Wildlife damage Management (brief introduction of pest

species and their impact)

Wildlife:
Animals that have not been domesticated or tamed and are usually living in
natural environment including botte game and non-game species non-cultivated
plants fungi, algae, lichens and even 'microorganisms Wildlife can be found in all
ecosystems.
Four areas where wild plant and animal species benefit human existence:
 Economic
 Medical and scientific.
 Aesthetic
 Recreational Ecological
Wildlife damage:
Wildlife pests cause losses in production the agriculture, forestry and livestock
keeping sectors and often result in damage to property and human injury and
death. Most losses occur in subsistence cropping systems and they are caused -
smaller pest species, such rodents.
Introduction of Pest species:
These Pest species may have many dangerous effects on Health, viability
Functioning of ecological communities, ecosystem and landscapes.
Pest species may not be very threatening, but these invades which.
are either small or large have destructive effects on wildlife.
 Invasive species:
“Invasive species are non-native species. These species have negative impact
Their Surroundings. They displace native species and disrupt important
ecosystem Processes.

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  Alien Species:
This implies introduction to a particular ecosystem, is considered as threat.
 Introduced Species:
An introduced species is a non-native species that has one way, or another
been integrated into the native environment by human or other means.
 Impacts of Pest Species:
These Species cause damage to food. Fibers, Crops, buildings, vehicles landscape
Other natural resources.
 They Cause Safety issues from wildlife attacks to human health Collisions,
and nuisance from noise.
And many others are unwanted behavior.
They cause economical social and biological damage.
 Wildlife damage management:
The aim of wildlife damage management is to prevent the conflicts caused by
animals, not the eradication of wildlife.
• Wildlife Damage in the US
Cost is ~$22 billion b annually.
Control is important due to.
 Expanding human populations
 Intensified land-use and practices
Wildlife damage Management must be:
 Wildlife damage Management must be based on Sound economic,
ecological and sociological principals.
 Carried out as positive, necessary Components Of wildlife management
programs.
 Actions must be justified, environmentally safe and in the public interest.
Four Principal components: -
1) Problem definition

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2) Ecology of the problem species
3) Management methods application
4) Evaluation of management effort
Problem definition:
 Species causing problem.
 Number of Animals
 Amount of loss
 Nature of Conflict
Ecology of the problem species:
Understanding the life history of the species, especially in relation to the conflict.
Management methods application:
Develop an appropriate management strategy using problem definition and
ecology of that specie.
Evaluation of management efforts:
Assess the results relative to cost and impact on target and non-target population.
Legal Requirements for Management:
It is important to understand the laws regarding target and non-target species.
 Capture, possession of killing of most mammals, Reptiles and amphibians
is regulated by State or provincial law.
 Federal regulations require that a depredation be obtained before most
migratory birds Can be captured, killed or transported to control
depredations.

WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT
Wildlife management, which is an important branch of conservation, is mainly
concerned with the protection, preservation, perpetuation and judicious control of
rare species of plants and animals in their natural habitats. Of the three general
approaches adapted towards wildlife management – laws restricting the numbers
killed, artificial stocking and the protection and improvement of habitats – the last
one is the most Important. If the habitats are destroyed or draw elastically altered,
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protective laws and artificial stocking are useless. Wildlife management includes
following fundamental approaches.
1. Enaction of wildlife Acts to prevent hunting of certain rare wildlife species.
2. Establishment of sanctuaries and game reserves, in order to provide protection
to a species of plant and animals of rare nature. 3. Most commonly an assemblage
of species is protected. For example, wetlands serve as refuge and nesting areas
for a variety of migratory waterfowls. Similarly, high alpine areas often protect a
very diverse forms of plants and associated fauna. The management of
assemblage protection is designed to provide maximum cover and food supply for
the migratory birds and to provide refuge from hunting.
4. Habitat preservation le. Reserves which are large and diverse enough to protect
whole sets of ecosystems are often designated as National Parks.
5. Endangered species are often helped to survive by breeding them in captivity.
Take the example of Hawaiian Goose, Branta sandvisensis. In 1990, this bird was
almost extinct. Then a few were brought to Wildfowl Trust Centre in England.
They bred successfully in captivity, and it was not long before, there were more
Hawaiian geese at this Centre than in the whole of the Hawaiian Islands. In 1996,
some of these were released in Hawaii where their numbers are now Increasing.
6. It is important to set up a microcomputer based National Wildlife Data Base to
Integrate information’s on the conservation status of species, habitat types,
biogeographical regions, administrative units, specific protected areas, and the
like.

 Principles of Wildlife Management:

 Wildlife management aims to halt the loss in the Earth's biodiversity, by
taking into consideration ecological principles such as carrying capacity,
disturbance and succession, and environmental conditions such as physical
geography, pedology and hydrology.

 Management techniques:
 There are two general types of wildlife management.

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  By Manipulative management involves regulating numbers of
animals directly by harvesting.
 By influencing numbers by altering food supply, habitat, density of
predators etc.
 Management Practices for Enhancing Wildlife Habitat:

 Brush piles.
 Controlling noxious weeds and non-native invasive plants.
 Creating snags.
 Establishing permanent vegetation for wildlife.
 Fencing and tree shelters.
 Forest edge improvement.
 Herbaceous forest openings.
 Nest boxes and other nesting structures.

 Importance of Wildlife Management:

 Wildlife management important not only for animals found in the area but
for the human species and our natural resources.
 As our species expands and takes more and more land, we must also protect
natural resources and the animals whose habitats surround us.
 Wildlife management works to keep all parties safe; this is through rules
and regulations for people, and the care and monitoring of the wildlife, all
in the efforts to keep all species safe.
 They manage the upkeep of hunting laws and registration, which helps
them to regulate the habitats of the species being hunted and their
populations.
 This can include both aquatic and land species, as they manage both
hunting grounds and fisheries around the state. Not only this but Mass
Wildlife takes car to provide opportunities such as, “Outdoor skills clinics,
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 wildlife education workshops, presentations, and online resources provide
all residents with a greater understanding and appreciation for wildlife
conservation.
 One goal of wildlife management is to keep the population low enough
through hunting, so the crash level is not reached.
 Reducing the impact of this boom-and-bust cycle prevents death and
suffering of the species involved, while also preventing habitat degradation
and waste of the wildlife resource.
 Generally, we apply wildlife conservation to species that are in danger of
becoming extinct by unnatural causes. These can be causes such as
pollution, climate change, unreasonable laws.
 Moreover, quotas can lead to excessive hunting and high number of wild
animals in captivity. Examples of this can be the pollution of water that
threatens marine wildlife. Or rise in water temperatures, resulting in the
Great Barrier Reef to lose its colors and large parts of the corals on reef to
die. The number of corals on the reef has declined by 89% since 2016.
 The Great Barrier Reef is also supporting thousands of different species
and marine mammals. Other examples are shootings of wolves; usually,
people do this to protect livestock like sheep rather than invest in fencing or
other measure to protect them. There is also a huge problem with
captivation of threatened species like elephants.