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Performance 2

The document discusses the concepts of range and endurance in aviation, highlighting how they are influenced by factors such as engine type, wind, aircraft mass, altitude, and temperature. For piston engines, maximum endurance is achieved at minimum power speed, while jet aircraft maximize endurance at minimum drag speed. Additionally, various environmental and operational variables affect the specific range and endurance of aircraft, with altitude and mass being particularly significant.

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Francisco Paiva
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5 views2 pages

Performance 2

The document discusses the concepts of range and endurance in aviation, highlighting how they are influenced by factors such as engine type, wind, aircraft mass, altitude, and temperature. For piston engines, maximum endurance is achieved at minimum power speed, while jet aircraft maximize endurance at minimum drag speed. Additionally, various environmental and operational variables affect the specific range and endurance of aircraft, with altitude and mass being particularly significant.

Uploaded by

Francisco Paiva
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RANGE / ENDURANCE

Range = distance on the amount of fuel available Endurance = time on the amount of fuel available

⮚ Piston Engine (Power vs speed)

ENDURANCE: fuel flow is approximately proportional to power setting => max endurance = speed for minimum power

Speed for maximum endurance = VMP (minimum power)

RANGE: max range sped is found where the ration between TAS and Power required is maximum

TAS
SR=
SFC x power required

⮚ Jet Aircraft (Drag (=thrust) vs speed)

ENDURANCE: fuel flow is approximately proportional to thrust setting. Speed for maximum endurance is found when
thrust required to maintain flight level is minimum

Speed for maximum endurance = VMD (minimum drag)

RANGE: max range sped is found where the ration between TAS and drag is maximum

TAS
SR=
SFC x Drag
Effects of variables on Endurance and Range

⮚ Wind :

Speed for max ENDURANCE: does not affect speed for max endurance (only criteria measured is flying time)

Speed for best RANGE: increases with headwind, decreases with tailwind

⮚ Aircraft Mass:

If the mass increases, drag and power required increase => higher fuel flow and reduction of specific range

⇨ With a higher mass, endurance and range decrease and speed have to increase

Speed for max ENDURANCE: increases with mass increases

Speed for max RANGE: increases with mass increases

⮚ Altitude:

JET ENDURANCE: Endurance increases when altitude increases until reaching the optimum altitude. Above optimum
altitude, endurance decreases (compressibility drag).

JET RANGE: Range increases when altitude increases until reaching the optimum altitude (TAS and engine efficiency
increase). Above optimum altitude, range decreases (compressibility drag).

PROP ENDURANCE: with altitude increases, SFC improves but power required increases => Endurance remains constant

PROP RANGE: with altitude increases, SFC improves and TAS to power required ratio remains pretty constant.
Endurance increases slightly.

⮚ Temperature:

Increased temperature results in a higher TAS but lower engine efficiency.

RANGE: remains constant.

ENDURANCE: decreases with altitude increases due to SFC negatively affected.

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