KIA 1003
Civil Engineering
Materials
SEMESTER 1, 2021/2022
DR. MO KIM HUNG
khmo@um.edu.my
Cement
Cement
WHAT IS CEMENT?
A material with adhesive and cohesive properties (in the
presence of water), which make it capable of binding
aggregates into a compact and stiff mass when hardened
Cement
TWO MAIN CATEGORIES OF CEMENT
Hydraulic Cement:
Hardens when reacts with water and produces water-resistant
compounds
Example: Portland Cement
Non-Hydraulic Cement:
Produces compound that is non-water-resistant
Example: Gypsum and Lime
Cement
BACKGROUND OF PORTLAND CEMENT
It is a hydraulic cement obtained by
calcining an intimate mixture of
calcareous (containing calcium
carbonate) and argillaceous (containing
clay) materials, and crushing the
resulting clinkers adding with gypsum
and sometimes other mineral components
to a fine powder
Cement
BACKGROUND OF PORTLAND CEMENT
Joseph Aspdin (1824):
Patented Portland Cement from Limestone and Clay
Major Reaction – Calcining Reaction
Relatively Low Burning Temperature
Perhaps No Clinkering Stage
Isaac Charles Johnson (1845):
Improved Portland Cement by “Clinkering”
Reactions Involved: Both Calcining and Clinkering Reactions
Cement
PRODUCTION OF PORTLAND CEMENT
Raw Materials for Portland Cement:
• Calcareouos Materials:
◦ Sources of Lime (CaO), such as limestone or chalk
• Argillaceous Materials:
◦ Combination of Silica (SiO2), Alumina (Al2O3), Iron
Oxide (Fe2O3) and Alkalis (Na,K)
Cement
PRODUCTION OF PORTLAND CEMENT
1. Crushing of Raw Materials (Stones)
2. Grinding Raw Materials to Fine Powder and Blending
◦ Dry Process
◦ Wet Process
3. Burning of Raw Materials in Rotary Kiln
◦ Calcining (Calcining Reaction Occurs to Obtain Calcium Oxide)
◦ Lower temperature than Clinkering process
◦ Clinkering (Heart of Portland Cement Production- to produce Calcium Silicate)
◦ Reaction at very high temperature
◦ Takes place in Rotary Kiln
4. Grinding Clinker with Gypsum
Cement
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CEMENT
Chemical compound Mass Content
Name Composition (%)
Calcium Oxide (Lime) CaO 58 – 66 Forms calcium silicates which
Silicon Dioxide (Silica) SiO2 18 – 26 gives strength
Aluminum Oxide (Alumina) Al2O3 4 – 12
Lowers clinkering temperature
Quick setting
Ferrous and Ferric Oxides Fe2O3 and FeO 1–6
Typically should be < 5%
Magnesium Oxide (Magnesia) MgO 1–3 Excessive amount causes
cement to be unsound (expand
Sulfur Trioxide (Sulfuric Anhydrite) SO3 0.5 – 2.5 excessively)
Typically should be < 3.5%
Alkaline Oxides (Alkalis) Na2O and K2O ≤ 1.0
Cement
MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION OF CEMENT
Chemical name Historical Chemical Abbreviation Mass
name notation Content (%)
Tricalcium Silicate Alite 3CaO.SiO2 C 3S 38-60
Dicalcium Silicate Belite 2CaO.SiO2 C 2S 15-38
Tricalcium Aluminate Celite 3CaO.Al2O3 C 3A 7-15
Tetracalcium Felite 4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2 C4AF 10-18
Aluminoferrite O3
Pentacalcium Trialuminate - 5CaO.3Al2O3 C5A3 1-2
Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate Gypsum CaSO4.2H2O CSH2 2-5
The main mineralogical composition of cement can be estimated from chemical
composition of cement by using Bogue’s equation
Cement
MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION OF CEMENT
Bogue’s equation for C3S: 4.07C – 7.6S – 6.72A – 1.43F – 2.85S
C: CaO
Example: Cement X
S: SiO2
CaO 65
A: Al2O3
SiO2 23 F: Fe2O3
Al2O3 6 S: SO3
Fe2O3 2
SO3 2
Cement
ROLES OF MINERALOGICAL COMPOUNDS OF CEMENT
SILICATES
◦ Constitute 70 to 80% of cement
◦ Influence hardened properties of cement paste and concrete
C3S (Alite/ Tri-calcium silicate)
◦ Hydrates rapidly
◦ Heat generation high
◦ Provides early strength
C2S (Belite/ Di-calcium silicate)
◦ Slow hydration
◦ Low heat of hydration
◦ Contributes to later strength
Cement
ROLES OF MINERALOGICAL COMPOUNDS OF CEMENT
ALUMINATES
◦ Little contribution to strength development
◦ Influence setting and durability of cement paste and concrete
C3A (Tri-calcium aluminate)
◦ Liberates large amount of heat during first few days of hydration and hardening
◦ May react with sulfate, produced concrete susceptible to sulfate attack
C4AF (Tetra-calcium aluminoferrite)
◦ Hydrates rapidly but little contribution to strength
◦ Affects color of Portland cement
GYPSUM
◦ Controls setting and hardening – without gypsum, cement will set immediately after mixing with water
◦ Excessive amount causes expansion and disrupt setting
Cement
ROLES OF MINERALOGICAL COMPOUNDS OF CEMENT
Expansion of cement paste prepared using unsound cement (excessive SO3 & MgO)
Cement
ROLES OF MINERALOGICAL COMPOUNDS OF CEMENT
INFLUENCE ON CONCRETE PROPERTIES
Concrete
Compound Note
Properties
C3S Controls Normal Hardening
Hardening/setting
C3A Early Stiffness (False Set)
C3S High Heat Increment
Heat of Hydration
C3A Flash Set
C3S Early Strength
Strength
C2S Later Strength
Cement
HYDRATION OF CEMENT
Cement
HYDRATION OF CEMENT
Hydration
• Chemical reaction between cement particles and water
• Starts as soon as water is added to cement
• Certain minor components are immediately dissolved (aluminates hydrates
faster than silicates)
• Significant heat is liberated
• Finest “chips” of ground cement start to react first; some may completely
dissolve
• Hydration products (new compounds) are developed
Cement
HYDRATION OF CEMENT
Common abbreviation used:
• calcium silicate hydrate
(CSH)
• calcium hydroxide (CH)
• calcium
monosulfoaluminate (AFm)
• calcium sulphoaluminate
(Aft)/ ettringite
Cement
HYDRATION OF CEMENT
Cement
HYDRATION OF CEMENT
Cement
HYDRATION OF CEMENT
Stages of Hydration:
Stage I. Rapid Initial Stage
Stage II. Dormant or Induction Stage
Stage III. Acceleration Stage
Stage IV. Post-Acceleration or Deceleration Stage
Cement
HYDRATION OF CEMENT
Rapid Initial Stage:
• Occurs in First Few Minutes
• Rapid Dissolution of Alkali
• High Rate of Heat Evolution
• Changes in Liquid Phase Takes Place
• Initial Hydration of C3S
• Formation of Ettringite Begins
Cement
HYDRATION OF CEMENT
Dormant Stage:
• Occurs during First Few Hours
• Very Low Rate of Heat Evolution
• Formation of CSH and CH Begins
• Increased Formation of Ettringite, which Influences Setting and
Workability
• Initial Set Occurs at the End of This Stage
Cement
HYDRATION OF CEMENT
Acceleration Stage:
• Approximately Starts after 3 Hours and Continues up to 12 Hours
• Rapid Reaction of C3S to Form CSH and CH
• Solidification and Decrease in Porosity
• High Rate of Heat Evolution
• Change from Plastic to Rigid State
• Occurrence of “Final Set”
• Development of Early Strength
Cement
HYDRATION OF CEMENT
Post-Acceleration Stage:
• Diffusion Controlled Formation of CSH and CH
• Hydration of C2S Becomes Significant
• Recrystallization of Ettringite to Form Monosulphate
• Decrease in Heat Evolution
• Continuous Strength Development with Diminishing Rate
• Continuous Decrease in Porosity
Cement
HYDRATION OF CEMENT
FORMATION OF PASTE STRUCTURE
▪CH and Ettringite Precipitate from the Supersaturate Solution of Cement Compounds
▪A CSH Gel Coating Is Formed around the Cement Particles. This Coating along with
Ettringite Coating on the C3A Grains Retards Further Hydration, thus Creating Dormant Stage
▪Initial Setting Occurs due to the Formation of Ettringite
▪Porosity of Paste Remains Very High at the Early Stage
▪At the End of Dormant Period and Initial Setting, the Coating Surrounding Cement Particles
Breaks up and the Hydration Continues
▪Hydration Proceeds and Hydration Products Gradually Fill in the Spaces between the
Cement Grains
Cement
HYDRATION OF CEMENT
FORMATION OF PASTE STRUCTURE
• Amount of Solids Increases and Free Water Decreases with Time
• Points of Contact are Formed Leading to Further Stiffening of Cement Paste
• Mobility of Cement particles Ceases at Later Stage due to Increased Hydration Products
and Points of Contact
• The Paste Becomes Rigid (Hard) and Final Set is Attained
• Hardening Continues with Additional Hydration (CSH, CAH, CAFH etc.) Leading to
Reduced Porosity
Cement
HYDRATION OF CEMENT
Cement
HYDRATION OF CEMENT
WATER REQUIREMENT FOR HYDRATION
• C3S Requires 24% Water
• C2S Requires 21% Water
• On Average, 23% Water is Required for Chemical Reaction with Portland Cement; This
Is Known as Chemically Combined or Bound Water
• For Continuous Hydration, Gel Pores Must Be Filled With Water; This Water Is Known
as Gel Water
• The Amount of Gel Water is about 15%
• Therefore, Approximately 38% Water Is Needed for Complete Chemical reaction and to
Occupy the Spaces within Gel Pores
• Hydrated cement paste
composed of capillary pores
and hydration products
• Gel pores are the pores
within the structure of
hydration product
Cement
HYDRATION OF CEMENT
DEGREE OF HYDRATION
• Provides a Measure for How Much Cement Compounds Are Consumed
to Produce Hydration
• Function of Time; Increases with Time
• Cement Compounds Decrease whereas Hydration Products Increase
With Higher Degree of Hydration
• In Reality, 100% Degree of Hydration is Quite Impossible, Particularly at
Lower W/C Ratio
Cement
HYDRATION OF CEMENT
Cement
HYDRATION OF CEMENT
RATE OF HYDRATION
• Indicates How Faster or Slower the Cement Hydration
Takes Place
• Depends on the Mineralogical Composition of Cement
• Rate of Hydration of Silicate Compounds Is Lower than
That of Aluminate Compounds
• Hydration Rate Is Very Low for C2S Compound
Cement
HYDRATION OF CEMENT
HEAT OF HYDRATION
• Heat Evolved during Hydration Process
• Depends on the Type of Cement
• Depends on the Mineralogical Composition (Type and Amount of
Cement Compounds) of Cement
• Maximum Heat is Evolved in Case of C3S and for Rapid
Hardening Cement
• Least Heat is Evolved in Case of C2S and for Low Heat Cement
Cement
HYDRATION OF CEMENT
Heat of Hydration for Different Cement Compounds
Compound Heat of Hydration
J/g Cal/g
C3S 502 120
C2S 260 62
C3A 867 207
C4AF 419 100
Cement
HYDRATION OF CEMENT
STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT WITH HYDRATION
• Strength Development in Hardened Cement Paste Depends on the
Mineralogical Composition of Cement
• C3S is the Major Strength Contribution at the Early Stage (First
4 Weeks)
• C2S Contributes to Later Strength gain (After 4 Weeks)
• Both C3S and C2S Contributes almost Equally after One Year
• Contributions of C3A and C4AF to Strength Gain are Relatively
Insignificant
Cement
SETTING AND HARDENING OF CEMENT
SETTING
• Used to Describe the Stiffening of Cement Paste
• Refers to a Change from a Fluid State to Rigid State
• Occurs when Cement Gel Grows and Extends to Its
Neighbouring Particles
• Exhibit Very Little Strength gain
• Two Kinds of Normal Setting: Initial Setting and Final Setting
Cement
SETTING AND HARDENING OF CEMENT
HARDENING
• A Process for a Cement Paste to Harden and Gain Strength
• Mainly Refers to the Gain of Strength of a Set Cement Paste
although the Cement Paste Acquires Some Strength during Setting
• This Process Occurs after Final Setting with the Increase in Gel
Volume
• The Strength of Cement Paste Increases as Hardening Progresses
• Maximized with the Formation of Hydration Products
Cement
SETTING AND HARDENING OF CEMENT
Initial Setting
• A State beyond which the Paste is No Longer Plastic and Workable
• Beginning of Noticeable Stiffening in the Cement paste
• Corresponds to a Rapid Rise Temperature
Final Setting
• The State beyond which the Paste Becomes a Rigid Mass with
Considerable Strength
• Stiffening Ends and Paste State to Gain Strength
• Corresponds to the Peak Temperature
Cement
SETTING AND HARDENING OF CEMENT
Abnormal Setting - False Setting and Flash Setting
False Setting
• Abnormal Premature Stiffening of Cement Paste within a Few Minutes of
Mixing of Cement with Water
• No Heat Generation
• Mainly Caused by the Dehydration of Gypsum when Interground with too Hot
Clinkers
• May Be Associated with Excessive Alkalis Present in Cement
• May Be due to Activation of C3S Followed By Rapid Hydration
• Can Be Overcome by Remixing without Adding Further Water
Cement
SETTING AND HARDENING OF CEMENT
Flash Setting
• Abnormal Premature Stiffening of Cement Paste Immediately
after Mixing of Cement with Water
• Large Heat Generation
• Due to Violent Reaction of True C3A with Water
• Caused by the Inadequate Addition of Gypsum during Cement
production
• Can Be Overcome by Remixing with Adding Further Water, but it
May Reduces the Strength
Cement
PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
MAJOR PROPERTIES
▪ Density and Relative Density
▪ Bulk Density
Be sure to search for videos to
▪ Fineness visualize some of these tests!
▪ Soundness
You’ll be performing some of
▪ Consistence these lab tests in Year 2!
▪ Setting Time (Initial and Final)
▪ Strength (Tensile and Compressive)
Cement
PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
Density and Relative Density
• Density is defined as the mass of a unit volume of Test for Density:
cement, excluding air o Can be determined by
using a Le Chatelier
• It is not an indication of cement quality but useful for
flask and kerosine
mixture proportioning
o Density of cement =
• The density of cement ranges from 3.10 to 3.25 g/cm3 Mass of cement/equal
volume of kerosine
• The relative density of cement is obtained by dividing displaced by cement
its density with the density of water at 4C, which is
1g/cm3
• Relative density of cement is a dimensionless number
• Most often a relative density of 3.15 is used cement
Cement
PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
Bulk Density
• Defined as the mass of cement plus air between particles per unit volume
• Largely depends on the placement condition
• Higher when placed by consolidation
• Can vary from 830 kg/m3 (when uncompacted) to 1650 kg/m3 (when
compacted by vibration)
• Therefore use of cement by mass is a good practice
Cement
PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
Fineness Test for Fineness:
• Related to both particle size and surface area o Can Determined by Using Blaine
Apparatus
• Fineness increases with lower particle size and higher surface area o Measures Fineness with Respect
• Influences cement hydration because reaction starts on the surface of to Specific Surface Area
cement particles o Fineness = Ss (T/Ts)
o In the range of 3000-5000 cm2/g
• Both degree and rate of hydration increase with higher cement fineness
• Increased fineness accelerates strength gain
• Fineness of cement can be increased with more grinding, which involves
more cost
• Increased fineness increases cohesiveness of fresh concrete; requires more
water for given workability
• May increases the risk of shrinkage
Cement
PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
Soundness
• Refers to the ability of cement to retain its volume when
mixed with water and hardened
• A cement is sound when the set cement paste does not
undergo a large volume change
• Sound cement becomes unsound due to the presence
of free lime, magnesia, and calcium sulphate
• Unsound cement may cause cracks and spalling in
hardened cement paste and concrete
• Expansion measured using Le Chatelier apparatus
should be less than 10 mm
Cement
PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
Consistence
• Ability of cement to flow in wet (paste) state
• Physical state of cement at certain water content
• Indicates relative mobility of a freshly mixed cement paste
• Directly related to the water content
Test for Normal Consistence
o Determined by using a Vicat apparatus
o Water content is found that produces a plunger (10mm diameter)
penetration of 6±2 mm from the base of Vicat apparatus
o Water content is expressed as a weight percentage of dry cement (usually
26% to 33%)
Cement
PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
Setting Times
• Time taken from the addition of water to the cement until “Final Set” is
achieved
• Initial setting time refers to the time required to reach “Initial Set” (6±3 mm
between needle and base plate of Vicat apparatus)
• Final setting time refers to the total time required to reach “Final Set”
(produces needle penetration of 0.5 mm into the specimen)
• Final setting time is extended until the hardening starts
Test for Setting Time
o Determined by using a Vicat apparatus (but using needle instead of plunger)
o Initial setting time: Generally should not be less than 60 min
o Final setting time: Should not be more than 10 hours
Cement
PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
Strength
• Mechanical strength of hardened cement paste
• Usually expressed in terms of compressive strength
• Cement paste is very strong in compression but very weak
in tension
• Depends on its cohesive and adhesive properties
• Depends on the composition and fineness of cement
Cement
PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
Test for Strength
o Usually determined with respect to compressive strength
o Conducted on mortar cubes/ prisms
o In the mortar Test, a 1:3 cement-sand (standard sand) mortar is
used
oThe W/C ratio corresponds to 0.50 by weight
o The compressive strength of mortar should not be less than the
minimum strength specified
Cement
PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
Test for Strength
Most common cement used is
Ordinary Portland cement (OPC)
Strength class 42.5N
EN-197-1 Cement – Part 1: Composition, specifications and conformity criteria
for common cements
Cement
SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS
- Finely Ground Mineral-Based Solid Materials Used with Cement
Types:
1. Cementitious (has hydraulic activity)
◦ Slag Mode of Use:
• As an Addition to Cement
2. Pozzolanic • As a Partial Replacement of
◦ Silica Fume, Class F Fly Ash, Metakaolin Cement
3. Cementitious and Pozzolanic • As a Component of Blended
◦ Class C Fly Ash Cement
4. Non-reactive
◦ Limestone powder, Hydrated Lime, Silica Flour
Cement
SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTING MATERIALS
Fly Ash (also known as pulverized fuel ash):
o Finely Divided Residue Obtained from the Combustion of Pulverized Coal in Electric
Power station
o A Powder Resembling Cement
o Has Been Used in Concrete since 1930s
o Generally Tan or Grey in Color and Cheaper than Cement
o Can Be Pozzolanic (Class F) or Both Cementitious and Pozzolanic (Class C)
o Lighter than Cement (Relative Density: 1.9 to 2.8)
o Ash Particles are Spherical
o At Least the Same Fineness as Cement
Cement
SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTING MATERIALS
Fly Ash:
o Typical Average Particle Size: 15 to 20 µm
o Typical Surface area: 300 to 500 m2/kg
o Most Particles are Solid Spheres and Some Are Hollow Cenospheres; Also Present
Are Plerospheres
o Mostly Composed of Silicate Glass Containing silica, Alumina, Iron Oxides and Lime
o Two Classes:
▪ Class F (Low-Calcium)
▪ Class C (High-Calcium)
o Used as 15 to 40% of Cement (Lower Proportion for Class F, 15 to 25%), Suitable
Level can Improve Workability of Concrete
Cement
SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTING MATERIALS
Fly Ash:
Fly Ash under Scanning Electron Microscope:
Fly Ash sample Solid Spheres Shape
Cement
SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTING MATERIALS
Silica Fume:
o Also known as Microsilica or Condensed Silica Fume
o Generated during the Manufacture of Silica or Ferro-Silica Alloy
o Solid Powder in Grey Color
o Highly Reactive Pozzolanic Supplementary Cementing material
o Essentially Composed of Silicon Dioxide (Greater than 85%) in Non-Crystalline (Amorphous Form)
o By-Products but Expensive
o Spherical Particle Size 0.1 µm, About 100 times Smaller than Average Cement Particles
o Extremely High Surface Area; About 20,000 m2/kg by Nitrogen Adsorption Method
o Lighter than Cement (Relative Density: 2.20 to 2.25)
o Generally Used as 5 to 10% of Cement
Cement
SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTING MATERIALS
Silica Fume:
Silica Fume sample Silica Fume under Scanning Electron Microscope
Cement
SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTING MATERIALS
Slag:
o Obtained as a Non-Metallic By-Products during the Manufacturing Process of Iron
o White in Color
o Has Been Used since 1900s
o Average Particle Size Similar to Cement and Fly Ash Cementing material
o Used in Much Higher Proportions than Other Supplementary Cementing Materials
Cement
SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTING MATERIALS
Slag:
o Consisting Essentially of Silicates and Aluminosilicates of Calcium
o Not Much Lighter than Cement; Relative Density Varies in the Range of 2.85 to 2.95
o Rough and Angular Particle Shape
o Hydrates and Sets in a Manner Similar to Portland Cement
o Up to 70% of Cement or More Can Be Used (Normally High Amount is Blended to
Reduce Heat of Hydration of Portland Cement)
o Should Not Be More than 50% for Good Durability
Cement
SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTING MATERIALS
Slag:
Ground granulated blast furnace slag
GGBS under Scanning Electron Microscope
(GGBS) sample
Cement
SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTING MATERIALS
Metakaolin:
o Highly Reactive Processed Natural Pozzolan from Kaolin Clay
o White in Color
o Angular Particle Shape
o Coarser than Silica Fume but Finer than other Most Common Supplementary
Cementing Materials
o Average Particle Size: 1.5 µm
o Specific Surface Area Lower than Silica Fume
o Typically Used as 10% to 15% of Cement
Cement
SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTING MATERIALS
Metakaolin:
Metakaolin sample Metakaolin under Scanning Electron Microscope
Cement
SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTING MATERIALS
Metakaolin:
Microscopic image of cement Microscopic image of
particle metakaolin particle
Cement
SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTING MATERIALS
Cement
SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTING MATERIALS
Improves Durability Without SCM
o Reduces Porosity
o Reduces Transport Properties
o Increases Electrical Resistivity
With SCM
Cement
SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTING MATERIALS
Without SCM With SCM
Microscopic image of the internal structure of hardened concrete prepared with and without SCM
Cement
TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT
ASTM Cement Type
General purpose Type I
Moderate sulphate resistance Type II
High early strength Type III
Low heat of hydration Type IV
High sulphate resistance Type V
White colour White
Cement
TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT
ASTM Type I Cement (Ordinary Portland cement)
• General-Purpose Cement
• Normal Strength Development
• Low Resistance to Chemical Attack
• Low Resistance to Freezing and Thawing
• Suitable for All Uses where the Special Properties Are Not Required
Cement
TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT
ASTM Type II Cement
• Higher Heat of Hydration than Type V
• Generate Less Heat at Slower Rate than Type I Cement (OPC)
• Strength Gain Similar to Type I Cement
• Moderate Sulphate Resistance
• Suitable when a Moderately Low Heat Generation Is Desirable and
Where Moderate Sulphate Attack May Occur
• Used in Normal Structures Exposed to Soil, Seawater or Groundwater
Cement
TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT
ASTM Type III Cement
• Includes High C3S but Low C2S Contents
• Possesses More Finer Particles (Higher
Cement Fineness)
• Provides High Strength at an Early Age
(< 7 days)
• Accelerates Construction Process
• High Rate of Hardening
• High Heat of Hydration Example of using high early strength cement:
• Good for Cold-Weather Concrete Work To permit earlier formwork stripping/ removal
• Not Good for Mass Concrete Structure
Cement
TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT
ASTM Type IV Cement
• Low Heat of Hydration
• Maximum Heat 250 J/g at 7 Days and 290 J/g at 28
Days
• Lower Content of C3S and C3A
• Cement Fineness Must Not Be Less than 320 m2/kg
• Slower Strength Development than OPC (Type I)
• Early Strength Is Lower than that of OPC
• Suitable for Mass Concreting
Mass concreting of dam
using low heat cement
Cement
TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT
ASTM Type V Cement
• Gains Strength More Slowly than Type I Cement
• Heat Development Not Much Higher than that of Type IV Provides High
Sulphate Resistance
• Resists the Formation of Calcium Monosulphoaluminate that Results in
Expansion
• Low C3A Content (3.5% at 250 m2/kg Fineness)
• Low Gypsum Content
• Used for Concrete Exposed to Severe Sulphate Attack/Action
• Not Suitable for Exposure to Chlorides when Reinforcement is Present
Cement
TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT
Sulphate attack on concrete
Cement
TYPES OF CEMENT
European (EN) Cement Type
Ordinary
Portland cement CEM I Portland
Portland-composite cement CEM II cement
Blast furnace cement CEM III
Pozzolanic cement CEM IV
Composite cement CEM V
CEM I: Comprising Portland cement and up to 5% of minor additional constituents
CEM II: Portland cement and up to 35% of other single constituents
CEM III: Portland cement and higher percentages of blastfurnace slag
CEM IV: Portland cement and up to 55% of pozzolanic constituents
CEM V: Portland cement, blastfurnace slag or fly ash, and pozzolana
Cement
TYPES OF CEMENT
Example notation of CEM cement:
CEM II/A-S 42.5N
CEM Type II cement
A: high clinker content
S: slag (GGBS) content
42.5: strength in MPa of standard
sample made with the cement
N: normal setting; R: rapid hardening
EN -197-1 Cement – Part 1: Composition, specifications and conformity criteria
for common cements
Cement
SPECIAL HYDRAULIC CEMENT
•White cement
• High aluminate cement
Cement
SPECIAL HYDRAULIC CEMENT
White cement
• True Portland Cement with White Color
• Produced from China Clay
• Used Primarily for Architectural Purposes
• Cost is High (Twice that of OPC)
Cement
SPECIAL HYDRAULIC CEMENT
High alumina cement
• Not Portland Cement-Based
• Manufactured from Limestone or Chalk and Bauxite
• Major Cement Compounds are Calcium Aluminates
• High-Early Strength Gain (80% Strength Achieved at 1 day)
• High Rate of Heat Development (2.5 Times that of ASTM Type III cement)
• Minimum Alumina Content: 32%
• The Primary Hydration Products of Calcium Aluminate Are Not Stable. They May Be Converted
to a Stable Form in Moist Condition.
• The Conversion Process of Aluminate Hydration Products Increases Porosity, Hence Reduces
Strength
• More Expensive than ASTM Type III Cement
