LL.B.

(INTEGRATED) FIVE YEARS DEGREE COURSE, 3RD SEMESTER

PSYCHOLOGY I

UNIT-I- Personality and Definition

Syllabus i. Determinants of Personality

ii. Heredity, Environment and Situational Factors
iii. Theories of Personality: Trait Theory, Type Theory, Psycho
Analytic Theory, Humanistic Theory and Learning Theory

Lecture 1: Determinants of Personality; Heredity, Environment and Situational Factors

Previous Years’ Questions:

Personality as an organization [Short Question- 2018]

What are child rearing practices? How do they influence personality development? [Long
Question- 2018]

NOTES
Meaning of Personality

Personality is an individual’s experiences, values, habits and traits which collectively determine
his or her behavioural patterns. Two main approaches or determinants that one can utilise to
study personality are- Psychological and Sociological.

Types of Personality

Greeks gave the most popular theory of the types of personality which says there are four types
of temperaments:

 Sanguine: Highly talkative, social, extroverted and enthusiastic

 Phlegmatic: Quiet, easy-going, and reserved
 Melancholic: Deep thinkers and analytical minds
 Choleric: More extroverted and ambitious

Determinants of Personality:

A. Physical/Biological Determinants of Personality

Biological traits are the essential determinant of personality. It incorporates a majority of other
factors as well which bring out the various insights about an individual. Some important
constituents are- Hereditary & Physical Features.

Role of Heredity in Personality Development: Each human being receives a genetic inheritance
which provides all the potentialities for his behaviour and development throughout his life
time. Personality pattern is subject to limitations because heredity sets limits to a person's
development.

B. Social Determinants of Personality

It analyses personality as per the status of the individual in their social group or community and
consider the individual’s conception of their role in the group is like. The key factor that this
approach weighs in is what others perceive us as plays a greater role in the formation of our
personality.

C. Psychological Determinants of Personality

It is determined through the accumulative characteristics of mental trends, emotions,

sentiments, thought patterns and complexes. Further, it also studies an individual’s mental
conflicts, wishes, aspirations, feelings of repression, sublimation and emotional well-being.

D. Intellectual Determinants of Personality

Personality can be determined by Humour (facilitates social acceptance), Morality (what is

moral or immoral), Values (learn from upbringing and society).

Other Determinants
 Environmental Factors: An individual is the product of countless interactions between
his genetic endowment and physical and socio-cultural environment.
 Situational Factors: It reflects how a person’s behaviour is and how they react in a given
situation. The traits shown through situational factors usually vary a lot as different
people exhibit different situational personality traits.
 Family Factors: The environment at home blended with the direct influence of the
parents is the major contributors to the traits that build our personality.
 Cultural Factors: The ritual and norms in the family, the early conditioning, the way we
are raised up, the social group in which we hang out are the factors which have an
impactful emphasis on our personality formation.
Psychometric Test: It incorporates a standard and scientific analysis to evaluate an individual’s
mental capabilities as well as behaviour. It gauges the merit and aptitude of a person while also
examining their personality traits.

ASSIGNMENT

1. Can your biology determine your personality? Yes/No

2. Can Psychometric Test be used for career counseling? Yes/No

3. Which of the following factors(s) can contribute towards determining a person’s

personality?:
a. Environmental factors
b. Hereditary factors

4. What are the major determinants of personality?

5. How can intellect determine someone’s personality?

 LL.B. (INTEGRATED) FIVE YEARS DEGREE COURSE, 3RD SEMESTER

PSYCHOLOGY I

UNIT-I- Personality and Definition

Lecture 2: Theories of Personality: Trait Theory, Type Theory

Previous Years’ Questions:

Cardinal Traits [Short Question- 2017]

Surface traits [Short Question- 2017, 2019]

Jung’s classification of personality [Short Question- 2018]

Neuroticism Stability [Short Question- 2019]

Allport’s Theory of Personality [Long Question- 2017, 2019]

NOTES

TRAIT THEORY

The trait theory of personality suggests that people have certain basic characteristics and it is
the strength and intensity of those characteristics that account for personality differences.
Trait approach to personality focuses on differences between individuals. The combination and
interaction of various traits form a personality that is unique to each person.

 Allport’s Trait Theory:

Gordon Allport categorized over 4000 traits into three levels:
 Cardinal Traits- Cardinal traits are rare and dominating, usually developing later
in life. E.g. narcissistic, Christ-like etc.
 Central Traits- These are general characteristics that form basic personality
foundations. E.g. intelligent, honest, shy, anxious etc.
 Secondary Traits- They often appear only in certain situations or under specific
circumstances. E.g. Public speaking anxiety or impatience while waiting in line.
 Cattell’s 16-Factor Personality Model:
 Raymond Cattell reduced the number of main personality traits to 171 traits by
eliminating uncommon traits and combining common characteristics.
  Using a statistical technique known as factor analysis, he reduced his list to 16
key personality traits, which are the source of all human personalities.
 He also developed one of the most widely used personality assessments- the 16
Personality Factor Questionnaire.
 Eysenck’s 3 Dimensions of Personality
Hans Eysenck developed a model of personality based on just three universal traits:
 Introversion/Extraversion
 Neuroticism/Emotional Stability- Moodiness vs. even-temperedness.
 Psychoticism- Difficulty in dealing with reality.
 Five-Factor Model of Personality
It represents five core traits that interact to form human personality: Agreeableness;
Conscientiousness; Extraversion; Neuroticism; Openness

TYPE THEORY

Type theory explains personality on the basis of physique and temperament.

 Carl Jung’s Eight Personality Types- CG Jung classified personality on the basis of
sociability character as Introverts and Extraverts.

 Ernest Kretschmer’s Classification- He correlated physique and character. From his

studies on mental patients, he found that certain body types are associated with
particular types of mental disorders. He has classified personalities into four types:
Pyknic type; Asthenic type; Athletic type; Dysplastic type

 William Sheldon’s Classification- He correlated temperament and body type and

divided people into three types: Endomorph, Ectomorph, Mesomorph

 Friedman and Roseman- They classified individuals into Type-A and Type-B
personalities: Type-A Personality, Type-B Personality, Type-C Personality, Type-D
Personality.

 Myers-Briggs Type Indicator- MBTI is based on Carl Jung’s theory of personality theory.
Using MBTI, individual’s self-reported preferences are used to assess 4 dimensions of
personality: E or I (Extraversion or Introversion); S or N (Sensing or Intuition); T or F
(Thinking or Feeling); J or P (Judgment or Perception)
 ASSIGNMENT

1. Which of the following is a proponent of type theory?

a. Carl Jung
b. Gordon Allport
2. In how many categories did Gordon Allport divided the traits?

3. Write a short note on Neuroticism Stability.

4. What is Carl Jung’s Eight Personality Types?

5. Explain Allport’s theory of personality.

 LL.B. (INTEGRATED) FIVE YEARS DEGREE COURSE, 3RD SEMESTER

PSYCHOLOGY I

UNIT-I- Personality and Definition

Lecture 3: Psycho Analytic Theory, Humanistic Theory and Learning Theory

Previous Years’ Questions:

Freud’s Theory of Personality [Long Question- 2017]

Humanistic Theory of Personality- Maslow’s Theory of Personality [Long Question- 2018,

2019]

NOTES

PSYCHO ANALYTIC THEORY

The Psychoanalytic Theory is based on the notion that an individual gets motivated more by unseen
forces that are controlled by the conscious and the rational thought. According to Sigmund Freud,
the human behavior is formed through an interaction between three components of the mind, i.e.
Id, Ego and Super Ego.

 Id: Id is the primitive part of the mind that seeks immediate gratification of biological or
instinctual needs. The biological needs are the basic physical needs and while the instinctual
needs are the natural or unlearned needs, such as hunger, thirst, sex, etc.
 Super-Ego: The Super-Ego is related to the social or the moral values that an individual
inculcates as he matures. It acts as an ethical constraint on behavior and helps an individual
to develop his conscience.
 Ego: Ego is the logical and the conscious part of the mind which is associated with the
reality principle. This means it balances the demands of Id and super-ego in the context of
real life situations.

HUMANISTIC THEORY

Humanistic psychologists try to see people’s lives as those people would see them. They focus on
the ability of human beings to think consciously and rationally, to control their biological urges, and
to achieve their full potential.

 Abraham Maslow’s Theory: Abraham Maslow gave hierarchy of needs ranks human needs
from the most basic physical needs to the most advanced needs of self-actualization and
 also explained how human needs change throughout an individual's lifespan, and how these
needs influence the development of personality.

Self actualization>Esteem>Love/Belonging> Safety>Physiological

 Carl Rogers’s Person-Centered Theory: The Self-Concept is the most important feature of
personality, and it includes all the thoughts, feelings, and beliefs people have about
themselves. Rogers believed that people are aware of their self-concepts.
Congruence and Incongruence- People’s self-concepts often do not exactly match
reality. Congruence is a fairly accurate match between the self-concept and reality whereas
Incongruence refers to the discrepancy between the self-concept and reality.

LEARNING THEORY

Learning theory of personality emphasizes observable behaviour, the relationship between stimuli
and responses, and the impact of learning

 Classical Conditioning by Ivan Pavlov: Learning takes place when an association is formed
between a previously neutral stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.
For example- he paired the natural stimulus of food with the sound of a bell. The dogs
would naturally salivate in response to food, but after multiple associations, the dogs would
salivate to the sound of the bell alone.
 Operant Conditioning by B.F. Skinner: a.k.a. Skinnerian conditioning and instrumental
conditioning. Associations are made between behavior and consequences of that behavior.
When the behavior leads to a desirable consequence, it becomes more likely that the
behavior will be repeated again in the future. If the actions lead to a negative outcome,
then the behavior is less likely to occur.
 Observation by Albert Bandura: Learning takes place through observation.

ASSIGNMENT
1. Operant Theory was given by .
2. Classical Conditioning Theory was propounded by .
3. Which animal was used to conclude Classical Conditioning Theory?

4. What is the hierarchy given by Abraham Maslow?

5. According to Sigmund Freud, the human behavior is formed through an interaction

between which three components of the mind?
 LL.B. (INTEGRATED) FIVE YEARS DEGREE COURSE, 3RD SEMESTER

PSYCHOLOGY I

UNIT II- Attitude

Syllabus i. Meaning and Definition

ii. Types of Attitude
iii. Formation of Attitude
iv. Negative Attitude and Objective
v. Building positive attitude
vi. Situational Analysis of Attitude
vii. Perception
viii. Biases, Prejudices and Blind Spots

Lecture 1- Meaning and Definition; Types of Attitude; Negative Attitude and Objective; Building
positive attitude

Previous Years’ Questions

Q. 1 Describe the nature of attitude and mention its characteristics. [Long Question- 2017,
2019]

Q. 2 ABC Model of attitudes. [Long Question- 2019; Short Question- 2018]

NOTES

Meaning and Definition

An attitude refers to a set of emotions, beliefs, and behaviors toward a particular object,
person, thing, or event. Attitudes are often the result of experience or upbringing, and they can
have a powerful influence over behavior. While attitudes are enduring, they can also change.

Types of Attitudes
 Positive Attitude- Confidence, Optimism, Sincerity, and Reliability are traits that
represent positive attitude.
 Individuals who have a positive attitude will pay attention to the good rather
than bad in people, situations, events, etc.
 It is an optimistic approach for a person to achieve good results.
 It is a process of solving problems.
 These persons always see opportunities.
  Negative Attitude- Hatred, Pessimism, Resentment, and Doubt are traits that represent
negative attitude.
 People with a negative attitude ignore the good and pay attention to the bad in
people, situations, events, etc.
 A person with a “negatives attitude” tends to believe their best days are in the
past, and there is nothing to “look forward to” and considers it a waste of time
and energy.
 It is a pessimistic mindset of a person who is not capable of handling critical
issues.
 A person with a negative attitude pays attention to other people’s shortcomings
and limitations.
 Neutral Attitude- Indifference and Detachment are traits that represent neutral attitude
 Components of Attitude
 Affective Component: How the object, person, issue, or event makes you feel
 Behavioral Component: How attitude influences your behavior
 Cognitive Component: Your thoughts and beliefs about the subject

ASSIGNMENT
1. Optimism is a prominent feature of positive attitude. True/False
2. Which type of person focuses more on other people’s shortcomings?
a. Person having positive attitude b. Person having negative attitude
3. Indifference is a trait of which kind of attitude?
a. Negative attitude b. Neutral Attitude
4. Write 2 features of positive attitude.

5. What is ABC Model of attitudes?

 LL.B. (INTEGRATED) FIVE YEARS DEGREE COURSE, 3RD SEMESTER

PSYCHOLOGY I

UNIT II- Attitude

Lecture 2- Formation of Attitude; Situational Analysis of Attitude

Previous Years’ Questions

Q. 1 Ideal self concept; Basic self concept [Short Question- 2017; 2018]

NOTES

Formation of Attitude
 Experience- They may emerge due to direct personal experience, or they may result
from observation.
 Social Factors- Social roles relate to how people are expected to behave in a particular
role or context. Social norms involve society's rules for what behaviors are considered
appropriate.
 Learning- Attitudes can be learned in a variety of ways, for instance, using classical
conditioning to influence your attitude toward a particular product.
 Conditioning- Operant conditioning can also be used to influence how attitudes
develop.
 Observation- People learn attitudes by observing people around them.

Process of Attitude Change

 Balance Theory- This theory was proposed by Fritz Heider. It can be described in the
form of a P-O-X triangle where P is the person whose attitude is being studied, O is the
other person and X is the attitude object. Balance is crucial as imbalance would be
logically uncomfortable.
 Cognitive Dissonance Theory- It was proposed by Leon Festinger. Here the main emphasis
is laid on the Cognitive component of the attitude and it should be consonant which
means that they should be logically in line with each other.
 Two-step Theory- The two-step theory was proposed by Indian Psychologist S.M.
Mohsin. Attitude change takes place in two steps:
1. The target of change identifies with the source and the target is the one whose
attitude has to be changed and the source is the one through which the attitude of
the target will change.
 2. The source shows the change in his/her attitude by changing the Behaviour
towards attitude object and target also changes attitude by observing the
source.

Situational Analysis of Attitude

There would be consistency between attitudes and behaviours when:

1. When a particular attitude occupies a central place in the attitude system.

2. When a person is not evaluated by others
3. Absence of any kind of external pressure to behave in a specific way.
4. When the person is aware of his/her attitude.
5. When an individual would believe that a particular individual would have a positive
impact.

ASSIGNMENT

1. Operant conditioning can contribute towards attitude formation. True/False

2. Can a person’s attitude be changed by various means? Yes/No

3. Cognitive Dissonance Theory was propounded by .

4. How does learning effect attitude formation?

5. Explain 2 factors that can help in formation of attitude.

 LL.B. (INTEGRATED) FIVE YEARS DEGREE COURSE, 3RD SEMESTER

PSYCHOLOGY I

UNIT II- Attitude

Lecture 3- Perception

Previous Years’ Questions

Q. 1 Values, need and Perception [Short Question- 2017, 2018]

Q. 2 Perceptual threshold [Short Question- 2019]

Q. 3 What is perception? Elucidate the laws of perceptual organisation. [Long Question- 2017]

NOTES

Perception

Perception may be defined as “a process of interpretation of a present stimulus on the basis of

past experience”.

 Factors Affecting Perception-

 Perceptual learning- Based on past experiences or any special training that we
get, every one of us learns to emphasise some sensory inputs and to ignore
others.
 Mental set- Preparedness or readiness to receive some sensory input.
 Motives and needs- Our motives and needs influence our perception.
 Cognitive styles- Every individual has his or her own way of understanding the
situation.
 Perceptual organization- The way information is received by our senses and interpreted
to make it meaningful.
 Gestalt psychology- Human brain perceives a stimulus as a whole and not as the
sum of its parts.
 Principles of perceptual organization
o Figure-Ground relationship– Human brain can perceive a figure in a
meaningful manner in the background and it cannot be separated from
that perceived background.
o Perceptual constancy– Stability in perception.
o Perceptual Grouping – The tendency of the human mind to group several
stimuli in an easily recognizable pattern.
  Errors in Perception-
 Illusion- Illusion is a false perception. Here the person will mistake a stimulus and
perceive it wrongly.
 Hallucination- Where an individual perceives some stimulus, even when it is not
present.
 Selective Perception- Selective interpretation on the basis of interests,
background, experience, and attitudes.
 Halo Effect-The individual is evaluated on the basis of perceived positive quality,
feature, or trait.
 Stereotyping- People usually can fall into at least one general category based on
physical or behavioral traits then they will be evaluated.
 Similarity- People tend to seek out and rate those who are similar to themselves
more positively.
 Horn Effect- When the individual is completely evaluated based on a negative
quality or feature perceived, this result in an overall lower rating than an
acceptable rate.
 Contrast- The tendency to rate people relative to other people rather than to the
individual performance he is doing.

ASSIGNMENT

1. Is a person’s perception always correct? Yes/No

2. Is Figure-Ground relationship one of the laws of perceptual organization? Yes/No

3. Which of the following is a principle(s) of Perceptual organization?

a. Perceptual constancy b. Perceptual Grouping

4. Write 2 factors that can effect a person’s perception?

5. Explain 2 errors that can occur in a person’s perception.

 LL.B. (INTEGRATED) FIVE YEARS DEGREE COURSE, 3RD SEMESTER

PSYCHOLOGY I

UNIT II- Attitude

Lecture 4- Biases, Prejudices and Blind Spots

Previous Years’ Questions

Q. 1 Correspondence bias [Short Question- 2017; 2018]

Q. 2 What are prejudices? How are they formed? Also describe methods of reducing them.
[Long Question- 2018]

Q. 3 Explain: Types of Conflict; Frustration [Long Question- 2018]

Q. 4 What do you understand by bias? Mention types of bias. [Long Question- 2019]

NOTES

Bias and Prejudice

Prejudice is defined as an unverified negative attitude towards a group. Hatred is its affective
component and Discrimination is the behavioural component of prejudice.

 Learning- Prejudice can be learned through reward/punishment, Modelling, Reference

Groups etc.
 A strong social Identity and In group Bias- Individuals who have a strong sense of social
identity and a positive attitude towards the group to which they belong boosts their ego
and thus they hold negative attitudes towards other groups.
 Scapegoating- The majority group places blame on the minority group for their socio-
economic matters because the minority group may be weak or small in number.
 Kernel of Truth- Small components of truth about a particular group can be
overemphasized, leading to prejudice towards that group.
 Self Fulfilling Prophecy- The group which is the target of prejudice at times is itself
responsible for prejudice towards it as it behaves in such a way that conforms to
negative expectations about them.

Strategies for Handling Prejudice

 Minimising opportunities for learning prejudices

 Changing such attitudes
  De- emphasizing the narrow social identity of the group

Blind Spot

The blind spot is a region of no information and is treated by early image processing as such: It
is an “occluded” region of vision, without an occluder.

Reasons:

 Halo Effect
 Cognitive Dissonance
 Prejudice and the inability to think critically
 Unwillingness to take responsibility for the actions
 Blind following of the patterns and principles
 Reliance on intuition instead of reasoning and experience
 Group behavior
 Bystanders effect
 Necessity of conforming to the norm

ASSIGNMENT

1. Can prejudice be imbibed through learning it? Yes/No

2. Unverified negative attitude towards a group is known as .

3. Is it possible to make a social group a scapegoat to propagate prejudice against them? Yes/No

4. Write 2 ways of handling biases and prejudices.

5. What could be some reasons for blind spots in psychology?

 LL.B. (INTEGRATED) FIVE YEARS DEGREE COURSE, 3RD SEMESTER

PSYCHOLOGY I

UNIT III- Motivation

Syllabus i. Theories of Motivation

ii. Various Motives: Biological and Social Motives
iii. Motives to Know and be Effective
iv. Frustration and Conflict of Motives
Lecture 1- Theories of Motivation

Previous Years’ Questions

Q. 1 Discuss any two theories of motivation [Long Question- 2018]

NOTES

Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory

Abraham H. Maslow portrayed a picture of human behaviour by arranging the various needs in
a hierarchy.

Self Actualisation (personal growth and fulfillment)

Esteem needs (status, reputation etc.)

Belongingness and love needs (family, relationships etc.)

Safety needs (protection, security, law etc.)

Biological and Physiological Needs (basic needs- food, shelter, sleep etc.)

Clark Hull’s Drive-Reduction Theory

 According to this theory deviations from homeostatis create physiological needs.

 When a physiological need is not satisfies, a negative state of tension is created; when
the need is satisfies, the drive to satisfy that need is reduced and the organism returns
to homeostatis.
 Primary Drive- innate biological needs usually necessary for survival.
 Secondary Drive- linked to social and identity factors.
Arousal Theory of Motivation

 Each person has a unique arousal level that is right for them. When the arousal level
drops below the individually optimal levels, we seek stimulation to elevate them.
 Yerkes-Dodson Law- levels of arousal can influence the performance. More arousal
means better performance but only until the optimum arousal level is reached.

Instinct Theory of Motivation

 All organisms are born with innate biological tendencies that help them survive.
 Instincts drive all behaviours, are goal-directed and innate patterns of behaviour that
are not the result of learning or experiences.
 Psychologist William McDougall was one of the first to write about the instinct theory of
motivation. He suggested that instinctive behaviour was composed of 3 essential
elements- perception, behaviour and emotion.

ASSIGNMENT

1. Which of the following falls at the bottom of Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory?

a. Self Actualisation

b. Biological and Physiological Needs

2. Drive-Reduction Theory was propounded by .

3. What is Yerkes-Dodson Law in Arousal Theory?

4. What is the difference between primary and secondary drive in Drive-Reduction Theory?

5. What do you mean by Self Actualisation?

 LL.B. (INTEGRATED) FIVE YEARS DEGREE COURSE, 3RD SEMESTER

PSYCHOLOGY I

UNIT III- Motivation

Lecture 2- Various Motives: Biological and Social Motives

Previous Years’ Questions

Q. 1 What are the characteristics of motivated behaviour? Describe affiliation motive. [Long
Question- 2017; Short Question- 2018]

Q. 2 Distinguish between innate and acquired motives. Describe any one psychological motive.
[Long Question- 2018]

Q. 3 Distinguish between biogenic and sociogenic motive. [Long Question- 2019]

NOTES

Kinds of Motives

There are basically two types of motives:

 Biogenic Motives- They are guided by physiological needs and mechanisms. Inborn
motives are innate in a person from birth. A person cannot survive without it.
 Psychosocial Motives- They are guided by social factors which an individual acquires
throughout his life. These motives are learned and influenced by the interaction of
environment and individual.

Biogenic/Innate Motives

 Hunger Motivation- Stomach Contraction Theory: Hunger arises from the contraction of
the muscles of stomach. When the stomach is empty contraction occurs and the
organism experiences feeling of hunger.
Set Point Theory: Human and other mammals and animals are genetically set to
maintain a specific weight.
 Thirst Motivation - Local Theory of Thirst: Thirst motive originates from water
deprivation when the tissues of the mouth and throat are relatively dry.
Double Depletion Theory: the body has a set of internal homeostatis process to regulate
its fluid level and drinking behaviour the body water level is maintained by the
physiological events in which sexual hormones play a vital role.
 Sex Motivation
  Sleep Motivation

Social Motives

 Achievement Motivation - Desire to attain some specific standard of excellence.

McClelland did an extensive study of achievement motivation and tested it with TAT.
 Power Motivation - Ability or capacity of a person to produce intended effects on the
behaviour or emotions of another person.
 Affiliation Motivation
 Aggression Motivation - Frustration of motive was proposed early as a basic cause of
aggression. Frustration occurs when motivated behaviour is blocked so that goal is not
reached. The strong form of the frustration aggression hypothesis started that
frustration always results in aggression.
Social learning theory- It stresses the role of imitating others behaviour as a cause of
aggression
 Approval Motivation

Biological Motives Social Motives

Innate and not learned Acquired and learned
Related to biological needs Related to social situations and context
Most important for living Least important
Same across all cultures, age and sex Affected by social surroundings, interest etc.
a.k.a physiological motives a.k.a psychological motives

ASSIGNMENT

1. Hunger Motivation is a kind of Biogenic Motive. True/ False

2. Aggression Motivation is a kind of Sociogenic Motive. True/ False

3. What are innate motives?

4. What are acquired motives?

5. Write 2 differences between Biogenic and Sociogenic Motives.

 LL.B. (INTEGRATED) FIVE YEARS DEGREE COURSE, 3RD SEMESTER

PSYCHOLOGY I

UNIT III- Motivation

Lecture 3- Motives to Know and be Effective

Previous Years’ Questions

Q. 1 Drive and need; Need for power; Need for curiosity [Short Question- 2017, 2018, 2019]

Q. 2 Describe need for achievement in detail. [Long Question- 2019]

NOTES

Motives to Know

 Intrinsic Motivation- Motivation for any behavior that is dependent on factors that are
internal in origin. It is usually derived from feelings of satisfaction and fulfillment, not
from external awards.

 Extrinsic Motivation- Motivation that is not inherent in behaiour. There is engagement

in activity in order to earn a reward or avoid a punishment.

Components of Motivation
 Activation- It is the decision to initiate a behavior. For example, enrolling in psychology
courses in order to earn a degree.
 Persistence- It is the continued effort toward a goal even though obstacles may exist.
For example, showing up for psychology class even though one is tired from staying up
late the night before.
 Intensity- It is the concentration and vigor that goes into pursuing a goal. For example,
one student might coast by without much effort (minimal intensity) while another
student studies regularly, participates in classroom discussions, and takes advantage
of research opportunities outside of class (greater intensity).

How to be effective

 Change Your Thinking- Changing the way one interprets teh situation and internalize
the rewards one is already receiving.
 Set achievable goals- When people make progress toward goals, they are more
motivated to continue.
 Acknowledge intangible rewards- Remind one of the less tangible rewards one is
receiving such as supporting one’s community or increasing one’s financial safety net.
 Changing interpretation of failure- Failure is also a learning opportunity. There is an
element of chance in most pursuits.
 Upgrading one’s definition of success- Instead of letting your motivation depend on
factors outside your control, define success in terms of making good decisions and
executing them to the best of your abilities.
 Take on a new challenge- If the rewards you’re receiving are not meeting your
expectations given your perceived abilities, they may not be motivating. Find an
opportunity to take on a new project at work or start a side project that challenges you.
 Choose the right opportunity- If you determine that you are accurately measuring your
results and changing your strategy is insufficient, it may be best to shift your focus to
something new. Consider your strengths, weakness, and values—and find your next big
opportunity.

ASSIGNMENT

1. Activation is a component of motivation. True/ False

2. Motivation that is not inherent is known as .

3. Taking on a new challenge may help you to be effective. True/ False

4. Write 2 ways in which motivation can help you to be more effective.

5. What is Intrinsic Motivation?

 LL.B. (INTEGRATED) FIVE YEARS DEGREE COURSE, 3RD SEMESTER

PSYCHOLOGY I

UNIT III- Motivation

Lecture 4- Frustration and Conflict of Motives

Previous Years’ Questions

Q. 1 Frustration; External determinants of frustration [Short Question- 2017, 2019]

NOTES
 Meaning of Frustration:
Frustration is a psychological stage resulting from the blocking of a goal directed
activity.

 Sources of Frustration:
 Environment forces that block motive fulfillment
 Personal relationships that makes it impossible to reach goals
 Conflicts between and among motives

 Conflict:
Need Conflict: State of stress caused by the inability to select two alternatives of equal
importance. Greater the importance of decision more the conflict.
 Approach-Approach Conflict: Conflict between two positive goals that are
equally attractive at the same time. Such conflicts are resolved either by
satisfying first goal and then the other goal or by choosing one of the goals and
giving up the other.
 Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict: Conflict that involves two negative goals. We can
all think of things we do but must do or face even less desirable alternative.
 Approach Avoidance Conflict: A person is both attracted and repelled by the
same goal object. Because of the positive valece of the goal the person
approaches it but as it is approached the negative valence become stronger.
 Multiple Approach Avoidance Conflict: Many of life’s major decisions invove this
approach. There are several goals that involve positive and negative valences.
 Methods of Conflict Resolution
 The win-lose approach- The assumption is made that what one party gains, the
other loses. The strategy is to force the other side to capitulate.
 The lose-lose strategy- It is exemplified by smoothing over conflict or by
reaching the simplest of compromises. Each party gets some of ehat it wants,
and resigns itself to partial satisfaction.
 The win-win approach- It is a conscious and systematic attempt to maximize the
goals of both parties through collaborative problem solving. It requires a very
high degree of patience and skill in human relations and problem solving.

ASSIGNMENT

1. conflict occurs when a person wants to achieve two goals at

the same time but has to choose between them.

2. Both parties achieve maximum out of their goals in win-win approach. True/ False

3. What do you mean by Frustration?

4. What is Approach Avoidance Conflict?

5. Explain one approach can be taken to resolve a conflict?