Onik-o} / 4 ‘A 2 Radar, Radar Equaltion Radar Block cogtan, an opaatin , peace axpositasions, type op *SPlays , detivotion of “ad equotion , ee Aekectoble StGnel , Prorabilty of folse olor anal thresholol chetection, Yadeax caoce ~Sechion System losses, : 3 Trdrodu ction. Rado %& a contactidn of. the wows Radio Detection and Ranga Radar 1s on Clecbrowagnetic spectro for the detector ahd’ Locobion’ of objects <5 Detegion refer to whees He targch 7 preter oy MOF) the forge cor be. sholtonaug ey movirg > Ranging refas fo the dhithane $9 radar & bigeb- — Rader wos evolved jusb—be fore the world wer-t] p SE hos given both to miciowsve technologies > Radar con See thwougl corditioy such of; clasknees haze ; fog Lain | A Seow whith 8 Mb posse ’ for turman vision. “Ke ot pha S< inconieg Bost Principle of Radar +: Antenm™. athed stand : asenibbe Trransynitle es, fre [ Receual “Boas Echo Siqn vy Targ t- debe d tien <—— Range FF Infownation Exbactin | Tagek (% wea > Rader i on fo Peer prc, | atntema. display ctevites 5 >t wa the Some antema for both transmitting ond receiving the gignal’ > Redan 1¢ used for detecting. the. objec é fnoling they locotion: >The dfstane bl Rados and tageh te ‘called Ran Pf the forget 1 R “% [ek the taken rfor the Signal to tout fom packs b toget ard bock to Radoe ‘be “pa The dictone blu the Racbs p the target > The twp Way dliclane Sl Radar aR” ‘of es Re & taget waill beR= cr aH i Vm =U8S2 kno : & C= 3x10 m| tec Remi) > OOK NTR US pulse Repetition Frequency Comi = Navtiol wile) Ath me em Time > The duration blo the two clock pulses must be Selected fn Such a Woy that the echo Signo! Corroespond, + preset Cloct pub. shovid be neceived before the neat clods pulse - alot 9 The nO: of Radar pulset tranemitkl par'sec 1 called Pulse Repetition frequency ( PRE) > The time Fnbuval blw the successive clock publics is catled " Pulse Repetition Time”, PRT 1 Moainom nambiquent “ange : The range beyond! which tages appear o4 Second) - time Atound echoes %s Called the) “ muR'( Ron) Rin = oT of (era)e ef ‘ &, fia pulse | Te? RR Paiod vel, Cetin vad PRE is FRE eqn> Minimum Range ba aatsninge of th torget F* colculabed hey «the Hone requires for te ecto Signal 40 vecaivg ak Races a-tley the signe! being transmitted fron the Radar ot, pals siete "> Gt TS leo town + ghortest Tong Forge. 2 Applications Nag “> nthe. ppb cates ~ Hiv Tratpie control (AT¢) 3 keoatt safely , , * —. ship cofehy = Navi godior Ss Spa@ > Reenobe Sensing K —— Conventiona\ Radhis Jerrrally Bpaate PD microware Seqion: ; Band Nowina| ba 4 Designetin “Frequery Range Vir 30-200mng | + ONF . BOD ~ooO NS Search L 1-2 Gu 7 ‘ , < 2-4 Gua, earch ¢ Ure Gua Trace Radces & A2-1% a Bre contal A Ka ara 5, ie Gag Ra — 2HdN3 Ress) & Go - woady sitex Derivation of ene Ronge Equation: Re The obictonte of the Object from the troneritting anlern G-= Penols the Crout Sectinel ater. cf objec PL Mmaxteon omplihite, of frongnitkd _pousy Pre moximon amnpfitete ef he Teceivesd prt, by Accetung ankena a Ge = 16 the pase goin of -heremitting ankenne. relative fo on. Isclapic_Yodtiotor: Ges the Pour gain of receiv onlema, Ae = is the effective area of receiving adenna. Snrin= mSvimon conptioas. af sarod that can be detedeh by Orkrra at Peceiving end: cons idesing thot te tronerritting onlenna. is teohopre, \eihure Hou te -vadlioles: the -brenemtthd pres. in a uniform momen Th all altrectons ° Pera denety “Pon Tsetiople artema. PEPE are id Ucualty, "racket Syskms ue, a cirechve! antenna’ with qannw Fram widths that diet He todiokd pouse ta a Single. diirecim. The ankrna ga specifics, pest a tn the chien, eh the Adivecte ankmaq) fo the . pows densihy | in Hot Pacticalon ireckon’' by ven qsobropic antenng bhGz Mar Pru clenshy by clirecte anlenn a Pevar clenehy by ‘sehopte. ankenna- spe Pt Ray a | othe doe exten > We kee te Sgnal “Hansmitlel, by the ve Tercepled by an objet (9 SPot then the eneigd gb Ve-roctiokd tn diteemnb ctivections The meatuie oF the ainturl oP Inetdlad pause. inlrte ed by the tage po ve-vacliofict back to dLiechon Vader i deroked os "' Radoe crou Section once’ Po Moe EP Pours: % faciderting on Gare? eked Pee PGB 2 athe fled: proie dere “at aie are Aadloe. system. Se untlt = Aveo. ”. Howey. cathe Poun, Se celved by the antema, volt be The Pte ok Pouxt ‘na fncidlenting 06 Tecedving ankrna. p. the. cRbective vate of antennq Pre Pox Ae jou Pre PeGe © yA cay a Ra Pedr Ace ’ (any eA le.yr rs The maximem radox yange Renax” is the distanue beyjorch whith -the torgeb canrd- be detededl «tt Occure When the received! echo Signe! Powe (py) becomes €QUal +o the minimum debectoble Siqnol (> “This ie the Fobarertol for of vadet equation, 2 modified -forn of Radar Rorge equ .” i > Reletion, bles; obberds apatwe areo ip Hee gain of the orkerna con be Gun by . “Aes AY QT 4G A. Bro = (PG hem BOO Ge Ten) Sato Smo ‘les fat)” Sin at ’ Roan" RG Ae +) Gam Ae —_——sz . cocoa nee" 70 a Ra = (Fakes WH —@ | Ge @oiae Gara? Srin F A* 106 oe aoe 2 cd mal)> € eadae Bleck ctlagrann and operations a ~~ ~—_— tN —' —~~~ Spe: “Operaton oho Hpiel pulse Stadou wray be deseo byl itn the ald of Block chiaglen shown ta fig. ¥- Duplerer| y “Low Ntotge PF Amplitiea mo | 2 — v ; af eho od a] Ble rae [et D pulse nodulotor: ap Produces a pulse—rroculakd s¥gnols Ord 16 applied 40, tHe trancmitter . 2) Transritte «The Tray be Oscillly) Suchos & eragneta rok 16" pulsed” Chine on 8 OFF) by the moduldy te genacte a ve pétitor troin of pulses. *) Pelee 1A Sead Antenna, eral used for wbotle transmitting 6 Yeeeiviig «The Secetuer mush be Prckeetd from damage cused by tie high Pesu of! the “boneenitter» ‘Ths ss -fonehon. of AagleteThe dupletey, also Saver to, .charnol) the: retvinedd tcho signals “to the secelver - mt fo the, troncmithe . The dusplen might Consists of 2 got - ctischaige chevites. One 1s FTiontmitter -eeceiva)Te ond otha is ATE Cant - frongmit ~Yeceive)* The TR protect the re ceiut during tronemtesion pa Are cliveclt the €chO Signa] to the reco chasing Aeception ' The Signet , uthith i cae by antenna woltl be given to Low Noe | RE arnpht Free ) tom nowe ef Amplifia 5 Lt amplifies the weak ef Signal, Which ‘%é ‘received, by Antennas ~The, ootput Of this amplifia 1s Connected to miner 5) Miter p Local oseitatois Local Occilobi! » Prectdees a Signal howirg Shetle Frequeny + Th olp op bo ae connecke¢ fo MIke. miner Con pcctuce both Sun a dif feene- of the -frequenies thabare @pplicd eto ik- Arnong! eshte, the chiffenene, of, Peaverua a be of Onbeame dick Frequay” ep type ' 2) LE amplifier - at. Ampli fies tre. finteomedtiole Frequeey (Tp) cignah "Fe DE) atleiws’ ME, wheh iS Obtained) Crop mina! ample © +t Sempoves the” Signal +o quote Ratio ot output, oo" 3) ehector'e TE ctemoctulols the Sirol lane 4 Oblohed of the outpub of the TF omphifiee: %) video amplifies As the name sugqitt 1b omp ti Gy the video Signal phic 6) obkatne of ot the olp mL delecty. | . 9) splay? In gerual sik disployt the arn pUfeck vty Sirol on the cer seteon [ cathorte Ry tube] * Types of Dig loys = Diepley ao Aevite Used to Velabed. to the ‘targef on the See ‘ eset the Wavefin| ~ CRT a) Deflection Medulakd. CRT —volboge 4 applied on deflection plate » Intent! > oduloted Cer 2 elec beam 14 pee by ‘whersi fying » Pictenting a unninitus Speed OX the F scope 000 0 Sector, Coftect, ) por. Racdow centered PPE 5 Plan position = “Indicelot “> 7) eae spigits . Among ‘all ) Madox = ye Uses ean op aee Blo gle pe, Bit coo era RUT disp lay ,X PredicHon oe Range perfomance SD RADAR Ronge, Gquotipr Ah OD Lod ens . . | Ream = [ PoGrdel \"e [ Peter | , (anySxin an Se S Pk trensmitled povoe, (ew to Mw) 2G ~ Gow ots telex Arlene zi > hes efpectie atea of vena (7) spre (), of Ankra stivel ( wo Mau fo wu) Fa | > OD Tergd ous sectiond 2x As operating, ulouclenglt > Gig Mininwm Ackectoble ° Gon of farabol!e anktema 3 1 Gy Uitte a oa ) > Wlavelenglt. con be Cololaled from opecstieg Prey so / 5 A D> ROPAE Ronee prediction’, * > DEAS coe ob Recelu afte Threshold Défection bet on whninim delectable signal Smin. +ae Thresold becdsinn a volte of 7 Netse ; 2a ip rere Signal ot Thesold cetegtion Time PAF treshoud level is high, thin faugels may nob be, Tented DE dhvesho level is low, then Noire May “Kd be Coneidferd ot target: Swe need fo chee the thechot! level preperly. % —_ RADAR evoss Sectido (Res) “sm ~ ~~ > Basics of Kc of Tegel > RCS (er) bdiicoks shad well 2 given: tage te Fleets Enegy with an echo atgnel uthich, Befines® the ores oe RADAR, ey [Pe Stee y (ne ¥ D Ryaygee © tly aa) Sat GH ABmin. > aes Ce) defines ‘op of enatay(scathuting) Rom fant oS RO Ce) ea Powe aeflects towoids Score Per orik sobid re Andale pow Desill “pec “4 Bi me e= lim one? =| Rao Gt ; wha €, 1 Reglected neg 4 ot RADAR | 3 Gye indderd Enesy at TargetReflected Enerwy From “the sarge ON REET 4 bored en Scobtuing p viffrotion of ian, > Statteiig OE Gn wove ts clip peuent bio teas 6, fay the Peesenie of ojeck p field if objed as Absa, > diffraction of Em love! 3 Tob field Tr Peenener Of ot ech" => with He RADAR Syélern) we mY tall. about Salli Diffraction telochargeably : g | ————— t N | a 'y | ——, eV ys | _ Reflecked Gnetsy Er Me | —— to Scat hens Pagpeodhos || SRADAD Cy08S. Sechon ot simple Sphee’- £ igh Fp 12 | haha aie ae wnavelergy oar Sg wv zZ 2 | pes | é = chreumfeventd Atayel, cone Drain te (ma gay oe > Rader, fui i One at lower feeg OTE FEGEDe belong ty. smell : eUOL. RES appeod lowe. oh 8% of Target” Gt Rolin opt, Mekawologes pachile che.3 a M fe ov Pesonante Region (223 x1 STH Reginn § if ~) andy {Ss manimon al 2yo.s A Cs te Oscittatony of Abs region ATHY! Region te Used fo rmoduale SIP of Tavgels a Prone . | | SS optiiol ee " | gion (rita. 2 op oe >» ) = \ PADAP -functios ot Wah frequeut i below fo lore size of “Target > CVSS Section becomes 6 = Tred CAS Atreragk 1 Snips choy ¥~> Syste Lose $ ~~ ~~ agtoses in a. Radar Syskon called Syshoo losser- Andicaled by UE ’ DP Micrownre- Plumbing [oes a Trongenission loss bs) Duplenet loss SS Antenne” losves Ja) Ream Shape lots 3s) scanning, [08 LO) Rondome loss A) photed array Lox > Signal ‘peovessing Lois es callapsug lov 2 peopageho™ (ow > operstin§ loss> Antenna! Qeom Shape los S- peo Snape t aAnienr & Shope. SOE bosed 0 the ovtenbabin of THK Ando Rodlov j oe of Alenn> Blog A 0. mer be t & conehing loss pala SUES cutodeled with Scanning pottinck Antwne aa L Agia Gotn Gore 0g ‘Project _ = ~__slenning Trojettes <= plow Gein eps of RxD in Sconring- Sconning by “Arf. Raademe loss 5 Radame sa pectin sheitd fe BIDAR ta. alvctoth Redone of oureutt + RADER— of cre ctelt—Phosed Array S$ DA proted Anoy is used fo sian the beam of anteme Wwiteheut Pryde col movement of antenna 3% lod TE happentig. clue to aistituled elements of the Avia cluthwe > Tits (ols shechumt the overall goin, of phosid) oven aalena. Collapsing Lous Poe Radar tntegrelt Mol then th tt cotred — collapeivd \ocs ca ie : —— I eatan Ecomieg Trojedboy TAL RR Ante : - «Le collepsing lot for Crmen) puuds ve ie noise pubes _ Bs ee Noise pabte a { Lime) compos weed’ rd at) mobehet fillee b) puke anbegetor >) sthretho\d peel 3) Fen pli debe cov Propagation Loss, 5 aroveled with peopoepbior oe algne) a) Zefle choo from fovths Gurfowe” by) propesabion Any atmoudneul aluclt cy Attenuakan in obetoiphent PpeealT Lose X Dheppes. ohue to Bred , dishoue d, ovealoadied! , [20 ade peopely trained) operator. J (Gs otras) te 1 opedot lou : Pais pestocblihy of dobecboww (pemadialal) LA ehyoe Probability ef Detector and False Alamn >The TF fflter ,Second detector A Wed Filler Fromay envelope ctelecl® $9 that the elp of wileo ampdifin i the envelope , oF modutotion, of the Tp, signel, From mite mt second re va Detect ‘od lomplita lee git ecisioy > The envelope ctetectar Pees the mnodulotion p refers Corner . The second detech, Ps a nonclinecas fever. > Githa a Linear or a squaye Lge delecds chatocterhe may be ousumed Gina the effet on the delection probatslity % Velativay —tnlensie to the chotee, The bardesidh ee vadoe Seceivet 15 bandeoidth of TL onpticr 3 Fe emclope of 2F apliia op te S99 appdicd fe threghotd detector ! Mhen the receiver Olp crosses “he Apgeshold 1a SIgeok Ts Beclard to be pees: 3 PObobity of Folse alarm. The receives notte at the ‘tp b TF fitke és decevibed by govssian Peoba boi bhy Beveshy function voith mean Volue of 2er0- le pov) = exp (-2 i) Varro 2Ro “chest | ‘ ng pCu)dY 4 peebablly of finding blu the vo and vtdv @ Yo Te mean quae vale of nibise vettoge LY) voltage »> Uther the. gavesion note 15 pasted through | TF tite, fhe peobalatlihy clenaty -foneton of envelope ‘Pf Jive by a form of: Royleigh pdf: POR) = K eyp (=) Po 2 “3 The. psotabilily thof- enveloye of noise vottage sil “Leech the volloge thvestold (vp) ¥5 Inkegiot of F¢R) Cvatuckd from vy tp 2 * @\ cap [nit Prop, Re > wh (=) = (=) Cup

ptobabtlily of vekection She probability clexsib function of ervelope R' ot uidleo es Rt pa) fA\L 0 PCR) = Sew (~ “spe ee Qn 4] coiled ALE Pobobiliy cencily fonction Tolz) 1 modified Beesel -forction of 2010 Order p agora 2 lade 2 tla) = E(t ty dt: 3) aye hn A=0) tq M beca oie bat pce)= Bony ( -E)) the pag for ecise- alone; > The probabitihy of tebection, Pa J (els © Sb 4 O in a6 (use, sly ware 0" Aleps A. Signet’ ompthde YE. Carre sigrol volter) oP wg qcise Volboy > ese pout . (25) Ih- mole pra n Fa con be expected of Sly fF cteeethold fo nolse reho vr PoEmpetect fornia fer reletion vu? slr PA # Pea Pa *- Anf st and p> On a Pea x Recta notte of RADAR ~~ ~~ . o *S Notte { unetnted Enesy thot vedi the abibhy & -reeeiuy to deted the wanted stone! > teise may enti thecush the antenna (oo Noke Moy be Bnecokd by the seceiya Ker- > AL they noises 45 genetek & by sreced ten youve 4 a Called “ eceiter npise" > Notse_ Qenctebha by Phe there! motion bh endluci Clectsos fy fe ofmic Porting of Stceiver 1S Kowa os "Themal or Tohnior Noe" ee TT “> Thesrol noe 44 N; = kTR, Ni > Thame! noise KD Setfomen covtlert = URE AI? FG 1 Tempoichiee 19 kelvio: Bar Receiya Bandevielth HE) = frequenry vespote of If ampéifiaNG ce ME Figure OF Receiver ot RADA te ane “eptecals the cleqraciation of sng ot signal potces Vhecugh the aeceivel st Se Ny 1 Receive Ry lone NBL Figure Fe Ge), (snp), F > Costin) GoltNe) “St NTE C Solon) Yue ® Radow Range Cayadion \ Remax = [es Che)" mt) Simin Heres Senge St. \ Rae = (Pee te__|™ Guy ker BF (S*lN0)