Purposive Communication messages that identifies

communication.
Lesson 1: Nature and Elements of
Communication Nature of Communication

Communication - Communication is a process.

- Communication occurs between
- Communication is a process of two or more people (the
sharing and conveying speaker and the receiver).
messages or information from - Communication can be expressed
one person to another within and through written or spoken
across channels, contexts, media, words, actions (nonverbal), or
and cultures (McCornack, 2014). both spoken words and
- According to Wood (2004), nonverbal actions at the same
communication is a systematic time.
process in which individuals
interact with and through Elements of Communication
symbols to create and interpret o Speaker: The source of
meanings. information or message.
- It is a two-way process essential o Message: The information,
for transmission of information ideas, or thoughts conveyed by
and expression of ideas among the speaker in words or in
individuals. actions.
- There are two forms of o Encoding: The process of
communication: verbal
converting the message into
communication and nonverbal
words, actions, or other forms that
communication.
the speaker understands.
- Communication is a process. It is
o Channel: The medium or the
creative, continuing condition of
means, such as personal or non-
life, a process that changes as the
personal, verbal or nonverbal, in
communicator‘s environments
which the encoded message is
and needs change. Many words
conveyed.
have become obsolete, trite, or
o Decoding: The process of
altered in their meanings while
interpreting the encoded
new words have evolved.
message of the speaker by the
- Communication is systematic. It
receiver.
occurs within systems of
o Receiver: The recipient of the
interrelated and interacting
message, or someone who
parts.
decodes the message.
- Communication is symbolic.
o Feedback: The reactions,
Symbols, verbal or non-verbal
are the basis of language. responses, or information
- Communication involves provided by the receiver.
meaning. Meanings are assigned, o Context: The environment where
given or invented, not received. It communication takes place.
is the production of meaning o Barrier: The factors that affect
rather than the production of the flow of communication.
Process of communication o Interpersonal
- Interpersonal communication
1. The speaker generates an idea.
involves talking to one or a
(Ex. Daphne loves Rico, her suitor,
limited number of people.
as a friend.)
- It is an interaction between two or
2. The speaker encodes an idea or
more participants
converts the idea into words or
- Two Types of Interpersonal
actions.
communication:
(Ex. She thinks of how to tell him
a. Dyad: It is composed of two
using their native language.)
participants who take turns
3. The speaker transmits or sends
as the sender and the receiver
out a message.
in the interaction.
(Ex. She tells him, “Rico, mahal
b. Small Group: It is composed
kita bilang kaibigan.”)
of three or more
4. The receiver gets the message.
participants, or a group of
(Ex. Rico hear what Daphne says.)
participants.
5. The receiver decodes or interprets
o Public Communication
the message based on the context.
- Involves communicating with a
(Ex. He tries to analyze what she
wide group of people with very
means based on the content and
varied traits, background,
their relationship, and he is
interests and persuasions.
heartbroken.)
- It involves a single speaker and a
6. The receiver sends or provides
sizable number of people or an
feedback.
audience.
(Ex. He frown and does not say
o Intercultural
something, because he is in pain.)
- Involves communicating with a
person of group of people who
may not share same
assumptions, values, or
allegiances as that of yours and
may have different associations
with the symbols you take for
granted for having a particular
meaning.
o Mass Communication
- It takes place on television,
Types of Communication
newspaper, internet and so on.
o Intrapersonal
Models of Communication
- Intrapersonal communication
involves talking to yourself. It may o Linear Communication Model
involve deliberation, where you - One-way communication
think about your decisions or - Used for mass communication
possible courses of action. - Senders send messages and
- It involves one participant. receivers only receive
He/she is both the sender and - No feedback
the receiver of the message in the - Concept of noise
communication process.
- Pros: Good at audience one the most influential
persuasion and propaganda communication models.
setting. Intentional results
- Cons: Communication is not
continuous as there is no concept
of feedback. No way to know if
communication was effective.
- Components of Linear
Communication:
a. Sender is the person who
sends a message after
encoding. b. Aristotle's Model of
b. Encoding is the process of Communication
converting the message into - The first and earliest linear
codes compatible with the model is that of Aristotle, who
channel and understandable was a teacher of Rhetoric and
for the receiver. even put up an academy to
c. Decoding is the process of produce good speakers.
changing encoded message - Criticisms of Aristotle’s Model
into understandable language of Communication:
by the receiver. 1. There is no concept of
d. Message is the information feedback, it is one way from
sent to the receiver. speaker to audience.
e. Channel is the medium 2. There is no concept of
through which the message is communication failure like
sent. noise and barriers.
f. Receiver is the person who 3. This model can only be used in
gets the message after public speaking.
decoding.
g. Noise is the disruptions that
are caused in the
communication process in
channel or in
understandability of the
message.
- Types of Linear Communication
Model: c. Berlo’s SMCR Model of
a. Lasswell’s Communication Communication
Model - In 1960, David Berlo postulated
- Lasswell’s communication model Berlo’s Sender-Message-
was developed by communication Channel-Receiver (SMCR) model
theorist Harold D. Lasswell of communication from Shannon
(1902-1978) in 1948. Lasswell’s Weaver’s Model of
model of communication (also Communication (1949). He
known as action model or linear described factors affecting the
model or one way model of individual components in
communication) is regarded as
 communication making the - Transactional model of
communication more efficient. communication is the exchange of
- The model also focuses on messages between sender and
encoding and decoding which receiver where each take turns to
happens before sender sends the send or receive messages.
message and before receiver - Here, both sender and receiver are
receives the message respectively. known as communicators and
- Criticisms of Berlo’s SMCR their role reverses each time in the
Model: communication process as both
1. There is no concept of processes of sending and
feedback, so the effect is not receiving occur at the same time.
considered. - It presents communication not
2. There is no concept of noise only as a two-way process but
or any kind of barriers in also a simultaneous activity and
communication process. the noise and the environment
3. It is a linear model of are the other elements that affect
communication, there is no the process.
two-way communication. - Criticisms of Transactional
4. Both of the people must be Model:
similar according to all the 1. Without verbal response, the
factors mentioned above. sender cannot be sure that the
receiver got the message as
intended. Feedback is an
important component in the
communication process,
especially in interpersonal
communication as it gives a
space to clarify
misunderstandings.
2. The transactional model
o Transactional Model of gives the opportunity for a lot
Communication of noise because
- Used for interpersonal communication is
communication simultaneous. For example,
- Senders and receivers interchange when many people are talking
roles at the same time in a meeting,
- Simultaneous feedback the objective of the meeting
- Context of environment and noise will not be fulfilled.
- Feedback is taken as a new - Differences Between
message Transactional and Other
- Pros: Simultaneous and instant Communication Models:
feedback. No discrimination
Transactional
between sender and receiver. Other Models
Model
- Cons: Encourages non-verbal Used for Used for
communication. More noise due to interpersonal intrapersonal,
communicators talking at the communication interpersonal,
same time. group or mass
Senders and communications. 3. Communication is taken as
receivers are quantifiable in the Shannon
known as The senders and Weaver model.
Communicators, receivers are
they interchange different people. - Criticisms of Shannon Weaver
their roles Model:
Role of context and 1. It can be applied more for
Includes the role of environment are interpersonal
context and not mentioned in
communication than group
environment other models
communication and mass
Includes noise and Not necessarily communication.
communication have the concept of 2. Receiver plays the passive
barriers as factors noise part in the communication
process as sender plays the
primary role that sends
messages.
3. Feedback is taken as less
important in comparison to
the messages sent by the
sender.
4. The model is taken by some
- Types of Transactional Model of critics as a “misleading
Communication: misrepresentation of the
a. Shannon and Weaver Model of nature of human
Communication communication” as human
- The second model is that of communication is not
Claude Shannon and Warren mathematical in nature.
Weaver (1948) which gave us the
concept of "noise". This is often
called Telephone Model because
it is based on the experience of
having the message interfered
with by "noise" from the
telephone switchboard back in the
1940s.
- Advantages of Shannon Weaver b. Barnlund’s Transactional Model
Model: of Communication
1. Concept of noise helps in
making communication
effective by removing the
noise or problems causing
noise.
2. This model takes
communication as a two-way
process. It makes the model
applicable in general
communication.
- Dean Barnlund proposed a
transactional model of
communication in 1970 for
basic interpersonal
communication which articulates
that sending and receiving of
messages happens
simultaneously between people
which is popularly known as
Barlund’s Transactional Model
of Communication.
- The model has been further
adapted and reformed by other o Interactive Model of
theorists as General Communication
Transactional Model. The model - Used for new communications like
shifted from the trend of linear internet
model to dynamic and two-way - Slower feedback in turns
communication model. - Concept of field of experience
- Advantages of Barnlund’s - Known as a convergence model
Transactional Model of - Communication becomes linear if
Communication: receiver does not respond
1. The model shows shared - Pros: Feedback even in mass
field experience of the communication. New
sender and receiver. communication channels.
2. Transactional model talks - Cons: Feedback can take a very
about simultaneous message long time. Sender and receiver
sending, noise and feedback. might not know who the other
3. Barnlund’s model is taken by person is.
critics as the most systematic - Interactive model (also known as
model of communication. convergence model) deals with
- Disadvantages of Barnlund’s exchange of ideas and messages
Transactional Model of taking place both ways from
Communication: sender to receiver and vice versa.
1. Barnlund’s model is very - The communication process takes
complex. place between humans or
2. Both the sender and receiver machines in both verbal and
must understand the codes non-verbal ways. This is a
sent by the other. So they must relatively new model of
each possess a similar “code communication for new
book”. (The concept of code technologies like the web.
book is not mentioned in the - In Interactive model, whenever a
model but understood.) source sends a message to a
receiver (source), he/she
encodes the message first. The
encoded message is then
received by the receiver where it
is decoded to get the original
 information. Again, the receiver beliefs, experiences, values and
acts as a source, encodes another rules.
message (also known as - Advantages of Schramm Model:
feedback) and sends it back to the 1. Circular communication
sender. gives an opportunity to both
- Differences Between Interactive parties to give their opinion.
and Other Communication 2. As it is dynamic and ever-
Models: changing model it is helpful
in general practice.
Interactive Model Other Models
3. Sender and receiver
Indirect and slow Direct and fast
feedback feedback interchanges and are equally
active.
Feedback is a Feedback is the 4. Semantic noise included as a
whole new process part of a single concept helps in
of communication communication
understanding problems that
process
For new media can occur during
For all other kinds interpretation of message.
No engagement of of media like 5. Feedback makes it easier to
sender and print, news, etc. know if the message is
receiver in
interpreted by the receiver as
communication Engagement of
sender and receiver intended or not.
Sender and in communication 6. Concept of interpretation
receiver is equally makes the communication
important Sender is important effective.
- Types of Interactive Model: 7. There can only be two
a. Schramm's Model of sources communicating,
Communication many sources complicate the
- An example of Interactive model is process, and the model cannot
that of Wilbur Schramm, who is be implemented.
considered the Father of Mass 8. Message sent and received
Communication. He came up the might be interpreted
five models, but the Schramm differently than intended.
Model in 1995 we are concerned - Disadvantages of Schramm
with is the concept that explains Model:
why communication breakdown 1. His model cannot deal with
occurs. Schramm asserts that multiple levels of
communication can take place if communication and complex
and only if there is an overlap communication processes.
between the Field of Experience
of the Speaker and the Field of
Experience of the Listener.
- Field of Experience: Field of
Experience are the things that
influences that understanding
and interpretation of message
like culture, social background,
 b. Eugene White’s Model (1960) o Language Barrier: inability to
- Eugene White’s model of understand unfamiliar accents,
communication, introduced in use of unfamiliar words or
1960, is a circular or continuous expressions, jargon or idioms
model, emphasizing the ongoing o Cultural Barrier: communication
nature of communication. White breakdown due to differences in
suggested that communication is a views, and beliefs; and
dynamic process rather than a insensitivity to the culture of
linear one, where feedback plays others
a critical role. o Physical Barrier: noise, poor
- White also broke communication lighting, and distance
down into a series of stages, o Prejudging: jumping to the
describing it as a "cyclical conclusion or deciding
process" with several phases: prematurely that the message has
1. Thinking: The sender little or no value
formulates an idea or o Information Overload: giving too
message. much information at a time
2. Symbolizing: The sender o Emotional Barrier
translates thoughts into o Lack of Confidence
symbols (e.g., words,
o Technical Barrier
gestures).
o Linguistic Barrier
3. Expressing: The sender
o Psychological Barrier
conveys the message.
4. Transmitting: The message o Socio-cultural Barrier
travels through a channel (e.g.,
speech, written text). Effective Communication Skills
5. Receiving: The receiver gets
the message. 1. Give them the impression that
6. Decoding: The receiver you’re enthusiastic about talking
interprets the message. to them.
7. Feedback: The receiver 2. Ask open-ended questions about
responds to the sender. their interests.
8. Monitoring: The sender tries 3. Adapt to their body language and
to understand whether the feelings.
receiver accomplishes the 4. Show them approval: Tell them
message or not. what you admire about them and
why.
5. Listen attentively to everything
they say.
6. Give them the right amount of eye
contact.
7. Reveal as much about yourself as
possible.
8. Gie the impression that you are on
the same team.
Barriers of Communication 9. Give them your best smile.
10. Offer helpful suggestions.
11. Give them encouragement.
12. Appear to have a slightly higher
energy level than the other
person.
13. Say their name in a way that is
pleasing to their ears.
14. Offer to take the relationship a
step further.