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Soils

The document outlines the factors affecting soil formation in India, including parent rock, climate, topography, biological activity, time, and human activities. It categorizes various soil types found in different regions of India, highlighting their color, texture, fertility, and major crops. Additionally, it discusses soil conservation methods such as terrace farming, afforestation, contour bunding, mulching, and contour ploughing.

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Vaibhav Mishra
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8 views2 pages

Soils

The document outlines the factors affecting soil formation in India, including parent rock, climate, topography, biological activity, time, and human activities. It categorizes various soil types found in different regions of India, highlighting their color, texture, fertility, and major crops. Additionally, it discusses soil conservation methods such as terrace farming, afforestation, contour bunding, mulching, and contour ploughing.

Uploaded by

Vaibhav Mishra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SOILS OF INDIA

Factors Affecting Soil Formation:

Parent Rock (Material): Determines soil’s mineral content and texture.


Climate: Temperature and rainfall influence weathering and organic activity.
Topography (Relief): Slope and elevation affect drainage and erosion.
Biological Activity: Plants, animals and microbes contribute organic matter.
Time: Soil formation is a slow process and older soils are more developed.
Human Activities: Agriculture, deforestation and construction modify soil
characteristics.

SOIL REGION MAJOR


COLOR TEXTURE FERTILITY FACT
TYPE FOUND CROPS

light Rich in:


Northern Rice,
grey to silt, sand Potash and New alluvium is
wheat,
Alluvial Plains, River lime (but termed as
ash and clay sugarcane, Khadar and old
Basins poor in
grey. jute. alluvium is
nitrogen,
phorsphorus) termed as
Bhangar.

Deccan Formed from:


Moisture- Cotton,
Black Plateau (MP, Deep Weathering of
Clayey retentive, sorghum,
(Regur) Maharashtra, black volcanic rocks
nutrient-rich oilseeds
Gujarat) (Deccan Traps).

Southern &
Wheat, Found in low-
Eastern India Poor in
Sandy to pulses, rainfall areas;
Red (TN, Reddish humus and
loamy tobacco, also called
Karnataka, nitrogen
oilseeds Omnibus group
Chhattisgarh)

Formed by
Tea,
Western & leaching in areas
Coarse, Low fertility, coffee,
Laterite Eastern Ghats, Reddish with high
porous iron-rich cashew,
NE Hills rainfall &
rubber
temperature.

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Contains high
Millets, salt content;
Arid Rajasthan, Light brown Saline, poor
Sandy, dry pulses, with sometimes
(Desert) Gujarat to red in moisture
irrigation alkaline in
nature.

Poor drainage
Sundarbans, Acidic, high Rice, jute,
Marshy Dark, Clayey, leads to
Kerala organic aquatic
(Peaty) waterlogged wet anaerobic
backwaters matter vegetation
conditions.

Himalayan
Tea, coffee,
region,
Mountain/ Varies with Shallow, Poor, low spices,
Western &
Forest altitude coarse humus orchards
Eastern hill
(apples, etc.)
slopes

Soil Conservation Methods


Terrace Farming
Creating stepped levels on hill slopes to slow down water flow and prevent erosion
(common in hilly areas like Himachal, Uttarakhand).
Afforestation & Reforestation
Planting trees to bind the soil and reduce erosion by wind and water.
Contour Bunding
Building embankments across the slope to hold water and reduce runoff.
Mulching
Covering the soil surface with organic material (like leaves, straw) to retain
moisture and reduce erosion.
Contour Ploughing
Ploughing along the contour lines to reduce water runoff and soil erosion.
Study of Soil – Pedology

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