An Overview
En’Urga Inc.
1291-A Cumberland Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47906
765-497-3269 765-463-7004
http://www.enurga.com
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Outline
Optical patternator (visible light)
X-Ray patternator (soft X-Rays)
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Optical patternator
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Advantages of optical patternator
Fast, capable of obtaining transient data
Greater reproducibility than mechanical devices
Does not interfere with the spray
Greater spatial resolution
Low maintenance and operational cost
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Principal Types of Optical Patternators
Laser sheet imaging (Mie scattering)
Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence
Extinction based systems
First two methods have errors arising
from laser extinction, signal
attenuation, and secondary emission
Not used for quantitative patternation
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The SETScan Patternator
Spray cross-section
Array
detector
Laser
Laser sheet
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Principle of Operation
Path integrated extinction of laser sheets
Multiple view angles for non-axisymmetric
turbulent flows
Multiple slices to obtain high spatial resolution
Local extinction coefficients obtained by statistical
tomography (MLE method)
For liquid sprays, the local extinction coefficients is
equal to the drop surface areas per unit volume
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Primer on Tomography Product
Technique
q Field of interest
Result
X-ray source
Detector array
Most successful medical diagnostic tool!
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Performance Highlights
Fast Up to 10 KHz, transient patternation of fuel
injector sprays
Extinction Well developed technique
MLE Deconvolution Accurate (+/- 2%)
High repeatability (+/- 2% on patternation number)
Six-axis Angular resolution up to 5 degrees
512 element array Spatial resolution up to 0.2 mm
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Comparison with Competitive Technology
Extinction Immune to environmental lighting
Diode lasers Class II, No safety issues
Monolithic Out-of-box factory floor deployment
Adaptive grids Alignment of nozzle not critical
Advanced GUI Easily operated by technician
Reliable 100% quality assurance of nozzles
Only quantitative (+/- 2% on absolute values, +/- .5%
repeatability) patternator on the market
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Sample: Aircraft Engine Nozzle
Struts signature
seen in drop
surface area map
Hollow cone seen
as hollow
Drip from nozzle
seen at the center
High flow rate ~
200 kg/hr
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Interpretation of Data
The data is the ensemble average of drop
surface area per unit volume
Differs from mechanical patternator (which is
time average of mass flux)
High surface area indicates streaks
Low surface area indicates voids
95% ring typically used for spray angle
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Automotive Injector
Mean plume % area in
angles (deg.) plume
10.89 19.32
5.73 4.69
11.53 21.71
10.48 17.91
11.51 23.06
9.35 12.93
Mean centroid Mean centroid
(x, mm) (y, mm)
3.26 -5.69
-4.84 14.28
-22.13 1.97
-29.04 -10.75
-15.37 -18.49 Reliable data with
0.10 -20.01 multiple orifice injectors
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X-Ray Patternator
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Open source design
Three sources in fan beam configuration within a 12
ft x 12 ft x 6 ft lead lined chamber
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Absorptance Measurements in Sprays
0.08
500 lbs/hr, axis 1
0.07
500 lbs/hr, axis 2
500 lbs/hr, axis 3
800 lbs/hr, axis 1
0.06
800 lbs/hr, axis 2
800 lbs/hr, axis 3
0.05
Absorptance
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
-100 -50 0 50 100
Distance (mm)
Peak absorptance < 10% implies can look at tons/hr
Larger flow rate has wider spread
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Comparison with optical patternator
1.0 Axis 1
Axis 2
Axis 3
0.8 Axis 4
Axis 5
Absorptance
Axis 6
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80
Radius (mm)
500 lbs/hr
Mean peak value at 0.92
Instantaneous value exceeds 0.99 occasionally
If drops are smaller, even this flow rate is not feasible
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Mass Concentration Maps
30
1.6 GPM mg/mm
3
2.0E-03
20
3.0E-03
4.0E-03
10
5.0E-03
Y (mm)
0 6.0E-03
7.0E-03
-10
8.0E-03
9.0E-03
-20
1.0E-02
-30
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
X (mm)
Deconvoluted results of mass fraction of water
Lower flow rate has higher local concentration
High flow rate had larger footprint
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Mechanical Patternator for Validation
Twelve sector patternator commonly used by the
aircraft industry
1
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Validation (Mechanical Patternation)
12
Nozzle B 1.0 GPM, X-Ray
11 1.6 GPM, X-Ray
1.0 GPM, Mech.
10 1.6 GPM, Mech.
9
% in sector
4
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Sector #
Similar trends with flow rates and angle
Results agree with uncertainty of mechanical patternator
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Validation (Optical patternator)
Radial peak location very similar (only one condition)
SMD (from mass concentration/surface area) is 141 mm
(nozzle specification is 125 mm)
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Validation (Total flow)
Input Flow Total planar mass Mean velocity Planar mass
Nozzle
(kg/hr) (mg/mm) (m/s) flux (kg/hr)
A 227 10.2 5.72 211
A 363 11.1 8.86 353
B 227 7.20 9.44 245
B 363 7.52 14.5 392
Velocity measured using Statistical Pattern
Imaging velocometer
Nozzle A results match flow meter to within
5%
Nozzle B results match flow meter to within
10%
Results validate X-Ray measurements within
the uncertainty of flow meter and velocimeter
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Single Axis System
Nozzle rotate six times to
get planar information
Transient information
not available
Smaller size sprays
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Selected Patternator Customers
Abbott General Motors Hitachi
Bend Research Cummins AVL
Pfizer Emcom Technologies FEV
S.C. Johnson & Son Faurecia Nordson
Catalytica Energy Donaldson Delavan
Delphi Proctor & Gamble Woodward
Ricardo Honeywell Tenneco
Continental Bombardier Synerject
Eaton Rolls Royce Danfoss
Columbian Chemical General Electric Boston Scientific
United Technologies Dow Agrosciences Vertex
Aerosapce System Laboratories Pharmaceuticals
Toyota Bosch LLC. 3M
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