Sustainable Nickel Recovery from Nickel Slag Waste using Diethylamine Dithiocarbamate:

Enhancing Resource Efficiency and Minimizing Environmental Impact

Fadliah, Burhannudinur, Taba, Wahab, Kasim, Karim, Hasri, Subandrio, Putri, Nur, Yasmaniar,
Husla, Jarre, Zahra, Abdalrazaq, Kollur, Raya
p-ISSN 2579-9150; e-ISSN 2579-9207, Volume 8, Number 1, page 177-201, April 2025
Accredited SINTA 2 by Ministry of Research, Technology, and
Higher Education of The Republic of Indonesia No. 230/E/KPT/2022 on December 30th, 2022
from October 1st, 2022 to September 30th, 2027
SCOPUS ID: 21101257967

SUSTAINABLE NICKEL RECOVERY FROM NICKEL SLAG WASTE USING

DIETHYLAMINE DITHIOCARBAMATE: ENHANCING RESOURCE EFFICIENCY
AND MINIMIZING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Fadliah Fadliah1,2, Muhammad Burhannudinnur3, Paulina Taba1, Abdul Wahid Wahab1,
Syahruddin Kasim1, Abdul Karim1, Hasri Hasri4, Subandrio Subandrio2, Tri Widayati Putri5,
Arfiani Nur6, Ghanima Yasmaniar7, Ridha Husla7, Sulistiani Jarre1, Audrey Zahra8,
Eid Abdalrazaq9, Shiva Prasad Kollur10, Indah Raya1*
1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, and Natural Science, Hasanuddin University Makassar, Makassar,
South Sulawesi, Indonesia
2Department of Mining Engineering, Faculty of Earth and Energy Technology, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia
3Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Earth and Energy Technology, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia
4Department of Chemistry, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
5Department of Fishery Technology, Institute of Technology and Business Maritime Balik Diwa, Makassar, South Sulawesi,

Indonesia
6Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin Makassar, Makassar,

South Sulawesi, Indonesia

7Department of Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Earth and Energy Technology, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia
8Department of Forest Product, Chungbuk National University Graduate School, Chungbuk, South Korea
9Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma’an, Jordan
10School of Physical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Mysuru Campus, Mysuru, Karnataka, India

*Corresponding author: indahraya@unhas.ac.id

MANUSCRIPT HISTORY
ABSTRACT
• Received
Slag waste from the metal refining industry, if left to accumulate for a long time, can September 2024
become a source of environmental pollution due to the content of heavy metals that can • Revised
dissolve and spread to the surrounding environment. However, slag can also be an March 2025
alternative source for obtaining valuable metals. Aim: This study aims to examine the ability • Accepted
of diethylaminedithiocarbamate ligands to recover nickel metal from slag waste through April 2025
the mechanism of complex compound formation. Methodology and results: • Available online
The extraction process was carried out at the optimal pH for each ligand to maximize April 2025
the selectivity and efficiency of metal recovery. Characterization of the complex
compounds from the reaction was carried out using various analytical techniques, including KEYWORDS
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), X-Ray
Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy • Diethylaminedithiocarbamate
(SEM-EDS), and melting point tests to determine the thermal stability of the compound. • Environmentally friendly
The study results indicate that diethylaminedithiocarbamate ligands can selectively form • Extraction process
complex compounds with nickel metal in slag and are effective in recovering metals from • Recover nickel
slag waste with a recovery value of 94.88%. Conclusion, significance, and impact study: • Slag waste
The results of this study indicate that using diethylaminedithiocarbamate ligands can be an
environmentally friendly approach to using slag waste as a secondary source of metals.

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 Sustainable Nickel Recovery from Nickel Slag Waste using Diethylamine Dithiocarbamate:
Enhancing Resource Efficiency and Minimizing Environmental Impact
Fadliah, Burhannudinur, Taba, Wahab, Kasim, Karim, Hasri, Subandrio, Putri, Nur, Yasmaniar,
Husla, Jarre, Zahra, Abdalrazaq, Kollur, Raya
p-ISSN 2579-9150; e-ISSN 2579-9207, Volume 8, Number 1, page 177-201, April 2025
Accredited SINTA 2 by Ministry of Research, Technology, and
Higher Education of The Republic of Indonesia No. 230/E/KPT/2022 on December 30th, 2022
from October 1st, 2022 to September 30th, 2027
SCOPUS ID: 21101257967

1. INTRODUCTION

The transition metal nickel is now essential to many contemporary industries. Due to its unique
qualities, outstanding strength, remarkable resistance to corrosion, and adaptable alloying
capabilities, it is highly valued in a wide range of applications (Dilshara et al., 2023; Rashid et al.,
2024). The rise of various industries, including the automotive and renewable energy sectors, has
led to a steady increase in the demand for nickel in recent decades (Elshaki et al., 2017; Guohua
et al., 2021). Nickel is essential in many different industrial sectors (Nieto et al., 2013). In
the automotive sector, nickel makes stainless steel for car bodywork, electric vehicle batteries,
and various other parts (Lv et al., 2022; Ryu et al., 2020; Qian et al., 2020). Additionally, nickel
generates stainless steel used in buildings, medical equipment, cookware, manufacture solar
panels and wind turbines for the energy industry (Kimber & Basketter, 2022; Sharma et al, 2024;
Cai et al., 2022).
Concerns about possible supply shortages have been raised by the rising demand for nickel
worldwide, mainly caused by the expanding stainless steel and electric vehicle sectors (Shannak
et al., 2024; Nayak et al., 2024). Significant causes raising the possibility of a shortage of nickel
include the increasing reliance on nickel in various industrial applications, the region's limited
nickel sources, and the environmental effects of mining and refining nickel (Guohua et al., 2021).
This scenario is further compounded by the comparatively long lead times in launching new
mining ventures. Nickel shortages could boost the world economy, drive up the cost of goods
containing nickel, and upset international supply networks if they are well handled (Nieto et al.,
2013).
There are several ways that nickel mining operations might harm the environment. Heavy
metals, including nickel, cobalt, and chromium, are found in the hazardous waste produced
during the mining and processing of nickel ore. Inadequate management of this waste can lead
to soil, water, and air contamination, endangering ecosystems and human health (Chen et al.,
2023; Bai et al., 2022; Nastiti et al., 2020). The energy-intensive process of ore beneficiation
significantly contributes to the worsening of climate change by increasing greenhouse gas
emissions. Ore processing-particularly for metals such as nickel, copper, and lead-involves
multiple stages, including crushing, grinding, roasting, and leaching, all of which require
substantial amounts of energy. This energy is predominantly sourced from fossil fuels such as

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 Sustainable Nickel Recovery from Nickel Slag Waste using Diethylamine Dithiocarbamate:
Enhancing Resource Efficiency and Minimizing Environmental Impact
Fadliah, Burhannudinur, Taba, Wahab, Kasim, Karim, Hasri, Subandrio, Putri, Nur, Yasmaniar,
Husla, Jarre, Zahra, Abdalrazaq, Kollur, Raya
p-ISSN 2579-9150; e-ISSN 2579-9207, Volume 8, Number 1, page 177-201, April 2025
Accredited SINTA 2 by Ministry of Research, Technology, and
Higher Education of The Republic of Indonesia No. 230/E/KPT/2022 on December 30th, 2022
from October 1st, 2022 to September 30th, 2027
SCOPUS ID: 21101257967

coal, petroleum, and natural gas. The combustion of these fuels releases large quantities of
carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O), which are major greenhouse gases
contributing to global warming.
The energy-intensive ore processing process exacerbates the issue of climate change by
adding to greenhouse gas emissions. Studies have shown that the mining and mineral processing
sector can account for up to 7% of total global emissions, depending on the type of ore and
technologies used (Shiquan & Deyi, 2023). Therefore, adopting sustainable approaches is crucial,
including improving energy efficiency, utilizing renewable energy sources such as solar power and
biomass, and implementing low-carbon processing technologies. Furthermore, optimizing waste
management-such as recycling tailings and slags-also plays a vital role in minimizing
the environmental footprint (Dou et al., 2023; Heijlen & Duhayon, 2024; Wahyono et al., 2024;
Waqas, 2019). The transition toward environmentally friendly ore processing is not only essential
from a sustainability perspective but also provides long-term economic benefits through
improved operational efficiency and compliance with increasingly strict global emissions
regulations.
As a result of melting nickel ore at extremely high temperatures, slag was produced.
To extract the nickel metal from its mineral impurities, nickel ore was heated in this procedure
(Zhang et al., 2020). Slag is a solid formed when the impurity minerals that do not melt with
the nickel rise to the top of the melt and cool. The type of nickel ore and the smelting
circumstances affect the composition of the slag (He et al., 2024). Silica, iron oxides, and trace
amounts of other metals that are not smeltable are typically found in slag. After cooling, the
resulting slag is extracted from the liquid nickel metal (Ma & Shen, 2024; Wu et al., 2023; Shen
et al., 2023).
Slag has a great deal of promise for recovering metal. Slag was formerly considered garbage,
but studies have revealed that it still includes essential metals like copper, nickel, and cobalt
(Li et al., 2024; Atta et al., 2024; Lee et al., 2024). The extraction of metals from slag has become
more effective with the development of mineral processing technology. By decreasing
the exploitation of natural resources and lowering mining waste, this recovery potential adds
economic value and supports environmental conservation efforts (Van et al., 2024; Wu et al.,
2020). Overexploitation can lead to environmental degradation, such as deforestation, loss of

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 Sustainable Nickel Recovery from Nickel Slag Waste using Diethylamine Dithiocarbamate:
Enhancing Resource Efficiency and Minimizing Environmental Impact
Fadliah, Burhannudinur, Taba, Wahab, Kasim, Karim, Hasri, Subandrio, Putri, Nur, Yasmaniar,
Husla, Jarre, Zahra, Abdalrazaq, Kollur, Raya
p-ISSN 2579-9150; e-ISSN 2579-9207, Volume 8, Number 1, page 177-201, April 2025
Accredited SINTA 2 by Ministry of Research, Technology, and
Higher Education of The Republic of Indonesia No. 230/E/KPT/2022 on December 30th, 2022
from October 1st, 2022 to September 30th, 2027
SCOPUS ID: 21101257967

biodiversity, and land degradation. Large-scale mining activities often cause permanent
ecosystem disruption, including soil and water pollution and drastic land-use changes.
By minimizing primary ore mining, we can maintain ecosystem sustainability and reduce carbon
emissions from mining activities because extracting and processing new ores requires high energy
consumption and produces greenhouse gas emissions (Bridge, 2004; Lottermoser, 2010; Wu
et al., 2020).
The mining industry produces solid waste, such as slag and tailings, and liquid waste, such as
acid mine drainage (AMD). If not managed properly, these wastes can pollute soil, surface water,
and groundwater. The content of heavy metals and toxic compounds in the waste has the
potential to damage the ecosystem and endanger human health. Therefore, reducing waste
through recycling mineral residues and metal recovery reduces negative environmental impacts
(Lottermoser, 2010; Johnson & Hallberg, 2005; Tutu et al., 2008).
Mining waste still contains valuable metals like nickel, copper, or gold. The content of these
residual metals is often significant enough to be reused, especially from tailings and slag derived
from the primary mineral separation process. With the application of appropriate recovery
technologies-such as re-flotation, leaching, or the use of selective ligands to form metal
complexes-these metals can be re-extracted, creating new economic value from materials
previously considered waste (Huang et al., 2021; Roy et al., 2022; O’Connor et al., 2022). Acid
leaching, direct reduction, and remelting are a few techniques used to recover metals from slag
(Wu et al., 2024; Du et al., 2024). Slag is now a source of valuable metals rather than just waste.
Previously developed methods of metal extraction from nickel slag (pyrometallurgy and
hydrometallurgy) have challenges due to the adverse effects they cause on the environment.
Pyrometallurgy uses heating at very high temperatures, namely 500-600oC, and much gas is
produced (Wang et al., 2022), while the hydrometallurgical process uses strong acids in vast
quantities (Zhang et al., 2020). Therefore, an alternative method is needed to recover nickel
metal while minimizing the environmental's negative impact. One step that can be used is to use
chemical compounds that can form complexes with metal ions (Lim et al., 2023). One of the
compounds that can be used in the metal extraction process from slag is a dithiocarbamate ligand
that reacts with organic acids (Goel et al., 2009). The use of dithiocarbamates as metal
complexing compounds has been studied in various applications, including in the fields of

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 Sustainable Nickel Recovery from Nickel Slag Waste using Diethylamine Dithiocarbamate:
Enhancing Resource Efficiency and Minimizing Environmental Impact
Fadliah, Burhannudinur, Taba, Wahab, Kasim, Karim, Hasri, Subandrio, Putri, Nur, Yasmaniar,
Husla, Jarre, Zahra, Abdalrazaq, Kollur, Raya
p-ISSN 2579-9150; e-ISSN 2579-9207, Volume 8, Number 1, page 177-201, April 2025
Accredited SINTA 2 by Ministry of Research, Technology, and
Higher Education of The Republic of Indonesia No. 230/E/KPT/2022 on December 30th, 2022
from October 1st, 2022 to September 30th, 2027
SCOPUS ID: 21101257967

catalysis, metal extraction from solution, and metal ion recognition (Laghari et al., 2010; Cesur,
2003). As versatile ligands, dithiocarbamates can coordinate with different metals in diverse
bonding modes and are used as coligandants in the synthesis of heteroleptic complexes (Kanchi
et al., 2014).
Recycling nickel is essential to protect the environment and lessen the demand for natural
resources (Huang et al., 2015; Li et al., 2009; Li et al., 2008). We can lessen the environmental
harm that mining operations create by recycling products that include nickel, which will decrease
the need to mine fresh nickel ore (Lim et al., 2023; Abdelbaky et al., 2021). Additionally, recycling
can lessen greenhouse gas emissions from the main methods used to produce nickel (Su et al.,
2024; Zhang et al., 2024). As a result, recycling nickel aids in environmental preservation and
helps mitigate the effects of climate change (Sun et al., 2024; Siyu et al., 2024). Furthermore,
nickel recycling can boost the economy by lowering dependency on imported raw materials and
generating jobs.

2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2.1 Nickel Slag Preparation

The nickel slag samples used in this study were derived from nickel smelter waste in Morowali,
Central Sulawesi. The slag waste was prepared by crushing it in a jaw crusher and then grinding
it in a ball mill. After grinding and screening, a slag sample of 200 mesh size was obtained in the
next stage.

2.2 Synthesis and Characterization of Ni(II) Diethylamine Dithiocarbamate Complex

5 mmol of diethylamine was dissolved in 10 mL of methanol p.a and stirred slowly, then added
with five mmol of CS2 (5 mmol) and stirred slowly at a cold temperature for 15 minutes (Pratiwi
et al., 2024). Furthermore, 5 mL of 3 mmol nickel solution was added. The solution was then
stirred with a magnetic stirrer for 30 minutes. After stirring, the precipitate that had been formed
was filtered with Whatman 42 filter paper so that the precipitate was separated from the filtrate.
The precipitate was then crystallized using methanol p.a to obtain pure crystals or precipitates.
The precipitate was then dried in a desiccator until a constant weight was obtained.
The precipitate was then weighed and analyzed (Irfandi et al., 2023).

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 Sustainable Nickel Recovery from Nickel Slag Waste using Diethylamine Dithiocarbamate:
Enhancing Resource Efficiency and Minimizing Environmental Impact
Fadliah, Burhannudinur, Taba, Wahab, Kasim, Karim, Hasri, Subandrio, Putri, Nur, Yasmaniar,
Husla, Jarre, Zahra, Abdalrazaq, Kollur, Raya
p-ISSN 2579-9150; e-ISSN 2579-9207, Volume 8, Number 1, page 177-201, April 2025
Accredited SINTA 2 by Ministry of Research, Technology, and
Higher Education of The Republic of Indonesia No. 230/E/KPT/2022 on December 30th, 2022
from October 1st, 2022 to September 30th, 2027
SCOPUS ID: 21101257967

2.3 Nickel Recovery Process from Nickel Slag

3 mmol of nickel was obtained by dissolving slag with HNO3 and stirring with a magnetic stirrer
for 60 minutes. Filter the precipitate formed with the Whatmann 42 filter paper. The separated
filtrate was added with NH4OH until the pH was obtained, producing the most optimal nickel
precipitate. The solution was then stirred with a magnetic stirrer for 30 minutes. After stirring,
the formed precipitate was filtered with Whatman 42 filter paper so that the precipitate was
separated from the filtrate. The precipitate was then crystallized using methanol p.a to obtain
pure crystals or precipitates. The precipitate was then dried in a desiccator until a constant weight
was obtained. The precipitate was then weighed and analyzed (Irfandi et al., 2023).

2.4 Data Analysis

The data analysis method used in this study involves analyzing the success of complex formation
using Equation 1.

𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = 𝑇𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑥 100% (1)

The next data analysis will determine the percentage of metal successfully recovered from
waste using Equation 2.

(𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑙)

𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 (%) = 𝑥 100% (2)
(𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑)

Environmental impact analysis is conducted by comparing the characterization results of the

initial nickel slag and the slag after forming a metal complex with diethylamine dithiocarbamate,
using XRD, XRF, FTIR, SEM-EDS, and AAS analysis.

2.5 Instrumentation

Measure the conductivity of nickel slag, diethylamine dithiocarbamate ligand, and nickel
diethylamine dithiocarbamate complex compound using a conductometer and melting point
using a melting point apparatus. Furthermore, it was made in pellets and characterized using FTIR
(Shimadzu IRPrestige-21) at a 500-4,000 cm-1 wave number. The surface morphology of
the resulting compound was characterized using SEM-EDS Hitachi Model FlexSEM1000PlusI,

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 Sustainable Nickel Recovery from Nickel Slag Waste using Diethylamine Dithiocarbamate:
Enhancing Resource Efficiency and Minimizing Environmental Impact
Fadliah, Burhannudinur, Taba, Wahab, Kasim, Karim, Hasri, Subandrio, Putri, Nur, Yasmaniar,
Husla, Jarre, Zahra, Abdalrazaq, Kollur, Raya
p-ISSN 2579-9150; e-ISSN 2579-9207, Volume 8, Number 1, page 177-201, April 2025
Accredited SINTA 2 by Ministry of Research, Technology, and
Higher Education of The Republic of Indonesia No. 230/E/KPT/2022 on December 30th, 2022
from October 1st, 2022 to September 30th, 2027
SCOPUS ID: 21101257967

the crystal structure was characterized using XRD (Shimadzu XRD-7000), and the degree of
crystallinity was characterized using a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer (Shimadzu UV-2600).
The chemical composition of the slag was characterized using XRF (PANalytical, Type: Minipal 4).
Nickel content in samples was measured using AAS (Buck Scientific 205).

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Characterization and Analysis Results of Nickel Slag

Based on the measurement results from Table 1, it can be seen that Fe (49.96%) and Si (33.00%)
are the main components of slag, which show the typical characteristics of slag from the laterite
nickel ore reduction process. The Ni content of 1.52% is a relatively high value compared to
several previous studies that reported the Ni content in slag was only around 0.1-1%, depending
on the process conditions (Zhang et al., 2019; Gbor & Meng, 2020). The high levels of iron (Fe)
and silicon (Si) in slag indicate that most of the metals have been bound in the form of silicates
and iron oxides, as reported by Rao & Ghosh (2006) that slag from the metallurgical industry
generally contains metals in the form of complex compounds such as fayalite (Fe₂SiO₄) and
wüstite (FeO). In addition, the detection of Cr (4.01%), Mn (1.50%), and Zn (0.29%) also show the
potential for recovery of other minor metals, as suggested by Shi et al., (2013), which emphasizes
the importance of utilizing slag as a secondary source of economically valuable minor metals.

Table 1 Percentage of chemical components contained in nickel slag

Compound Mg Si K Ca Ti V Cr Mn Fe Ni Zn Re
Conc Unit 6.60% 33.00% 0.13% 2.40% 0.31% 0.04% 4.01% 1.50% 49.96% 1.52% 0.29% 0.20%

The presence of Ni at 1.52% provides promising prospects for the nickel recovery process using
chemical approaches such as acid leaching or complex formation. This nickel content is higher
than the value reported by Sole & Tinkler (2015) in slag from smelter operations, which generally
contain Ni <1%. For comparison, Zhang et al., (2019) reported that nickel slag from the ferronickel
process contains around 0.3% Ni and 3.5% Cr, which can still be recovered using a selective
reduction approach or chemical dissolution. The Cr content (4.01%) in this study is even higher
than that, making it a potential target for other minor metals in the multi-metal recovery process.

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 Sustainable Nickel Recovery from Nickel Slag Waste using Diethylamine Dithiocarbamate:
Enhancing Resource Efficiency and Minimizing Environmental Impact
Fadliah, Burhannudinur, Taba, Wahab, Kasim, Karim, Hasri, Subandrio, Putri, Nur, Yasmaniar,
Husla, Jarre, Zahra, Abdalrazaq, Kollur, Raya
p-ISSN 2579-9150; e-ISSN 2579-9207, Volume 8, Number 1, page 177-201, April 2025
Accredited SINTA 2 by Ministry of Research, Technology, and
Higher Education of The Republic of Indonesia No. 230/E/KPT/2022 on December 30th, 2022
from October 1st, 2022 to September 30th, 2027
SCOPUS ID: 21101257967

3.2 Characterization of Ligand and Metal Complex

The physical properties of the synthesized ligand, diethylaminedithiocarbamate (DEDTC), and its
nickel(II) complex (Ni(II)-DEDTC) were examined through melting point and conductivity tests to
provide preliminary evidence of complex formation and assess the ionic nature of
the compounds.

Table 2 Physical properties of DEDTC ligand and Ni(II)-DEDTC Complex

Compound Melting point (oC) Conductivity (uS/cm)

DEDTC Ligand 82-84 20,30
Ni(II)-DEDTC 230-232 11,17

The significant difference (more than 140°C) in Table 2 indicates that the diethylamine
dithiocarbamate ligands have more flexible, volatile, or thermally unstable structures than their
complexes. After complexing with Ni²⁺ ions, there is a significant increase in thermal stability,
possibly due to the reduced possibility of early decomposition due to the protection of the metal
center (Jorgensen, 1989). Radhakrishnan et al., (2009) reported that simple dithiocarbamate
ligands such as diethyldithiocarbamate have low melting points (<100°C), but their metal
complexes such as Ni(II) and Cu(II) show high melting points (>200°C), indicating a general trend
that metal complexes are more thermally stable than ligands.
The results of conductivity measurements in Table 2 show that the conductivity value of a
compound is greatly influenced by the compound's ability to dissociate into ions, the number and
type of ions formed, and the type and polarity of the solvent used. Based on the measurement
results, the diethylamine dithiocarbamate ligand showed a conductivity value of 20.30 μS/cm.
The Ni(II)-diethylamine dithiocarbamate complex had a lower conductivity value of 11.17 μS/cm.
This difference in conductivity values indicates that the free-form ligand still tends to be partially
ionized in methanol solvents, so it acts as a weak electrolyte. Conversely, when the Ni²⁺ metal ion
coordinates with the dithiocarbamate ligand, a stable and neutral complex compound is formed,
causing the solution not to be ionized and, therefore, non-electrolyte. These results align with
research by El-Wahab et al., (2016), which states that transition metal complexes with
dithiocarbamates tend to have low conductivity or close to zero because they are neutral and do
not dissociate in organic solvents. In addition, Refat and El-Deen (2004) also reported that

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 Sustainable Nickel Recovery from Nickel Slag Waste using Diethylamine Dithiocarbamate:
Enhancing Resource Efficiency and Minimizing Environmental Impact
Fadliah, Burhannudinur, Taba, Wahab, Kasim, Karim, Hasri, Subandrio, Putri, Nur, Yasmaniar,
Husla, Jarre, Zahra, Abdalrazaq, Kollur, Raya
p-ISSN 2579-9150; e-ISSN 2579-9207, Volume 8, Number 1, page 177-201, April 2025
Accredited SINTA 2 by Ministry of Research, Technology, and
Higher Education of The Republic of Indonesia No. 230/E/KPT/2022 on December 30th, 2022
from October 1st, 2022 to September 30th, 2027
SCOPUS ID: 21101257967

the conductivity values of dithiocarbamate ligands are generally higher than their complex
compounds due to the loss of ionic potential after metal coordination.

3.2.1 FTIR Characterization

In this study, the synthesis of Ni(II)-diethylaminedithiocarbamate (Ni(II)-DEDTC) complexes was

performed using two different nickel sources: analytical-grade nickel sulfate hexahydrate
(NiSO₄·6H₂O) and nickel recovered from industrial nickel slag. This comparison aimed to assess
the feasibility of utilizing recovered nickel for complex formation and to verify the success of
the synthesis process by comparing the structural and chemical properties of both resulting
compounds.
The FTIR spectrum in Figure 1 shows nickel slag absorption bands in several important
regions, namely: O-H (3441 cm⁻¹): stretching vibration of hydroxyl groups, possibly originating
from bound water or metal hydroxides. C-H (2924 cm⁻¹): originating from organic contaminants
or residual carbon. C-O (1093 cm⁻¹): indicating the presence of carbonate or silicate compounds.
M-S and M-O (796 and 501 cm⁻¹). Stretching vibrations of metal-oxygen and metal-sulfur,
indicating the presence of metal oxide and sulfide compounds in the slag. This finding is
consistent with the results of research by Purwanto et al., (2019), which reported that nickel slag
contains various metal oxide groups (NiO, Fe₂O₃, SiO₂) and silicate or carbonate compounds that
provide a distinctive spectrum in the M-O and C-O regions. Diethylamine-dithiocarbamate ligand
shows a typical absorption band of O-H (around 3,446 cm⁻¹), indicating the possibility of moisture
or residual solvent, C-H (2,951cm⁻¹), indicating the stretching of the alkyl group of the ethyl chain,
C=N (1,384 cm⁻¹) and C=S (1,016 cm⁻¹) typical vibrations of the dithiocarbamate group.
The presence of the C=N and C=S bands confirms the successful synthesis of the dithiocarbamate
ligand, in line with the report of Onwudiwe & Ajibade (2011), which states that
the dithiocarbamate group has a typical spectrum in the range of 1,480 cm⁻¹ (C=N) and
1,040-980 cm⁻¹ (C=S). The FTIR spectrum of the Ni(II)-diethylamine-dithiocarbamate complex,
both synthesized using commercial nickel metal and metal recovered from slag, shows the same
absorption pattern, namely O-H absorption (around 3,379 cm⁻¹), C-H (2,943-2,945 cm⁻¹), C=N
(1,386 cm⁻¹), C=S (1,026 cm⁻¹), M-N (665 cm⁻¹), and M-S (352 cm⁻¹). These results support
previous studies by Ali et al., (2021) and Rao & Reddy (2010), which reported that

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 Sustainable Nickel Recovery from Nickel Slag Waste using Diethylamine Dithiocarbamate:
Enhancing Resource Efficiency and Minimizing Environmental Impact
Fadliah, Burhannudinur, Taba, Wahab, Kasim, Karim, Hasri, Subandrio, Putri, Nur, Yasmaniar,
Husla, Jarre, Zahra, Abdalrazaq, Kollur, Raya
p-ISSN 2579-9150; e-ISSN 2579-9207, Volume 8, Number 1, page 177-201, April 2025
Accredited SINTA 2 by Ministry of Research, Technology, and
Higher Education of The Republic of Indonesia No. 230/E/KPT/2022 on December 30th, 2022
from October 1st, 2022 to September 30th, 2027
SCOPUS ID: 21101257967

the coordination of transition metals with dithiocarbamates is characterized by the appearance

of M-S, and M-N bands in the lower infrared spectrum region (400-500 cm⁻¹).

Figure 1 FTIR spectrum of nickel slag, DEDTC, Ni(II)DEDTC, and Ni(II)DEDTC-slag

3.2.2 UV-Vis Characterization

Based on the UV-Vis measurement results in Figure 2, the diethylamine-dithiocarbamate ligand

shows prominent absorption peaks at 258, 311, and 348 cm⁻¹, indicating the presence of C-N, C=S
functional groups and molecular framework vibrations of the dithiocarbamate group. After
binding to nickel(II) ions, the Ni(II)diethylamine-dithiocarbamate complex from commercial
metals shows a shift and the emergence of new peaks at 214, 245, 323, and 391 cm⁻¹. Similar
results are also shown by the complex derived from nickel from slag recovery, with insignificant
shifts (214, 245, 323, 392 cm⁻¹). This indicates that the complex structure formed from both metal
sources has the same vibration characteristics and proves the success of the formation of
the chelate complex.

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 Sustainable Nickel Recovery from Nickel Slag Waste using Diethylamine Dithiocarbamate:
Enhancing Resource Efficiency and Minimizing Environmental Impact
Fadliah, Burhannudinur, Taba, Wahab, Kasim, Karim, Hasri, Subandrio, Putri, Nur, Yasmaniar,
Husla, Jarre, Zahra, Abdalrazaq, Kollur, Raya
p-ISSN 2579-9150; e-ISSN 2579-9207, Volume 8, Number 1, page 177-201, April 2025
Accredited SINTA 2 by Ministry of Research, Technology, and
Higher Education of The Republic of Indonesia No. 230/E/KPT/2022 on December 30th, 2022
from October 1st, 2022 to September 30th, 2027
SCOPUS ID: 21101257967

Figure 2 Spektrofotometer UV-Vis spectrum of nickel slag, DEDTC, Ni(II)DEDTC, and Ni(II)DEDTC-slag

The appearance of bands in the low region (around 214–245 cm⁻¹) strongly indicates
the formation of metal–nonmetal bonds such as M-S, M-N, and M-O, which are common in
coordination complexes. The difference between the spectra of free ligands and complexes
indicates that the ligands have successfully formed coordination bonds through sulfur, nitrogen,
and/or oxygen donor groups. A previous study conducted by Onwudiwe and Ajibade (2011)
reported that the formation of metal dithiocarbamate complexes was characterized by a shift in
the leading ligand bands and the emergence of new bands below 500 cm⁻¹, which originated from
M–S and M–N vibrations. Likewise, Nakamoto (2009) stated that metal–metal-dithiocarbamate
complexes display characteristic bands in the 200–500 cm⁻¹ region due to forming coordination
bonds with donor atoms, especially sulfur and nitrogen.

3.2.3 XRD Characterization

The results of XRD analysis in Figure 3 for the Ni(II)diethylamine-dithiocarbamate complex using
both commercial nickel and nickel from slag show the same results and have a much greater
number of peaks than the diethylamine dithiocarbamate ligand, namely at 2θ angles of 16.68 o;
19.83o; 21.26o; 31.57o; 32.2o; 37.83o; 44.06o; and 64.42o with Miller indices of 210; 320; 250; 520;
451; 452; 701; and 3114, respectively. The large number of peaks indicates a higher level of

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 Sustainable Nickel Recovery from Nickel Slag Waste using Diethylamine Dithiocarbamate:
Enhancing Resource Efficiency and Minimizing Environmental Impact
Fadliah, Burhannudinur, Taba, Wahab, Kasim, Karim, Hasri, Subandrio, Putri, Nur, Yasmaniar,
Husla, Jarre, Zahra, Abdalrazaq, Kollur, Raya
p-ISSN 2579-9150; e-ISSN 2579-9207, Volume 8, Number 1, page 177-201, April 2025
Accredited SINTA 2 by Ministry of Research, Technology, and
Higher Education of The Republic of Indonesia No. 230/E/KPT/2022 on December 30th, 2022
from October 1st, 2022 to September 30th, 2027
SCOPUS ID: 21101257967

crystallinity and increased structural complexity due to the coordination of nickel metal with two
dithiocarbamate ligands. The formation of coordination bonds between nickel atoms (Ni²⁺) and
sulfur atoms (S) of the ligands causes changes in the distance between crystal planes (interplanar
spacing), resulting in additional diffraction peaks. This difference is in line with reports by
Nakamoto (2009) and Chohan et al., (2006), which showed that the formation of metal complexes
with dithiocarbamate ligands resulted in significant changes in the XRD pattern due to the
reorganization of the crystal structure to become more complex and orderly.

Figure 3 XRD spectrum of nickel slag, DEDTC, Ni(II)DEDTC, and Ni(II)DEDTC-slag

The results of X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the Ni(II)diethylamine-
dithiocarbamate complex compound made with commercial nickel had a crystallinity degree of
73,80%, while that derived from nickel recovered from slag had a crystallinity degree of 74,20%.
These values indicate that complexes formed have a reasonably high crystalline structure, with
relatively small differences between metal sources (less than 2%). This result is in line with the
research results by Onwudiwe and Ajibade (2011), which stated that dithiocarbamate-transition
metal complexes generally show a high degree of crystallinity, mainly if the ligand contains
aromatic groups or multidentate donors. In addition, research by Khan et al. (2009) showed that
even though the metal sources were different (either from waste or commercial), effective

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 Sustainable Nickel Recovery from Nickel Slag Waste using Diethylamine Dithiocarbamate:
Enhancing Resource Efficiency and Minimizing Environmental Impact
Fadliah, Burhannudinur, Taba, Wahab, Kasim, Karim, Hasri, Subandrio, Putri, Nur, Yasmaniar,
Husla, Jarre, Zahra, Abdalrazaq, Kollur, Raya
p-ISSN 2579-9150; e-ISSN 2579-9207, Volume 8, Number 1, page 177-201, April 2025
Accredited SINTA 2 by Ministry of Research, Technology, and
Higher Education of The Republic of Indonesia No. 230/E/KPT/2022 on December 30th, 2022
from October 1st, 2022 to September 30th, 2027
SCOPUS ID: 21101257967

complexation could still be achieved as long as the ionic species and metal purity were met,
resulting in identical or very similar crystallographic characteristics.

3.2.4 SEM-EDS Characterization

The final characterization method used for nickel slag samples is SEM-EDS. SEM observes the slag
surface morphology microscopically, providing information on texture, porosity, roughness, and
structural irregularities related to the melting and cooling processes. Meanwhile, EDS identifies
the chemical composition of the slag, providing a quantitative picture of the main and minor
metal elements still left in the solid residue (Li et al., 2020).
The results of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis of nickel slag show in Figure 4(a)
that the surface of the sample is rough and inhomogeneous, with a porous structure and small
cracks. This rough surface indicates uneven cooling during the metal melting process, which can
cause the formation of crystalline and amorphous phases simultaneously. The porous structure
can also indicate the decomposition of silicate or metal oxide phases during the thermal process
and the potential for adsorption and diffusion of metal ions into the slag matrix (Zhang et al.,
2019). These results align with studies by Li et al., (2020) and Feng et al., (2018), which reported
that nickel slag generally has a high oxygen content, with the dominance of Fe, Si, and Mg as the
main components of the silicate matrix. Zhang et al., (2019) also reported the presence of porous
and cracked morphology in nickel slag due to the formation of non-uniform metal phases during
rapid cooling.
The results of surface morphology observations of diethylamine-dithiocarbamate ligands
using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) in Figure 4(b) showed that the particles formed had a
uniform and smooth surface structure. No cracks, large pores, or irregular agglomeration were
found, indicating that the ligand synthesis took place homogeneously and under control. This
smooth surface reflects a stable crystalline or amorphous form and does not undergo
recrystallization or phase segregation during drying. This finding is in line with the results of
research by Arish & Josephus (2012), which reported that aliphatic dithiocarbamate ligands tend
to form flat surfaces and homogeneous structures because their alkyl groups are flexible and do
not form π–π interactions like in aromatic ligands. This smooth morphology can also be associated
with minimal directional interactions between molecules so that complex attractive forces do not

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 Sustainable Nickel Recovery from Nickel Slag Waste using Diethylamine Dithiocarbamate:
Enhancing Resource Efficiency and Minimizing Environmental Impact
Fadliah, Burhannudinur, Taba, Wahab, Kasim, Karim, Hasri, Subandrio, Putri, Nur, Yasmaniar,
Husla, Jarre, Zahra, Abdalrazaq, Kollur, Raya
p-ISSN 2579-9150; e-ISSN 2579-9207, Volume 8, Number 1, page 177-201, April 2025
Accredited SINTA 2 by Ministry of Research, Technology, and
Higher Education of The Republic of Indonesia No. 230/E/KPT/2022 on December 30th, 2022
from October 1st, 2022 to September 30th, 2027
SCOPUS ID: 21101257967

disturb crystal growth.

(a) (b)

(c)

Figure 4 SEM analysis of nickel slag (a), DEDTC (b), and Ni(II)DEDTC-slag morphology

Surface morphology analysis using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) on

the Ni(II) diethylamine-dithiocarbamate compound in Figure 4(c) synthesized using nickel
recovered from slag shows that the complex structure is formed in a rod-like morphology that
sticks to each other. This morphology indicates a tendency for molecules to aggregate, possibly
caused by intermolecular interactions such as hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces between
polar groups in the dithiocarbamate ligand. The rod structure also shows that the crystallization
process is relatively controlled, even though it comes from a non-commercial metal source. These
results are in line with research by Onwudiwe & Ajibade (2011), which reported that transition
metal complexes with dithiocarbamate ligands can exhibit rod morphology, granular aggregates,
or other forms depending on the synthesis conditions and the type of ligand used.

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 Sustainable Nickel Recovery from Nickel Slag Waste using Diethylamine Dithiocarbamate:
Enhancing Resource Efficiency and Minimizing Environmental Impact
Fadliah, Burhannudinur, Taba, Wahab, Kasim, Karim, Hasri, Subandrio, Putri, Nur, Yasmaniar,
Husla, Jarre, Zahra, Abdalrazaq, Kollur, Raya
p-ISSN 2579-9150; e-ISSN 2579-9207, Volume 8, Number 1, page 177-201, April 2025
Accredited SINTA 2 by Ministry of Research, Technology, and
Higher Education of The Republic of Indonesia No. 230/E/KPT/2022 on December 30th, 2022
from October 1st, 2022 to September 30th, 2027
SCOPUS ID: 21101257967

Table 3 Results of EDS analysis of nickel slag, DEDTC, and Ni(II)DEDTC-slag

Element Slag Slag DEDTC DEDTC Ni(II)DEDTC- Ni(II)DEDTC-slag

(weight %) (atomic %) (weight %) (atomic %) slag (weight %) (atomic %)
C 11.2 19.0 42.6 57.5 30.9 42.2
O 41.4 52.6 13.5 13.7 18.4 18.9
Mg 7.4 6.2 - - - -
Al 2.3 1.8 - - - -
Si 18.4 13.3 - - - -
Ca 1.2 0.6 - - - -
Cr 1.6 0.6 - - - -
Mn 0.5 0.2 - - - -
Fe 15.7 5.7 - - - -
Ni 0.3 0.1 - - 7.8 2.2
N - - 11.0 12.7 22.4 26.3
S - - 25.9 13.1 19.1 9.8
K - - 7.1 3.0 1.4 0.6

The results of Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis for the Ni(II)diethylamine-
dithiocarbamate complex compound in Table 3 confirmed the presence of six main elements,
namely Carbon (c) 30.9%, Nitrogen (N): 22.4%, Oxygen (O): 18.4%, Sulfur (S): 19.1%, Potassium
(K): 1.4%, and Nickel (Ni): 7.8%. C, N, S, and Ni support the presence of a dithiocarbamate
complex, where Carbon and nitrogen come from the diethylamine group. At the same time, sulfur
is part of the dithiocarbamate group that binds directly to the Ni²⁺ ion. The oxygen element comes
from residual solvent contamination, and potassium comes from the reagent that reacts with
dithiocarbamate.

3.3 Recovery of Nickel and Environmental Impact Assessment

The nickel recovery process from nickel slag was carried out using diethylamine dithiocarbamate
ligands to form nickel complexes that can be isolated from industrial solid waste. Based on
the experimental results, the yield of the nickel-diethylamine dithiocarbamate complex reached
83.38%. These results indicate that the diethylamine dithiocarbamate ligand effectively forms
complexes with nickel ions in the slag. Further analysis using the AAS (Atomic Absorption
Spectroscopy) method was used to calculate the percent recovery of nickel from slag.
The results showed that the nickel-diethylamine dithiocarbamate complex produced a
recovery of 94.88%. The chemical structure of the diethylamine dithiocarbamate ligand is suitable

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 Sustainable Nickel Recovery from Nickel Slag Waste using Diethylamine Dithiocarbamate:
Enhancing Resource Efficiency and Minimizing Environmental Impact
Fadliah, Burhannudinur, Taba, Wahab, Kasim, Karim, Hasri, Subandrio, Putri, Nur, Yasmaniar,
Husla, Jarre, Zahra, Abdalrazaq, Kollur, Raya
p-ISSN 2579-9150; e-ISSN 2579-9207, Volume 8, Number 1, page 177-201, April 2025
Accredited SINTA 2 by Ministry of Research, Technology, and
Higher Education of The Republic of Indonesia No. 230/E/KPT/2022 on December 30th, 2022
from October 1st, 2022 to September 30th, 2027
SCOPUS ID: 21101257967

for stabilizing nickel ions in complex form due to the small and fundamental diethylamine group,
which can increase the affinity for transition metals such as nickel. The previous research by Liu
et al. (2017) reported that simple dithiocarbamate ligands such as diethylamine dithiocarbamate
showed high efficiency in extracting heavy metals from solid waste, with metal recovery of more
than 90% in a similar solvent system. In addition, Karthikeyan et al. (2014) also showed that
modification of ligands with aromatic groups can affect the efficiency of metal extraction,
depending on the pH conditions and the solubility of the complex formed.
The environmental impact of nickel slag and its transformation through recovery into a Ni(II)-
diethylaminedithiocarbamate complex was evaluated based on FTIR, XRD, and SEM-EDS
characterization. The raw nickel slag exhibited no detectable M–S or M–N stretching vibrations
in the FTIR spectrum, indicating the absence of stable metal-ligand coordination structures. In
contrast, the Ni(II) complex showed clear absorption bands corresponding to M–S and M–N
vibrations, confirming successful chelation of nickel ions with the ligand. This complexation
reduces the bioavailability of nickel, as the metal is no longer present in free ionic form, which is
typically more mobile and toxic in the environment.
XRD analysis further supported these findings by revealing that the raw slag exhibited broad,
weak peaks indicating low crystallinity and a largely amorphous nature. Conversely, the Ni(II)
complex displayed sharper and more intense diffraction peaks, suggesting a higher degree of
crystallinity. Increased crystallinity is often associated with more stable solid phases that are less
likely to leach hazardous substances into the environment (Lottermoser, 2010).
SEM-EDS analysis showed that the original slag contained multiple metal elements, including
Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, and Ni. The presence of Cr, Mn, and Fe, in particular, indicates potential
environmental risks due to their known toxicity and reactivity. However, the Ni(II) complex
formed after recovery showed the presence of only nickel, indicating that these other potentially
hazardous elements had been removed or were not incorporated into the final product. This
suggests that the recovery process not only successfully isolated nickel but also contributed to a
significant reduction in environmental risk associated with heavy metal contamination.
These results are consistent with previous studies, such as those by Wu, Zhang, and Yang
(2020), who demonstrated that selective ligand-based metal recovery significantly reduces the
leachability and toxicity of slag residues. Similarly, Tutu, McCarthy, and Cukrowska (2008)

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 Sustainable Nickel Recovery from Nickel Slag Waste using Diethylamine Dithiocarbamate:
Enhancing Resource Efficiency and Minimizing Environmental Impact
Fadliah, Burhannudinur, Taba, Wahab, Kasim, Karim, Hasri, Subandrio, Putri, Nur, Yasmaniar,
Husla, Jarre, Zahra, Abdalrazaq, Kollur, Raya
p-ISSN 2579-9150; e-ISSN 2579-9207, Volume 8, Number 1, page 177-201, April 2025
Accredited SINTA 2 by Ministry of Research, Technology, and
Higher Education of The Republic of Indonesia No. 230/E/KPT/2022 on December 30th, 2022
from October 1st, 2022 to September 30th, 2027
SCOPUS ID: 21101257967

emphasized the importance of converting metal-containing waste into stable compounds to

prevent heavy metal migration into soil and water systems. Therefore, the current study supports
the notion that complexation and purification processes can transform hazardous waste into
safer, value-added materials, contributing both to environmental protection and resource
sustainability.

4. CONCLUSION

Based on the research results, the nickel recovery process from slag waste through the formation
of diethylamine dithiocarbamate ligand complexes showed high effectiveness. The success of this
process was confirmed through FTIR, UV-Vis, XRD, and SEM-EDS characterization, which showed
similarities in spectral profiles and morphology between the nickel complexes synthesized from
commercial nickel (NiSO₄·6H₂O) and nickel obtained from slag. The similarity of these
characteristics indicates that nickel from slag has been successfully extracted and complexed into
a stable compound, resembling a standard complex compound, thus supporting the potential use
of slag waste as a secondary source of economically valuable and environmentally friendly nickel.
Besides that, DEDTC ligand can form selective bonds with nickel ions. At the same time, other
metals in the slag, such as Fe, Cr, Mn, and Zn, are not included in the final complex, indicating a
high level of selectivity towards Ni(II) ions. This process produces a yield of 83.38%, and the nickel
recovery percentage reaches 94.88%, indicating excellent separation efficiency. Thus, DEDTC has
been proven effective and selective as a ligand for nickel recovery from industrial waste. It can
reduce negative environmental impacts by reducing the content of hazardous heavy metals in
the residue.

5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This research was financed by the Centre for Educational Financial Services (PUSLAPDIK
Indonesia) and the Indonesia Endowment Funds for Education (LPDP), with contract number
03424/J5.2.3./BPI.06/10/2022.

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 Sustainable Nickel Recovery from Nickel Slag Waste using Diethylamine Dithiocarbamate:
Enhancing Resource Efficiency and Minimizing Environmental Impact
Fadliah, Burhannudinur, Taba, Wahab, Kasim, Karim, Hasri, Subandrio, Putri, Nur, Yasmaniar,
Husla, Jarre, Zahra, Abdalrazaq, Kollur, Raya
p-ISSN 2579-9150; e-ISSN 2579-9207, Volume 8, Number 1, page 177-201, April 2025
Accredited SINTA 2 by Ministry of Research, Technology, and
Higher Education of The Republic of Indonesia No. 230/E/KPT/2022 on December 30th, 2022
from October 1st, 2022 to September 30th, 2027
SCOPUS ID: 21101257967

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