) has had a bigger influence on philosophy
version of deconstruction has been absorbed than the field of literature
by later thinking and often remains crucial to,
and even taken for granted by, contemporary C) was an important extension of the ideas of
cultural and literary criticism. The founding some French philosophers
figure and the intellectual force behind D) dwells upon the ideas of such prominent
deconstruction was Jacques Derrida. His first thinkers like Einstein and Freud
widely influential book, Of Grammatology,
appeared in French in 1967, and many of his E) was considerably influenced by other
later writings recast or extend the ideas of Of contexts and issues of his time
Grammatology for other contexts and issues.
Advocates and popularisers saw his ideas as so
revolutionary that they put him in the same 49. Derrida is seen in the same line with
light as Copemicus, Newton, Einstein, and Copernicus, Newton, Einstein, and Freud
Freud. Although Derrida was primarily a because he -----.
philosopher, his work had little impact on
A) was their contemporary
philosophy until after its shock wave hit
literary studies. Deconstruction has since B) was as popular as they were
carried its influence far beyond literary
C) influenced many other fields of study as
studies, not only to philosophy but also to all
they did
of the humanities and often to the social
sciences. D) had groundbreaking ideas like them

E) was also a philosopher

47. According to the passage deconstruction
lost its previous power -----.
50. According to the passage which of the
A) because it could hardly evolve after its peak following is true about deconstruction?
in the late 1970s
A) It has extended far beyond the boundaries
B) long before the 1970s, when various of humanities and social sciences.
different philosophical movements appeared
B) It made literary studies more significant
C) and was forgotten for several years because than others
of the obsolete ideas it promotes
C) It helped Derida to become a literary critic.
D) but still achieves a considerable impact on
cultural and literary criticism D) It was not fully appreciated in some fields
of study.
E) as a result of its excessive preoccupation
with current cultural criticism E) It has evolved over time and made its way
to modern studies as well.
What goes around comes around. Our greenhouse 52. It is understood from the passage that the
gas emissions do not just warm the planet, they chemical dimethyl sulphide ------.
also acidify the oceans; however, it is a fact that
most people are not aware of. Now it turns out A) plays an important role in decreasing the
that the changes in ocean chemistry they cause will temperatures on Earth
feed back into the climate, further driving up
temperatures. This was not always thought to be B) leads to acidification by reflecting sunlight
true. Climatologists had considered that carbon back
dioxide (CO2) absorbed by the ocean was stored,
C) is produced when marine plants reflect
and unable to affect the climate. But a study now
suggests that the acidification it causes will
sunlight back into space
rebound on the entire planet, by acting on tiny D) is the direct result of acidification in the
marine plants called phytoplankton. These plants
oceans
produce a chemical called dimethyl sulphide (DMS)
trat drifts up into the air and reflects sunlight back E) is produced in less alkaline seawater
into space, cooling the planet. Katharina Six and
her team at the Max Planck Institute for
Meteorology in Hamburg gathered experimental
53. According to the data collected by Six and
data showing that phytoplankton produce less
DMS as seawater becomes less alkaline due to
her team, -----.
acidification. After entering these figures into A) DMS released from the oceans will drop to
climate models, they estimate that 18 percent less
18 percent in 2100
DMS will be released from the oceans by the year
2100, compared to pre-industrial times. If the B) climate models of pre-industrial times
concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere doubles, indicated 18 percent less acidification
which is likely to happen later this century,
temperatures are expected to rise between 2 and C) less production of DMS causes seawater to
4.5°C. Ocean acidification will add between 0.23 become less alkaline
and 0.48°C to that figure, Six estimates.
D) phytoplankton produced more DMS before
industrialisation
51. According to the passage greenhouse gas E) the rise in temperatures will be far more
emissions -----. than 5°C later this century
A) are mainly caused by the rise in acid levels
in the oceans
54. What is the main aim of the author of this
B) are responsible for changes in ocean passage?
chemistry
A) To prove that greenhouse gas emissions
C) enable oceans to absorb and store carbon affect the climate more than acidification
dioxide
B) To reveal the major effects of temperature
D) are considered to be less harmful than the rise on the planet
chemical changes in oceans
C) To inform the reader about a lesser-known
E) impact the temperatures less than they did effect of greenhouse gas emissions
in the past
D) To tell people about the effects of
industrialisation on the climate

E) To give specific advice about cooling down

the planet
So far, only two types of mental exertion have 56. It is pointed out in the passage that
been shown to improve or preserve overall learning a new language ------.
cognitive ability. One is musical training.
A) may help improve attention
Experts state that listening to and making
music is not only an auditory experience; it is a B) fixes several types of brain damages
multisensory and motor experience. Playing
an instrument changes how the brain C) prevents various mental disorders
interprets and integrates a wide range of D) could strengthen motor skills
sensory information, and making music over a
long period of time can change brain function E) improves sensory awareness
and brain structure. The other is to learn a
new language. As for the role of language-
learning in brain power, a study carried out 57. According to the passage the study done
among students revealed that attention gets on students shows that ------.
better when a new language is studied
A) it is possible to improve the brain even with
intensively even if it is for a short time and it
a short intensive course of language leaming
gets even better when more practice is done
for longer. The results of the study confirm the B) those who start to leam a new language at
cognitive benefits of language-leaming and a young age eliminate their risk of cognitive
give important and warming messages: firstly, disability
even a short, intensive course can show
C) leaming a new language requires more
beneficial effects on some cognitive functions.
practice than playing an instrument
Secondly, this effect can be maintained
through practice. So, we can say that it is D) language learning can improve overall
never too late to start a mental activity such functioning of the brain when practised for a
as learning a new language. long time

E) there are substantial benefits of language

leaming when it is combined with musical
55. One can understand from the passage that
training
playing a musical instrument -----.

A) has a positive impact on how our brain

responds to different stimuli 58. Which of the following best describes the
author's attitude towards learning a new
B) does not influence our brain functions
language?
when done temporarily
A) Encouraging
C) is the best way of preserving cognitive
ability B) Doubtful
D) has little impact on motor skills as it is an C) Pessimistic
auditory experience
D) Neutral
E) does not have an instant impact on brain
functions unlike listening to music E) Critical
When we take medication, some can pass through 60. What point does Richmond make about
us intact and go down the toilet. Once in the contamination in the passage?
sewers, these drugs are not removed during the
treatment process, and end up in the waterways. A) It affects invertebrates more than the
To find out how pharmaceutical waste finds its way larvae, flies and beetles if it stems from river-
into aquatic creatures, Erinn Richmond at Monash borne pharmaceuticals.
University in Australia and her colleagues sampled
flies, beetles, other insects and spiders from six B) It can indirectiy influence a wide range of
waterways in the greater Melbourne region. predators regardless of whether they live in
Overall, the group detected 69 medications in the water or not
invertebrates. Organisms near wastewater plants
contained the highest levels, but low levels were C) It is caused mainly by 69 types of
also detected in those from more pristine areas. medication which are not properly absorbed
Richmond presumes river-borne pharmaceuticals by the body during treatment.
probably accumulate in flies and beetles while they
are underwater larvae, then transfer to spiders
D) It occurs as a result of high anti-depressant
that feed on them after they emerge as adults. consumption in more clean and wealthy
Other predators in the food web such as fish, districts.
platypuses, birds, bats and frogs may also become
E) It can have deadly effects, especially on
cross-contaminated, she says. Her team calculated
that trout and platypuses feeding on insects near
platypuses and trout as they eat waste
wastewater plants would consume anti-depressant polluted by anti-depressants.
doses up to half the level normally prescribed to
61. It is stated in the passage that anti-
humans. The impacts of this are not certain, but
depressants –---.
previous studies have found that high-level
exposure to anti-depressants causes fish to A) can impact the way male and female
become less vigilant about avoiding predators. spiders interact with each other
Male birds also seem to sing less to females when
exposed to the drugs. B) can make fish more vulnerable to attack as
prey

C) can have similar side effects on platypuses

59. It can be understood from the passage
as they have on humans
that medicine ----.
D) have failed to produce noticeable effects
A) may not be very effective if it is recycled
on invertebrates
from pharmaceutical waste
E) have more adverse effects on underwater
B) eliminated in the treatment stage still poses
animals than other medication
a hazard to aquatic creatures and insects
62. What could be the best title for this
C) is likely to threaten some animal
passage?
populations in water when it reaches
waterways without being destroyed A) How to Detect Medications in Underwater
Creatures
D) gives harm to only aquatic creatures whose
habitats are confined to areas surrounding B) Optional Wastewater Treatment Strategies
wastewater plants
C) River Pollution Caused by Wastewater
E) turns into pharmaceutical waste when it is Plants
consumed more than the recommended
D) When Medications Become a Contaminant
amount
E) Which Medical Waste Does Affect
Invertebrates?
63. 64.

Sebastian: Eleanor:

Preparing tasty meals in the woods is a I wonder what might happen if human beings
wonderful thought. But somehow it's easy to disappeared.
go overboard with backpacking menus. You
Chidi:
think you must pack this in order to eat that
and you need all the other items to prepare it Well, I was reading an article about it and it
properly. said plant and animal species that have
formed close bonds with humanity are the
Graham:
most likely to suffer.
That's silly. What the body needs is simple. It
Eleanor:
needs water more than anything else. In fact,
you can survive without food for at least a How is that?
week.
Chidi:
Sebastian:
-------
-------
Eleanor:
Graham:
I see. So, this probably means they will be
Almost anything you eat out there is going to outcompeted by other plants and the animals
taste great because you will be very hungry that feed on them willl probably vanish too.
and, after all, you're outdoors!
A) To be honest, I'm not sure, but one theory
A) I don't think I'm alone on this one, but holds that intelligent life developed because it
energy bars fruit and trail mix will keep you helped our ancestors to survive the
going environmental shocks that they had
experienced
B) Think about it: No cooking, no clean up and
less to carry on your back. B) You know the crops that feed the world are
reliant on fertlisers that we use. When we are
C) Well then, what do you suggest I put into
gone, fertilisers will not be used, and those
my backpack so as not to starve out there?
plants might be replaced by their wild
D) You think so? Don't you think should try forebears.
something less risky then?
C) The animals that were closer to us helped
E) Needless to say. you must have water on a individuals and themselves to reproduce in
regular basis or the body breaks down large social groups. This was proof enough
that they had good genes

D) The decades following human extinction

will be of devastating oil spils, chemical leaks
and explosions of varying sizes. I mean all the
ticking bombs that humanity has left behind.

E) I can say traces of humankind will remain,

even millions of years after our end. For
instance, microbes will need lots of time to
consume all the plastics we've left behind.
65. 66.

Scott: Alison:

On my geography course, we are learning Did you know that oysters are used to
about capital cities of Europe. Can you name mitigate coastal erosion and flooding due to
any of these cities? the rise in sea levels?

Debbie: Kyle:

The one I'm thinking of is Budapest, the - --

capital of Hungary. Where did the name
Alison:
'Budapest’ come from, by the way?
But those efforts have detrimental effects on
Scott:
near-shore habitats. Constructing breakwater
------ reefs from oysters has been found to support
a higher abundance and different
Debbie:
communities of fishes.
Wow! I didn't know that. So the history of the
Kyle:
name 'Budapest’ is much simpler than I had
expected it would be. To be honest, I'd never have imagined that
oysters could be used to protect shorelines.
A) I'm not sure where the name comes from,
but we can search it on the Internet to find A) I know it's forcing many to migrate to
out higher ground and leaving millions at risk of
demişe.
B) The name of the capital city has always
been Budapest. If you study the history of B) There are breakwaters and seawalls already
Hungary, this is one fact you will leam. in use to prevent such incidences.

C) Budapest is made up of two cities C) I think certain measures have to be

separated by the Danube River. One town was implemented to control oyster harvesting .
Buda and the other Pest, when the cities were
D) I don't think oysters would be resilient
merged, so were their names.
enough to withstand major changes in sea
D) Good question! When I asked my levels.
Hungarian friends about it, they told me there
E) To protect the oyster reefs, there must be a
are some myths about its origin but they're all
system to ensure their sustainability.
just myths anyway.

E) Well, someone with a sense of humour

claimed it had something to do with the
Buddha, but just because they sound the same
doesn't mean they are related!
67. 68. The story of King Solomon meeting the
Queen of Sheba inspired a rich literary
Paul:
tradition across Jewish, Christian and Islamic
We'll need to be careful about not getting texts, although the geographic origins of the
Dengue Fever on our Central American tour. story still puzzle scholars to this day.

Sarah: A) Still confusing scholars about where it took

place, the story of the meeting between King
What's Dengue Fever? I've never heard of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba gave rise to
that. a rich literary tradition throughout Jewish,
Paul: Christian and Islamic texts.

It's some sort of viral infection spread by B) The geographic origins of the story of King
mosquitoes. Solomon meeting the Queen of Sheba remain
a mystery for scholars, although they
Sarah: acknowledge its impact on the rich literary
Well, that's definitely not something I want to tradition across Jewish, Christian andi Islamic
get. How about we just stay in larger cities so texts.
that we avoid mosquito-infested areas? C) The scholars studying the rich literary
Paul: tradition in Jewish, Christian and Islamic texts
still remain confused about the story and
- geographic origins of the meeting between
King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba.
Sarah:
D) While inspired by the story of the meeting
Then let's read up on how to prevent
that took place between the King Solomon
mosquito bites to avoid getting bitten in the
and the Queen of Sheba, scholars are still
first place.
confused about the geographic origins of rich
A) In truth, mosquitoes usually bite during the traditional Jewish, Christian and Islamic texts
daytime and are often found indoors.
E) The story of King Solomon meeting the
B) Well, Dengue Fever usually causes flu-like Queen of Sheba has prompted scholars to
symptoms, including fever, muscle and joint create a rich literary tradition in Jewish,
pains, nausea and vomiting. Christian and Islamic texts, but the only thing
that has still not been clarified is the exact
C) In fact, the guide book says there are some
location of this meeting.
amazing cities along our tour so l'm absolutely
on board with that idea.

D) Actually, since mosquitoes breed in

artificial water containers like thrown away
jars and cans, it's common in populated urban
areas.

E) Apparently, treatment involves pain killers,

plenty of fluids and even hospitalisation if it's
severe.
69. As people age, the ability of white blood 70. With bodies rarely above 15 cm long,
cells to deal with infections and respond to tarsiers are one of the world's smallest meat-
vaccinations declines, opening the door for eating primates living off largely insects,
illness or inflammation that can lead to reptiles and birds.
chronic disease over time.
A) Just as tarsiers have small bodies mainly
A) When people age, chronic diseases caused under 15 cm in length, they feed off mainly
by illness and inflammation increase because insects, reptiles and birds as the smallest
white blood cells dealing with infections and carnivore primate.
responding to vaccinations diminish in number
B) Tarsiers, which have bodies barely longer
over time.
than 15 cm, are among the tiniest carnivorous
B) As people age, white blood cells to deal primates consuming mostly insects, reptiles
with infections and respond to vaccinations and birds.
lose their strength, and this causes chronic
C) Since tarsiers are under 15 cm in length and
diseases accompanied with illness and
they have meat in their diet like insects,
inflammation.
reptiles and birds, they are one of the world's
C) While aging, people lose the ability to deal smallest meat-eating primates.
with infections and respond to vaccinations
D) Living among mostly insects, reptiles and
due to the decline in their white blood cells,
birds, tarsiers are one of the few tiny
that is why chronic diseases due to
carmivorous primates and have a body that is
inflammation increase over time.
barely more than 15 cm in length.
D) As people age, white blood cells lose the
E) Tarsiers are one of the world's smallest
strength to deal with infections as well as
primates that prefer meat in the form of
respond to vaccinations, and this may cause
mainly insects, reptiles and birds whose
illness or inflammation that leads to chronic
bodies are rarely above 15 cm long.
disease as time progresses.

E) Illness and inflammation can lead to chronic

diseases as people age and this is because of
the white blood cells' incapacity to deal with
infections and respond to vaccinations over
time.
71. While the growth of cities may be 72. Many ancient Greek writers told of a race
associated with increasing prosperity, urhan of women warriors who were descended from
areas demonstrate the world's most obvious Ares, the god of war, and the nymph
health disparities in both low- and high- Harmonia. They were said to live without
income countries. men, wear masculine clothing, and spend
their days hunting, farming, and above all
A) The largest disparities in health are
fighting. ----- Researchers have only found
observed in both low- and high-income
traces of a people, the Sauromatians, whose
countries due to increasing prosperity that is
women hunted and fought alongside their
connected to the growth of cites.
men. Nevertheless, the myth of the Amazons
B) As a result of the growth of cities with the was popular; classical writers repeated the
purpose of creating more wealth, both low- tales, and artists portrayed the Amazon
and high-income countries have developed women prominently in their art.
urban areas with health inequalities in the
A) In fact, they were placed in variety of
world.
geographical locations, the most mentioned of
C) Both low- and high-income countries are which is an area near the Black Sea.
experiencing the most obvious problem of
B) However, there has been no archaeological
health inequalities as the growth of cities has
evidence that proves the existence of such a
produced increasing wealth in urban areas.
tribe of women warriors
D) It is possible to link the growth of cites to
C) Thus, the women were believed to be the
more wealth however, urban areas both in
fighters, rulers, and administrators; the men,
low- and high-income countries are places
looked after the home and reared the
with the most apparent health inequalities in
children.
the world.
D) So, Amazonian customs generated
E) The growth of cities is linked to an increase
attention from ancient authors who were
in prosperity as long as there is the apparent
drawn to speculations about exotic women.
issue of urban health discrepancies in both
low- and high-income countries of the world. E) Moreover, for most of the writers, the
Amazons lived not only far away but also in a
distant time usually before or during the
Trojan War.
73. Toxic behaviour is common in the 74. Misinformation is perhaps an inevitable
workplace. In part, it grows from selfishness part of the world we live in, but it is not a new
and callousness that can manifest in extreme problem. ----- Deceiving others can offer an
form from certain character disorders that do apparent opportunity to gain strategic
not recede after work hours and are advantage, to motivate others to action, or to
particularly destructive to interpersonal even protect interpersonal bonds. Moreover,
relationships. ----- The spirit of the times plays people inadvertently have been sharing
a role as well. Periods of cultural turbulence, inaccurate information with one another for
instability and uncertainty tend to stimulate thousands of years. However, we currently
and release hostile behaviours that play on live in an era in which technology enables
the fears of others. Whether it turns up in the information to reach large audiences
conference room or the home, toxic distributed across the globe, and thus the
behaviour has a negative emotional impact potential for immediate and widespread
beyond its immediate cause. effects from misinformation now looms larger
than in the past.
A) Toxic behaviour can also be the product of
work environments where productivity is the A) People have likely told lies to one another
only measure for success or where there is an for roughly as long as verbal communication
atmosphere of mistrust. has existed.

B) A toxic boss behaves like a dictator whose B) Yet, certain patterns of communication and
rudeness is matched by bullying and the the facilitated spread of information might
implementation of other offensive actions solve this problem.
towards workers.
C) Indeed, misinformation is concerning
C) Toxic behaviour does not just inflict because of its potential to unduly influence
personal harm, it attacks the systematic well- attitudes and behaviour.
being of entire groups and organisations alike.
D) From an ethical perspective, many people
D) People who are subjected to toxic worry most about the active promotion of
behaviour as a target can be adversely misinformation.
physically affected in the long-term.
E) However, media systems do not censor
E) Nearly half of all workers in one poll in 1998 many types of it before being put in content
reported they were treated rudely at least made available to audiences.
once a week a number which increased to
62% in 2016.
75. Adaptive Business Intelligence (ABI) is the 76. (I) Commercial transactions are one of the
discipline of combining prediction, most fundamental uses of the Internet and
optimisation, and adaptability into a system can seem like one of the simplest. (II) Services
capable of answering these two fundamental are bought and sold on a similar basis to
questions: "What is likely to happen in the physical transactions. (III) Effective automated
future?" and "What is the best decision right recommendation systems have been a priority
now?" To build such a system, we first need to for online retailers to understand, predict and
understand the methods and techniques that profit from their users' behaviour. (IV) And
enable prediction, optimisation, and with retail goods, much as in many shops or
adaptability. At first glance, this subject catalogues, items are selected, paid for and
matter is nothing new, as hundreds of books then delivery is arranged -either by post, in
and articles have been written on business the case of physical goods, or via download.
intelligence, prediction methods, optimisation (V) Behind this, however, lies an
techniques, and so forth. ----- ABI addresses administrative and logistical network of
this very issue. immense complexity, above all when it comes
to processing financial transactions, ensuring
A) This popular statement has been around for
data security and dealing with the
years as business managers stored massive
proliferating forces of fraud and scamming.
amounts of data in the belief that they contain
valuable insight. A) I

B) Moreover, recent research in psychology B) II

indicates widely held beliefs can actually
C) III
hamper the decision-making process.
D) IV
C) The concept of adaptability is certainly
gaining popularity, and not just in the E) V
software sector, it can be seen in running
shoes or Internet search engines.

D) However, none of these has explained how

to combine these various technologies into a
software system capable of predicting,
optimising, and adapting

E) These products are very appealing for

individual consumers, because, despite their
mass production, they are capable of adapting
to the preferences of each unique owner.
77. (I) Brain activity measurements conducted 78. (I) It is little surprise studies have
by the University of Ontario showed a clear suggested that being bilingual can help you
neurological difference between being leam a new language. (II) This could be as
present at a show and seeing it on screen. bilingual people realise that there is no
(II) There was far more 'synchrony in the brain intrinsic link between a word and its meaning.
waves of those who physically attended a live (III) Some linguists have also theorised there
performance, suggesting greater enjoyment are differences between brains of polyglots
and a stronger sense of connectedness with (people who speak more than one language)
the music and the people around them. and monolinguals (those who speak only one).
(III) Audiences of virtual gigs are provided with (IV) Some people worry that bringing up a
the opportunity of multiple camera angles to child bilingually means they end up not
choose from, the option of broadcasting their speaking any language 'properly'.
applause and the access to a live chat to make (V) However, the neuroscience behind this is
them feel the atmosphere. (IV) But a concert's not clear: researchers are still not in full
impact is not limited to short-term sensory agreement whether different languages are
thrills, or pleasurable tricks that live music can stored and accessed together or separately in
play on your mind. (V) Attending concerts the brain.
lowers the secretion of stress hormone
A) I
"cortisol' while increasing levels of a steroid
called DHEA, which is associated with B) II
enhanced immune function, lower cholesterol
and improved muscle deposition. C) III

A) I D) IV

B) II E) V

C) III

D) IV

E) V
79. (I) For almost 40 years, our nearest cosmic 80. (I) Albert Einstein predicted the existence
neighbour, the Moon, was left alone as we of gravitational waves almost 100 years ago as
looked somewhere else in the Solar System. a result of his general theory of relativity. (II)
(II) That changed in 2013, when China's With the discovery of other galaxies beyond
Chang'e 3 lander touched down on the lunar the Milky Way, scientific perception of the
surface. (III) Since then there has been an universe had suddenly grown. (III) The
explosion of interest in the Moon. (IV) The German-born theoretical physicist had said
search for water as a source of life even on any accelerating mass should produce ripples
the Moon is a constant point of focus in the in the fabric of space-time that propagate at
context of human exploration. (V) NASA China the speed of Hght which essentially means
and even private companies are racing back to that a change in gravity will spread as waves
it, with dozens of robotic and human missions or ripples through space. (IV) But decades of
being planned. searching for evidence had drawn a frustrating
blank. (V) Yet, on 11 February 2016, it was
A) I
announced that physicists at the Laser
B) II Interferometer Gravitational-Wave
Observatory had sensed, for the very first
C) III time, a wave emanating from a fraction-of-a-
D) IV second collision of two black holes located 1.3
billion light years away.
E) V
A) I

B) II

C) III

D) IV

E) V
CEVAPLAR 47. D
48. A
1. B
49. D
2. D
50. E
3. A
51. B
4. B
52. A
5. C
53. D
6. E
54. C
7. C
55. A
8. C
56. A
9. E
57. A
10. B
58. A
11. C
59. C
12. C
60. B
13. C
61. B
14. A
62. D
15. D
63. C
16. E
64. B
17. E
65. C
18. C
66. B
19. C
67. D
20. E
68. A
21. D
69. D
22. B
70. B
23. C
71. D
24. A
72. B
25. D
73. A
26. E
74. A
27. A
75. D
28. C
76. C
29. A
77. C
30. A
78. D
31. D
79. D
32. B
80. B
33. E
34. C
35. D
36. B
37. B
38. D
39. D
40. E
41. A
42. A
43. B
44. A
45. A
46. C