OSCILLATIONS
AND
WAVES
Presented by: Devansh Tyagi
INTRODUCTION
Oscillations and waves are fundamental concepts in
physics.
They describe many natural phenomena – from the
vibration of a guitar string to ocean waves and light.
We will explore types, properties, and real-world
applications.
WHAT IS OSCILLATION?
An oscillation, or
The motion of a point on the
vibration, is a special
hand of a clock is periodic
type of periodic motion
but not oscillatory, whereas
in which the system
the motion of a clock
moves back and forth
pendulum is periodic and
through an equilibrium
oscillatory.
position.
TERMINOLOGY OF
OSCILLATIONS
Amplitude (A):
Frequency (f): Number
Maximum Period (T): Time for
of cycles per second
displacement from one full cycle
equilibrium
FORMULA:
F= 1/T
A PERIODIC CHANGE OF A MATTER BETWEEN TWO VALUES OR ABOUT ITS CENTRAL VALUE IS ALSO A VERSION OF
OSCILLATION DEFINITION. AN OBJECT'S MECHANICAL OSCILLATIONS ARE DESCRIBED BY THE TERM VIBRATION.
TYPES OF OSCILLATIONS
Free Oscillations: Without external forces (e.g.
ideal pendulum)
Damped Oscillations: Include friction/resistance
(e.g. real pendulum)
Forced Oscillations: External periodic force is
applied
Resonance: Oscillations increase when external
frequency matches natural frequency
FREE OSCILLATIONS
Free oscillations refer to the natural,
unforced vibrations of a system at its
inherent frequency. These oscillations
occur when a system is displaced from its
equilibrium and allowed to oscillate
without any external force continually
driving the motion. Examples include a
pendulum swinging freely in a vacuum or
the sound produced by a plucked string.
DAMPED OSCILLATIONS
Damped oscillation refers to an oscillatory
motion where the amplitude of the oscillations
decreases over time due to energy dissipation,
eventually bringing the oscillations to a stop.
This contrasts with simple harmonic motion
(SHM), where oscillations maintain a constant
amplitude. The decrease in amplitude is caused
by forces that remove energy from the
oscillating system, such as friction or air
resistance
FORCED OSCILLATIONS
Forced oscillations, also known as driven
oscillations, occur when a system is
subjected to an external periodic force,
causing it to oscillate at the frequency
of the driving force, not necessarily its
natural frequency. If the driving
frequency matches the natural
frequency, resonance occurs, leading to
large amplitude oscillations.
RESONANCE
Resonance in physics is a phenomenon
that occurs when an object or system is
subjected to an external force or
vibration at its natural frequency,
causing it to oscillate with a large
amplitude. This large amplitude response
is a key characteristic of resonance. In
essence, it's when one vibrating object
causes another to vibrate with greater
amplitude due to matching frequencies.
WHAT IS A WAVE?
Think of ripples in a
A wave is a disturbance
pond after you drop a
that transfers energy
pebble – the water
through space or a
moves up and down, but
medium, without the
the water itself isn't
permanent displacement
traveling to the edge of
of the medium itself
the pond.
TYPES OF WAVES
1.Mechanical Waves
2.Electromagnetic Waves
3.Transverse Waves
4.Longitudinal Waves
TERMINOLOGY OF
WAVES
Wavelength (λ):
Distance between two Speed (v): How fast the
Frequency (f): Cycles wave travels
crests/troughs
per second (Hz)
WAVE EQUATION:
V=F× ΛV
MECHANICAL WAVES
Mechanical waves are vibrations in
matter that transfer energy through a
medium. They require a material to
propagate, unlike electromagnetic waves
which can travel through a vacuum
Examples of mechanical waves include
sound waves, water waves, and seismic
waves.
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Electromagnetic waves are disturbances
that transfer energy through space by
the interaction of electric and magnetic
fields. These waves can travel through a
vacuum, unlike sound waves, and are
characterized by their oscillating
electric and magnetic fields that are
perpendicular to each other and to the
direction of wave propagation. They
encompass a wide range of radiation
types, including radio waves, microwaves,
infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays,
and gamma rays.
TRANSVERSE WAVES
Transverse waves are a type of wave
where the wave's oscillations are
perpendicular (at right angles) to the
direction the wave travels. This means
that if a transverse wave is moving
horizontally, the particles in the wave
will be moving up and down.
LONGITUDINAL WAVES
A longitudinal wave is a wave where the
particle displacement is parallel to the
direction of wave propagation. In other
words, the wave's motion and the
movement of the medium's particles are
in the same direction.
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