UNIT–I FUNDAMENTALS OF ROBOT TECHNOLOGY

Prepared by, Singaravelan M ME

✅ Set A: MCQs (25 Questions)

Topic: 2.1 – Robot Controller: Configuration, Control Types, Servo Systems, Precision

🔹 Robot Controller & Configuration

1. What is the primary role of a robot controller?

a) Sensing external temperature
b) Directing and coordinating robot operations
c) Supplying hydraulic power
d) Connecting the robot to a computer
✅ Answer: b) Directing and coordinating robot operations
2. Which of the following is a type of control configuration in robots?
a) Logical Loop Control
b) Adaptive Learning Control
c) Point-to-Point Control
d) Multi-Zone Control
✅ Answer: c) Point-to-Point Control
3. Which controller provides a smooth, continuous path for motion?
a) Step Control
b) Digital Control
c) Continuous Path Control
d) Hybrid Loop Control
✅ Answer: c) Continuous Path Control
4. Which control type is used when the robot must pass through a sequence of positions?
a) Adaptive Control
b) Continuous Path
c) Point-to-Point Control
d) Manual Control
✅ Answer: c) Point-to-Point Control
5. Which controller type is most suitable for welding applications?
a) Open Loop
b) Discrete Step
c) Continuous Path
d) Linear Path
✅ Answer: c) Continuous Path

🔹 Open Loop & Closed Loop Control

6. What distinguishes closed-loop systems from open-loop systems?

a) Use of manual input

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 UNIT–I FUNDAMENTALS OF ROBOT TECHNOLOGY
Prepared by, Singaravelan M ME
b) Use of sensors for feedback
c) Higher operating voltage
d) Fewer moving parts
✅ Answer: b) Use of sensors for feedback
7. Open-loop systems are often characterized by:
a) High precision
b) Feedback control
c) Simplicity and low cost
d) High computing requirements
✅ Answer: c) Simplicity and low cost
8. Which system adjusts output based on actual performance?
a) Open-loop system
b) Closed-loop system
c) Manual override system
d) Hybrid circuit system
✅ Answer: b) Closed-loop system
9. A disadvantage of open-loop control is:
a) Too many sensors required
b) Very high cost
c) Inability to correct errors automatically
d) Frequent overheating
✅ Answer: c) Inability to correct errors automatically
10. Closed-loop control systems offer better:
a) Power consumption
b) Safety against voltage spikes
c) Accuracy and repeatability
d) Aesthetic design
✅ Answer: c) Accuracy and repeatability

🔹 Servo Systems

11. A servo system uses which of the following to maintain control?

a) Optical isolators
b) Feedback loop
c) Magnetic relays
d) Timers
✅ Answer: b) Feedback loop
12. What component in a servo system detects the actual output position?
a) Actuator
b) Sensor
c) Amplifier
d) Decoder
✅ Answer: b) Sensor
13. Which motor is commonly used in servo systems for robotic control?
a) DC shunt motor
b) Induction motor
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 UNIT–I FUNDAMENTALS OF ROBOT TECHNOLOGY
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c) Stepper motor
d) DC servo motor
✅ Answer: d) DC servo motor
14. The primary benefit of servo systems is:
a) Low speed
b) High torque at low speed
c) No need for a controller
d) Irregular motion control
✅ Answer: b) High torque at low speed
15. Which of the following best defines a servo motor’s function?
a) Converts pressure to power
b) Provides controlled motion using feedback
c) Measures distance
d) Detects magnetic fields
✅ Answer: b) Provides controlled motion using feedback

🔹 Spatial Resolution, Accuracy & Repeatability

16. What does spatial resolution refer to in robotics?

a) Robot’s speed
b) Ability to detect smallest movement
c) Memory usage
d) Size of workspace
✅ Answer: b) Ability to detect smallest movement
17. Which factor influences a robot's spatial resolution?
a) Tool weight
b) Number of controllers
c) Bit capacity of feedback device
d) Material of the manipulator
✅ Answer: c) Bit capacity of feedback device
18. Accuracy in robotics refers to:
a) Returning to the same spot multiple times
b) Smoothness of joint movement
c) Correctness of reaching a desired position
d) Programming efficiency
✅ Answer: c) Correctness of reaching a desired position
19. Repeatability means:
a) Lowest energy usage
b) Capability of performing various tasks
c) Ability to return to the same point repeatedly
d) Maximum payload capacity
✅ Answer: c) Ability to return to the same point repeatedly
20. High repeatability with low accuracy means the robot:
a) Performs unpredictable tasks
b) Moves slowly but correctly
c) Returns to the wrong place consistently
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d) Needs reprogramming
✅ Answer: c) Returns to the wrong place consistently

🔹 General Concepts & Application-Based Questions

21. Which control method is most suitable for high-precision assembly tasks?
a) Manual override
b) Open-loop
c) Closed-loop with servo
d) On/Off timing
✅ Answer: c) Closed-loop with servo
22. If a robot arm overshoots the desired point, which part of the servo system corrects it?
a) Encoder
b) Comparator
c) Controller
d) Feedback loop
✅ Answer: d) Feedback loop
23. Which of the following improves accuracy in robotic control systems?
a) Flexible joints
b) Analog control
c) High-resolution encoders
d) Reduced power supply
✅ Answer: c) High-resolution encoders
24. The purpose of an encoder in control systems is to:
a) Power the end effector
b) Limit range of motion
c) Convert position to signal
d) Control temperature
✅ Answer: c) Convert position to signal
25. In robot motion control, the term “precision” typically combines:
a) Repeatability + Accuracy
b) Power + Weight
c) Speed + Memory
d) Feedback + Shape
✅ Answer: a) Repeatability + Accuracy

✅ Set B: MCQs (25 Questions)

Topic: 2.1 – Robot Controller: Configuration, Control Types, Servo Systems, Precision

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 UNIT–I FUNDAMENTALS OF ROBOT TECHNOLOGY
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🔹 Robot Controller & Configuration

1. Which device directs, coordinates, and monitors robot operations?

a) Sensor
b) End effector
c) Controller
d) Drive system
✅ Answer: c) Controller
2. Which control configuration gives the robot the ability to adjust its motion in real-time?
a) Open loop
b) Closed loop
c) Manual override
d) Path reset
✅ Answer: b) Closed loop
3. What type of control is used when robots perform arc welding operations?
a) Point-to-Point
b) Manual Control
c) Continuous Path Control
d) Open Loop
✅ Answer: c) Continuous Path Control
4. The robot control type that moves the robot between specific programmed points is:
a) Point-to-Point Control
b) Adaptive Control
c) Free Motion Control
d) Feedforward Control
✅ Answer: a) Point-to-Point Control
5. Which one of the following is not a standard control configuration in robotics?
a) Continuous Path
b) Controlled Path
c) Free Loop
d) Point-to-Point
✅ Answer: c) Free Loop

🔹 Open Loop & Closed Loop Control

6. Which control system cannot detect if the output matches the desired value?
a) Closed loop
b) Hybrid control
c) Open loop
d) Feedback control
✅ Answer: c) Open loop
7. Which of the following is commonly used in feedback control systems?
a) Timers
b) Amplifiers
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c) Encoders
d) Motors
✅ Answer: c) Encoders
8. What is the feedback used for in closed-loop control?
a) Increase motor speed
b) Detect power consumption
c) Compare actual output with desired output
d) Generate timing pulses
✅ Answer: c) Compare actual output with desired output
9. An open-loop system executes instructions:
a) Based on real-time feedback
b) With constant position adjustment
c) Without feedback verification
d) By comparing error values
✅ Answer: c) Without feedback verification
10. Which of these best describes the nature of closed-loop systems?
a) Slow and error-prone
b) Simple and low cost
c) Reactive and adaptive
d) One-directional only
✅ Answer: c) Reactive and adaptive

🔹 Servo Systems

11. In a servo system, what measures the position of a robotic joint?

a) Gripper
b) Potentiometer
c) Microcontroller
d) Brake
✅ Answer: b) Potentiometer
12. A key benefit of servo systems is:
a) Reduced circuit cost
b) Independent movement without sensors
c) High-speed operation with precise control
d) Passive rotation control
✅ Answer: c) High-speed operation with precise control
13. Which feature distinguishes servo motors from regular motors?
a) Lower torque
b) Feedback system
c) Higher weight
d) Unidirectional flow
✅ Answer: b) Feedback system
14. Servo systems correct errors using:
a) Random motion adjustment
b) Open-loop logic
c) Error detection feedback
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d) Manual recalibration
✅ Answer: c) Error detection feedback
15. Which of the following applications typically uses servo-controlled systems?
a) Room lighting
b) Conveyor belts
c) CNC machines
d) Analog radios
✅ Answer: c) CNC machines

🔹 Spatial Resolution, Accuracy & Repeatability

16. Which unit is used to express spatial resolution in robotics?

a) Degrees
b) RPM
c) Microns
d) Watts
✅ Answer: c) Microns
17. High spatial resolution allows:
a) Fast movement
b) More precise positioning
c) Less programming effort
d) Reduced feedback noise
✅ Answer: b) More precise positioning
18. A robot with high accuracy but poor repeatability will:
a) Move quickly but inaccurately
b) Reach the correct position inconsistently
c) Perform reliable repetitive tasks
d) Respond faster to feedback
✅ Answer: b) Reach the correct position inconsistently
19. Which of the following improves a robot’s repeatability?
a) Stiff mechanical structure
b) Lightweight materials
c) Manual recalibration
d) Wider joint angles
✅ Answer: a) Stiff mechanical structure
20. Accuracy in a robot is determined by:
a) Number of sensors
b) Error between commanded and actual position
c) Total degrees of freedom
d) Length of arm links
✅ Answer: b) Error between commanded and actual position

🔹 General & Application-Based

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21. What is the function of a comparator in a control system?
a) Adjust speed
b) Compare input with feedback
c) Operate grippers
d) Amplify voltage
✅ Answer: b) Compare input with feedback
22. The encoder in a robotic system converts:
a) Heat into signals
b) Electrical current into torque
c) Mechanical motion into digital signal
d) AC to DC
✅ Answer: c) Mechanical motion into digital signal
23. In feedback control, the term “error signal” refers to:
a) Total input voltage
b) Deviation between desired and actual value
c) Power loss in motor
d) Battery drop rate
✅ Answer: b) Deviation between desired and actual value
24. High repeatability is most important in which application?
a) Assembly line robot
b) Voice-controlled robot
c) Toy robot
d) Surveillance drone
✅ Answer: a) Assembly line robot
25. To increase both accuracy and repeatability, a robot system should use:
a) Hydraulic actuators only
b) Manual controls
c) Closed-loop servo control with high-resolution feedback
d) Low-resolution timers
✅ Answer: c) Closed-loop servo control with high-resolution feedback

✅ Set C – MCQs (25 Questions)

Topic: 2.1 – Robot Controller

🔹 Robot Controller Basics

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 UNIT–I FUNDAMENTALS OF ROBOT TECHNOLOGY
Prepared by, Singaravelan M ME
1. Which component interprets the control signals and directs robot movement?
a) Joint
b) Controller
c) Sensor
d) Gripper
✅ Answer: b) Controller
2. A robot controller must manage:
a) Paint flow rate
b) Electrical room temperature
c) Joint movements and coordination
d) Conveyor speed only
✅ Answer: c) Joint movements and coordination
3. A controller operates based on:
a) Random motion
b) Pre-programmed instructions
c) Manual override
d) Coincidence detection
✅ Answer: b) Pre-programmed instructions
4. Which of these is typically integrated with the controller?
a) Hydraulic valve
b) Feedback loop
c) Paint nozzle
d) Gripping tool
✅ Answer: b) Feedback loop
5. A high-end robot controller typically supports:
a) Basic on/off motion
b) Adaptive learning, feedback, path control
c) Only manual instructions
d) Only electrical connections
✅ Answer: b) Adaptive learning, feedback, path control

🔹 Control Types

6. Point-to-point control is suitable for:

a) Painting applications
b) Continuous welding
c) Pick and place operations
d) Manual tracking
✅ Answer: c) Pick and place operations
7. In continuous path control, the robot:
a) Moves in straight lines between points
b) Stops at every point
c) Follows a smooth, continuous motion
d) Can only rotate in one axis
✅ Answer: c) Follows a smooth, continuous motion

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 UNIT–I FUNDAMENTALS OF ROBOT TECHNOLOGY
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8. Which control system is commonly used in milling or drawing applications?
a) Point-to-point
b) Continuous path
c) Adaptive control
d) Manual override
✅ Answer: b) Continuous path
9. Which system allows deviation correction in motion path?
a) Open-loop
b) No-loop
c) Closed-loop
d) Static loop
✅ Answer: c) Closed-loop
10. Which robot control technique is least accurate but simplest?
a) Adaptive path control
b) Closed-loop
c) Open-loop
d) Trajectory planning
✅ Answer: c) Open-loop

🔹 Servo System & Components

11. A servo motor receives signals from the controller and:

a) Amplifies voltage
b) Measures temperature
c) Converts signals into motion
d) Operates only in two positions
✅ Answer: c) Converts signals into motion
12. Feedback in servo systems enables:
a) Irregular movement
b) Power consumption tracking
c) Precise position correction
d) System overheating
✅ Answer: c) Precise position correction
13. Servo control systems are used in:
a) Manual carts
b) CNC machinery
c) Bicycle brakes
d) Diesel engines
✅ Answer: b) CNC machinery
14. Which sensor gives angular position feedback in servos?
a) Thermocouple
b) Encoder
c) Accelerometer
d) Microphone
✅ Answer: b) Encoder

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 UNIT–I FUNDAMENTALS OF ROBOT TECHNOLOGY
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15. In a servo loop, the “comparator” compares:
a) Input torque and motor heat
b) Desired and actual output
c) Voltage and frequency
d) Signal and noise
✅ Answer: b) Desired and actual output

🔹 Precision Concepts

16. A robot’s ability to consistently return to the same position is called:

a) Accuracy
b) Repeatability
c) Resolution
d) Flexibility
✅ Answer: b) Repeatability
17. What is the primary cause of low repeatability in robots?
a) Smooth feedback
b) Loose mechanical structure
c) High spatial resolution
d) Lightweight body
✅ Answer: b) Loose mechanical structure
18. High spatial resolution is critical in:
a) Gripper design
b) Path tracking
c) Joint lubrication
d) Cleaning tasks
✅ Answer: b) Path tracking
19. Accuracy depends on:
a) Repeatability only
b) Shape of tool
c) Deviation from the target position
d) Task complexity
✅ Answer: c) Deviation from the target position
20. What ensures higher spatial resolution?
a) Coarse gear
b) High-bit feedback devices
c) Wide joints
d) Manual inputs
✅ Answer: b) High-bit feedback devices

🔹 Application & Analysis

21. For a drawing robot, the best control type is:

a) Point-to-point
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b) Pulse control
c) Continuous path
d) On/Off relay
✅ Answer: c) Continuous path
22. Repeatability is most critical in:
a) Pick and place robots
b) Teleoperated robots
c) Fire-fighting bots
d) Mobile platforms
✅ Answer: a) Pick and place robots
23. In a robot, the ability to distinguish small angular changes refers to:
a) Repeatability
b) Accuracy
c) Spatial resolution
d) Timing
✅ Answer: c) Spatial resolution
24. A robot is programmed to reach 30 cm but stops at 29.8 cm every time. This is:
a) High accuracy, low repeatability
b) Low accuracy, high repeatability
c) Low precision
d) High variability
✅ Answer: b) Low accuracy, high repeatability
25. Which of these affects both accuracy and repeatability?
a) Joint wear and backlash
b) Battery size
c) Controller's language
d) Payload size only
✅ Answer: a) Joint wear and backlash

✅ Set D – MCQs (25 Questions)

Topic: 2.1 – Robot Controller, Control Types, Servo Systems, Spatial Resolution, Accuracy, Repeatability

🔹 Robot Controller & Configurations

1. Which element is essential for coordinating all robot movements?

a) Joint
b) Controller
c) Drive motor

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d) Tool changer
✅ Answer: b) Controller
2. Which robot controller configuration requires the robot to follow a defined path without
deviation?
a) Open-loop control
b) Point-to-point control
c) Continuous path control
d) Manual override
✅ Answer: c) Continuous path control
3. In robot systems, a "controlled path" refers to:
a) A path defined by manual inputs
b) A path determined by external environment
c) A precisely defined movement trajectory
d) A randomly selected motion path
✅ Answer: c) A precisely defined movement trajectory
4. Which control mode is best suited for simple pick-and-place applications?
a) Adaptive control
b) Point-to-point control
c) Continuous control
d) Manual motion
✅ Answer: b) Point-to-point control
5. What does the controller use to determine and control movement output?
a) Encoder only
b) Feedback and program instructions
c) Manual override
d) Gripper torque
✅ Answer: b) Feedback and program instructions

🔹 Open Loop vs Closed Loop Control

6. What happens when feedback is missing in a robot control system?

a) System becomes faster
b) Control accuracy increases
c) No error correction is possible
d) Load capacity increases
✅ Answer: c) No error correction is possible
7. Open-loop control systems are generally:
a) Self-adjusting
b) Costly and complex
c) Suitable for high-precision tasks
d) Simple and inexpensive
✅ Answer: d) Simple and inexpensive
8. Closed-loop control systems are capable of:
a) Operating without sensors
b) Tracking and correcting errors
c) Avoiding all system failures
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d) Operating with no energy input
✅ Answer: b) Tracking and correcting errors
9. Which of the following is a drawback of open-loop systems?
a) High cost
b) Complex hardware
c) No automatic error correction
d) Overuse of sensors
✅ Answer: c) No automatic error correction
10. In a closed-loop system, feedback is used to:
a) Measure current only
b) Adjust commands based on actual output
c) Disable sensors
d) Increase resistance
✅ Answer: b) Adjust commands based on actual output

🔹 Servo Systems

11. Which of the following motors provides accurate positioning and uses feedback?
a) AC motor
b) Servo motor
c) DC brushless motor
d) Synchronous motor
✅ Answer: b) Servo motor
12. The main function of the feedback system in servo control is to:
a) Increase speed
b) Measure torque
c) Reduce error between actual and desired output
d) Control power supply
✅ Answer: c) Reduce error between actual and desired output
13. Which signal is generated when actual output differs from the expected output?
a) Pulse signal
b) Step signal
c) Error signal
d) Reference signal
✅ Answer: c) Error signal
14. Potentiometers in servo systems help in detecting:
a) Temperature
b) Humidity
c) Angular position
d) Linear speed
✅ Answer: c) Angular position
15. Encoders in servo control systems convert:
a) Torque to force
b) Voltage to current
c) Position to digital signal

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 UNIT–I FUNDAMENTALS OF ROBOT TECHNOLOGY
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d) Pressure to motion
✅ Answer: c) Position to digital signal

🔹 Spatial Resolution, Accuracy, Repeatability

16. Spatial resolution is directly influenced by:

a) Size of the gripper
b) Bit capacity of encoder
c) Weight of robot arm
d) Type of power source
✅ Answer: b) Bit capacity of encoder
17. Accuracy in robotics is best defined as:
a) Ability to repeat a task
b) Capability to reach intended position
c) Speed of execution
d) Feedback delay
✅ Answer: b) Capability to reach intended position
18. Repeatability measures how well a robot:
a) Adapts to new programs
b) Maintains speed
c) Returns to the same position repeatedly
d) Avoids collisions
✅ Answer: c) Returns to the same position repeatedly
19. Which scenario shows poor repeatability?
a) Reaching the same point ±0.01 mm
b) Arriving at different points for same command
c) Slower speed in new tasks
d) Irregular arm vibrations
✅ Answer: b) Arriving at different points for same command
20. Which unit is most appropriate for measuring resolution?
a) RPM
b) mm or microns
c) Nm
d) Volts
✅ Answer: b) mm or microns

🔹 Practical & Scenario-Based

21. Which factor improves repeatability in industrial robots?

a) Use of open-loop control
b) Rigid structure and quality encoders
c) Increase in speed
d) Heavier payload
✅ Answer: b) Rigid structure and quality encoders
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22. If a robot’s accuracy is high but repeatability is low, it will:
a) Hit the exact target always
b) Miss the target differently each time
c) Never perform the task
d) Require no sensors
✅ Answer: b) Miss the target differently each time
23. Why is closed-loop control preferred in precision tasks?
a) Cheaper and faster
b) It ignores minor errors
c) Provides feedback and corrections
d) Requires no encoder
✅ Answer: c) Provides feedback and corrections
24. In a robotic system, feedback from an encoder is used to:
a) Increase robot speed
b) Display graphics
c) Measure and control position
d) Reduce joint angles
✅ Answer: c) Measure and control position
25. Which component of a servo system compares actual position to desired position?
a) Controller
b) Encoder
c) Comparator
d) Sensor
✅ Answer: c) Comparator

✅ Set A – MCQs (25 Questions)

Topic: 2.2 – Drive System: Pneumatic, Hydraulic, Electrical Drives; Stepper & Servo Motors; Features,
Applications, Comparisons

🔹 Pneumatic Drives

1. Pneumatic systems primarily use:

a) Water
b) Air
c) Oil
d) Steam
✅ Answer: b) Air
2. Pneumatic drives are best suited for:
a) Heavy-duty lifting
b) High-precision machining
c) Simple and fast pick-and-place tasks
d) Welding operations
✅ Answer: c) Simple and fast pick-and-place tasks
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3. One major advantage of pneumatic drives is:
a) High power density
b) Quiet operation
c) Clean and inexpensive operation
d) Precise control
✅ Answer: c) Clean and inexpensive operation
4. The pressure used in typical industrial pneumatic systems is around:
a) 10–20 psi
b) 40–100 psi
c) 150–200 psi
d) 500 psi
✅ Answer: b) 40–100 psi
5. One major disadvantage of pneumatic systems is:
a) High maintenance
b) Leakage of compressed air
c) Slow operation
d) High cost of air
✅ Answer: b) Leakage of compressed air

🔹 Hydraulic Drives

6. Hydraulic drives use:

a) Compressed gas
b) Steam pressure
c) Pressurized oil
d) Electricity
✅ Answer: c) Pressurized oil
7. Which application best suits hydraulic drives?
a) Welding small parts
b) Lightweight sorting
c) Heavy-load lifting
d) PCB placement
✅ Answer: c) Heavy-load lifting
8. Hydraulic drives have an advantage of:
a) Silent movement
b) High power output in compact size
c) Minimal force generation
d) Air efficiency
✅ Answer: b) High power output in compact size
9. Which of the following is a disadvantage of hydraulic systems?
a) High accuracy
b) Oil leaks and fire hazard
c) Lightweight components
d) Long lifespan
✅ Answer: b) Oil leaks and fire hazard

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10. Hydraulic drive systems are generally used in:
a) Desktop robots
b) Construction equipment
c) Mobile phones
d) Clean rooms
✅ Answer: b) Construction equipment

🔹 Electrical Drives

11. The most widely used drive system in robots is:

a) Hydraulic
b) Pneumatic
c) Electrical
d) Magnetic
✅ Answer: c) Electrical
12. Electrical drives convert electrical energy into:
a) Magnetic field
b) Heat
c) Mechanical motion
d) Hydraulic pressure
✅ Answer: c) Mechanical motion
13. A major advantage of electrical drives is:
a) High noise
b) Oil leakage
c) Ease of control and integration
d) Use in dirty environments
✅ Answer: c) Ease of control and integration
14. Electrical drives are commonly used in:
a) Mining equipment
b) Spacecraft robotic arms
c) Underwater vehicles
d) Piston engines
✅ Answer: b) Spacecraft robotic arms
15. Which of the following is NOT a common type of electric drive?
a) Servo motor
b) Stepper motor
c) Induction motor
d) Turbine motor
✅ Answer: d) Turbine motor

🔹 Stepper Motors

16. Stepper motors rotate in:

a) Smooth continuous motion
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b) Random directions
c) Precise angular steps
d) Liquid cooling mode
✅ Answer: c) Precise angular steps
17. Which type of motor is used when precise positioning without feedback is needed?
a) DC motor
b) Stepper motor
c) AC motor
d) Hydraulic motor
✅ Answer: b) Stepper motor
18. One main disadvantage of stepper motors is:
a) Complex construction
b) Requires feedback device
c) Risk of losing steps at high speeds
d) Cannot reverse
✅ Answer: c) Risk of losing steps at high speeds
19. Typical step angle in a stepper motor is:
a) 1°
b) 30°
c) 90°
d) 1.8°
✅ Answer: d) 1.8°
20. Stepper motors are best used in:
a) Power transmission
b) Hydraulic pumps
c) Printers and CNC machines
d) Cooling fans
✅ Answer: c) Printers and CNC machines

🔹 Servo Motors

21. Servo motors use what to correct their position?

a) Air pressure
b) Feedback loop
c) Manual reset
d) Clutch drive
✅ Answer: b) Feedback loop
22. Servo motors are known for:
a) Inaccuracy
b) Low cost but low control
c) High torque and precise control
d) Random motion
✅ Answer: c) High torque and precise control
23. Servo motors are used in:
a) Random control applications
b) Positioning systems like robotic arms
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c) Fluid transport
d) Water pumping
✅ Answer: b) Positioning systems like robotic arms
24. A typical servo system includes:
a) Battery, light, switch
b) Motor, sensor, controller
c) Piston, fluid, lever
d) Transformer, capacitor, fuse
✅ Answer: b) Motor, sensor, controller
25. The accuracy of servo motors makes them ideal for:
a) Painting walls
b) Carrying bricks
c) Robotic surgery and CNC tools
d) Mixing concrete
✅ Answer: c) Robotic surgery and CNC tools

✅ Set B – MCQs (25 Questions)

Unit 2.2: Drive Systems

🔹 Pneumatic Drives

1. Which gas is most commonly used in pneumatic drive systems?

a) Nitrogen
b) Carbon dioxide
c) Compressed air
d) Helium
✅ Answer: c) Compressed air
2. Pneumatic systems are preferred for tasks requiring:
a) High torque
b) Silent operation
c) Quick and repetitive motions
d) High-precision control
✅ Answer: c) Quick and repetitive motions
3. Pneumatic actuators are generally not suitable for:
a) Lightweight assembly
b) Packaging systems
c) Heavy load lifting
d) Pick and place
✅ Answer: c) Heavy load lifting
4. Which of the following is a component in a pneumatic system?
a) Air compressor
b) Hydraulic pump
c) Stepper motor
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d) Transformer
✅ Answer: a) Air compressor
5. Which characteristic describes pneumatic systems?
a) Silent and slow
b) Clean and fast
c) Oily and precise
d) No energy loss
✅ Answer: b) Clean and fast

🔹 Hydraulic Drives

6. Hydraulic systems can deliver:

a) Only low speed
b) High force and torque
c) Clean operation in medical fields
d) Limited motion
✅ Answer: b) High force and torque
7. Hydraulic drives operate at pressures typically in the range of:
a) 1–5 psi
b) 50–100 psi
c) 500–5000 psi
d) 10,000–20,000 psi
✅ Answer: c) 500–5000 psi
8. Which is a major drawback of hydraulic drive systems?
a) Low torque
b) Oil leakage and contamination
c) Less power density
d) Limited use in industrial robots
✅ Answer: b) Oil leakage and contamination
9. Hydraulic systems are preferred where:
a) Cost is the main concern
b) Large forces are needed in compact space
c) Precision is not important
d) Air supply is abundant
✅ Answer: b) Large forces are needed in compact space
10. Which part stores energy in a hydraulic system?
a) Motor
b) Cylinder
c) Reservoir
d) Accumulator
✅ Answer: d) Accumulator

🔹 Electrical Drives

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11. What is a common benefit of electric drives over others?
a) Operate without sensors
b) Low energy efficiency
c) Ease of control and automation
d) Needs more space
✅ Answer: c) Ease of control and automation
12. Which one is NOT an advantage of electric drives?
a) Precise speed control
b) Compact design
c) Continuous energy leakage
d) Integration with microcontrollers
✅ Answer: c) Continuous energy leakage
13. Which drive system is most commonly used in small robotic arms?
a) Pneumatic
b) Hydraulic
c) Electrical
d) Magnetic
✅ Answer: c) Electrical
14. Electrical drives are typically powered by:
a) Oil
b) Compressed gas
c) AC or DC electricity
d) Solar cells only
✅ Answer: c) AC or DC electricity
15. Which electric motor is best for continuous smooth rotation?
a) Stepper motor
b) Servo motor
c) Induction motor
d) Pneumatic actuator
✅ Answer: c) Induction motor

🔹 Stepper Motors

16. The number of steps per revolution in a typical stepper motor is:
a) 10
b) 50
c) 200
d) 500
✅ Answer: c) 200
17. Open-loop control is acceptable in stepper motors because:
a) It self-corrects errors
b) Positioning is based on input pulse count
c) It uses sensors
d) It eliminates all backlash
✅ Answer: b) Positioning is based on input pulse count

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18. Stepper motors are commonly used in:
a) Bulldozers
b) Fan blades
c) 3D printers
d) Elevators
✅ Answer: c) 3D printers
19. Microstepping in stepper motors helps in:
a) Reducing motor size
b) Increasing current
c) Smoother and precise motion
d) Decreasing torque
✅ Answer: c) Smoother and precise motion
20. Which of the following is a limitation of stepper motors?
a) No feedback needed
b) Prone to overheating
c) Simple control circuit
d) Long lifetime
✅ Answer: b) Prone to overheating

🔹 Servo Motors

21. Servo motors are typically used in systems requiring:

a) Random motion
b) Continuous rotation without control
c) Closed-loop feedback and precise control
d) Minimal programming
✅ Answer: c) Closed-loop feedback and precise control
22. In a servo motor, the encoder provides:
a) Lubrication
b) Direction of fluid
c) Feedback on position and speed
d) Control of torque
✅ Answer: c) Feedback on position and speed
23. Which motor is ideal for robotic joints requiring continuous positional updates?
a) Induction motor
b) Stepper motor
c) Servo motor
d) Synchronous motor
✅ Answer: c) Servo motor
24. In servo systems, feedback is used to compare:
a) Resistance and power
b) Speed and voltage
c) Actual and desired position
d) Torque and size
✅ Answer: c) Actual and desired position

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25. Which is a disadvantage of servo motors compared to stepper motors?
a) Require feedback components
b) Less torque
c) More noise
d) Inaccuracy
✅ Answer: a) Require feedback components

✅ Set C – MCQs (25 Questions)

Unit 2.2: Drive System – Pneumatic, Hydraulic, Electrical Drives, Stepper Motors, Servo Motors,
Applications & Comparisons

🔹 Pneumatic Drives

1. Which device converts compressed air into mechanical motion in a pneumatic system?
a) Solenoid
b) Actuator
c) Pump
d) Gearbox
✅ Answer: b) Actuator
2. The energy source for a pneumatic drive system is typically stored in a:
a) Generator
b) Battery
c) Air tank
d) Radiator
✅ Answer: c) Air tank
3. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of pneumatic drives?
a) Fast action
b) Simplicity
c) Low cost
d) High precision in force control
✅ Answer: d) High precision in force control
4. In a pneumatic system, control valves are used to:
a) Increase power output
b) Change oil pressure
c) Regulate airflow and direction
d) Amplify speed
✅ Answer: c) Regulate airflow and direction
5. Pneumatic systems are typically used in which industry?
a) Aerospace assembly
b) Heavy construction
c) Textile and food packaging
d) Shipbuilding
✅ Answer: c) Textile and food packaging
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🔹 Hydraulic Drives

6. Which of the following components transmits force in a hydraulic system?

a) Gears
b) Air
c) Fluid
d) Gas
✅ Answer: c) Fluid
7. Hydraulic actuators provide motion by moving:
a) Air cylinders
b) Electrical coils
c) Pistons
d) Magnetic fields
✅ Answer: c) Pistons
8. Hydraulic systems are more effective than pneumatic in:
a) Lightweight control
b) Environments needing high cleanliness
c) High-force, heavy-duty operations
d) Wireless communication
✅ Answer: c) High-force, heavy-duty operations
9. One safety concern in hydraulic systems is:
a) Dust accumulation
b) Water contamination
c) High-pressure oil leaks
d) Electromagnetic interference
✅ Answer: c) High-pressure oil leaks
10. Which feature differentiates hydraulic actuators from pneumatic ones?
a) Fluid-based compression
b) Higher compressibility
c) Liquid medium, less compressible
d) Air-based precision
✅ Answer: c) Liquid medium, less compressible

🔹 Electrical Drives

11. Which motor is widely used in robotic automation due to fine control?
a) Diesel engine
b) AC motor
c) Servo motor
d) Hydraulic pump
✅ Answer: c) Servo motor
12. Electric drives are typically preferred for applications requiring:
a) Low speed, high force
b) Simple mechanical movement
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c) Programmable precision control
d) Constant oil pressure
✅ Answer: c) Programmable precision control
13. What powers most electrical drives in robots?
a) Hydraulic oil
b) Alternating or direct current
c) Solar panels
d) Steam turbines
✅ Answer: b) Alternating or direct current
14. Electrical drives are most commonly used in:
a) Lifting cranes
b) Medical robots
c) Piston pumps
d) Underwater valves
✅ Answer: b) Medical robots
15. Which electric motor provides high torque at low speeds with feedback?
a) Stepper motor
b) Servo motor
c) Universal motor
d) DC brushless fan
✅ Answer: b) Servo motor

🔹 Stepper Motors

16. Each step of a stepper motor represents a:

a) Random direction
b) Small voltage drop
c) Fixed angle rotation
d) Heat pulse
✅ Answer: c) Fixed angle rotation
17. One of the key advantages of stepper motors is that they are:
a) Self-learning
b) Easy to overheat
c) Open-loop controllable
d) Incompatible with digital systems
✅ Answer: c) Open-loop controllable
18. Which device is commonly paired with stepper motors for digital control?
a) Thermostat
b) Microcontroller
c) Hydraulic cylinder
d) Pneumatic pump
✅ Answer: b) Microcontroller
19. The torque in a stepper motor decreases:
a) With increased voltage
b) As speed increases
c) With decreased power
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d) When temperature drops
✅ Answer: b) As speed increases
20. Which is a typical application of stepper motors?
a) Excavators
b) Laser cutting machines
c) Power generators
d) Submarines
✅ Answer: b) Laser cutting machines

🔹 Servo Motors

21. In a closed-loop system, servo motors receive input from:

a) Operator’s eye
b) Manual handle
c) Feedback sensors
d) Valve pressure
✅ Answer: c) Feedback sensors
22. Servo motors are more suitable than stepper motors for:
a) Basic movement tasks
b) Applications where exact final position is not important
c) Dynamic motion with varying loads
d) Noise-free environments
✅ Answer: c) Dynamic motion with varying loads
23. Which component is essential for a servo motor to function properly?
a) Pressure regulator
b) Encoder or resolver
c) Pulley
d) Air nozzle
✅ Answer: b) Encoder or resolver
24. What makes servo motors ideal for robotic surgery?
a) Large size
b) High rotational inertia
c) Smooth and accurate control
d) Inconsistent speed
✅ Answer: c) Smooth and accurate control
25. A disadvantage of servo motors is that they:
a) Do not support feedback
b) Are slow and weak
c) Require complex control systems
d) Cannot be digitally controlled
✅ Answer: c) Require complex control systems

✅ Set D – MCQs (25 Questions)

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Unit 2.2: Drive Systems – Pneumatic, Hydraulic, Electrical, Stepper & Servo Motors – Features,
Applications, Comparisons

🔹 Pneumatic Drives

1. Which of the following is a disadvantage of pneumatic drives?

a) Compact design
b) Smooth and quiet operation
c) Limited force output
d) Easy maintenance
✅ Answer: c) Limited force output
2. Pneumatic systems rely on which principle of physics?
a) Ohm’s Law
b) Pascal’s Law
c) Newton’s Second Law
d) Bernoulli’s Principle
✅ Answer: d) Bernoulli’s Principle
3. Pneumatic cylinders are also known as:
a) Valves
b) Pistons
c) Actuators
d) Regulators
✅ Answer: c) Actuators
4. Which of these is typically NOT found in a pneumatic system?
a) Solenoid valve
b) Air filter
c) Gear pump
d) Flow regulator
✅ Answer: c) Gear pump
5. Pneumatic drives are generally used for:
a) Heavy-duty machining
b) Medical surgery
c) Repetitive, light assembly tasks
d) Subsea operations
✅ Answer: c) Repetitive, light assembly tasks

🔹 Hydraulic Drives

6. Hydraulic oil is used in hydraulic drives mainly for:

a) Lubrication only
b) Power transmission and lubrication
c) Heat insulation
d) Electrical isolation
✅ Answer: b) Power transmission and lubrication
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7. Hydraulic actuators produce motion by:
a) Electrical signals
b) Pneumatic compression
c) Fluid pressure on pistons
d) Magnetic force
✅ Answer: c) Fluid pressure on pistons
8. Which of the following is a common component of a hydraulic drive system?
a) Air compressor
b) Transformer
c) Reservoir
d) Digital sensor
✅ Answer: c) Reservoir
9. One main reason for the use of hydraulic drives in robotics is:
a) Quiet operation
b) Simplicity
c) High power-to-weight ratio
d) High compressibility
✅ Answer: c) High power-to-weight ratio
10. Hydraulic drives are preferred in:
a) Clean room environments
b) Large construction machinery
c) Lightweight robotic arms
d) Electronic circuits
✅ Answer: b) Large construction machinery

🔹 Electrical Drives

11. Which part of an electric drive provides speed and torque control?
a) Fan
b) Controller
c) Housing
d) Lubricator
✅ Answer: b) Controller
12. Electric drives are ideal for automation because of their:
a) Resistance to water
b) Fixed speed operation
c) High integration with digital systems
d) Large size
✅ Answer: c) High integration with digital systems
13. Electric drives require which form of energy input?
a) Mechanical
b) Chemical
c) Thermal
d) Electrical
✅ Answer: d) Electrical

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14. The compactness of electric motors makes them suitable for:
a) Submarine propulsion
b) Small robotic arms
c) Bulldozers
d) Turbines
✅ Answer: b) Small robotic arms
15. In robotic applications, electric drives offer better control over:
a) Fluid viscosity
b) Shaft sealing
c) Position and speed
d) Gear oil level
✅ Answer: c) Position and speed

🔹 Stepper Motors

16. Which of the following best describes stepper motor control?

a) Proportional
b) Continuous
c) Discrete steps
d) Random cycles
✅ Answer: c) Discrete steps
17. Which component sends pulse signals to control a stepper motor?
a) Filter
b) Encoder
c) Pulse generator
d) Battery
✅ Answer: c) Pulse generator
18. What happens when a stepper motor misses a step?
a) It speeds up
b) It overheats
c) Positioning error occurs
d) Accuracy improves
✅ Answer: c) Positioning error occurs
19. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of stepper motors?
a) Open-loop control
b) High torque at high speed
c) Precise control
d) Easy interfacing
✅ Answer: b) High torque at high speed
20. Common issue in stepper motors at high speed is:
a) Increased noise
b) Higher resolution
c) Torque drop-off
d) Overstepping
✅ Answer: c) Torque drop-off

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🔹 Servo Motors

21. Servo motors receive positional data from:

a) Air flow meter
b) Encoder
c) Fan
d) Brake drum
✅ Answer: b) Encoder
22. In a robotic arm, servo motors help in:
a) Sudden release of energy
b) On/Off switching
c) Precision angular movement
d) Linear fluid flow
✅ Answer: c) Precision angular movement
23. A servo system compares the actual output with the:
a) Torque level
b) Reference input
c) RPM of shaft
d) Temperature
✅ Answer: b) Reference input
24. Which of the following is NOT a feature of servo motors?
a) Closed-loop feedback
b) Positioning accuracy
c) Suitable for constant speed without precision
d) Torque control
✅ Answer: c) Suitable for constant speed without precision
25. Servo motors are extensively used in:
a) Lighting systems
b) Water pumps
c) Robotic joints and CNC machines
d) Loudspeakers
✅ Answer: c) Robotic joints and CNC machines

✅ Set E – MCQs (25 Questions)

Unit 2.2: Drive Systems – Pneumatic, Hydraulic, Electrical, Stepper & Servo Motors – Features,
Applications, Comparisons

🔹 Pneumatic Drives

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1. The medium used in pneumatic drives is:
a) Oil
b) Steam
c) Compressed air
d) Water
✅ Answer: c) Compressed air
2. Which characteristic is commonly associated with pneumatic systems?
a) High weight
b) Incompressibility
c) Quick response
d) Silent operation
✅ Answer: c) Quick response
3. Pneumatic systems operate best at:
a) High voltage
b) Low pressure
c) High fluid viscosity
d) High temperature
✅ Answer: b) Low pressure
4. Pneumatic drives are generally not used for:
a) Pick-and-place robots
b) Packaging lines
c) Underwater robots
d) Paint sprayers
✅ Answer: c) Underwater robots
5. Pneumatic actuators convert air pressure into:
a) Electrical signal
b) Magnetic field
c) Mechanical motion
d) Light beam
✅ Answer: c) Mechanical motion

🔹 Hydraulic Drives

6. Which component stores fluid in a hydraulic system?

a) Pump
b) Reservoir
c) Cylinder
d) Valve
✅ Answer: b) Reservoir
7. Hydraulic systems are ideal for applications requiring:
a) Fast, low-power movement
b) Silent operation
c) Precise digital control
d) High force and torque
✅ Answer: d) High force and torque

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8. Hydraulic fluid should be:
a) Easily compressible
b) Viscous and clean
c) Electrically charged
d) Transparent only
✅ Answer: b) Viscous and clean
9. Which disadvantage is associated with hydraulic systems?
a) Poor force control
b) High efficiency
c) Risk of fluid leakage
d) Slow speed
✅ Answer: c) Risk of fluid leakage
10. A common hydraulic actuator is called a:
a) Piston-cylinder
b) Solenoid
c) Brushless driver
d) Commutator
✅ Answer: a) Piston-cylinder

🔹 Electrical Drives

11. Which motor uses brushes for commutation?

a) Induction motor
b) Stepper motor
c) Brushless DC motor
d) Brushed DC motor
✅ Answer: d) Brushed DC motor
12. Electric drives provide excellent:
a) Water resistance
b) Position and speed control
c) Thermal control
d) Lubrication
✅ Answer: b) Position and speed control
13. Electric drives are most commonly used in:
a) High-force digging machines
b) Robotic assembly arms
c) Hydraulic cranes
d) Steam turbines
✅ Answer: b) Robotic assembly arms
14. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of electric drives?
a) Instant torque
b) Compactness
c) Requires hydraulic fluid
d) Easy integration with electronics
✅ Answer: c) Requires hydraulic fluid

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15. Electric motors convert:
a) Chemical energy into heat
b) Electrical energy into mechanical energy
c) Mechanical energy into light
d) Pneumatic energy into sound
✅ Answer: b) Electrical energy into mechanical energy

🔹 Stepper Motors

16. One full rotation of a stepper motor is divided into:

a) Continuous flow
b) Discrete pulses
c) Variable currents
d) Mechanical stages
✅ Answer: b) Discrete pulses
17. Stepper motors are preferred in:
a) Medical ventilators
b) Robotic positioning tasks
c) Hydraulic excavators
d) Oil refineries
✅ Answer: b) Robotic positioning tasks
18. Step angle determines:
a) Speed of pulses
b) Current level
c) Precision of motion
d) Voltage drop
✅ Answer: c) Precision of motion
19. High stepping resolution leads to:
a) Slower control
b) Increased vibration
c) Higher precision
d) Shorter lifespan
✅ Answer: c) Higher precision
20. One limitation of stepper motors is:
a) Poor open-loop accuracy
b) Overheating at low speeds
c) Loss of torque at high speeds
d) Fixed rotation speed
✅ Answer: c) Loss of torque at high speeds

🔹 Servo Motors

21. In a servo motor, the control signal is typically:

a) A voltage spike
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b) A pulse-width modulated signal
c) A magnetic field
d) A thermal wave
✅ Answer: b) A pulse-width modulated signal
22. Servos are best suited for:
a) Low-precision actions
b) Constant-speed operations
c) High-precision control
d) Vibration generation
✅ Answer: c) High-precision control
23. In robotics, servos are often used for:
a) Lighting control
b) Temperature regulation
c) Joint actuation
d) Airflow balancing
✅ Answer: c) Joint actuation
24. Which motor maintains position without continuous signal change?
a) DC motor
b) Stepper motor
c) Servo motor
d) Universal motor
✅ Answer: c) Servo motor
25. Which characteristic of servo motors is most crucial for robotic arms?
a) Loud operation
b) Constant RPM
c) Position feedback and accuracy
d) Linear movement only
✅ Answer: c) Position feedback and accuracy

✅ Set A – 25 MCQs from Unit 2.3: Feedback Devices

🔹 Basic Concepts

1. What is the primary purpose of feedback devices in robotics?

a) Reduce power consumption
b) Provide position or speed information
c) Increase noise level
d) Adjust brightness
✅ Answer: b) Provide position or speed information
2. Feedback devices are mainly used in which type of control system?
a) Manual control
b) Open-loop system
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c) Closed-loop system
d) Wireless system
✅ Answer: c) Closed-loop system
3. Which device provides feedback based on resistance variation with position?
a) Optical encoder
b) Potentiometer
c) Resolver
d) Tachogenerator
✅ Answer: b) Potentiometer
4. What type of signal does a potentiometer generate?
a) Digital pulses
b) Binary signals
c) Analog voltage
d) Frequency modulated waves
✅ Answer: c) Analog voltage
5. Which device uses light to detect motion or position?
a) Resolver
b) Potentiometer
c) Optical encoder
d) Relay
✅ Answer: c) Optical encoder

🔹 Potentiometers

6. Potentiometers are mostly used for:

a) Temperature sensing
b) Measuring linear or angular displacement
c) Pressure measurement
d) Detecting sound waves
✅ Answer: b) Measuring linear or angular displacement
7. A key disadvantage of potentiometers is:
a) High cost
b) Incompatibility with analog systems
c) Mechanical wear
d) Digital inaccuracy
✅ Answer: c) Mechanical wear
8. In robotics, a potentiometer is typically mounted on the:
a) Control panel
b) Robotic joint or arm
c) Power supply
d) Base frame
✅ Answer: b) Robotic joint or arm
9. Which of the following best describes a potentiometer?
a) Contactless sensor
b) Optical feedback device
c) Variable resistor
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d) Constant voltage source
✅ Answer: c) Variable resistor
10. Potentiometers are not preferred in high-speed systems because:
a) They use optical discs
b) They have slow feedback time
c) They require digital input
d) They wear out due to friction
✅ Answer: d) They wear out due to friction

🔹 Optical Encoders

11. Incremental encoders provide information about:

a) Absolute position only
b) Direction only
c) Relative motion
d) Electrical noise levels
✅ Answer: c) Relative motion
12. Absolute encoders differ from incremental encoders in that they:
a) Reset every rotation
b) Use magnets instead of optics
c) Provide unique output for every position
d) Only detect speed
✅ Answer: c) Provide unique output for every position
13. An encoder disk typically contains:
a) Resistors
b) Binary code strips
c) Gears
d) Hydraulic fluid
✅ Answer: b) Binary code strips
14. The optical encoder's function depends on:
a) Resistance of wires
b) Fluid motion
c) Light passing through slits
d) Voltage fluctuation
✅ Answer: c) Light passing through slits
15. Optical encoders are preferred in robotic systems due to their:
a) Resistance to vibration
b) Simplicity
c) High resolution and accuracy
d) Manual calibration
✅ Answer: c) High resolution and accuracy

🔹 Resolvers

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16. Resolvers work on the principle of:
a) Resistance
b) Capacitance
c) Electromagnetic induction
d) Light reflection
✅ Answer: c) Electromagnetic induction
17. Resolvers are most similar to:
a) Optical sensors
b) Temperature gauges
c) Transformers
d) Capacitors
✅ Answer: c) Transformers
18. Resolvers are best suited for which type of environment?
a) Dry and clean
b) High-vibration and harsh
c) Optical cleanrooms
d) Semiconductor labs only
✅ Answer: b) High-vibration and harsh
19. Resolvers are capable of providing:
a) Pulse signals
b) Frequency information
c) Accurate angular position
d) Digital output only
✅ Answer: c) Accurate angular position
20. Resolvers are preferred over encoders when:
a) Cost is a primary concern
b) Clean-room operation is required
c) Ruggedness and reliability are needed
d) Mechanical contact is preferred
✅ Answer: c) Ruggedness and reliability are needed

🔹 Comparisons and Applications

21. Which of these devices provides the most accurate digital position?
a) Resolver
b) Potentiometer
c) Incremental Encoder
d) Absolute Encoder
✅ Answer: d) Absolute Encoder
22. For low-cost position sensing, the preferred choice is:
a) Resolver
b) Potentiometer
c) Servo motor
d) Optical encoder
✅ Answer: b) Potentiometer

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23. For high-speed and high-resolution feedback, which device is best?
a) Potentiometer
b) Optical encoder
c) Resolver
d) Thermistor
✅ Answer: b) Optical encoder
24. Which device does not require electrical contact for feedback?
a) Resolver
b) Potentiometer
c) Optical encoder
d) Manual switch
✅ Answer: c) Optical encoder
25. Resolvers are typically used in:
a) Low-cost applications
b) Aerospace and military equipment
c) Home automation
d) Small toys
✅ Answer: b) Aerospace and military equipment

✅ Set B – MCQs (25 Questions)

Unit 2.3: Feedback Devices

🔸 Potentiometers

1. A rotary potentiometer is used to measure:

a) Linear acceleration
b) Torque
c) Angular position
d) Weight
✅ Answer: c) Angular position
2. What happens to the output voltage of a potentiometer as it rotates?
a) It stays constant
b) It oscillates randomly
c) It varies linearly
d) It drops to zero
✅ Answer: c) It varies linearly
3. The lifespan of a potentiometer is mainly affected by:
a) Magnetic field strength
b) Frictional wear
c) Voltage rating

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d) Frequency of signals
✅ Answer: b) Frictional wear
4. Which part of the potentiometer changes the resistance value?
a) Fixed resistor
b) Contact brush (wiper)
c) Encoder disc
d) Coils
✅ Answer: b) Contact brush (wiper)
5. Potentiometers are best suited for:
a) Harsh and dusty environments
b) High-speed digital applications
c) Low-cost analog feedback
d) Wireless control
✅ Answer: c) Low-cost analog feedback

🔸 Optical Encoders

6. Which type of optical encoder provides binary-coded outputs for positions?

a) Step encoder
b) Absolute encoder
c) Frequency encoder
d) Thermal encoder
✅ Answer: b) Absolute encoder
7. In an incremental encoder, pulses generated per revolution determine:
a) Phase angle
b) Resolution
c) Voltage rating
d) Load capacity
✅ Answer: b) Resolution
8. Which of the following is not a component of an optical encoder?
a) Light source
b) Photodetector
c) Encoder disk
d) Rotary potentiometer
✅ Answer: d) Rotary potentiometer
9. The output of an incremental encoder is typically a:
a) DC voltage
b) Sine wave
c) Series of digital pulses
d) Constant analog signal
✅ Answer: c) Series of digital pulses
10. Which factor determines the accuracy of an optical encoder?
a) Width of the potentiometer
b) Number of holes or slits in the disc
c) Type of magnetic core

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d) Heat resistance
✅ Answer: b) Number of holes or slits in the disc

🔸 Resolvers

11. A resolver generates signals based on:

a) Optical sensors
b) Magnetic storage
c) Inductive coupling
d) Piezoelectric effect
✅ Answer: c) Inductive coupling
12. Resolvers typically output:
a) Analog sine and cosine signals
b) Digital binary pulses
c) PWM signals
d) DC voltages
✅ Answer: a) Analog sine and cosine signals
13. Resolvers are mainly used in systems requiring:
a) Lightweight construction
b) High noise immunity
c) Thermal sensing
d) Manual control
✅ Answer: b) High noise immunity
14. A resolver's performance is generally unaffected by:
a) Electromagnetic noise
b) Shaft misalignment
c) Friction
d) Light intensity
✅ Answer: a) Electromagnetic noise
15. The main disadvantage of resolvers compared to encoders is:
a) High precision
b) Low cost
c) Complex analog signal processing
d) Digital output
✅ Answer: c) Complex analog signal processing

🔸 Device Comparisons

16. Which feedback device has the highest precision for absolute position sensing?
a) Potentiometer
b) Incremental Encoder
c) Resolver
d) Absolute Encoder
✅ Answer: d) Absolute Encoder
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17. Which feedback device offers contactless operation?
a) Potentiometer
b) Optical encoder
c) Rheostat
d) Gear sensor
✅ Answer: b) Optical encoder
18. For industrial robots working in rough environments, the preferred feedback device is:
a) Optical encoder
b) Resolver
c) Potentiometer
d) Variable capacitor
✅ Answer: b) Resolver
19. Which device gives relative movement rather than fixed position?
a) Resolver
b) Potentiometer
c) Incremental Encoder
d) Absolute Encoder
✅ Answer: c) Incremental Encoder
20. Resolvers are superior to optical encoders in terms of:
a) Mechanical wear
b) Environmental tolerance
c) Cost-effectiveness
d) Output signal clarity
✅ Answer: b) Environmental tolerance

🔸 Applications & Signal Types

21. What is typically used to convert resolver signals into digital data?
a) Microcontroller
b) Decoder
c) Resolver-to-digital converter
d) Analog switch
✅ Answer: c) Resolver-to-digital converter
22. Which feedback device is most commonly used in CNC machines for shaft positioning?
a) Thermocouple
b) Potentiometer
c) Optical encoder
d) Magnetic relay
✅ Answer: c) Optical encoder
23. Which feedback device operates using light and a photodetector?
a) Potentiometer
b) Resolver
c) Optical encoder
d) Hall effect sensor
✅ Answer: c) Optical encoder

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24. The resolution of an encoder is measured in:
a) Volts per second
b) Bits per revolution (BPR)
c) Ohms per meter
d) Kilograms per second
✅ Answer: b) Bits per revolution (BPR)
25. Resolvers can function even under:
a) Strong electromagnetic fields
b) Broken signal cables
c) Photodetector damage
d) Complete power loss
✅ Answer: a) Strong electromagnetic fields

✅ Set C – MCQs (25 Questions)

Unit 2.3: Feedback Devices

🔹 Potentiometers

1. Which type of potentiometer is used to measure displacement in a straight line?

a) Rotary
b) Linear
c) Resolver-based
d) Optical
✅ Answer: b) Linear
2. Potentiometers provide position feedback in which type of signal form?
a) AC
b) Digital
c) Analog
d) Optical
✅ Answer: c) Analog
3. The resistance element in a potentiometer is usually made from:
a) Iron
b) Plastic
c) Graphite or conductive plastic
d) Copper wire
✅ Answer: c) Graphite or conductive plastic
4. The component inside a potentiometer that slides across the resistive element is called the:
a) Encoder
b) Rotor
c) Wiper

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d) Reader
✅ Answer: c) Wiper
5. Potentiometers are considered unsuitable for precision applications because:
a) They are too expensive
b) Their outputs are digital
c) They wear out due to physical contact
d) They require magnetic shielding
✅ Answer: c) They wear out due to physical contact

🔹 Optical Encoders

6. The transparent slotted disc in an optical encoder is known as:

a) Index wheel
b) Code disc
c) Light filter
d) Pulse disk
✅ Answer: b) Code disc
7. Quadrature encoders use how many output channels?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
✅ Answer: b) 2
8. Which of the following determines the encoder’s direction of rotation?
a) Light intensity
b) Encoder size
c) Phase difference between channels
d) Voltage supply
✅ Answer: c) Phase difference between channels
9. An encoder with an index pulse provides:
a) Constant position
b) A single pulse per revolution
c) Voltage regulation
d) Continuous motion feedback
✅ Answer: b) A single pulse per revolution
10. The resolution of an encoder is commonly defined as:
a) Number of slits per disc
b) Number of motor coils
c) Number of light sensors
d) Type of encoder housing
✅ Answer: a) Number of slits per disc

🔹 Resolvers

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11. Resolvers can directly measure:
a) Force and torque
b) Absolute angular position
c) Linear displacement only
d) Optical reflection
✅ Answer: b) Absolute angular position
12. Resolvers output signals in the form of:
a) PWM pulses
b) Sine and cosine voltages
c) Analog current only
d) Frequency shifts
✅ Answer: b) Sine and cosine voltages
13. Resolvers are preferred in aircraft systems because of their:
a) Simplicity
b) Noise sensitivity
c) High reliability in harsh conditions
d) Infrared compatibility
✅ Answer: c) High reliability in harsh conditions
14. Resolvers require which signal to function?
a) Optical signal
b) Excitation voltage (AC input)
c) Encoder pulse
d) Digital clock
✅ Answer: b) Excitation voltage (AC input)
15. Which of these devices has the most complex signal processing needs?
a) Potentiometer
b) Resolver
c) Incremental encoder
d) Limit switch
✅ Answer: b) Resolver

🔹 Applications & Device Matching

16. Which of the following devices is best suited for absolute position detection in a clean, vibration-
free lab environment?
a) Resolver
b) Potentiometer
c) Absolute optical encoder
d) Rotary switch
✅ Answer: c) Absolute optical encoder
17. Which of the following is best used for cost-effective angular feedback in simple machines?
a) Resolver
b) Potentiometer
c) Tachometer
d) Capacitive encoder
✅ Answer: b) Potentiometer
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18. The main application of incremental encoders is in:
a) Speed sensing and relative positioning
b) Temperature measurement
c) Signal boosting
d) Hydraulic flow measurement
✅ Answer: a) Speed sensing and relative positioning
19. Resolvers are especially robust because they:
a) Use LEDs and photodetectors
b) Don’t require external power
c) Have no exposed moving parts
d) Operate using magnetic fields and winding
✅ Answer: d) Operate using magnetic fields and winding
20. The most rugged and durable feedback device among these is:
a) Potentiometer
b) Optical encoder
c) Resolver
d) Linear switch
✅ Answer: c) Resolver

🔹 Signal Behavior and Usage

21. A disadvantage of analog output from feedback devices is:

a) Too much detail
b) Difficulty in digital processing
c) Compatibility with most controllers
d) No need for power supply
✅ Answer: b) Difficulty in digital processing
22. An incremental encoder cannot provide:
a) Direction
b) Absolute position
c) Pulse count
d) Relative movement
✅ Answer: b) Absolute position
23. For continuous monitoring of rotary shaft position, the most precise feedback device is:
a) Potentiometer
b) Incremental encoder
c) Absolute encoder
d) Manual dial
✅ Answer: c) Absolute encoder
24. Resolvers must be paired with which device to produce usable digital signals?
a) Encoder disc
b) Decoder IC
c) Resolver-to-digital converter
d) Motor driver
✅ Answer: c) Resolver-to-digital converter

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25. Which signal type do potentiometers NOT generate?
a) Analog voltage
b) Pulse
c) DC output
d) Varying resistance
✅ Answer: b) Pulse

✅ Set D – MCQs (25 Questions)

Unit 2.3: Feedback Devices

🔹 Potentiometers

1. In a potentiometer, the wiper moves across:

a) A capacitor
b) A resistive track
c) An optical disc
d) A gear system
✅ Answer: b) A resistive track
2. Which material is commonly used for the resistive element in precision potentiometers?
a) Copper
b) Graphite
c) Wire wound or conductive plastic
d) Aluminum
✅ Answer: c) Wire wound or conductive plastic
3. The resolution of a potentiometer depends on:
a) The number of turns of the shaft
b) The smoothness of the resistive track
c) The output voltage
d) The input current
✅ Answer: b) The smoothness of the resistive track
4. Potentiometers are mostly used in robotics to measure:
a) Load torque
b) Speed
c) Angular or linear position
d) Signal delay
✅ Answer: c) Angular or linear position
5. The major drawback of a potentiometer is:
a) It requires AC voltage
b) It has poor resolution
c) It wears out due to friction
d) It is too accurate
✅ Answer: c) It wears out due to friction

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🔹 Optical Encoders

6. What type of light is commonly used in optical encoders?

a) Infrared
b) Ultraviolet
c) White light
d) Laser
✅ Answer: a) Infrared
7. An absolute encoder assigns a unique binary code to:
a) Each turn
b) Each direction
c) Each position
d) Each signal
✅ Answer: c) Each position
8. The function of an index pulse in an encoder is to:
a) Identify the start of a new cycle
b) Increase frequency
c) Stabilize light emission
d) Measure acceleration
✅ Answer: a) Identify the start of a new cycle
9. Which type of encoder requires a reference point every time it is powered on?
a) Absolute encoder
b) Resolver
c) Incremental encoder
d) Analog encoder
✅ Answer: c) Incremental encoder
10. Encoders are often used in robots for:
a) Speed control only
b) Position and speed feedback
c) Cooling systems
d) Battery regulation
✅ Answer: b) Position and speed feedback

🔹 Resolvers

11. A resolver is a type of:

a) Thermocouple
b) Rotating transformer
c) Piezoelectric sensor
d) Capacitor
✅ Answer: b) Rotating transformer
12. Resolvers are preferred in military and aerospace systems because of their:
a) High resolution
b) Digital interface
c) Resistance to harsh environments

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d) Smaller size
✅ Answer: c) Resistance to harsh environments
13. The output of a resolver varies based on:
a) Rotation angle
b) Input frequency only
c) Magnetic flux only
d) Electrical load
✅ Answer: a) Rotation angle
14. Resolvers do not have:
a) Mechanical contacts
b) Windings
c) Transformers
d) Analog outputs
✅ Answer: a) Mechanical contacts
15. What is required to process resolver signals into usable data?
a) Rectifier
b) Light sensor
c) Resolver-to-digital converter
d) Encoder chip
✅ Answer: c) Resolver-to-digital converter

🔹 Comparison & Application

16. Which of the following is most immune to dust and vibration?

a) Potentiometer
b) Optical encoder
c) Resolver
d) Incremental encoder
✅ Answer: c) Resolver
17. Which device needs a homing sequence after every power reset?
a) Absolute encoder
b) Resolver
c) Potentiometer
d) Incremental encoder
✅ Answer: d) Incremental encoder
18. The analog nature of resolver output makes it ideal for:
a) Direct digital interface
b) High-speed pulse counting
c) Smooth motion control
d) Binary communication
✅ Answer: c) Smooth motion control
19. In CNC machines, encoders are mainly used to:
a) Start the machine
b) Stop tool movement
c) Track position and velocity

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d) Replace switches
✅ Answer: c) Track position and velocity
20. Potentiometers are not suitable for:
a) Dirty environments
b) Measuring angles
c) Linear displacement
d) Analog systems
✅ Answer: a) Dirty environments

🔹 Signal Output and Behavior

21. Which sensor produces sine and cosine waveforms as output?

a) Potentiometer
b) Resolver
c) Encoder
d) Hall sensor
✅ Answer: b) Resolver
22. Digital signals are typically associated with which device?
a) Potentiometer
b) Incremental encoder
c) Resolver
d) Capacitor
✅ Answer: b) Incremental encoder
23. A quadrature encoder outputs:
a) One channel
b) Two phase-shifted digital signals
c) One sine wave
d) Analog voltage
✅ Answer: b) Two phase-shifted digital signals
24. The encoder resolution is typically measured in:
a) Bits per degree
b) Pulses per revolution (PPR)
c) Volts per second
d) Cycles per second
✅ Answer: b) Pulses per revolution (PPR)
25. The analog output of a potentiometer is directly proportional to:
a) Current applied
b) Resistance of the coil
c) Position of the wiper
d) Frequency of rotation
✅ Answer: c) Position of the wiper

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✅ Unit 2.4 – End Effectors (Set A: 25 MCQs)

🔹 Basics of End Effectors

1. What is the main function of an end effector in a robotic system?

a) To sense temperature
b) To support the robot arm
c) To interact with the environment
d) To provide vision
✅ Answer: c) To interact with the environment
2. Which of the following is NOT a type of end effector?
a) Gripper
b) Cutter
c) Sensor
d) Welder
✅ Answer: c) Sensor
3. End effectors are usually attached to the robot’s:
a) Base
b) Controller
c) Wrist
d) Joint 1
✅ Answer: c) Wrist
4. An end effector designed to hold and release objects is known as a:
a) Link
b) Gripper
c) Encoder
d) Resolver
✅ Answer: b) Gripper

🔹 Mechanical Grippers

5. Mechanical grippers typically use which principle to hold objects?

a) Suction
b) Adhesion
c) Friction and force
d) Magnetism
✅ Answer: c) Friction and force
6. Two-finger mechanical grippers are mainly used for:
a) Circular motion
b) Complex shaping
c) Simple pick-and-place operations
d) Painting tasks
✅ Answer: c) Simple pick-and-place operations

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7. A disadvantage of mechanical grippers is:
a) High energy efficiency
b) Limited to solid objects
c) Non-reusability
d) Cannot be controlled
✅ Answer: b) Limited to solid objects

🔹 Magnetic Grippers

8. Magnetic grippers are best suited for handling:

a) Plastic objects
b) Wooden blocks
c) Ferrous metal parts
d) Glass items
✅ Answer: c) Ferrous metal parts
9. Which type of magnet is typically used in magnetic grippers for easy on-off control?
a) Permanent magnet
b) Ceramic magnet
c) Electromagnet
d) Superconductor
✅ Answer: c) Electromagnet
10. A key safety concern with magnetic grippers is:
a) Static charge
b) Overheating
c) Residual magnetism
d) Wire insulation
✅ Answer: c) Residual magnetism

🔹 Vacuum Grippers

11. Vacuum grippers operate by creating:

a) Magnetic flux
b) Friction
c) Negative pressure
d) Gravity
✅ Answer: c) Negative pressure
12. Vacuum grippers are ideal for picking:
a) Porous items
b) Magnetic tools
c) Flat and smooth surfaces
d) Heavy metal rods
✅ Answer: c) Flat and smooth surfaces
13. What is a common issue in vacuum gripping systems?
a) Power overload
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b) Residual magnetism
c) Air leakage
d) Radiation emission
✅ Answer: c) Air leakage

🔹 Adhesive Grippers

14. Adhesive grippers typically work using:

a) Electricity
b) Fluid power
c) Sticky surfaces or glue
d) Magnetic attraction
✅ Answer: c) Sticky surfaces or glue
15. Adhesive grippers are commonly used in handling:
a) Oily components
b) Heavy industrial tools
c) Lightweight delicate items
d) Heated objects
✅ Answer: c) Lightweight delicate items

🔹 Gripper Selection

16. Which of the following is an important factor in gripper selection?

a) Operating system
b) Robot color
c) Object shape and size
d) Brand name
✅ Answer: c) Object shape and size
17. The weight that a gripper must hold is known as:
a) Load torque
b) Payload
c) Resistance
d) Holding force
✅ Answer: b) Payload
18. For high-speed applications, the gripper should be:
a) Heavy
b) Complex
c) Lightweight and quick-acting
d) Magnetic only
✅ Answer: c) Lightweight and quick-acting

🔹 Gripper Design Considerations

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19. To avoid damage to soft materials, a gripper must:
a) Be made of metal
b) Apply high gripping force
c) Include force sensors or padding
d) Use permanent magnets
✅ Answer: c) Include force sensors or padding
20. Which of the following would reduce wear in a gripper mechanism?
a) Adding rigid fingers
b) Increasing speed
c) Using flexible joints or compliant material
d) Adding magnetic force
✅ Answer: c) Using flexible joints or compliant material
21. Fingertip force of a gripper depends on:
a) Object color
b) Actuator type and gripper design
c) Wrist joint design
d) Number of wires
✅ Answer: b) Actuator type and gripper design

🔹 General Application & Integration

22. End effectors are interchangeable depending on the:

a) Power supply
b) End effector controller type
c) Task or application
d) Robot base frame
✅ Answer: c) Task or application
23. Gripper precision is mainly affected by:
a) Controller voltage
b) Surface color
c) Alignment and feedback system
d) Material of arm
✅ Answer: c) Alignment and feedback system
24. End effectors in an assembly line must be:
a) Highly decorative
b) Custom-painted
c) Durable and easy to replace
d) Fixed permanently
✅ Answer: c) Durable and easy to replace
25. In robotic welding, the end effector is typically a:
a) Gripper
b) Torch
c) Screwdriver
d) Suction cup
✅ Answer: b) Torch

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✅ Unit 2.4 – End Effectors (Set B: 25 MCQs)

🔹 Introduction to End Effectors

1. End effectors are also known as:

a) Sensors
b) Effecting arms
c) Robot hands
d) Control units
✅ Answer: c) Robot hands
2. The selection of an end effector is mainly based on the:
a) Color of the robot
b) Type of power source
c) Task to be performed
d) Language used in programming
✅ Answer: c) Task to be performed
3. An end effector used for painting would typically be a:
a) Suction cup
b) Welding torch
c) Spray gun
d) Finger gripper
✅ Answer: c) Spray gun

🔹 Mechanical Grippers

4. The most common actuator used in mechanical grippers is a:

a) Solenoid
b) Stepper motor
c) Pneumatic cylinder
d) Photodiode
✅ Answer: c) Pneumatic cylinder
5. What ensures the gripping force in mechanical grippers?
a) Suction
b) Electric spark
c) Mechanical linkage and actuator
d) Gravity
✅ Answer: c) Mechanical linkage and actuator
6. Mechanical grippers can be adapted to objects of different shapes by using:
a) Hard steel fingers
b) Fixed joints
c) Soft pads or flexible fingers
d) Larger gears
✅ Answer: c) Soft pads or flexible fingers

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🔹 Magnetic Grippers

7. Which of the following objects cannot be picked by magnetic grippers?

a) Steel plate
b) Iron nail
c) Plastic cap
d) Iron rod
✅ Answer: c) Plastic cap
8. Electromagnetic grippers are preferred over permanent magnets because they can be:
a) Used without electricity
b) Lighter
c) Turned on and off
d) Used underwater
✅ Answer: c) Turned on and off
9. Which material is essential for the functioning of a magnetic gripper?
a) Rubber
b) Ferrous metal
c) Plastic
d) Copper
✅ Answer: b) Ferrous metal

🔹 Vacuum Grippers

10. Vacuum grippers require which of the following components?

a) Electromagnet
b) Resistor
c) Vacuum pump
d) Welding tip
✅ Answer: c) Vacuum pump
11. Vacuum grippers work best with:
a) Irregular surfaces
b) Smooth, flat objects
c) Wet or oily surfaces
d) Magnetic components
✅ Answer: b) Smooth, flat objects
12. The holding force of a vacuum gripper depends on:
a) Weight of the object only
b) Suction cup color
c) Size of the vacuum cup and suction pressure
d) Surface temperature
✅ Answer: c) Size of the vacuum cup and suction pressure

pg. 56 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ROBOTICS ROBOTICS

 UNIT–I FUNDAMENTALS OF ROBOT TECHNOLOGY
Prepared by, Singaravelan M ME
🔹 Adhesive Grippers

13. Adhesive grippers rely on:

a) Vacuum
b) Magnetic pull
c) Stickiness or surface adhesion
d) Gripping jaws
✅ Answer: c) Stickiness or surface adhesion
14. A major drawback of adhesive grippers is:
a) Too much holding force
b) Cannot hold heavy objects
c) Complex wiring
d) Limited shape adaptability
✅ Answer: b) Cannot hold heavy objects
15. Adhesive grippers are ideal for picking up:
a) Heavy machinery
b) Metal parts
c) Paper sheets or labels
d) Liquids
✅ Answer: c) Paper sheets or labels

🔹 Gripper Selection

16. Which of the following is least important in gripper selection?

a) Object material
b) Gripper color
c) Payload
d) Shape of the object
✅ Answer: b) Gripper color
17. The actuation method of a gripper can be:
a) Manual only
b) Electrical, pneumatic, or hydraulic
c) Magnetic only
d) Optical
✅ Answer: b) Electrical, pneumatic, or hydraulic
18. Which gripper type would you choose to handle hot metal parts?
a) Adhesive gripper
b) Magnetic gripper
c) Vacuum gripper
d) Gel-based gripper
✅ Answer: b) Magnetic gripper

🔹 Design Considerations

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 UNIT–I FUNDAMENTALS OF ROBOT TECHNOLOGY
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19. To ensure consistent gripping, a gripper must provide:
a) Visual feedback
b) Constant temperature
c) Adequate and adjustable force
d) High vibration
✅ Answer: c) Adequate and adjustable force
20. What is the role of a force sensor in grippers?
a) Measure object color
b) Detect overload or slipping
c) Create friction
d) Enhance visual sensing
✅ Answer: b) Detect overload or slipping
21. Why are compliant materials used in soft grippers?
a) Reduce speed
b) Prevent object damage
c) Add electrical conductivity
d) Increase rigidity
✅ Answer: b) Prevent object damage

🔹 Applications and Integration

22. In pick-and-place robots, the most commonly used end effector is a:

a) Welding tip
b) Gripper
c) Cutter
d) Resistor
✅ Answer: b) Gripper
23. For handling small, fragile electronic components, which gripper is preferred?
a) Heavy-duty claw
b) Magnetic gripper
c) Vacuum gripper with fine suction cups
d) Welding torch
✅ Answer: c) Vacuum gripper with fine suction cups
24. Gripper control signals are sent from the:
a) Power supply
b) Robot base
c) Robot controller
d) Safety switch
✅ Answer: c) Robot controller
25. End effectors can be replaced on a robot to suit different:
a) Software versions
b) Physical environments
c) Tasks and object types
d) Power cables
✅ Answer: c) Tasks and object types

pg. 58 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ROBOTICS ROBOTICS

 UNIT–I FUNDAMENTALS OF ROBOT TECHNOLOGY
Prepared by, Singaravelan M ME
✅ Unit 2.4 – End Effectors (Set C: 25 MCQs)

🔹 General Concepts

1. Which of the following terms is most closely associated with end effectors?
a) Vision system
b) Work cell
c) Tooling
d) Encoder
✅ Answer: c) Tooling
2. End effectors form the interface between:
a) Controller and actuator
b) Robot and human
c) Robot and its task environment
d) Sensor and motor
✅ Answer: c) Robot and its task environment
3. In robotic applications, the tool or device that performs the actual work is called:
a) Base
b) Drive
c) End effector
d) Sensor
✅ Answer: c) End effector

🔹 Mechanical Grippers

4. Which gripper type mimics the function of a human hand most closely?
a) Vacuum gripper
b) Magnetic gripper
c) Mechanical gripper
d) Adhesive gripper
✅ Answer: c) Mechanical gripper
5. In mechanical grippers, misalignment of fingers may result in:
a) Smooth grip
b) Over-tightening
c) Slippage or failure to grasp
d) Increased precision
✅ Answer: c) Slippage or failure to grasp
6. Which factor can reduce the efficiency of a mechanical gripper?
a) Gripper flexibility
b) Improper finger contact angle
c) Correct alignment
d) Use of sensors
✅ Answer: b) Improper finger contact angle

pg. 59 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ROBOTICS ROBOTICS

 UNIT–I FUNDAMENTALS OF ROBOT TECHNOLOGY
Prepared by, Singaravelan M ME

🔹 Magnetic Grippers

7. Residual magnetism is a concern in magnetic grippers because it can:

a) Decrease voltage
b) Attract unwanted metal parts
c) Increase thermal conductivity
d) Enhance holding power
✅ Answer: b) Attract unwanted metal parts
8. To avoid residual magnetism, designers use:
a) AC motors
b) Magnetic shielding
c) Permanent magnets only
d) Non-ferrous materials
✅ Answer: b) Magnetic shielding
9. Which application is not suitable for magnetic grippers?
a) Steel parts
b) Sheet metal
c) Iron rods
d) Plastic containers
✅ Answer: d) Plastic containers

🔹 Vacuum Grippers

10. Vacuum grippers cannot hold objects if the surface is:

a) Flat
b) Smooth
c) Porous
d) Transparent
✅ Answer: c) Porous
11. A vacuum gripper with multiple suction cups provides:
a) Higher current
b) Multiple contact points for larger objects
c) Electrical isolation
d) Less force
✅ Answer: b) Multiple contact points for larger objects
12. Which of the following is required for vacuum gripper operation?
a) Electromagnetic coil
b) Suction valve and air compressor
c) Encoder
d) Optical sensor
✅ Answer: b) Suction valve and air compressor

pg. 60 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ROBOTICS ROBOTICS

 UNIT–I FUNDAMENTALS OF ROBOT TECHNOLOGY
Prepared by, Singaravelan M ME
🔹 Adhesive Grippers

13. In robotic packaging, adhesive grippers are used mainly for:

a) Heavy lifting
b) Sorting metal scraps
c) Handling lightweight materials like paper or plastic
d) Welding
✅ Answer: c) Handling lightweight materials like paper or plastic
14. Which property limits the industrial use of adhesive grippers?
a) Noise
b) Reusability
c) Stickiness decay over time
d) Power consumption
✅ Answer: c) Stickiness decay over time
15. One benefit of adhesive grippers is their ability to:
a) Be used underwater
b) Grip fragile or irregular items gently
c) Carry large metal parts
d) Absorb vibrations
✅ Answer: b) Grip fragile or irregular items gently

🔹 Selection Factors

16. A key factor that affects gripper selection in food handling is:
a) Gripper cost
b) Cleanliness and hygiene standards
c) Payload only
d) Size of robot
✅ Answer: b) Cleanliness and hygiene standards
17. In high-speed applications, which is most important for gripper design?
a) Weight and reaction time
b) Gripper color
c) Wiring length
d) Surface polish
✅ Answer: a) Weight and reaction time
18. For handling glassware, the gripper must:
a) Have maximum grip force
b) Use magnetic force
c) Apply controlled and gentle pressure
d) Be made of steel
✅ Answer: c) Apply controlled and gentle pressure

🔹 Design Considerations

pg. 61 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ROBOTICS ROBOTICS

 UNIT–I FUNDAMENTALS OF ROBOT TECHNOLOGY
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19. Which material is commonly used in gripper contact surfaces to increase grip?
a) Plastic
b) Copper
c) Rubber or foam
d) Wood
✅ Answer: c) Rubber or foam
20. Force feedback in grippers helps in:
a) Object coloring
b) Grasping delicate parts without damage
c) Increasing gripper speed
d) Enhancing motor torque
✅ Answer: b) Grasping delicate parts without damage
21. A compliant gripper design ensures:
a) Higher rigidity
b) Smooth flexibility for irregular shapes
c) Manual control
d) Electrical resistance
✅ Answer: b) Smooth flexibility for irregular shapes

🔹 Applications and Usage

22. In robotic surgery, the most important gripper feature is:

a) Low cost
b) Soft material and precision
c) Strong magnetic field
d) Long finger design
✅ Answer: b) Soft material and precision
23. End effectors used in palletizing applications must handle:
a) Multiple small parts at once
b) Transparent packaging
c) High-speed lifting and placing of heavy loads
d) Ultrasonic scanning
✅ Answer: c) High-speed lifting and placing of heavy loads
24. The term “multi-functional gripper” means:
a) Can change color
b) Can perform multiple tasks or handle different objects
c) Works only on one type of part
d) Requires two robots to operate
✅ Answer: b) Can perform multiple tasks or handle different objects
25. Gripper fingers are designed to match:
a) Object color and texture
b) Object shape and contact surface
c) Programming language
d) Power supply
✅ Answer: b) Object shape and contact surface

pg. 62 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ROBOTICS ROBOTICS

 UNIT–I FUNDAMENTALS OF ROBOT TECHNOLOGY
Prepared by, Singaravelan M ME
✅ Unit 2.4 – End Effectors (Set D: 25 MCQs)

🔹 General Concepts

1. Which of the following is not a type of end effector?

a) Mechanical gripper
b) Welding torch
c) Magnetic track
d) Vacuum cup
✅ Answer: c) Magnetic track
2. End effectors are mounted on the robot's:
a) Controller
b) Wrist
c) Base
d) Arm
✅ Answer: b) Wrist
3. Which component enables the robot to interact with the external environment physically?
a) Sensor
b) End effector
c) Drive
d) Power source
✅ Answer: b) End effector

🔹 Mechanical Grippers

4. Two-jaw parallel grippers are ideal for:

a) Picking spherical objects
b) Handling flat or symmetrical parts
c) Lifting magnetic materials
d) Gripping glass sheets
✅ Answer: b) Handling flat or symmetrical parts
5. Mechanical grippers can be made adaptive by using:
a) Fixed joints
b) Sensors and compliant materials
c) High torque motors
d) Large fingers
✅ Answer: b) Sensors and compliant materials
6. Which material is used on finger pads to increase friction and prevent slipping?
a) Wood
b) Ceramic
c) Rubber
d) Glass
✅ Answer: c) Rubber

pg. 63 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ROBOTICS ROBOTICS

 UNIT–I FUNDAMENTALS OF ROBOT TECHNOLOGY
Prepared by, Singaravelan M ME

🔹 Magnetic Grippers

7. Permanent magnetic grippers require:

a) No continuous power
b) High voltage supply
c) Compressed air
d) Vacuum pressure
✅ Answer: a) No continuous power
8. Electromagnets allow the gripper to:
a) Use mechanical claws
b) Operate in air-free environments
c) Release the part when current is off
d) Maintain a permanent grip
✅ Answer: c) Release the part when current is off
9. A major limitation of magnetic grippers is their inability to:
a) Hold sharp-edged parts
b) Grip non-ferrous materials
c) Be operated with sensors
d) Work in vertical positions
✅ Answer: b) Grip non-ferrous materials

🔹 Vacuum Grippers

10. Which of the following is critical for vacuum gripper operation?

a) Magnetic field
b) Sealed contact surface
c) Plastic body
d) Temperature resistance
✅ Answer: b) Sealed contact surface
11. Vacuum grippers are often used in:
a) Food sorting
b) Heavy steel lifting
c) High-temperature welding
d) Underwater cutting
✅ Answer: a) Food sorting
12. What component generates the negative pressure needed in vacuum grippers?
a) Pump or ejector
b) Resistor
c) Servo motor
d) Thermistor
✅ Answer: a) Pump or ejector

pg. 64 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ROBOTICS ROBOTICS

 UNIT–I FUNDAMENTALS OF ROBOT TECHNOLOGY
Prepared by, Singaravelan M ME
🔹 Adhesive Grippers

13. Adhesive grippers function by:

a) Vacuum suction
b) Electrostatic charge
c) Sticky surface contact
d) Pneumatic pressure
✅ Answer: c) Sticky surface contact
14. Adhesive grippers are most suited for:
a) Oily surfaces
b) Heavy metallic tools
c) Thin films or small lightweight items
d) Sharp objects
✅ Answer: c) Thin films or small lightweight items
15. One disadvantage of adhesive grippers in continuous use is:
a) High noise
b) Need for cooling
c) Loss of grip due to dirt accumulation
d) Difficulty in actuation
✅ Answer: c) Loss of grip due to dirt accumulation

🔹 Design and Selection Considerations

16. Gripper design should primarily ensure:

a) Higher motor torque
b) Color matching
c) Reliable and safe grasp
d) Complex circuit control
✅ Answer: c) Reliable and safe grasp
17. Which factor is NOT considered when choosing a gripper?
a) Weight of object
b) Color of object
c) Surface texture
d) Fragility
✅ Answer: b) Color of object
18. A force sensor in a gripper helps in:
a) Increasing holding time
b) Providing grip force feedback
c) Heating the object
d) Enhancing lighting conditions
✅ Answer: b) Providing grip force feedback

🔹 Advanced Gripper Systems

pg. 65 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ROBOTICS ROBOTICS

 UNIT–I FUNDAMENTALS OF ROBOT TECHNOLOGY
Prepared by, Singaravelan M ME
19. Multi-fingered grippers are used to:
a) Reduce motion range
b) Limit joint flexibility
c) Perform complex manipulations
d) Operate only in binary modes
✅ Answer: c) Perform complex manipulations
20. Which end effector is used for spot welding?
a) Vacuum gripper
b) Welding torch
c) Magnetic gripper
d) Brush applicator
✅ Answer: b) Welding torch
21. In automation of sorting systems, end effectors often include:
a) Cutting tools
b) Camera holders
c) Color sensors only
d) Vision-guided grippers
✅ Answer: d) Vision-guided grippers

🔹 Applications

22. A robotic gripper with interchangeable fingers is designed for:

a) Improved balance
b) Aesthetic look
c) Flexibility in handling diverse parts
d) Increased energy use
✅ Answer: c) Flexibility in handling diverse parts
23. For explosive handling, which gripper material is preferred?
a) Rubber
b) Copper
c) Non-sparking composite materials
d) Stainless steel
✅ Answer: c) Non-sparking composite materials
24. The gripping system in fruit harvesting robots must be:
a) Rigid and heavy
b) Magnetic and strong
c) Delicate and soft-touch
d) Made of metal claws
✅ Answer: c) Delicate and soft-touch
25. The tool center point (TCP) is defined as:
a) Robot’s center of mass
b) Power cable connection point
c) Exact point where the end effector interacts with the object
d) Gripper storage position
✅ Answer: c) Exact point where the end effector interacts with the object

pg. 66 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ROBOTICS ROBOTICS