PRELIM TOPIC HISTORY OF MEDTECH IN THE PHILIPPINES

①HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 1. 1565 HOSPITAL REAL-1st hospital established by

the Spaniards
2. 1578 SAN LAZARO HOSPITAL- built by the
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY- is an allied health
Franciscans to cater poor and lepers; oldest hospital in
profession that deals with chemistry, hematology,
PH
microbiology, and clinical microscopy.
3. 1596 HOSPITAL DE SAN JUAN DE DIOS- for the
History in a Global Context
poor Spaniards
 HIPPOCRATES (300 B.C- 180 A.D)- Father of
4. 1611- Dominicans founded the UST
Medicine; FOUR HUMOR
5. 1871- first faculty for medicine & pharmacy at UST
1. yellow bile with summer- choleric; anger &
publishing of journals of science & medicine
irascibility
2. black bile with autumn- melancholic; pensive
HISTORY OF MEDTECH IN SPANIARDS
sadness & old age
1. 1883- establish Board of Health & Charity
3. phlegm with winter- phlegmatic; to calmness &
2. 1887 LABORATORIO MUNICIPAL DE MANILA-
the intellect
food, water, clinical sample examination; Gen. Antonio
4. blood with spring- happiness & optimism; pure
Luna deployed as chem. Expert also pioneered the
blood humor & three humors
water testing, forensics, & environmental studies.
- advocated the tasting of urine, listening to the
lungs; the appearance of bubbles, blood, & pus in
HISTORY OF MEDTECH IN AMERICANS
urine indicated kidney disease & chronic illness.
1. 1898 SPANISH MILITARY HOSPITAL- first reserve
 GALEN- Greek physician & philosopher
hospital by Lt. Col. Henry Lipincott (Chief Surgeon)
- diabetes as “diarrhea of urine”; established the
2. 1901 BUREAU OF GOV’T LABORATORIES-
relationship between fluid intake and urine volume;
damaged on WWII/ PH commission Act No. 156
diabetes = excessive urination
3. 1905- reorganized the BGL into Bureau of Science;
3P’s: Polyuria- excessive urination; Polydipsia-
worked with Philippines General Hospital and UP
excessive thirst; Polyphagia- a rise in appetite
4. JUNE 1927 PUBLIC HEALTH PROGRAM- opening
 WATER CASTING/UROSCOPY- in medieval
of the certificate by UP.
Europe era an examination thru urine & placed in a
decorative flask; ouron as urine & skopeo as to
HISTORY OF MEDTECH IN AMERICANS
examine
1. WORLD WAR II MANILA PUBLIC HEALTH LAB-
 THEOPHILUS PROTOSPATHARIUS (900 AD) -
first clinical laboratory
1st manuscript focused exclusively in urine “De
2. JUNE 1945- US Army left & MPHL (non-operational)
Urinis Libellus 1703”
endorsed to the National Dept. Of Health
 11TH CENTURY- physicians are prohibited to
3. OCTOBER 1945- MPHL was reopened by Dr. Pio de
conduct physical examination; relied solely on the
Roda with the help of Dr. Mariano Icassiano
patient’s description of symptoms & observation
4. 1954 BUREAU OF PRIVATE EDUCATION- 4 year
 18TH CENTURY- medical techniques & cadaver
course for medtech
dissection to give accurate diagnosis
5. 1954 MANILA SANITARIUM & HOSPITAL- 1st
 19TH CENTURY- machines for diagnosis
school of medtech in PH
Spirometer by John Hutchinson (lungs)
6. 1954 DR. JESSE UMALI- 1st graduate as MT at Phil.
Sphygmomanometer by Jules Herisson (bp)
Union College (Adventist University of the PH)
INVENTIONS IN 1800s
INVENTIONS
1. Stethoscope (1816)- Rene Laennec
1. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1660)- microscope/
2. Microscope (1840)- Antonnie van Leeuwenhoek
Father of MIcrobiology
3. Ophthalmoscope (1850)- Hermnann von Helmholz
2. Edward Jenner (1796)- immunology/ vaccine small
4. Laryngoscope (1855)- Manuel Garcia
pox
5. X-ray (1859)- Wilhelm Roentgen
3. Marie Francois Xavier Bichat (1880)-
INVENTIONS IN 1900s
histology/tissue
1. Electrocardiograph (1903)- William Einthoven
4. Agostino Bassi (1835)- bacteriology
2. Kenny Method (1910)- Elizabeth Kenny
5. Louis Pasteur (1857)- immunity to rabies
3. Drinker respirator (1927)- Philip Drinker
6. Gregor Mendel (1866)- studies on plants
4. Heart-lung machine (1939)- Hermann von Helmholz
7. Joseph Lister (1870)- infection cause airborne
5. Cardiac catheterization and Angiography (1941) -
8. Robert Koch (1877)- bacilli (anthrax) later tubercle
developed by Moniz, Reboul, & Rousthoi
basilli
9. Elie Metchinkoff (1886)- phagocytes in blood
HISTORY OF MEDTECH IN UNITED STATES
10. Ernst Von Bergmann (1886)- steam steralization
1. 1918 JOHN KOLMER- certify medical technology on
11. Karl Landsteiner (1902)- ABO blood group
a national scale
12. August Von Wassermann (1906)- immunologic test
2. 1920 CHIEF PHYSICIANS- as head of the laboratory;
to syphilis
Division of Clinical Lab (Clinical Pathology, Bacteriology,
13. Howard Ricketts (1906)- bacteria & virus=
Microbiology, Radiology, Serology)
rickettsiae
3. 1922 FOUNDATION OF THE ASCP- established
14. Hans Fischer (1929)- hemoglobin
code of ethics; subgroup American Society for Clinical
15. Jonas Salk (1954)- poliomyelitis vaccine/ virologist
Laboratory Science (formerly known as ASMT)
4. 1950- professional recognition thru licensure law
16. James Westgard (1973)- westgard rules for clinical 4. Be honest in practice
laboratory 5. Ensure timely delivery of results
17. Baruch Samuel Blumberg (1980)- hepa B vax 6. Demonstrate professionalism
18. Kary Mullis (1985)- polymerase chain reaction 7. Uphold confidentiality
(PRC) 8. Collaborate with other health care professional
19. Andre van Steirteghem (1992)- intracytoplasmic 9. Conduct research
sperm injection (IVF) 10. Involvement in health promotion programs
20. James Thomson (1998)- first human stem cell line
LABORATORY PERSONNEL
②NATURE OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
1. PHATOLOGIST
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST (Clinical Laboratory  Clinical Pathologist- licensed physician with
Technologist/Medical Laboratory Scientist)- who additional training in clinical lab medicine
performs most of these laboratory tests; involved in the  Anatomic Pathologist- licensed physician usually
examination & analysis of body fluids, tissue & cells. trained for 4-5yrs after graduating; examined
- analyze chemical content of fluids, match blood for surgically removed specimen like autopies &
transfusion & test drug and analyze the result and relay papsmears
then to physicians
2. MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGIST/
 WORK- academe, forensics, research CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENTIST- RMTs;
 ROLES- special procedure & confidential examine blood, body fluids, urine, stool, CSF;
operate machines and release the result; conduct
PERSONALITY OF A MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST research activities and perform full range special
 Professionalism  Honest test like HIV test & cancer test
 Caring  Reliable
 Trustworthy  Confident 3. MEDICAL TECHNICIANS- assist a medical
technologist; not allowed to release results; not a
 ACCURACY- closeness of the result/actual value board passer; documentation, eye vision & not a
color blind
 PRECISION/REPRODUCIBILITY- close together
4. PHLEBOTOMIST- draw/collect blood specimen for
 RESULTS- printed, written, email, text given by the laboratory teting; trustworthy, confident &
physicians or nurse professional “eyes and ears of the doctors”

 CONFIDENTIALITY- Health Insurance Portability 5. HISTOTECHNOLOGIST- specialize preparation for

and Accountability Act (HIPAA) 1996; require tissue specimen; prepare only
privacy of patient’s information
6. CYTOTECHNOLOGIST- detect changes in body
 COLLABORATION- physicians & Med. Techs cells; examine under the microscope; detects early
sign cancer
 PRACTICE- procedure of scientific activity; wide
range of technologies to diagnose diseases; a 7. NUCLEAR MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST- highly
paramount filled of scientific investigation (drug processional & imaging test
testing)
8. TOXICOLOGIST- scientific test to identify any drug
ETHICS MORALS or chemical present; management & prevention of
- following the rules - own principles drug intake
- guiding principles - right and wrong
- influenced by profession, - influenced by society,
③ETHICS
filed, organization, etc. culture, & religion
- related to professional - not related professional
work work - ETHOS which means “way of living and/or theory of
- uniformed compared to - may vary according to living; philosophical and practical science that deals
morals different culture & religions with the study of morality of human acts or human
conduct.

INTERVENTING IN THE MEDICAL PROCEDURE 1. ETHICAL SCHOOL OF THOUGHT

 Medtech as clinical eye in diagnosing infection/  INDIVIDUAL- no objective standard of right and
disease; study science wrong
 Explicit application of science & technology  SOCIAL- cultural or social views
 Evidentiary information in medicine
A. ETHICAL PRAGMATISM (like fact)- justify
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF MEDICAL needs; theory of knowledge, truth, and meaning
TECHNOLOGY PROFESSIONALS rather than morality. Applied in terms of decision
1. Perform clinical laboratory testing making and moral reasoning
2. Perform special procedures  IDEALISM (like ideas)- morality flows from
3. Ensure accuracy & precision of results individual, adherence to their ideas & principles
  REALITISM (like facts)- reality and possible 2. GENETIC DIAGNOSIS- identify proteins or
consequences fragment of DNA; diagnose a disease
 ALTRUISM (like others)- influenced by others;
morality flow from serving the best interest of the PROCEDURES OF GENETIC ENGINEERING
group 1. Genetic Screening- early diagnoses of disease
 INDIVIDUALIST- self-interest, dependent & 2. Genetic Intervention- control, therapy, & surgery
individual pursuing deadness 3. Stem-cell therapy- to treat & prevent disease
4. In vitro Fertilization- laboratory fertilization
B. ETHICAL UTILITARINISM- rightness &
wrongness of actions is determined by their PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
consequences; moral calsulus - applies to workplace and professional
C. ETHICAL RELATIVISM- moral relativism; - act according to standard of behavior
morality is relative to the norms of a particular - have their own rules of conduct & standard of behavior
culture (ex. Some cultures may accept certain
acts that are unacceptable to other cultures) ETHICAL BEHAVIOR FOR MED TECHNOLOGIES
 impartially and objectivity  openness
2. MORAL ISSUES- people are having hard time or in  care & diligence  reliability tat work
difficult decision as to whether an action is acceptable or  fidelity or loyalty to professional
not.  avoidance or conflict of interest
 confidentiality
A. ABORTION- termination of a pregnancy
MIDTERM TOPIC
2 WAYS OF ABORTION ①MEDICAL TERMINOLOGIES
i. Medical Abortion- taking a pill; cheap & non-
- derived from Greek & Latin words.
invasive
ii. Surgical Abortion- removal of fetus in the
ROOT WORDS- main part of the medical term denotes
womb
the meaning of the word
United Kingdom Abortion Act of 1967
Ex.
- greater risk to the mother
Colo- colon hemat- blood
- greater risk to the physical and mental health of mother
phlebo-vein aero-air
- greater risk for the physical or mental health to the
PREFIX- beginning of the term; how meaning is assign
child of the mother
to the word
- baby will be born with a serious physical & mental
Ex.
stability
a-/an- without, absence poly- - many
ETHICAL & MORAL ISSUES FOR ABORTION:
Hyper- above or increase pre- -before
 Opinion of the church  Consequences
 Deformities Emotionally unprepared
SUFFIX- terminal- at the end pf the term’; denotes the
 Legal implication  Pius
meaning of the root words
 Pre-marital sex  Unwed mother
Ex.
-megaly - enlargement -emia- blood
B. EUTHANASIA- mercy killing or easy death
-uria - urine -ostomy- to make opening
VOLUNTARY - gives consent to subject
EUTHANASIA himself/herself to a painless RULE: If the suffix with a consonant, a combining vowel
death need to be used (usually letter O). The combining vowel
NON- - without the patient’s notice; is added between the root word and the suffix.
VOLUNTARY comatose patients Ex. Hemat + logy = hematology (study of blood)
EUTHANASIA
INVOLUNTARY - individual does not give his or The plural form of medical term is made by changing the
EUTHANASIA her consent end of the word and not by simply adding S.
SINGULAR PLURAL
CLASSIFICATION Bacterium bacteria
TYPES OF EUTHANASIA: Nucleus nuclei
 Active- lethal substance or forces are used to end life Thrombus Thrombi
 Passive- life saving and life prolonging treatment; Bacillus bacilli
removing life support Ovum ova
Spermatozoon spermatozoa
C. GENETIC ENGINEERING
- artificial manipulation, modification,and ROOT WORDS
recombination of DNA or other muscles in order to Cardio- heart arthro- joint
modify organism or population Myo- muscle heap/hepato- liver
- 1972 1st isolate DNA segment from DNA virus to Arterio- artery pyo- pus
bacteria Cyto- cell cranio- skull
Thrombo- clot pyro- fever
ETHICAL OF MORAL ISSUES Nephro- kidney osteo- bone
1. DNA CLONING- create plans; making copies of
DNA used for research and create plans
PREFIXES 1967  Smallpox- the increasing mortality &
Iso- same pseudo- fake morbidity; WHO pursued the eradication of
Micro- small mono- one the virus
Macro- large nano- billionth  serious concerns about the bio safety
Intra- inside/within hypo- decrease practices were raised
Anaero- w/o oxygen homo- same, like  Is where the remaining virus stocked
Cryo- cold neo- new  Center of Disease and Prevention (CDC)
in US
SUFFIXES  State Research of Virology and
-itis - inflammation -poiesis- formation Biotechnology VECTOR (SRCVB
-megaly- enlargement -meter- measure VECTOR) in Russia
-blast- young -ectomoy- surgical removal 1974  CDC published the Classification of
-cidal- killing off -emia- blood condition Etiological Agents on the Basis of
-pathy- disease -penia- deficiency Hazard
-oma- tumor, growth -tome- cutting instrument
1976  NIH Guidelines for Research Involving
Recombinant DNA Molecules- explained
ABBREVIATIONS
in detail the microbiological practices,
VDRL- Venereal Disease Research Laboratories
equipment and facility necessarily
AIDS- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
corresponding to 4 ascending level of
AIDs- Autoimmune disorder/disease
physical containment
AMI- Acute Myocardial Infarction
 Code of Bio safety Practice
BUN- Blood Urea Nitrogen
 Classification of Etiological Agent on the
2PPBS- 2 hrs Postprandial blood sugar
Basis of Hazard
PCQACL- PH Council for Quality Assurance in the
 NIH Guidelines for Research Involving
Clinical Laboratories
Recombinant DNA Molecules
NPO- Nothing Per Orem
 WHO’s Laboratory Bio safety Manual (1983)
BAP- Blood Agar Plate
 CDC & NIH’s Bio safety in Microbiological &
Biomedical Lab (1984)
②BASIC CONCEPTS ON LABORATORY
1984  the formation of American Biological Safety
BIOSAFETY & BIOSECURITY
Association (ABSA)
Brief History of Laboratory Bio-safety
1907-  Arnold Wedum- described the use of
Brief History of Laboratory Bio-security
1908 mechanical pipettors to prevent LAI
1966  Select Agent Regulation (US
government) - monitors the transfer of a
1909  A ventilated cabinet suffice to prevent select list of biological agents from one
infection of mycobacterium tuberculosis facility to another
2001  Terrorist attach and the Amerithrax
1943  Is when the origins of bio safety rooted in  Revision of Select Agent Regulations-
North America & Western Europe the requirement of specific security
 Ira L. Baldwin (scientific calculator of camp measure for any facility in the US that
detrick) used or stored one or more agent on the
 first scientific director of Camp Detrick new, longer list of agents
 established the biological weapons program 2012  Revised Select Agent Regulation Tier
for defensive purpose 1 agents- materials that pose the
 it enables the US to respond if attached by greatest risk of deliberate misuse, and
such weapons the remaining select remaining agent.
1944  Arnold Wedum- director of Industrial
Health & Safety at the US Army Biological
Research Laboratories  Singapore’s Biological Agents and Toxins-
 was recognized as on the pioneers of similar with US regulation but with more severe
biosafety penalties for non-compliance
 Act of Prevention of Infectious Disease in 2005
After  Newell A. Johnson- designed modification (South Korea)- requires institution that work with
WWII for bio safety at Camp Detrick; developed “highly dangerous pathogens” to implement lab
Class III safety cabinets and laminar flow biosafety & biosecurity
 Infectious Disease Control Law (Japan)- under
1966  Wedum and Morton Reitman- analyzed Japan’s MInistry of Health, Labor, and Welfare;
multiple epidemiological studies of established 4 schedules of select agent that are
laboratory-based outbreaks subjected to different reporting & handling
 In Canada- canadian containment level (CL) 3 and
CL 4 facilities that work with risk group 3 or 4 are
required to undergo certification
 Danish Parliament- gives the Minister of Health
and Prevention the authority to regulate the
 possession, manufacture, use, storage sale, Biological  Goes by the tagline “assess,
purchase or other transfer, distribution, transport, Risk mitigate, monitor”
and disposal of listed biological agents. Association
Philippines
Local and International Guidelines on Laboratory (BRAP)
Biosafety & Biosecurity
1. Comite European de Normalisation Workshop Fundamental Concepts of Laboratory Biosafety and
Agreement 15793 (CEN Workshop) Biosecurity
 established in February 2008 Biosafety
 published by European Committee for  It protect people from germs
Standardization  WHO laboratory biosafety manual defines: the
 offers a mechanism where stakeholders can containment principles, technologies, and practices
develop consensus standards and requirements in that are implemented to prevent unintentional
an open process exposure to pathogens and toxins, or their
2. Laboratory Biosafety Manual (3rd edition) accidental release
 published by WHO in 1983  It focuses on the lab procedures & practices to
 includes the information of the different level of prevent exposure and acquisition
containment laboratories, different types of
biological safety cabinets, good microbiological tech Biosecurity
 puts emphasis on the continuous monitoring and  It protects germs from people
improvement directed by a biosafety officer and the  the protection, control, & accountability, for valuable,
biosafety committee biological materials within laboratories, in order to
3. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (CPB) prevent their unauthorized access, loss, theft,
 Effective in 2003 misuse, diversion, or intentional release
 Ensures “an adequate level of protection in the field  Practice in handling biological material & sensitive
of safe transfer, handling, and use of living modified information falls under biosecurity.
organism (LMOs) resulting from modern
biotechnology. Biohazard
4. National Committee on Biosafety of the  Defines a any biological or chemical substance that
Philippines (NCBP) is dangerous to humans, animals, or the
 Established under E.O 430 series of 2009 environment
 Formed by the advocacy efforts of scientist
 Focuses on the organizational structure of biosafety Biohazard Symbol
5. National Biosafety Framework (NBF) of the  Created by Charled Baldwin in 1966
Philippines  used in labelling biological materials carrying
 Promogulated by E.O 514 on March 17, 2006 significant health risk
 Played an important role in pioneering the
establishment and development of the current Categories of Microorganisms According to Risk
biosafety system of the country Groups
 Acknowledge by as model system for developing
countries Risk Groups- based on the agent’s pathogenicity, mode
 Also applicable in DA and DOH; signed on May 24, of transmission host range, and the availability of
2000 preventive measure and effective treatment
Different Organizations in the field of Biosafety
American  Founded in 1984
Risk  Microorganism that is unlikely to
Biological  Promotes biosafety as a scientific
Group cause human or animal disease
Safety discipline and provides guidance
1  Low individual & community risk
Association to its members
(ABSA)
Risk  Unlikely to significant risk
Asia-Pacific  Founded in 2005 Group  Has effective treatment & preventive
Biosafety  Members: Singapore, Brunei,
2 measures; risk spread limited
Association China, Indonesia, Malaysia,
 Moderate individual risk & limited
(A-PBA) Thailand, Philippines, Myanmar community risk
European  Founded in June 1996 Risk  Can cause disease
Biological  Aims to provide forum and Group  Has effective & preventive measure
Safety discussions and debates on 3 or treatment
Association issues of concerns & to  Has high individual risk with
(EBSA) represent those working in the moderate community risk
field of biosafety Risk  Produces a life-threatening disease
Philippine  Created by multi-disciplinary Group  Transmissible to one individual to
Biosafety & team with members coming 4 another
Biosecurity from the health & education  Treatment & prevent measure is not
Association sectors available
(PhBBA)  Members included from  Has high individual & community risk
executive, legislative,& judicial
branches of the government
 CATEGORIES OF LABORATORY BIOSAFETY  Encompasses the identification, understanding, and
ACCORDING TO LEVELS management aspects of a system in an interrelated
Biosafety levels process
 designed in ascending order, by degree of
protection provided to the personnel, the THREE PRIMARY COMPONENTS (2010)
environment, and the community 1. Assessment (A)
 Process of identifying hazards and evaluating the
Biosafety Level 1 (BSL-1) risk associated with biological agent and toxins
 viable microorganism that are defined and well- 2. Mitigation (M)
characterized strains known not to case disease in  Actions and control measure that are put into place
humans to reduce or eliminate the risk associated to
 Appropriate among undergraduate and secondary biological agents or toxins
educational training and teaching laboratories that 3. Performance (P)
require basic lab practices  Improving biorisk management through recording,
Ex. Bacillus subtilis , Naegleria gruberi , Infectious measuring, and evaluating, organizational actions
canine hepatitis virus and outcomes to reduce biorisk
 the models requires control measures be based on
Biosafety Level 2 a robust risk assessment, and a continuous
 deals with indigenous MODERATE-RISK agents evaluation of effective and suitability of the control
 Lab consequently observing good microbial measures.
techniques  AMP focuses on all components with equal
 handling human blood, body fluids, tissues attention
where there is uncertain presence of infectious
agents KEY COMPONENTS OF BIORISK MANAGEMENT
 Hand washing sinks and waste decontamination RISK- The possibility that something bad or
facility unpleasant will happen
Ex. Hepa B, HIV, Salmonella, Toxoplasma species
HAZARD- Anything in the environment that has
Biosafety Level 3 potential to cause harm
 Primary and secondary barriers in the protection of
the personnel from the infectious aerosol exposure LABORATORY RISK ASSESSMENT - An analytical
 Indigenous or toxic agents with potential for procedure designed to characterize and evaluate safety
respiratory transmission that may cause serious and security risk in a laboratory
and lethal infectious
Ex. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, St. Louis Encephalitis PROCESS OF RISK ASSESSMENT
Virus, Coxiela 1. Define the Situation
 Identify the hazards and risk of the bio agents to be
Biosafety Level 4 handled
 Dangerous and exotic agents that pose high  Identify the at-risk host inside and outside the lab
individual risk of life-threatening disease that may  Identify the work activities, procedures and
be transmitted via aerosol equipment, and lab environment
 No vaccine or treatment 2. Define the risk
 Separate building or completely isolated zone  Review how individuals inside and outside the
 Builds on BSL-3/ABSL-3 practices laboratory maybe exposed to the identified hazard
 Controlled by the laboratory supervisor in  The manner of exposure
accordance with the institution policies 3. Characterized the risk
Ex. Lassa Fever Virus, Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever Virus,  Compare the likelihood and the consequences of
Marburg Virus , Herpes B Virus infection
4. Determine if the risk are acceptable or not
③BIORISK MANAGEMENT AND THE AMP  The process of evaluating the biorisk arising from a
MODEL biohazard
 Adequacy of any existing controls
BIORISK
 Deciding whether or not the biorisk is acceptable
 Biological toxins or infectious agents
 Unintentional exposure to unauthorized access,
MITIGATION PROCESS
accidental release or loss, theft, misuse, diversion,
MITIGATION- The second fundamental component of
or intentional unauthorized release of biohazards
the biorisk management model
BIORISK MANAGEMENT
BIORISK MITIGATION MEASURES- The action and
 The integration of biosafety and biosecurity to
control measures
manage risk when working with biological toxins
are put into place
and infectious agents
to reduce or
 “A system or process to control safety and security
eliminate the risk
risk associated with the handling or storage and
associated with
disposal or biological agents and toxins in
biological agents
laboratories and facilities (CWA)
and toxins
  TCMTE- Technical Committee for the Medical
Elimination  Removing the risk Technology Education assist CHED to monitor
institution offering Med tech
Substitution  Substitution of a serious  BSMT/BSMLS four-year program- consist of
pathogen with one that is general education and professional courses for the
much less pathogenic first three years. Internship training for 4th year.
Engineering  Physical changes to work,  Commission issued CHED Memorandum Order
Controls station, equipment,& other (CMO) No. 13 series of 2017- guide institutions
relevant aspect of the work offering the program.
environment that reduce or
prevent exposure to GENERAL EDUCATION COURSES
hazard 1. Understanding the Self
Administrative  Policies, standard, and 2. Reading in Philippine History
Controls guidelines 3. The Contemporary World
 Practices & procedures 4. Mathematics in the Modern World
PPE  Devices worn by the 5. Purposive Communication
worker to protect against 6. The Life and Works of Rizal
hazards 7. Science, Technology, and Society
8. Art Appreciation
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION 9. Ethics
 The last pillar of the biorisk management model
 A systematic process intended to achieve GENERAL EDUCATION ELECTIVE COURSES
organizational objectives and goals 1. GE Elective 1 3. GE Elective 3
 Ensures that the implemented mitigation measures 2. GE Elective 2
are indeed reducing or elimination risk GENERAL EDUCATION MANDATED COURSE
 Can be eliminated or replaced 1. The Life and Works of Rizal
PHYSICAL EDUCATION COURSES
PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT 1. PE 1 3. PE 3
 A reevaluation of the overall mitigation strategy 2. PE 2 4. PE 4
NSTP COURSES
1. NSTP 1 2. NSTP 2

CORE COURSES/ GENERAL EDUCATION COURSES

IN MLS PROGRAM
- Foundational knowledge, skills, values, and
habits; Introduction

1. Inorganic and Organic Chemistry

2. Analytical Chemistry
3. Biochemistry for Medical Lab Science
4. Human Anatomy and Physiology with
Pathophysiology
5. Principles and Strategies of Teaching in Med
PREFINAL TOPIC Lab Science
①MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY/CLINICAL 6. Biostatistics and Epidemiology
7. Health Information System for Medical
LABORATORY SCIENCE EDUCATION
Laboratory Science
DEFINITION OF CURRICULUM
PROFESSIONAL COURSES
Glossary of Education Reforms
1. Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 1:
 Knowledge and skills students are expected to
Introduction to Medical Laboratory Science,
learn.
Laboratory Safety, and Waste Management
 Means and materials with which students interact
-Introduction to Medical Technology
for the purpose of achieving identified education
2. PMLS 2: Clinical Laboratory Assistance and
outcomes.
Phlebotomy
John Dewey
-application to laboratory
 Continuous reconstruction, moving from the child’s
3. Community and Public Health for MT/MLS
present experience out into that represented by the
-Foundation of community health
organized bodies of truth that we call studies.
4. Cytogenetics
Indiana Department of Education
-heredity and inheritance which includes genetic
 Planned interaction of students with instructional
phenomena & abnormalities
content, materials, resources, and processes for
5. Human Histology
evaluating the attainment of education objectives.
-fundamentals, structure and differentiation of
cells & tissue
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY CURRICULUM
6. Histophatologic Technique with Cytology
 CHED- lead/handle the MLS May 18, 1994 (RA No.
7722 Higher Education Act of 1992)
 -principloluble substance; sugar level,  Laboratory Management (collection, handling,
cholesterol, uric acid transport, and receiving specimens, quality
7. Clinical Chemistry 2 assurance, safety and waste management) - 40
-continuation of CC1; hormones, cancer antigen hours
increased  Phlebotomy - 54 hours
8. Seminar 1 & 2
-1st year to 4th year recap thru seminar; Total: 1,664 hours
internship traininges of disease processes,
etiology & tissue sample for diagnostic purposes LICENSURE EXAMINATION
9. Clinical Bacteriology - Conducted in order to identify graduates who
-physiology and morphology of bacteria & their possess the basic qualification
role in infection and immunity - PROFESSIONAL REGULATION
10. Clinical Parasitology COMMISSION (PRC) – administer licensure
-animal parasites in human; stool examination to different professional
11. Immunohematology and Blood Bank - PROFESSIONAL REGULATORY BOARD
-blood; cross matching; inheritance (PRB) - under PRC; tasked to prepare and
12. Mycology and Virology administer licensure examination for graduates
-fungi and viruses as agents of diseases qualified to take examination.
13. Laboratory Management
-chief med tech; maintaining a well-functioning 1. The course included in the licensure
laboratory examination and their corresponding weight are
14. Medical Technology Laws and Bioethics as follows:
-various law, administrative orders, and other  Clinical Chemistry 1 & 2 - 20%
legal documents  Microbiology and Parasitology
15. Hematology 1 (Bacteriology & Virology) - 20%
-introduction blood as a tissue; test, cbc,  Hematology 1 & 2 - 20%
hemoglobin; introduced anemia only  Blood Banking and Immunology and
16. Hematology 2 Serology - 20 %
-diseases; bleeding disorder e.g. leukemia;  Clinical Microscopy - 10 %
identification of abnormalities  Histopathologic Technique - 10 %
17. Clinical Microscopy MTLaws ad Bioethics and Laboratory
-urine and other body fluid except BLOOD Management Act of 1969– not written in R.A
18. Clinical Chemistry 1 5527 but now included
-Principles of physiologically active s 2. To pass the exam, an examinee must receive a
19. Molecular Biology and Diagnostics GWA of 75%, no rating below 50% in any major
-principles of test; proper growth, cell division, courses, and pass in at least 60% of courses
development, and DNA replication computed to their relative weights
20. Analysis of Urine and Body Fluids 3. Examinee passed the examination and is 21 yrs.
-under clinical microscope; CSF seminal fluid old and above will issued a certificate of
and sperm cell registration and a PRC licensed MT
4. Three times failed the examination needs to
RESEARCH COURSES enroll in a refresher course
1. Research 1: Introduction to Laboratory Science 5. If failed to pass the GWA of 70% - 74% may
Research apply certification as a medical laboratory
2. Research 2: Research Paper Writing and technician
Presentation
CLINICAL INTERNSHIP TRAINING PROGRAM GOALS AND LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Clinical Internship 1 (first 6 months) 1. Demonstrate knowledge and technical skills
2. Clinical Internship 2 (2nd semester) needed to correctly perform lab testing and
3. Medical Technology Assessment Program 1 & 2 ensure reliability of test results
(recap) 2. Be endowed with the professional attitude and
values
The intern is required to render 32 hours of duty per 3. Demonstrate critical thinking and problem
week not exceeding a total of 1,664 hours in one year. solving skills when confronted with situations,
This is broken down per section as follows (based on problems, and conflicts in the practice of their
CMO 13 s.2017) profession
4. Actively participate in self-directed lifelong
 Clinical Chemistry - 300 hours learning activities to be updated with the current
 Clinical Microscopy and Parasitology - 200 hours trends in the profession
 Microbiology - 250 hours 5. Actively participate in research and community-
 Hematology - 300 hours oriented activities
 Blood Banking - 200 hours 6. Be endowed with leadership skills
 Histopathologic techniques and Cytology - 100 7. Demonstrate collaboration, teamwork, integrity,
hours and respect when working in an multicultural
 Immunology and Serology - 220 hours environment
ASSESSMENT - Proper waste; liquid waste shall be discharged
1. Provides feedback, identifies the psychomotor accordance to law
skills, and deficiencies in the theoretical -
knowledge, help prepare additional exercises CLASSIFICATION OF CLINICAL LABORATORIES
and activities. 1. Clinical Pathology – clinical chemistry,
immunohematology and blood banking, medical
TYPES OF ASSESSMENT microbiology, immunology and serology,
1. Formative assessment- During or within hematology, etc. ; testing of blood and other
instructional process body fluids
2. Summative assessment- End of instructional/ 2. Anatomic Pathology – histopathology,
term like examination immunohistopathology, cytology, autopsy, and
3. Diagnostic assessment- given prior to forensic pathology; microscopic examination of
instruction/ before discussion tissues and organs

ASSESSMENT TOOLS ACCORDING TO INSTITUTIONAL CHARACTERISTIC

1. Teacher-made written tests – quizzes, long 1. Institution-based – operates within the
quiz, exams) premises or part of an institution such as
2. Reflection paper – writing skills hospital, school, medical clinic, and medical
3. Portfolios – gathered data/collection output facility
4. Performance task - practical procedures, ret 2. Free-standing – not part of an established
dem, move system institution; out-patient clinic laboratory
5. Oral examination and presentation- oral
communication skills ACCORDING TO OWNERSHIP
6. Rubrics – criteria 1. Government-owned – owned by the national or
local government units
JOB OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE GRADUATE OF THE 2. Privately-owned – established and operated by
PROGRAM an individual, corporation, institution, association,
1. Hospital-based or non-hospital based clinical or organization.
laboratory
2. Histotechnologist in an anatomical laboratory ACCORDING TO SERVICE CAPABILITY
3. Researcher/research scientist 1. Primary category- perform basic, routine
4. Member of academe laboratory testing like urinalysis, stool
5. Perfusionist examination, hematology or CBC that includes
6. Molecular scientist hemoglobin, hematocrit, WBC and RBC count
7. Diagnostic product specialist -microscopes, centrifuge, hematocrit centrifuge;
8. Public health practitioner toilet, sink, & pathologist area; 10 square
9. Health care leader meters
OTHER FIELDS: 2. Secondary category (hospital and non-
1. Molecular biology hospital-based) – primary category; clinical
2. Public health and Epidemiology chemistry test like blood glucose concentration,
3. Veterinary Laboratory Science blood urea nitrogen, blood uric acid, blood
4. Food and Industrial Microbiology creatinine, cholesterol
5. Veterinary Science - Centrifuge, hematocrit centrifuge, semi-
6. Forensic Science automated chemistry analyzer, autoclave,
7. Nuclear Medicine/Science incubator; serological test & bacteriological
8. Health Facility Administration and Management analysis; 20 square meters
9. Quality Management 3. Tertiary category (hospital and non-hospital
based) – performed secondary category test
②NATURE OF THE CLINICAL LABORATORY plus ① immunology and serology②
microbiology, bacteriology, mycology ③special
CLINICAL LABORATORY clinical chemistry ④special hematology
- Bacteriology, biochemical, microscopical, ⑤immunohematology and blood banking
serological, or parasitological test -equipment includes seen in secondary category
- Construction of the facility; no hazard to the life with automated chemistry analyzer, biosafety
& safety of patients, personnel and public exist cabinet class II, serofuge; 60 square meters
- Capable of withstanding weight and elements to 4. National Reference Laboratory- government
which they may be subjected hospital designed by the DOH to provide special
- Sufficient illumination and adequate ventilation diagnostic function and services for certain
to enable personnel in the performance of work disease.
and to ensure comfort -referral services, confirmatory testing,
- Floor, walls, ceiling, fixture, and furniture shall assistance for research activities,
be of sturdy materials that shall allow durability implementation of External Quality Assurance
- Proper maintenance shall be provided to Programs (EQAP); seminar
prevent breakdown of the building and
equipment
LAWS ON THE OPERATION, MAINTENANCE, AND ④ provide and efficient laboratory services
REGISTRATION OF CLINICAL LABORATORIES IN ⑤provide adequate and appropriate safety
THE PHILIPPINES practices for its personnel and clientele
Republic Act No. 4688 Clinical Laboratory Law of Section 7. Requirements and Procedure for Application
1966 (June 18, 1966) – an act regulating the operation of Permit to Construct and License to Operate –
and maintenance of clinical lab and requiring the permit to construct, new license, renewal of
registration of the same with the DOH, providing penalty license, license fee, penalties, inspection,
for the violation thereof, and for other purposes monitoring, and issuance of license, terms and
conditions of license
Section 1. Any person, firm or corporation shall obtain or Section 8. Violations – that can be committed by the
register and secure a licensed regulated by the DOH owner, president, managers, board of
Section 2. In-charged of a registered clinical laboratory trustees/director, pathologist or its personnel
Section 3. Enforcing the provision of this Act and issue Section 9. Investigation of Charges or Complaints –
such rules and regulations as may be necessary to carry Bureau of Health Facilities and Services (BHFS)
out its provision or its authorized representatives shall
Section 4. Any violation shall be punished with investigate complaints and verify if the
imprisonment for not less than one month, by fine of not laboratory concerned or any of its personnel is
less than one thousand pesos nor more than five guilty of the charges
thousand pesos, or both such fine and imprisonment, at Section 10. Modification and Revocation of License –
the discretion of the court. the licensed to operate a clinical laboratory shall
Section 5. Separability clause be suspended or revoked by the Secretary of
Section 6. The sum of fifty thousand pesos is hereby Health upon violation of RA 4688
authorized to be appropriated, out of any funds Section 11. Repealing Clause – shall supersede all
in the National Treasury, not otherwise other previous official issuance hereof.
appropriated, to carry into the effect the Section 12. Publication and List of Licensed Clinical
provision of this Act. Laboratories –shall be published annually in a
Section 7. Repealing clause newspaper of general circulation
Section 8. This Act shall take effect upon its approval Section 13. Effectivity – shall take effect 15 days after its
publication in the Official Gazette or in a
Administrative Order No. 59 s. 2001 – the order aims newspaper of general circulation
to ensure the availability of clinical laboratories
that are properly managed with adequate QUALITY ASSURANCE IN THE CLINICAL
resources, with effective and efficient LABORATORY
performance.
Section 1. Title- The A.O Rules and Regulation APPROACHES TO QUALITY MANAGEMENT
Governing the Establishment, Operation and 1. Total quality management (TQM) – teams,
Maintenance of Clinical Laboratories in the processes, statistics, and delivery of services
Philippines that meets customer expectations
Section 2. Authority – these rules and regulation are 2. Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI)- an
issued to implement RA 4688: Clinical element of TQM that strives to continually
Laboratory Law consistent with E.O 102 series improve practices and not just meet established
of 1999: shall exercise the regulatory functions quality standards
under these rules and regulation 3. Six Sigma- hands on process based on
Section 3. Purpose –to protect and promote the health statistics and quantitative measurements with
of the people by the availability of clinical lab the single mantra of improvement. 5 steps:
and adequate resources Define, measure, analyze, improve, control
Section 4. Scope - ①applying all activities and functions 4. Lean – process ultimately defined to reduce
of clinical lab; examination and analysis of any weights and improves customers satisfaction
or all sample of human and other related tissues
②do not include gov’t laboratories doing lab QUALITY ASSURANCE
examinations limited to acid fast bacilli - Activities and responsibilities cover virtually all
microscopy, malaria screening and cervical of the quality system in one fashion or another
cancer screening, provided their services are QUALITY CONTROL
declared as extension of a licensed gov’t clinical - Is a subset of the Quality Assurance activities
lab.
Section 5. Classification of Laboratories. ①Function: 2 MAJOR COMPONENT OF QUALITY ASSURANCE
clinical pathology & anatomic pathology ② 1. INTERNAL QUALITY ASSURANCE SYSTEM
Institutional Character: hospital based- (IQAS) - Includes day to day activities that are
laboratory & non-hospital based lab ③Service under taken in order to control factor or
Capability: primary, secondary & tertiary variables that may affect test results
Section 6. Policies. ①Approved permit to construct a 2. EXTERNAL QUALITY ASSURANCE SYSTEM
(EQAS) – system for checking performance
clinical lab; submission of an application for a
among clinical laboratories and is facilitated by
Petition to Operate ②no clinical lab shall be
designed external agencies; performed by the
constructed unless plan have been approved ③ DOH
shall operate with a valid license by BHFS/CHD
NATIONAL REFERENCE LABORATORIES (NRL) –
EQAS
 National Kidney and Transplant Institute FINALS TOPIC
(NKTI) – hematology and coagulation ①PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
 Research Institute of Tropical Medicine
(RITM) – Microbiology (identification and
antibiotic susceptibility testing) and Parasitology What is professional organization?
(identification of ova and quantitation of malaria)  Professional organization provide a means through
 Lung Center of the Philippines (LCP) – which your own professional development can be
Clinical chemistry (for testing 10 analytes, channeled with authority because of their
namely glucose, creatinine, total protein, representative character. It provides you an
albumin, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, opportunity to express your viewpoint, develop your
cholesterol, sodium, potassium, and chloride)
leadership qualities and abilities and keep you well
 East Avenue Medical Center (EAMC) – drugs
of abuse (methamphetamine and cannabinoids) informed of professional trends and news
 San Lazaro Hospital STD-AIDS Cooperative  Offering workshops, training and seminar, and by
Center Laboratory (SACCL) – infectious publishing research journals.
immunology hepatitis B surface antigen  Membership to accredited professional organization
(HBsAg), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), (APO) is a requirement for hiring , retention, and
hepatitis C virus (HCV) sometimes for the renewal of professional licenses.

QUALITY CONTROL
- It monitors the overall reliability of lab results in What is professional organization?
terms of accuracy and precision  Monitor the profession
TERMS:  Provide structure and direction
 Accuracy – closeness of the result to the true  Help professionals remain current in the field
or actual value
 Precision/Reproducibility – ability to produce
BENEFITS
a series of results that agreed closely to each
other; expressed in terms of “coefficient of  Keeps you informed on current events in the field
variation”  Allows you to address issues and concerns in the
 Internal QC- analysis of control sample together field
with the patients specimen  You get special benefits as a member
 Delta Checking – algorithm in which a current  Conferences
laboratory results is compared obtained on a  Journals
previous specimen from the same patient
 Voting privilege
 External QC/Proficiency testing – testing
sample of unknown concentration of analytes
sent periodically by regulatory agencies to BENEFITS OF MEMBERSHIP
participating laboratories Professionalism – must adhere to the set of rules or
code of ethics prescribed by the professional society
CONTINOUS QUALITY IMPROVEMENT Education – organize continuing professional
- It is a management philosophy that development (CPD) activities for their members through
organizations use to reduce waste, increase
convention, seminars, workshops
efficiency, and increase internal (employees)
and external (customers) satisfaction. It is an
ongoing process that evaluates how an Perks – usually come in the form of monetary discounts
organization works and ways to improve its on registration fees.
processes. - Are exclusively offered to members of
- - “When problem arise, it is generally a result of organization.
poor work design, unclear instruction, or the Networking – building networks in the field
failure of leadership, not the people performing
- Creating long-term linkages and connections
the processes.”
with other professionals in the field.
HOW TO IMPROVE? Profile – can also build the career portfolio of a
professional.
- Ca provide opportunities for speaking
engagements, scholarship, and training
programs abroad.
Recognition – recognize their outstanding members and
leaders in special field such as research, public service,
and community engagement through awards.

RESPONSIBILITIES:
 Pay dues
 Attend Conferences leadership in the clinical laboratory industry,
 Vote supporting laboratory professionals at any stage of
 Read journals and newsletters to stay current and their career
informed
 Participate LOCAL PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS:
 Share expertise  PAMET – Philippine Association of Medical
 Presentations Technologist Organization
 PASMETH – Philippine Association of Schools of
TYPES OF PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS: Medical Technology and Public Health, Inc.
1. Accrediting Organizations- Accredit curricular
programs in educational institutions; set standards PROFESSIONAL JOURNALS- are publications
to comply containing scholarly studies on specific professional
 PAASCU – Philippine Accrediting Association of fields.
Schools, Colleges, and Universities  Philippine Journal of Medical Technology
 PACUCOA – Philippine Association Of Colleges  Laboratory Medicine
And Universities Commission On Accreditation  Clinical Laboratory Science
 American Journal For Clinical Pathology
2. Credentialing/Certifying Organizations- Provide  LabMedicine
certification examinations for professionals.
 AMT – American Medical Technologist PHILIPPINE ASSOCIATION OF MEDICAL
 ASCP – American Society Of Clinical Pathology TECHNOLOGIST ORGANIZATION (PAMET)
 ISCLT – International Society For Clinical
Laboratory Technology PAMET is the PRC accredited national organization of
 NCA – National Certifying Agency For Medical registered Medical Technologist in the Philippines.
Laboratory Personnel
BRIEF HISTORY OF PAMET:
3. Professional Societies  PAMET was organized by Mr. Crisanto G. Almario,
Are organizations that contribute to the continued the “Father of PAMET”, at the Public Health
development of a specific group of professionals. Laboratory in Sta. Cruz, Manila on September 15,
 International 1963.
 Local  Mr. Charlemagne Tamondong was elected as the
first President during its first convention at the Far
INTERNATIONAL PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS: Eastern University on September 20, 1964
 AABB International, not-for-profit association  And on June 21, 1969, Republic Act 5527 also
representing individuals and institutions involved in known as the “Philippine Medical Technology Act”
the field of transfusion medicine and cellular was enacted into law.
therapies. Formerly known as the American  It as incorporated and registered at the Securities
Association of Blood Banks. and Exchange Commission on October 14, 1969
 American Association for Clinical Chemistry with Reg. No. 39570, during the presidency of Mr.
(AACC)- International society comprised of medical Nardito D. Moraleta.
professionals with an interest in clinical chemistry,  PAMET was officially recognized as the only
clinical laboratory science, and laboratory medicine. Accredited Professional Organization (APO) of
 American Medical Technologists (AMT) Nonprofit registered Medical Technologists in the Philippines
certification agency and professional membership on June 22, 1973 where Presidential Decree No.
association representing over 60,000 individuals in 223 was approved creating the Professional
allied health care. Regulation Commission (PRC).
 American Society for Clinical Laboratory
Science (ASCLS) – Mission is to make a positive THE PAMET INSIGNIA
impact in health care through leadership that will CIRCLE – symbolizes the
assure excellence in the practice of laboratory continuous involvement
medicine. where practice and
 American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP)- education must always be
Mission is to provide excellence in education, integrated
certification, and advocacy on behalf of patients, TRIANGLE – Is the trilogy of
pathologists, and laboratory professionals across LOVE, Respect and Integrity
the globe. Green letters – the color of
 Clinical Laboratory Management Association health
(CLMA) – International association that provides
Microscope and Snake – Symbolize the Science of Prof. Nardito Moraleta (1985-1988)
Medical Technology profession Dean Norma N. Chang (1988-1995)
1964 – year of first PAMET election. Prof. Rodolfo R. Rabor (1996-2000)
CORE VALUES Dean Nini F. Lim (2000-2002)
o Integrity – strickt adherence to moral code Dean Zenaida C. Cajucom (2002 up
o Professionalism – positive triats and values to present)
o Commitment – selfless dedication
o Excellence – high quality performance PHILIPPINE SOCIETY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
o Unity – necessary linkage, support, and sharing STUDENTS (PHISMETS)
that will increase the advancement of every
individual BRIEF HISTORY:
CURRENT PAMET OFFICERS: Was first organized in 2002 during the leadership of
PRESIDENT: Ronaldo E. Puno former PASMETH president, Dr. Zenaida C. Cajucom.
VICE PRESIDENT: Luella A. Vertucio The first advisers were Prof. Marilyn Bala, Prof. Nova
EXECUTIVE SECRETARY: Gina A. Noble Aida C. Cajucom, and Prof, Zennie B. Aceron was
TREASURER: Eleanor P. Garcia reorganized on November 25, 2006 at FEU-NRMF.
AUDITOR: Victor H. Lumboy
PRO: Gemaliel A. Fulgueras THE SEAL:
 3 CIRCLES – symbolize the continuous active
PHILIPPINE ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOLS OF involvement of Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao in
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH, INC. the national transforming venue of medical
(PASMETH) laboratory science students
 LAUREL – symbolizes nature and the continuation
PASMETH is the national of life every year
organization of all registered  GREEN LETTERS – represent the color of health
schools of medical technology  5 BUBBLES FROM A TEST TUBE – represent the
in the Philippines. 5 objectives embodied in the constitution of the
organization
 It is formed in 1970 in the  15 INTERCONNECTED MOLECULES OUTSIDE
hopes of maintaining the OF A TEST TUBE – signify the unity of the 15
highest standards of board schools exploring various possibilities and
MT/PH education and to aiming towards the integral growth and holistic
foster closer relations among these schools. development of medical laboratory science
students
BRIEF HISTORY OF PASMETH  • MICROSCOPE – represents medical laboratory
 Established in May 13, 1970 science
 Narciso Albaraccin appointed Dr. Serafin Juliano
and Dr. Gustavo Reyes to organize an association FOREIGN PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES
of Deans/Heads of schoold of MT and hygiene.  Exist around the world
 First organizational meeting was held at UST on  Foreign and local laboratory professional societies
June 22, 1970. share the same goal:
 To elevate the practice of medical
technology/medical laboratory science and
1st SET OF PASMETH OFFICERS: safeguard the welfare of their members.
PRESIDENT: Dr. Gustavo Reyes Bulgaria Bulgarian Society of Clinical BSCL
VICE PRESIDENT: Dr. Serafin Juliano Laboratory
SECRETARY/TREASURER: Dr. Velia Trinidad Canada Canadian Society for Medical CSMLS
PRO: Dr. Faustino Sunico Laboratory Science
First annual meeting was held at UST on May 7, 1971 China Chinese Society of Laboratory CSLM
Medicine
Others who served as PASMETH presidents were: Ghana Ghana Association of GABMLS
Dr. Ibarra Panopio (1973-1974) Biomedical Laboratory
Dr. Angelita G. Adeva (1974-1977) Scientist
Dr. Elizabeth M. del Rio (1977-1980) Japan Japan Associations of JAMT
Medical Technologist
Dr. Gustavo Reyes (1980-1981)
Dr. Claro D. Cabrera (1981-1982) Korea The Korea Association of KAMT
Medical Technologist
Dr. Elizabeth M. del Rio (1982-1983)
Dr. Norma V. Lerma (1983-1984) Nepal Nepal Association for Medical NAMLS
Laboratory Science
Dr. Vicencio T. Torres (1984-1985)
Singapore Singapore Association for SAMLS  Dental clinic
Medical Laboratory Science  Home care
Thailand Association of Medical AMTT  Cosmetic clinics
Technologist of Thailand  Paramedics
 Funeral service
U. S. A American Society of Clinical ASCLS  Institution
Laboratory Science
CATEGORY OF HEALTH CARE WASTES
②HEALTH CARE WASTE MANAGEMENT
1. INFECTIOUS WASTE- suspected to contain
Definition: pathogens and toxins
- By product of health care that involves sharps, non- Ex. Urine container, sputum cups, blood bags, liquid
sharp blood containment items, blood, body parts & waste with infections such as blood, urine, vomitus &
tissues, chemicals, pharmacy, radioactive materials. other body secretions
- Poor management of health care waste exposes health
care workers- community to prevent infection. 2. PATHOLOGICAL & ANATOMICAL WASTE- tissue
3 KEY PRINCIPLE: sections and body fluids or organs derived from biopsies,
 Safe management of health care health care autopsies, or surgical procedure sent to the laboratory
relevation of unnecessary waste for examination.
 Separation of general waste for hazardous waste Ex. Internal organ, tissues, and recognizable body parts
 Waste treatment reduce risk
3. SHARPS-can cause cuts, pricks, or puncture wounds.
ISSUES WITH BIOCHEMICAL HAZARD Most dangerous health care waste because can cause
 Human & animal health injury & infection.
Ex. Used syringe, blood lancets, surgical knives, broken
TRANSMISSION OF DISEASE glasswares
 Direct contact
 Disease Vectors (mosquito) 4. CHEMICAL WASTE- discarded chemicals generated
Issue: Oil spill in Estancia in Iloilo Province Western disinfection & sterilization procedures. High content of
Visayas, Phil. heavy metals & their derivatives
Ex. Laboratory reagents, X-ray film, disinfectant, used
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION batteries, mercury from broken thermometers &
 Aesthetics: odor, growth of insect/pests sphymomanometers.
 Ground water contamination
 Elimination of beneficial microorganism 5. PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE-expired, split &
 Air pollution due to improper incineration contaminated pharmaceutical products, drugs, &
Issue: Waste in Canada vaccines including discarded items used in handling
pharmaceuticals.
SOURCES OF HEALTH CARE WASTE Ex. Empty drug vials, medicine bottles, container of
 Hospital & health care center cytotoxic drugs
 Blood banks
 Biotechnological Institution 6. RADIOACTIVE WASTE- waste exposed to
 Research center laboratories radionuclides including radioactive diagnostic materials
 Animal houses or radio therapeutic materials
 Vaccinating center Ex. Patient’s excretion, contaminated waste

Sources of Biomedical Waste according to WHO 7. NON-HAZARDOUS OR GENERAL WASTE-waste

 75%- 90% Non-hazardous waste that have not been in contact with communicable or
 10%- 25% Hazardous and infectious, toxic, or infectious agents, hazardous chemicals, or radioactive
radioactive substances, & do not pose a hazard.
 30.37% from health care facilities are hazardous Ex. Recyclable waste, biodegradable and non
 69.63% are general wastes recyclable/non-biodegradable

MAJOR SOURCES CHALLENGES IN WASTE MANAGEMENT

 Hospital (0.34 kg- infectious sharps & pathological PRACTICES
waste and 0.39 kg- general waste)
 Laboratories
 Mortuaries  Policy/Government Agency- for legislative
 Autopsy centers measure; lack of procurement policy
 Research center  Institution/Administration- lack of operational
 Animal research strategies; lack of management commitment and
 Blood waste adequate facilities; constitutional
 Nursing homes arrangement/framework constraints
 Stakeholder/Employees-lack of segregation
MINOR SOURCES practices and reluctance of charge & adaptation
 Clinic
 Community/Society- lack of waste policy making
and inadequate pressure from the societies 5. Republic Act No. 9003 “Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act of 2000”
HARMFUL EFFECT OF HEALTH CARE WASTE
 Risk to patients health worker, waste haulers, and 6. Republic Act No. 9275 “The Philippines Clean Water
the general public Act of 2004”
 Contamination of air, water, soil which may affect
all form of life 7. Presidential Decree 1586 “Environmental Impact
 Number of community may have a opportunity to Statement (EIS) System” 1978
collect disposable medical equipment and to resell
these materials which cause dangerous disease. HEALTH CARE WASTE MANAGEMENT
 Rise in incidence of disease such as AIDs, SARs, SYSTEM
hepa-B open to greater risk of contamination
through mishandling & unsafe disposal practice.
MORE
 Environmental pollution, growth & multiple collision
PREFERABLE
of pest like insects, transmission of disease. PREVENT
GREEN PROCUREMENT
LEGISLATION, POLICIES, & GUIDELINES 1. GREEN PROCUREMENT REDUCE POLICY - proper
GOVERNING HEALTH CARE WASTES management of health care waste is waste minimization.
 Waste Prevention- REUSE encourage to avail of services
that are least harmful to the environment and to
RESOURCE
INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS PERTAINING TO RECYCLE
purchase less polluting products. DEVELOPMENT
HEALTH CARE WASTE MANAGEMENT
 Waste Reduction- proper waste segregation &
RECOVER
allow efficient waste management at the least cost.
1. The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete
the Ozone Layer 1987 TREAT
2. RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT END OF
2. The Basel Convention on the Control of the Trans-
boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their DISPOSE PIPE
 Reusing- finding new application for used material
Disposal 1989
or using same product repeatedly.
LEAST
3. The United Nations Framework Convention on
Recycling- used materials into new products
 PREFERABLE
Climate Change 1992
 Recovery- energy recovery waste are converted to
4. The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic
fuel for generating electricity or for direct heating of
Pollutants 2001
premises
5. The ASEAN Framework Agreement on the Facilitation
of Goods in Transit 1998
3. END OF PIPE- waste that cannot be safely reused,
recycled, or recovered
NATIONAL LAWS AND POLICIES ON HEALTH CARE
 Waste treatment- changing the biological &
WASTE MANAGEMENT
chemical characteristic of waste to minimize its
potential to cause harm.
1. Republic Act No. 6969 “An Act to Control
 Waste Disposal- discharging, depositing, placing
Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes” 1990
or releasing any health care waste into air, land or
water.
2. Presidential Decree No. 5856 “The Code on
Sanitation of the Philippines- Chapter XVII on Sewage
Collection and Excreta Disposal” 1998 SEGREGATION, COLLECTION, STORAGE,
AND TRANSPORT OF HEALTH CARE WASTES
3. DOH DC No. 156-C s. 1993 guidelines for the
segregation, treatment, collection, and disposal of GENERAL WASTE- incineration → land filling

RED: INFECTED PLASTICS- auto claving→ land filling

YELLOW: INFECTIOUS WASTE, PATHOLOGICAL

AND ANATOMICAL WASTE, CHEMICAL WASTE,
PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE- auto claving &
incineration → deep burial

BLUE: GLASSWARES- auto claving → re-cycle

ORANGE: RADIOACTIVE WASTE- decayed

RED FOR SHARPS- auto claving → sharp pit &

hospital waste mutilate

4. Republic Act No. 8749 “The Philippines Clean Air

Act of 1999”
 HAZARD SYMBOLS 6. ENCAPSULATION- filling of container with waste,
sealing the container, and then disposed tin a landfill.
7. INERTIZATION- pharmaceutical waste mixed with
cement, and then disposed

TRANSPORT
 Authorized for the purpose
 Easy to load and unload
 No sharps edges and easy to clean
 Disinfect daily

TREATMENT
 HIGHLY EFFICIENCY PARTICULATE AIR (HEPA)
ULPA Filter- Air
COLLECTION STORAGE: Academic Institution  Equipment: surface liquid disinfectant fumigation
1. Labeling standard  Chemical: dispose in accordance with your
2. Facility/container standards chemical hygiene plan
3. Training requirement  Sharps container: surface disinfectant fumigation
4. Removal of unwanted chemicals  Solid & Liquid: chemical disinfectant, autoclave,
5. Hazard waste determination incinerate, bury(solid), central effluent,
6. Laoratory cleanout decontamination system
7. Prevention of emergencies and response  Animal Carcasses (Treatment): autoclave,
COLLECTION STORAGE: incinerate and bury
Packaging Infection Waste
 Selection of prolonging materials DISPOSAL
 Integrity during storage & transport  OPEN DUMPS- predominant method of waste
 Closing, typing, sealing as approximal for the disposal in developing countries; legal dumping
treatment and transporting problems, water contamination, air pollution, pest &
 liquid waste in capped and tightening stopped bottle health hazard
 Do not compact waste!  SANITARY LAND FILL
 OCEAN DUMPS
Sharp Waste Collection  EXPORTING WASTE- garbage imperialism
LULUS “Locally Unwanted Land Uses”
 Container size & location are critical
 Container: closable & not reopenable
 Auto-clave: avoid overfilling ③CONTINOUING PROFESSIONAL
 CAUTIONS: container substitution & container DEVELOPMENT
reuse
Lifelong Learning for Professionals
Labeling Standard  Professionals should be lifelong learners
 Size: minimun of 20cm-30cm (readable 5m away)  Lifelong Learning
 Yellow background & black letter A demand in an environment filled with global markets
 Scratch proof
 Resistant to tampering & weathering ASEAN Qualifications Reference Framework
  A common reference framework that enables
Storage Facility comparison of educational qualifications across
AMS
 Accessible
 Its goal is to encourage the development of
 Enclosed storage & proper ventilation
qualifications that can facilitate lifelong learning
 Resistant & refrain spillage flows
 Segregate wastes Continuing Professional Continuing
 Drums Development Professional
Education
Ensures the competency of A training that is linear
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF HEALTH
professional and formal
CARE WASTES
1. PYROLYSIS- thermal decomposition and converted
to gaseous, liquid or solid form; disposed in a landfill
2. AUTOCLAVE- steam sterilization using pressure and
heat with 121℃ for 15-30 mins.
3. MICROWAVE- destroyed through heat with a temp of
100℃ for 30 mins.
4. CHEMICAL DISINFECTION- chemical is added to
waste to kill or inactivate present pathogens
5. BIOLOGICAL PROCESS- enzyme mixture to
decontaminate and put through extruder to remove
water
 Maintenance Focuses in learning a  Maintenance of advanced and new
 Enhancement particular skill or set of competencies
 Extension of knowledge, skills to improve  Recognize & ensure the contributions of
expertise and professional professionals
competence competence
 Longest phase of CPD aims to:
professional education  Continuously improve the quality of country’s
 Provides a structured reservoir of registered professionals
framework to ensure  provide support to lifelong learning in the
improvement, enhancement of competencies
progression & career  deliver quality CPD activities aligned with the
growth Philippine Qualifications Framework (PQF) for
 The development of national and global comparability and
one’s knowledge, skills, competitiveness.
and attitude significantly
relevant to capability CPD PROCESS
and competency of a
professional CPD COUNCIL
 are tasked to oversee the implementation of the
BENEFITS OF CPD CPD program of the profession
To individual To the organization
 Builds confidence and  Maximizes staff
EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 266 (JULY 25, 1995) credibility potential
 Issued by former Pres. Fidel V. Ramos  Focuses on training &  Helps employees to
 “Institutionalization of the Continuing Professional development set SMART (specific,
Education (CPE) Programs of the Various  Copes positively measurable, realistic,
Professional Regulatory Boards (PRBs) under the  Improves productivity & time-bound)
Supervision of the Professional Regulation and efficiency objectives
Commission (PRC)”  they also evaluates and monitors CPD programs
 All Filipinos are required to undergo continuing  CPD Council members
education programs
 Implementation of CPE Program on November 13,
1995 CHAIRMAN: A MEMBER FROM PRB
 E.O No. 266 completion of 60 CPE units for CHAIR Member: MT First Member:
renewal license A member from Professional The president of PAMET
Regulatory Board as Chair
REPUBLIC ACT 10912 (July 21, 2016) First Member: MT Second Member:
 Effective in August 16, 2016 The president or officer of an The President of
 Mandates the strengthening of CPD programs for APO as first member PASMETH
all regulated professions and the creation of CPD
Councils for each Profession Second Member:
 Aims to continuously improve the competence of The president or officer of
professionals in accordance with international the national organization of
standards of practice deans or department
 Implementation starter on March 15, 2017 chairperson of schools,
 Defines lifelong learning colleges, universities offering
 “learning activities undertaken throughout life for the course requiring the
the development of competencies and licensure examination
qualifications of the professional,"
 Defines CPD  CPD providers need to apply their respective
 "the inculcation of advanced knowledge, skills, programs to the CPD Council at least 45 days prior
and ethical values in a post- licensure to the conduct of the CPD activity.
specialization or in an inter- or multidisciplinary  CPD is a mandatory requirement in the renewal of
field of study” the professional identification card (PIC) of all
registered and licensed professionals under the
CPD Program formulate & implement this law in regulation of PRC.
order to:  Requirement: 45 units/15 units per year for 3
 Enhance & upgrade the competencies and years
qualifications of professionals  Update/Provision: lessened to 15 units every 3
 Ensure international alignment leading to years
specialization/sub-specialization
 Quality-assured mechanism for the validation, 1. PROFESSIONAL TRACK
accreditation, & recognition for work
experience or prior learning
2. ACADEMIC TRACK

4. SUCH OTHER ACTIVITIES TO BE

RECOMMENDED BY THE CPD COUNCIL AND
APPROVED BY THE BOARD AND THE COMMISSION

CPD DRAWBACKS
 Difficulty of access for professionals assigned to
remote areas of the country
 Lack of time to attend programs
 DOH was encouraged by the government to
provide CPD programs

3. SELF-DIRECTED TRAINING