INTRODUCTION:
Reproductive health refers to the condition of male and
female reproductive systems during all life stages.
These systems are made of organs and hormone-
producing glands, including the pituitary gland in the
brain.
Ovaries in females and testicles in males are
reproductive organs, or gonads, that maintain health of
their respective systems.
They also function as glands because they produce and
release hormones.
Reproductive disorders affect millions of Americans
each year
It is the state of physical, emotional and social fitness for
leading a reproductive life.
According to WHO: A total wellbeing in all aspects of
reproduction, i.e., physical, emotional and social.
Reproductive Health- Problems
& Strategies:
India was among the 1st countries to initiate actions
& plans to attain total reproductive health as social
goal.
These programs are called as 'FAMILY PLANNING'-
initiated in 1951.
Improved programs covering reproduction related
areas are in operation- 'Reproductive & Child Health
Care Programs' (RCH).
Create awareness about various reproduction
aspects & provide facilities and support to build
reproductively healthy society.
HOW HAS THE GOVERNMENT
TAKEN MEASURES?
Through the help of audio-visuals & print media to
create awareness.
Family members, close relations are involved in the
awareness.
Sex education is introduced in schools to provide
awareness
Proper information about reproductive organs,
adolescence &related changes, safe & hygienic
sexual practices, sexually transmitted diseases (STD),
AIDS etc.
Educating people about birth control options, care of
pregnant women, post- natal care of mother & child,
importance of breastfeeding, equal importance to
both male & female child- socially conscious healthy
family
Awareness of uncontrolled population growth, social
evils- build socially responsible healthy society.
Implementation of various action plan requires
infrastructural facilities, professional expertise &
material support to provide medical assistance and
care to people in reproduction related problems,
pregnancy, delivery, STDs, abortions, contraception,
menstrual problems, infertility etc.
Statutory ban on Amniocentesis- legally check
female foeticide, massive child immunisation
programs.
Researches on reproduction related areas, supported
by gov. &non- governmental agencies to improve/
find new methods upon the existing ones.
Saheli (Contraceptive)- Central Drug Research
Institute (CDRI) Improved reproductive healthy
society increased medically assisted deliveries, better
postnatal care, decreased maternal & infant
mortality rate, small families, better detection & cure
of STDs- increased facilities for sex related
problems.
POPULATION EXPLOSION AND
BIRTH CONTROL:
The increase in size and growth of human population
is called population explosion.
Indian population- 350 million at independence and
crossed 1 billion in May 2000
Alarming growth rate- scarcity of basic requirements
food, shelter& clothing.
The reason for high population explosion are :
1. Decline in death rate.
2. Longer life span.
3. Decline in maternal mortality rate (MMR)
4. Decline in infant mortality rate (IMR)
5. Some religious belief against birth control.
6. Lack of reproductive health knowledge
Some steps to overcome population
explosion:
1.Motivate smaller families using contraceptive
methods
2. Awareness through media, posters/ bills - Hum
Do Hamare Do (we two, our two)
3. Couples mostly young, urban, working ones
adopted 'one child norm'
4. Statutory raising of marriageable age, female- 18,
male-21
5. Incentives to couples with small families
6. Contraceptive methods, to prevent unwanted
pregnancies
CONTRACEPTION:
Contraception aims to control birth, by using
contraceptives Prevention of conception or fertilization of
ovum during sexual intercourse is called contraception.
An ideal contraceptive should be user- friendly, easily
available, effective and reversible with no or least side
effects.
The different types of contraceptives are:
1. Natural/Traditional method
2. Barrier method
3. Intra uterine device [IUD's]
4. Oral contraceptives
5. Injection and implants
6. Surgical method
Natural methods:
It works on the principle of avoiding chances of ovum
and sperms meeting.
a)Periodic abstinence:
Is a method in which couple avoid or abstain
coitus form day 10 to 17of the menstrual cycle
when ovulation could be expected.
b)Withdrawal or coitus interruptus:
In this method male partner withdraws his penis
from the vagina just before ejaculation to avoid
insemination.
c) Lactational amenorrhea:
Based on fact that ovulation/cycle absent during
intense lactation following parturition.
Hence chance of fertilization is absent.
Effective for 6 months, side effects are nil
Chances of failure are high.
Physical contraceptive or Barrier
methods:
This method prevents contact of sperm and ovum by
barrier.
Available for both male and female.
a. Condoms:
Barriers made of thin rubber/ latex sheath, self
inserted & disposable.
Covers penis in male & vagina and cervix in
female.
It is used so that semen does not enter the female
reproductive tract. It also prevents AIDS and STDs.
b. Diaphragm, cervical caps and vaults:
Barrier, made of rubber latex.
Inserted into the female reproductive tract to
cover the cervix Block entry of sperm through
cervix, reusable Spermicidal cream, jellies, foams
along with these barriers
Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs):
These devices are only used by female
Inserted by doctor or nurses in the uterus through
vagina.
They are available as:
a) Non-medicated IUDs :
e.g. Lippes loop: Phagocytosis of sperm
b) Copper releasing IUDs Cu T, Cu7, Multiload
375):
Cu ion released suppresses sperm motility and fertilizing
capacity of sperm. IUDs increases phagocytosis of sperm
3) Oral contraceptives:
Oral administration of small doses of
progesterone or progesterone- estrogen
combination
Female, tablets & so called pills, taken daily for
a period of 21 days
Inhibit ovulation & implantation & alter the
quality of cervical mucus to prevent entry of
sperm
Effective less side effects, Eg. Saheli- non
steroidal preparation, once a week PILL within
the uterus.
4) Injections or implants:
Progesterone alone or in combination with
estrogen used as injections or implants
under the skin of female.
Action similar to pills, effective for long
periods Implanon
Progesterone or combination of
progesterone and estrogen or lUDs within
72 hours of coitus are effective as
emergency contraceptives to avoid possible
pregnancy due to rape or unprotected
intercourse.
5) Surgical methods:
It is also called as sterilization
method advised to male/ female
partner to prevent any future
pregnancy.
Blocks gamete transport, thus
prevent conception
Sterilization in male is called-
vasectomy& female- 'tubectomy'
Vasectomy- a small part of the vas
deferens is removed or tied up
through incision made on scrotum
Tubectomy- small part of fallopian
tube is removed or tied up through
incision of abdomen/vagina
Highly effective, reversibility is very
poor
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iv. www.brainly.com
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vi. www.quora.com
vii. www.jagaranjosh.com
viii. www.sciencehub.com
ix. www.sciencevilla.com
x. www.phy12.com
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