JSPM’S

WAGHOLI, PUNE - 412207

SAGACITY
DEPARTMENT OF

COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Academic Year 2018-19

 CONTENT

SR. PAGE
TITLE OF AN ARTICLE
NO. NO

01 GREEN COMPUTING: EFFICIENT AND ECO-FRIENDLY USE OF 1-13

COMPUTER RESOURCES TO IMPROVE ENERGY UTILIZATION

02 IOT BASED PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM 14-19

DESIGNING A SELECTIVE ENCRYPTION METHOD USING

03 NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING FOR TEXT DATA IN MOBILE 20-26
AD HOC NETWORK

SECURE AND AUTHENTICATE JAMMING ATTACK PROOF

04 SECURE INFORMATION TRANSMISSION IN MOBILE ADHOC 27-33
NETWORK

05 AN ANDROID APPLICATION FOR LEAVE SANCTIONATION 34-40

06 SMART POLICE NAVIGATOR 41-48

07 WI-FI SECURITY PROTOCOLS: A SURVEY 49-54

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 FIGURE INDEX

SR. PAGE
FIGURE NO TITLE OF THE FIGURE
NO. NO

01 Figure 2.1 IOT Based Patient Monitoring System 18

02 Figure 3.1 Python code along with NLTK for word processing 22

03 Figure 3.2 Flow chart for Selective significant data encryption 23

04 Figure 3.3 Decrypt ion Time vs. Simulation Time 24

05 Figure 3.4 Encryption Time vs. Simulation Time 25

06 Figure 3.5 Battery Consumption vs. Simulation Time 25

07 Figure 4.1 Jamming attack in network 30

08 Figure 4.2 Jamming attack prevention 30

09 Figure 4.3 PDR Analysis 31

10 Figure 4.4 Throughput Analysis 31

11 Figure 5.1 Architecture of Leave Sanctionation 36

12
Figure 5.2 Zero Level DFD 37

13 Figure 5.3 First Level DFD 38

14 Figure 5.4 Second Level DFD 39

15 Figure 6.1 Idea of Approach 42

16 Figure 6.2 General User Application Used Case Diagram 43

17 Figure 6.3 Police Application Used Case Diagram 44

18 Figure 6.4 GSM Module With Raspberry pi 3. 45

19 Figure 6.5 Police Application Workflow 47

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20 Figure 7.1 WEP working 50

21 Figure 7.2 Man in the Middle (MITM) framework 53

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 TABLE INDEX

SR. PAGE
TABLE NO TITLE OF THE TABLE
NO. NO

01 Table 2.1 Comparison And Contrast Analysis 16

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 JAYAWANT SHIKSHAN PRASARAK MANDAL’s

Bhivrabai Sawant Polytechnic

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Govt. of Maharashtra, Affiliated to MSBTE Mumbai)
Gat No. 720 (1&2), Wagholi, Pune-Nagar Road, Pune-412207)
Phone: 020 – 65335100 Tele fax: - + 91-020-65335100
E-mail: bspoly@rediffmail.com Website: www.jspm.edu.in

Vision and Mission of the Institute

Vision
To develop globally competent technocrats by imparting quality technical
education for socio-economic enhancement of the nation.

Mission

M1: To nurture and maintain an environment of high academic standard for

diploma students, encouraging higher education and entrepreneurial abilities.

M2: To deliver quality education by imparting basic engineering knowledge,

interpersonal skills, critical thinking and creativity.

M3: To equip students with technical skills, ethical and moral values to meet
aspirations of the society and industry to contribute sustainable development of the
nation.

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JSPM’s BSP, Wagholi, Pune Academic Year 2018-19
 JAYAWANT SHIKSHAN PRASARAK MANDAL’s

Bhivrabai Sawant Polytechnic

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Govt. of Maharashtra, Affiliated to MSBTE Mumbai)
Gat No. 720 (1&2), Wagholi, Pune-Nagar Road, Pune-412207)
Phone: 020 – 65335100 Tele fax: - + 91-020-65335100
E-mail: bspoly@rediffmail.com Website: www.jspm.edu.in

Computer Engineering Department

Vision and Mission of the Department
Vision
To develop technical man power in the field of Computer Engineering to
contribute the socio-industrial requirement.

Mission
M1: To develop techno-savvy engineers by imparting comprehensive Computer
Engineering knowledge by innovative teaching and learning process.

M2: To develop professional skills committed for lifelong learning through co-
curricular and extra-curricular activities.

M3: To impart Computer Engineering education in order to meet societal and

industry needs.

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JSPM’s BSP, Wagholi, Pune Academic Year 2018-19
 JAYAWANT SHIKSHAN PRASARAK MANDAL’s

Bhivrabai Sawant Polytechnic

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Govt. of Maharashtra, Affiliated to MSBTE Mumbai)
Gat No. 720 (1&2), Wagholi, Pune-Nagar Road, Pune-412207)
Phone: 020 – 65335100 Tele fax: - + 91-020-65335100
E-mail: bspoly@rediffmail.com Website: www.jspm.edu.in

Computer Engineering Department

Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)

PEO 1: To bestow engineers an understanding of software and hardware systems

and there applications.

PEO 2: To promote student’s awareness on the lifelong learning and to introduce

them to professional ethics and professional practices.

PEO 3: To develop an ability to analyze the requirement of software, understand

the technical requirements design and provide novel engineering solutions.

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 1. GREEN COMPUTING: EFFICIENT AND ECO-
FRIENDLY USE OF COMPUTER RESOURCES TO
IMPROVE ENERGY UTILIZATION
RASHMI JADHAV1, PRATIKSHA UNDRE2

ABSTRACT

Computers are widely used globally in business, industry, e-Agriculture,

bioinformatics, medical and environmental sciences, and in every organization. Their
immense application and usage requires huge amount of electricity and always lead to
higher operational cost of the system. The utilization of electrical energy during
working of computers generates heat as per the thermodynamics rules and therefore,
air conditioners are used for providing cooling environment during working of
computers and servers. Moreover, the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon
dioxide along with heat generation leads to depletion of ozone layer resulting in
global warming that cause various harmful impacts on our environment and natural
resources. In modern era of technology, it is also not possible to avoid the usage of
computers in increasingly competitive world. Therefore, an alternative eco-friendly
and cost effective technology is required in order to reduce the negative impact of
computing technology on our natural resources. Green computing has emerged as
eco- friendly technology for the use of computers, peripherals and servers to
minimize the carbon footprint and effective use of energy. In this paper, several green
initiatives currently undertaken in the computer industry to maximize energy
efficiency and e-waste recycling process have been discussed. Moreover, the
effective implementation of Green Computing is highlighted by minimizing the
wastage of energy in small, medium and large organizations, and to promote
recyclability of industrial waste.

INTRODUCTION

Green computing is the study and practice of using computing resources efficiently.
The goals are similar to green chemistry i.e., to reduce the use of hazardous materials,
maximize energy efficiency during the product's lifetime and promote recyclability or
biodegradability of defunct products. Taking into consideration the popular use of
information technology in industry, this “Green technology” should impress activists

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leading to concrete action and organizational policy. Various organizations are
involved in finding green technology as a way to create new profit centers while
trying to help the environmental cause. The plan towards green IT should include
new electronic products and services with optimum efficiency and all possible
options towards energy savings Since most computers and communication systems
have to run 24/7 in a cloud computing infrastructure, the energy consumption of a
system is of great importance. For example, high energy consumption always leads to
higher operational cost of the system. As the number of computers is increasing day
by day, so is the amount of electricity consumed by them, which in turn is increasing
the carbon content in the atmosphere. Moreover, high energy consumption leads to
heat production and therefore more energy is required for cooling down the
surrounding environment. This problem has been realized by the researchers and
several corrective measures are being taken which help in minimizing the power
usage of computers. For example, a user must set the power option in a computer in
economic mode or the computer should go to sleep mode, when the user is not using
the computer. When a user goes away from the computer for more than a few
minutes, then the computer should go to stand-by mode or it may switch off
automatically to use appreciable amount of energy. This paper presents several green
initiatives currently under way in the computer industry, as well as issues that have
been raised regarding these initiatives about the future of Green Computing.

COMPANIES USING GREEN COMPUTING TECHNOLOGY

Many companies have started manufacturing environmentally friendly products using

a range of clean computing strategies. The major companies following green
computing protocols are described in this section.

VIA TECHNOLOGIES

It is a Taiwanese company that manufactures motherboard chipsets, CPUs, and other

computer hardware, introduced its initiative for "green computing" in 2001. With this
green vision, the company has been focusing on power efficiency throughout the
design and manufacturing process of its products. Its environment-friendly products
are manufactured using a range of clean-computing strategies and the company is
striving to educate markets on the benefits of green computing for the sake of the
environment as well as productivity and overall user experience.

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CARBON-FREE COMPUTING

One of the goals of VIA Technologies is to reduce the "carbon footprint" of users, the
amount of greenhouse gases produced, measured in units of carbon dioxide (CO2).
Greenhouse gases naturally blanket the Earth and are responsible for its more or less
stable temperature. An increase in the concentration of the main greenhouse gases i.e.,
carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and fluorocarbons, is believed to be
responsible for Earth's increasing temperature, which could lead to severe floods and
droughts, rising sea levels, and other environmental effects, affecting both life and the
world's economy. VIA aims to offer the world's first PC products certified carbon
free, taking responsibility for the amounts of CO2 they emit.

Another goal of VIA’s green-computing initiative is the development of energy-

efficient platforms for low- power, small-form-factor (SFF) computing devices. The
company works with environmental experts to calculate the electricity used by the
device over its lifetime, generally three years. From this data, one can conclude how
much carbon dioxide the device will emit into the atmosphere during its operation.
This estimate will serve as an indicator and the company will pay regional
organizations for the offsetting of the emissions. This offsetting of carbon dioxide can
be achieved in different ways:
(i) One way is to plant trees that absorb CO2 as they grow, in the region in which the
processors were purchased. The necessary amount of trees per processor is
represented by VIA's Tree Mark rating system.

(ii) VIA promotes the use of alternative energy sources such as solar power, so that
power plants wouldn't need to burn as much fossil fuels, thereby reducing the
amount of energy used.
(iii) Wetlands also provide a great service in sequestering some of the carbon
dioxide emitted into the atmosphere. Although they make up only 4 to 6% of the
Earth's landmass, wetlands are capable of absorbing 20 to 25% of the
atmospheric carbon dioxide. VIA is working closely with organizations
responsible for preserving wetlands and other natural habitats and others who
support extensive recycling programs for ICT equipment. The amount paid to
these organizations will be represented by a proportion of the carbon-free
product’s price.
(iv) In 2005, the company introduced the VIA C7-M and VIA C7 processors that

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 have a maximum power consumption of 20 watts (W) at 2.0 GHz and an average
power consumption of one watt. These energy- efficient processors produce over
four times less carbon during their operation and can be efficiently embedded in
solar-powered devices.

Dell Company: Carbon emissions control has been a key issue for many companies
who have expressed a firm commitment to sustainability. Dell is a good example of
a company with a green image, known for its free worldwide product-recycling
program. Dell’s Plant a Tree for Me project allows customers to offset their carbon
emissions by paying an extra $ 2 to $ 4, depending on the product purchased.
AMD: A global microprocessor manufacturer is also working toward reducing
energy consumption in its products, cutting back on hazardous waste and reducing
its eco-impact. The company’s use of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology in its
manufacturing and strained silicon capping films on transistors (known as - dual
stress liner technology), have contributed to reduced power consumption in its
products.
Intel: The world's largest semiconductor maker uses virtualization software, a
technique that enables Intel to combine several physical systems into a virtual
machine that runs on a single, powerful base system, thus significantly reducing
power consumption.
Intel has also joined Google, Microsoft and other companies in the launch of the
Climate Savers Computing Initiative that commits businesses to meet the
Environmental Protection Agency’s Energy Star guidelines for energy-efficient
devices.
Google Inc.: With the aid of a self-styled ultra-efficient evaporative cooling
technology, Google Inc. has been able to reduce its energy consumption to 50% of
that of the industry average.
Advanced Power Management: It is a joint venture of Intel and Microsoft that
allows a computer’s BIOS to control power management functions in a computer.

STEPS FOR ADOPTION OF GREEN COMPUTING

The adoption of the following strategies will strengthen the concept and policy of
green computing.

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Develop a sustainable green computing plan
Discuss with the business leaders the elements that should be factored into such a
plan, including organizational policies and checklists. Such a plan should include
recycling policies, recommendations for disposal of used equipment, government
guidelines and recommendations for purchasing green computer equipment. Green
computing best practices and policies should cover power usage, reduction of paper
consumption as well as recommendations for new equipment and recycling of old
machines.
Recycling of outdated computers
Discard used or unwanted electronic equipment in a convenient and environmentally
responsible manner. Computers have toxic metals and pollutants that can emit
harmful emissions into the environment [6]. Never discard computers in a landfill.
Recycle them instead through manufacturer programs such as HP's Planet Partners
recycling service or recycling facilities in your community or donate still-working
computers to a non-profit agency.
Make environmentally sound purchase decisions
While buying a monitor, one should keep in mind one’s requirements as a 17-inch
monitor uses 40% more energy than a 14-inch monitor. Also, the higher the
resolution, the more energy it needs. Ink-jet printers, though a little slower than laser
printers, use 80 to 90% percent less energy. Thus, choice should be made wisely.
Consumers should purchase Electronic Product Environmental Assessment
Tool (EPEAT) registered products. EPEAT is a procurement tool promoted by the
nonprofit Green Electronics Council to help institutional purchasers evaluate,
compare and select desktop computers, notebooks and monitors based on
environmental attributes. It provides a clear, consistent set of performance criteria for
the design of products. EPEAT recognizes manufacturer efforts to reduce the
environmental impact of products by reducing or eliminating environmentally
sensitive materials, designing for longevity and reducing packaging materials
Reduce paper consumption
There are many easy ways to reduce paper consumption: e- mail, electronic
archiving, use the track changes feature in electronic documents, rather than redline
corrections on paper. For taking print of documents, make sure to use both sides of
the paper, recycle regularly, use smaller fonts and margins, and selectively print

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required pages.

Conserve energy
Turn off your computer when you are not going to use it for an extended period of
time. Turn on power management features during shorter periods of inactivity. Power
management allows monitors and computers to enter low- power states when sitting
idle. Turn off the computer when the period of inactivity is more. The computer or
monitor awakens from its low power sleep mode in seconds by simply hitting the
keyboard or moving the mouse. Power management tactics can save energy and help
protect the environment. Activating the power management features on your
computer saves energy and money while helping the environment. Computer’s Sleep
and Hibernate settings are two of the most effective ways to make computer more
environment-friendly.
 Sleep mode: It allows the monitor to fall asleep after idling for some time period
is another easily employed method for improving energy efficiency. When a
monitor falls asleep or enters a “stand by” mode, it enters a low power
consumption state [7]. It saves 60-70% of electricity. The monitor screen will be
blank, with no light emitting from it.
 Hibernate mode: The hibernate mode goes one step further than standby mode
by completely powering off the computer. Invoking the hibernate mode causes
the memory state to be saved onto the hard disk before powering down. When
coming out of hibernate mode, the computer restores the memory state, returning
the computer to its pre-hibernate state. A desktop computer will consume
approximately 3 watts in hibernate mode vs 5 watts for standby. A disadvantage
of the hibernate mode is that it takes slightly longer to enter and exit hibernate
than standby, the result of saving and restoring the memory state to and from the
disk.
 Screen savers: One of the simplest and most familiar power saving methods is
the proper use of screen savers. The typical graphical screen saver, originally
designed to minimize “burn-in” of computer monitors, actually increases power
consumption rather than using a 3D graphics screen saver, and with screen burn-
in no longer a concern, power use easily can be reduced by disabling screen
savers. In this way, power consumed by intensive graphics is eliminated, leading
to the monitor “falling asleep” after a period of idling, automatically conserving
still more power. Therefore, switch off the computer and restart it again as and

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 when required.
 System Standby mode: Standby is a mode the computer, monitor, or other
device enters when idles for too long. This mode helps conserve power when a
computer or computer device is not in use without having to sacrifice the time it
would take to turn off and on the computer. When in standby, the computer or
monitor has a solid of flashing light, indicating that there is still power but the
computer is in Standby. To resume, wake, or wake up a computer in Standby
mode move the mouse, press a key on the keyboard, or press the power button on
the computer without holding it down for more than a few seconds.

APPROACHES TO IMPLEMENT GREEN COMPUTING

Following approaches are helpful in implementation the concept of green computing.

These various approaches include virtualization, power management, power supply,
storage, displays, materials recycling, telecommuting, cloud computing and data
compression.

Virtualization
Computer virtualization is the process of running two or more logical computer
systems on one set of physical hardware. One of the primary goals of almost all forms
of virtualization is making the most efficient use of available system resources. With
energy and power costs increasing as the size of information technology (IT)
infrastructures grow, holding expenses to a minimum is quickly becoming a top
priority for many IT organizations. Virtualization has helped in that respect by
allowing organizations to consolidate their servers onto fewer pieces of hardware,
which can result in sizable cost savings. The data center is where virtualization can
have the greatest impact and there where many of the largest companies in the
virtualization space are investing their resources.
The concept originated with the IBM mainframe operating systems of the
1960s, but was commercialized for x86-compatible computers only in the 1990s.
With virtualization, a system administrator could combine several physical systems
into virtual machines on one single, powerful system, thereby unplugging the original
hardware and reducing power and cooling consumption . Several commercial
companies and open-source projects now offer software packages to enable a
transition to virtual computing. Intel Corporation and AMD have also built

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proprietary virtualization enhancements to the x86 instruction set into each of their
CPU product lines, in order to facilitate virtualized computing.
Virtualization also fits in with the idea of “Green Computing”; by consolidating
servers and maximizing CPU processing power on other servers, you are cutting costs
(saving money) and taking less of a toll on our environment. Storage virtualization
uses hardware and software to break the link between an application, application
component, system service or whole stack of software and the storage subsystem.
This allows the storage to be located just about anywhere, on just about any type of
device, replicated for performance reasons, replicated for reliability reasons or for any
combination of the above.
In the past, it was necessary for each computer system to have its own storage
to function. Storage virtualization makes it possible for systems to access a shared
storage subsystem. It also means that copies of data that are used to be stored on
every computer’s disks can now be stored once in the shared storage subsystem. It’s
clear that this approach would reduce the number of storage devices needed, the
amount of power required, the heat produced and would reduce the operational and
administrative costs of back up, archival storage. Since the link between the
application and the actual storage device is broken by storage virtualization software,
the device can be selected based upon what’s most appropriate. Applications and data
that are accessed frequently can be stored on high speed, expensive devices that
consume more power. Applications and data that are accessed less frequently can be
stored on lower speed, less expensive devices that consume less power. Rarely
accessed applications and data can be migrated to archival storage devices that result
in the lowest cost and require the lowest power consumption.
Power management
Power management for computer systems are desired for many reasons, particularly,
(i) to prolong battery life for portable and embedded systems
(ii) reduce cooling requirements
(iii) reduce noise, and
(v) to reduce operating costs for energy and cooling.
Moreover, lower power consumption also means lower heat dissipation, which
increases system stability and less energy use, which saves money and reduces the
impact on the environment.

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  The Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI), an open industry
standard, allows an operating system to directly control the power saving aspects
of its underlying hardware. This allows a system to automatically turn off
components such as monitors and hard drives after set periods of inactivity. In
addition, a system may hibernate, where most components (including the CPU and
the system RAM) are turned off. ACPI is a successor to an earlier Intel-Microsoft
standard called Advanced Power Management, which allows a computer's BIOS to
control power management functions.
 Some programs allow the user to manually adjust the voltages supplied to the
CPU, which reduces both the amount of heat produced and electricity consumed.
This process is called under-volting. Some CPUs can automatically under-volt the
processor depending on the workload; this technology is called "Speed Step" on
Intel processors, "Power Now!"/"Cool'n'Quiet" on AMD chips, Long-haul on VIA
CPUs, and Long Run with Transmute processors.

The power management for microprocessors can be done over the whole
processor, or in specific areas. With dynamic voltage scaling and dynamic
frequency scaling, the CPU core voltage, clock rate or both, can be altered to
decrease power consumption at the price of slower performance. This is
sometimes done in real time to optimize the power-performance trade off. Newer
Intel Core processors support ultra-fine power control over the function units
within the processors

Power supply
Power supplies in most computers aren't designed for energy efficiency. In fact, most
computers drain more power than they need during normal operation, leading to
higher electrical bills and a more dire environmental impact. The 80 Plus program is
a voluntary certification system for power-supply manufacturers. If a PSU (Power
Supply Unit) meets the certification, it will use only the power it needs at a given
load. For example, if the PC requires only 20% of the total power of a 500-watt PSU,
the system will consume no more than 100 watts. Only when the PC requires full
power will the PSU run at the full wattage load. An 80 Plus power supply can save
about 85 kilowatt hours per PC, per year. In many ways, it's the heart of a green PC,
since it manages the power for all the other components. It also has the most dramatic
effect on your energy bill. Moreover, all 80 Plus power supplies are also lead-free and

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Ro HS compliant.

Storage capacity and performance

There are three options available, all of which vary in cost, performance and
capacity. The most conventional option is the 3.5" desktop hard drive. Recently,
major drive manufacturers have begun to focus on reduced power consumption,
resulting in such features as the reduced RPM low-power idle mode with fixed
rotation speed for reduced power consumption. The advantages of this route are the
highest possible capacity, the best performance (out of the highest-end solid-state
drives).
The second option, which also lends itself to affordability, is to use a 2.5" laptop hard
drive. These consume less power than larger disks as a result of their smaller platters,
smaller motors and firmware that is already optimized for power consumption versus
most 3.5" hard disks. With capacities up to 320 GB, reasonable capacity is well
within reach, although the price is substantially higher than an equivalent 3.5" disk.
With a green system aimed at light use, a 120 GB or 160 GB laptop drive is a very
affordable, lower-power alternative to a 3.5" disk.
The lowest power option is to use a solid state hard drive (SSD), which typically
draw less than one-third the power of a 2.5" disk. The latest, highest-performance
SSDs are very fast but extremely expensive and currently top out at only 64GB.
That's adequate for light use, but wholly inadequate for gamers, video editing and
other heavy uses. More affordable SSDs are available in larger capacities, but are not
cheap and typically have slow write performance, which limits their practical utility.
Smaller form factor (e.g. 2.5 inch) hard disk drives often consume less power than
physically larger drives. Unlike hard disk drives, solid-state drives store data in flash
memory or DRAM. With no moving parts, power consumption may be reduced
somewhat for low capacity flash based devices. Even at modest sizes, DRAM based
SSDs may use more power than hard disks, (e.g., 4 GB i- RAM uses more power and
space than laptop drives). Flash based drives are generally slower for writing than
hard disks.

Displays on the monitors

LCD monitors typically use a cold-cathode fluorescent bulb to provide light for the
display. Some newer displays use an array of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in place
of the fluorescent bulb, which reduces the amount of electricity used by the display.

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LCD monitors uses three times less when active, and ten times less energy when in
sleep mode. LCDs are up to 66% more energy efficient than CRTs. LCDs are also
upwards of 80% smaller in size and weight, leading to fuel savings in shipping [11].
LCDs produce less heat, which means less AC will be needed to keep cool. LCD
screens are also easier on the eyes. Their lower intensity and steady light pattern
result in less fatigue versus CRTs. A newer LCD draws 40-60 W maximum in a
modest 19", 20" or 22" size. That number grows close to 85 W or 100 W maximum
for a 24" unit. Drop them down to standby or turn them off entirely when not using
them to minimize power consumption. By comparison, a 21" CRT typically uses
more than 120 W, more than double the power of a typical 22" LCD.
Recycling of materials
Obsolete computers are a valuable source for secondary raw materials, if treated
properly, however if not treated properly they are a major source of toxic materials
and carcinogens. Rapid technology change, low initial cost and even planned
obsolescence have resulted in a fast growing problem around the globe. Technical
solutions are available but in most cases a legal framework, a collection system,
logistics and other services need to be implemented before a technical solution can
be applied. Electronic devices, including audio-visual components (televisions,
VCRs, stereo equipment), mobile phones and other hand-held devices and computer
components, contain valuable elements and substances suitable for reclamation,
including lead, copper and gold. They also contain a plethora of toxic substances,
such as dioxins, PCBs, cadmium, chromium, radioactive isotopes and mercury.
Additionally, the processing required reclaiming the precious substances (including
incineration and acid treatments) release, generating and synthesizing further toxic
by-products.
Computer recycling refers to recycling or reuse of a computer or electronic
waste. This can include finding another use for the system (i.e., donated to charity)
or having the system dismantled in a manner that allows for the safe extraction of the
constituent materials for reuse in other products. Additionally, parts from outdated
systems may be salvaged and recycled through certain retail outlets and municipal or
private recycling centers.

Recycling of computing equipment can keep harmful materials such as lead, mercury
and hexavalent chromium out of landfills, but often computers gathered through
recycling drives are shipped to developing countries where environmental standards

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are less strict than in North America and Europe. The Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition
estimates that 80% of the post-consumer e-waste collected for recycling is shipped
abroad to countries such as China India and Pakistan. Computing supplies, such as
printer cartridges, paper and batteries may also be recycled as well.
[1] While there are several health hazards, when it comes to dealing with computer
recycling some of the substances you should be aware of; (i) Lead is common in
CRTs, some batteries and to some formulations of PVC. It can be harmful if not
disposed of properly; (ii) Mercury is common in fluorescent tubes. With new
technologies arising, the elimination of mercury in many new model computers is
taking place; (iii) Cadmium is present in some rechargeable batteries. It can be
hazardous to skin if exposed for too long, and (iv) Liquid crystals are another health
hazard that should be taken into consideration although they do not have the nearly
the same effects as the other chemicals.
Most major computer manufacturers offer some form of recycling, often as a
free replacement service when purchasing a new PC. At the user's request, they may
mail in their old computer, or arrange for pickup from the manufacturer. Individuals
looking for environment-friendly ways in which to dispose of electronics can find
corporate electronic take-back and recycling programs across the country. Open to
the public (in most cases), corporations nationwide have begun to offer low-cost to
no-cost recycling and have opened centers nationally and in some cases
internationally. Such programs frequently offer services to take-back and recycle
electronics including mobile phones, laptop and desktop computers, digital cameras
and home and auto electronics. Companies offer what are called “take-back”
programs that provide monetary incentives for recyclable and/or working
technologies.

CONCLUSION

The tremendous growth of IT industries is slowly poisoning the environment. Green

computing is an approach that can satisfy the growing demand for network
computing without putting such pressure on the environment. Processor and systems
could be designed which do not increase demands on the environment, but still
provide an increased amount of processing capability to customers to satisfy their
business needs. Now the time has come to think about the efficient use of computers
and the resources, which are non-renewable. It opens a new window for the new
entrepreneurs for harvesting with E-waste material and scrap computers. Green

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computing is not about going out and designing biodegradable packaging for
products. The features of a green computer of tomorrow would be such as energy
efficiency, manufacturing and materials, recyclability, service model and self-
powering. Green computer will be one of the major contributions, which will break
down the 'digital divide', that separates the information rich from the information
poor.

REFERENCES

[1] Soomro T.R., and Sarwar M., “Green computing: From current to future
trends”. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol. 6, Issue 3,
pp. 457- 460, 2012.
[2] Garg, P., Bhatnagar, S., and Deepali, “Green Computing”. International
Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol. 3, pp. 81-86, 2014.
[3] http://www.greencomputing.co.in
[4] Harbla, A., Dimri, P., Negi, D., and Chauhan, Y. S., “Green computing research
challenges: A review”, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer
Science and Software Engineering, Vol. 3, Issue 10, pp. 1075-1077, 2013.
[5] Chakravarthy, V.J., and Kumar ,H., “Green computing towards green future”.
International Journal of Research in Engineering and Advanced Technology, Vol. 1,
Issue 1, 2013.

[6] Anam A., and Syed A., “Green computing: E-waste management through
recycling”. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, Vol. 4,
Issue 5, pp. 1103-1106, 2013.

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 2. IOT BASED PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM
Kokare Pranav1, Salunkhe Neha2

ABSTRACT
Health is the most important factor for human being. Hence it is essential to monitor
the health parameters. For continuous monitoring the patients, there are doctors and
caretaker in hospitals. But when patient returns to home. There is no facility to look
after them or check the patients. Hence to overcome this problem, there is a new
solution i.e. patient monitoring using IOT. Hence patient’s data such as heart rate,
blood pressure, temperature, ECG, position, blood oxygen etc. can be measured and
sent to the server. To measure this parameters different sensors are connected to the
patient’s body. Then this information will be uploaded to the webpage. Doctors can
access this data by typing the log in details such as user name and password. Hence
continuous monitoring can be accomplished. IOT plays the major role in this system.
The system we have proposed will monitor heart rate, temperature and saline level.
The data will be transmitted using Wi-Fi module. We are using IOT Gecko which is
an open source platform to design IOT system

INTRODUCTION

Internet provides many services for education, business, shopping, industries, social
networking, entertainment, finance etc. Internet of Things is the next popular system
of Internet. Using Internet of Things, we can share, communicate data with the help
of webpages over internet using different protocols. The objects are connected to
collect the data, analyze, used to initiate required action which provides a network to
analyze, plan and decision making.
IOT is about connecting devices to the Interne and using the connection for
controlling and remote monitoring of their devices. IOT is making smart network
which can be controlled and planned through internet. Systems are developed with
embedded technology that allows them to exchange information among each other
over the internet. It is assumed that around 8 to 50 billion devices would get
connected and then they will communicate by the end of 2020.

The concept of internet of Things stands on wireless network, sensors and gateway,
which enables user to share communicate and then access the data or information.
The IOT technology has a huge data about human, objects, time and space. By

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combining the current Internet technology and IOT provides a large amount of space
and smart service based on low cost sensors and wireless communication. Hence if
we use Internet of Things in the area of medical, then monitoring the patients will
become very easy.

COMPARISON AND CONTRAST ANALYSIS

By studying the reference papers, we found that some authors have proposed new
systems and designs which are implemented to deploy IoT in the area of medical
applications and healthcare. Some of the researchers follow IEEE papers to design
their Internet of Things system to provide remote monitoring and emergency aid
while some of the authors used other standard papers for their models. Some have
just simply explained the applications of IoT in healthcare.
We present a performances, comparison and analysis of different systems in Table 1.
We evaluate the proposed IoT architectures based on some parameters such as
emergency aid, technology used, standards followed, and support for multi devices.
• Emergency Aid: Using IoT in the area of healthcare, the focus should be on the
provision of the support in emergencies. The system must generate alarms to
inform in the critical situations of patients to the doctors and their beloved ones.
• Technology: IoT supports various technologies like RFID, 3G, 4G networks GPS,
GSM, GPRS, Bluetooth, zigbee, wi-fi etc. By using these technologies, one can
obtain data related to person’s medical status and send it
Authors New Technology Emergency Multi Application
Architecture/ Aid -
Model device

Punit Gupta, No Wi-fi, 3G, Yes Yes System proposed to

Deepika GPRS give proper and
Agrawal efficient medical
services by collecting
and connecting data
through health status.

Abhilasha No Raspberry Pi, No Yes The given system is

Ingole, Wi-fi designed for the
Shrikant medical data, access
Ambatkar and store data.

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 Augustus E. Yes GSM, GPRS, Yes Yes The proposed system
Ibhaze, GPS provides heart rate,
MNSE, temperature, location
Francis E. of patient at any time.
Idachaba
Prosanta Gope Yes GPRS Yes Yes Model proposed to
and interpret and get IOT
Tzonelih data emergency data
Hwang handling and data
sharing with doctors.
Kaleem Yes RFID No Yes Model proposed to
Ullah,Munam provide a platform for
Ali Shah accessing patient’s
health data by using
smartphones and
body sensors.
A.Divya, Yes GSM Modem Yes Yes This system is
K.Keerthana, proposed to transmit
N.Kiruthikanj the data on the
ali,G.Nandhin webpage for regular
i and monitoring of the
G.Yuvaraj patient over internet.
Meria M Yes Arduino, No Yes This model can be
George,Nimm used for continuously
y Mary Ethernet monitoring using
Cyriac,Sobin, shield different sensors. It
Mathew,Tess gives alerts using
Antony alarms in case of
critical situation.
Duddela Yes GSM Module Yes Yes This model proposed
Dileep to interprete data and
Kumar&Pratti to provide real time
Venkateswarl monitoring of the
u healthcare parameter.
Aruna Devi.S Yes Wi-fi, No Yes This system is
,Godfrey Bluetooth presented to monitor
Winster.S, real time status of the
Sasikumar.S patient irrespective of
the presence of
doctor.
Table 2.1 Comparison And Contrast Analysis

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PROPOSED SYSTEM
 In this system, we have proposed an“IoT based patient monitoring system”. Now a
day for the patients, who stays in home after operational days, their checking is done
by medical caretaker. But sometimes if the caretaker is not with them and if sudden
change occurs in wellbeing parameter, then it results in harm. Situation can become
worst so, the new technology “IOT-Internet of Thing” is used. We are proposing a
system with which patient can be monitor from anywhere and at any time, their
family can know their health status without being with them every time. Doctor can
check their status from hospital.
 In this system, the main components are microcontroller PIC16F877A, Wi-Fi
module (ESP8266) and IOT Gecko.
 PIC16F877A collects the health parameter values such as heartbeats, temperature
and saline level using sensors which are connected to the body of patients. Then this
data is uploaded using Wi-fi module ESP8266 to the IOTGecko where we have
created our own webpage for our system. Doctors will have to type the username and
password and then the data can be accessed.
 IOT Gecko is a development platform where we can design IOT based system
easily. We can build our own system to handle or monitor IOT system on the web. We
can process sensor obtained values and display online (Webpage). IOT Gecko easily
debugs IOT system and integrates it easily with desirable language with API support
for all platforms.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 2.1: Iot Based Patient Monitoring System

CONCLUSION

This Internet of Things technology may be used to establish an architecture which can
communicate over internet for the better health monitoring. IoT would be used in
various fields. The more benefits can be attempted in the field of healthcare. Hence
this work is done to design health care system. From the literature survey, we can
conclude that the patient monitoring system using IoT can provide better accuracy
and ability to continuously measure the health status in real time. Hence an
improvement in the area of healthcare. With these system doctors can examine the
patients from anywhere and anytime.

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REFERENCES
[1]. Punit Gupta, Deepika Agrawal, Jasmeet Chhabra, Pulkit Kumar Dhir-“ IoT
based Smart HealthCare Kit” Jaypee University of Information Technology
.Himachal Pradesh, 3.
[2]. Abhilasha Ingole, Shrikant Ambatkar, Sandeep Kakde,“Implementation of
Health-care Monitoring System using Raspberry Pi”, IEEE ICCSP 2015 conference.,
978-1-4799-8081-9/15/$31.00 © 2015 IEEE.
[3]. Augustus E. Ibhaze, MNSE, Francis E. Idachaba, “Health Monitoring System for
the Aged” 2016 IEEE, International Conference on Emerging Technologies and
Innovative Business Practices for the Transformation of Societies (EmergiTech),
978-1- 5090-0706-6/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE.
[4]. Prosanta Gope and Tzonelih Hwang, “BSN-Care: A Secure IoT-Based Modern
Healthcare System Using Body Sensor Network” IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol. 16, no.
5, March 1, 2016, IEEE 1558-1748 © 2015 IEEE.
[5]. Kaleem Ullah, MunamAli,“Effective Ways to Use Internet of Things in the Field
of Medical and Smart Health Care”, 2015 International Conference on Identification,
Information, and Knowledge in the Internet of Things, 978-1-4673-8753-8/16/$31.00
©2016 IEEE.

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 3. Designing a Selective Encryption Method Using
Natural Language Processing for Text data in Mobile
Ad hoc Network
Deepa Shelar1, Kshirsagar Pratiksha2

ABSTRACT

In today’s time security is greatly recommended for the data that is sent over the
network. The research problem states, although various approaches towards security
is proposed day-by-day, the security loop holes are also propagating and thus
constant innovation is essential towards protection of data. The paper intends to
introduce a Selective Encryption algorithm for encryption of text data which is
termed as Selective Significant Data Encryption (SSDE) adding a noteworthy
uncertainty to data while encryption and thus boost security. The SSDE offers
adequate uncertainty to the encryption process carried out since it pick only
significant data from the entire message using Natural Language Processing (NLP).
As a result the encryption time is reduced and performance is improved. Symmetric
key algorithms are usually competent and rapid cryptosystem over other methods, so
BLOWFISH method is used for encryption. In this study, SSDE is the proposed
method which is found superior to existing ones, that is, toss-a-coin and full
encryption when performance is evaluated based on the extensive set of experiments
done on Network Simulator.

INTRODUCTION
The world is moving towards wireless network nowadays and thus ad hoc networks
are also acquiring importance. An Ad hoc network could be defined as a wireless
network in which, all the nodes are able to correspond with each other directly devoid
of the need of a central access point. The performance of Ad hoc network is good
when less number of nodes are involved, but when the number of nodes increases, the
performance gets affected and becomes difficult to manage. As mobile ad hoc
networks is widely used nowadays so the security requirements for the network is
also increasing which can be provided by means of cryptography.
There are two ways of keeping information secret: either hiding the existence of the
information or making the information unintelligible. Cryptography could be defined

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as the art and science of making the information secure from unintended audiences by
encrypting it and thus making it unintelligible. The plain text is converted to cipher
text while performing encryption and the cipher text is converted back to plain text
in decryption. This cipher text is unintelligible to others while being transmitted in
the network.
Algorithms belonging to selective encryption are admired in current state, due to the
fact that they may lessen the overhead used up on data encryption or decryption that in
turn enhances the efficiency of the network. This whole task is performed with the
help of Natural Language Processing (NLP). NLP is associated with the area of
computer science and artificial intelligence. Computational linguistics is related to
computers and human languages. The approach removes the stop words from the
messages and encrypts the significant data only, prior to sending over the network. The
stop words are those words which are filtered out prior to or after from natural
language text. They are common words which would to be of little value to the
messages. The paper is ordered in the following way: Related Work is provided in
section 2. Section 3 gives the concept of Selective Encryption, Proposed method
SSDE is introduced in section 4, which is followed by the performance evaluation and
analysis in section 5. The paper is concluded in section 6.

THE THEORY OF SELECTIVE ENCRYPTION

Selective encryption algorithms are well-liked in current circumstances due to the truth
that they may decrease the overhead incurred on data encryption or decryption, and
consequently advances the effectiveness of the network. Proposed work is based on the
theory of selective encryption and then offers the outline of some of the selective
encryption methodologies.
Selective encryption algorithms work on the principle of encrypting only specific
parts of the communications and offer reliable security so as to make safe the
transmitted message confidentiality. Selective encryption is capable of improving the
scalability for data transmission and also trims downs the processing time. NLP is
used for selective encryption of messages. Natural Language Toolkit 3.0 with python
3.5 versions is used for analyzing messages under this proposed method.

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 Figure 3.1: Python code along with NLTK for word processing

PROPOSED METHOD: SELECTIVE SIGNIFICANT DATA

ENCRYPTION

The presented approach picks the significant data available the message and
encrypts them before transferring in the network. Significant data implies the
keyword that holds the meaning of entire message. Excluding significant ones, rest
commonly used words like articles, pronouns, conjunctions, prepositions, and
interjections are sent without encoding.Fig.2 shows the flow of data of the
proposed algorithm and the various phases of selective significant data encryption.

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 Figure 3.2: Flow chart for Selective significant data encryption

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS

In order to examine the features of the proposed method SSDE, an extensive set of
experiments are carried out within a wireless environment. In this work, the proposed
method SSDE is compared with full encryption and Toss- A-Coin method. Each
experiment is run for 50ns of simulation time. During the simulation experiment, the
compared systems are all run under the identical scenario. The performance metrics for
evaluating the SSDE are encryption time, decryption time and battery consumption.

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 Figure 3.3 Decryption Time vs. Simulation Time

As stated earlier, two approaches are used as the comparable models with our proposed
system. The first approach (i.e. full encryption) encrypts all messages without leaving
any text unencrypted and thus termed as full encryption. In the second approach half of
the data is encrypted and is termed as toss-a-coin method. Fig. 3 , Fig. 4 and Fig. 5
represents the comparison of decryption with simulation time , encryption with
simulation time and battery consumption with simulation time respectively for the
above three approaches. It can be seen from Fig. 3 that toss-a-coin and SSDE is
efficient then full encryption method where as in Fig. 4 given below shows full
encryption method takes more time than the other two methods (i.e. toss-a-coin and
SSDE) .SSDE is encrypting the keywords (i.e. Significant words) making the
intruder’s task difficult; whereas toss-a-coin is less time consuming but it doesn’t
focuses on significant words. It encrypts random words making the intruder’s task
easier.

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 Figure 3.4: Encryption Time vs. Simulation Time

Figure 3.5: Battery Consumption vs. Simulation Time

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CONCLUSION
This paper introduces a better solution for data encryption in wireless networks. The
approach solution is having foundation of Selective encryption, which is one of the
most capable solutions nowadays to lessen cost of data fortification as well as
providing adequate uncertainty for dependability and enhanced data security. The
performance of the method is evaluated based on the extensive set of experiments.
The results reveal the efficiency of SSDE compared with other methods in wireless
networks. Consequently the presented solution gives a viable key for securing
wireless communication in Mobile Ad hoc network. This method can be used in
social chatting apps, military security, corporate world communication, and
government activities involving text data encryption

REFERENCES
[1] Azzedine Boukerche, Lynda Mokdad Yonglin Ren, "Performance Analysis of a
Selective Encryption Algorithm for Wireless Ad hoc Networks," IEEE, 2011, pp.
1038- 1043.
[2] Matin M A , Hossain Md. Monir , Islam Md Foizul,Islam Muhammad
Nazrul,Hossain M Mofazzal,” Performance Evaluation of Symmetric Encryption
Algorithm in MANET and WLAN ” International Conference for Technical
Postgraduates (TECHPOS), at Kuala Lumpur , 14-15 Dec. 2009.
[3] Mishra Shivendra, Bhattacharjya Aniruddha,” Pattern Analysis of Cipher Text
: A Combined Approach”, 2013 International Conference on Recent Trends in
Information Technology (ICRTIT).
[4] Zhou Xin,Tang Xiaofei,” Research and Implementation of RSA Algorithm for
Encryption and Decryption”, 2011 The 6th International Forum on Strategic
Technology.

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4. Secure and Authenticate Jamming Attack Proof Secure
Information Transmission in Mobile Adhoc Network
Bade Pratik1, Shinde Akash2

ABSTRACT

An Ad-hoc mobile network is an assembly of wireless transportable nodes devotedly

creating a short-lived network lacking the use of any core-existing centralized
administration or network infrastructure. MANET have restrictions owed to mobility,
capability and infrastructure of mobile systems nodes because of network system as
an entire. Limitations due to system or infrastructure, Limited bandwidth, Broadcast
nature of communications, variable capacity link, frequent disconnections/partitions,
packet loss due to transmission error. Cooperative procedures, Exposed medium,
dynamically varying system topology, Inadequacy of centralized monitoring,
Nothingness of clear line of opposition. There is no layered safety in MANETs like in
wired network. Experimentally conclusion point out that system is fine suitable for
superior and convinced data communication. Directing set of rules of Ad-hoc
network naturally adjust themselves with the current environments which may vary
with high mobility to low mobility in extremes along with high bandwidth. The
outcomes showed that the system throughput and security of the system is improved.
This paper recommends an innovative methodology to prevent and detect the
jamming based attack and equally preserve harmless the network from malicious
machines. The system organization also achieved safe routing to defence MANET
against malevolent machine.

INTRODUCTION

In MANET the mobile wireless network is not rely on any existed network. It is a
combination of several wireless nodes that can build a network randomly. The study
and growth of mobile devices and 802.1 Wi-Fi wireless networks are on demand
topic of research in MANET. Ad-hoc network doesn’t depend on any central
supervision or constant infrastructure [ such as base. Even as system nodes are
moving in the system they swap the information to every other and may keep on to be
in motion there and here and so the network should be prepared. Mobile system
devices are not having the central control, consequently they are liberated to be in

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motion, and thus the topology of such system network changes expeditiously. In the
mobile Adhoc system, a number of influences such as physical obstacles movement,
unwanted noise, and climate circumstances contribute to the trouble of precisely
forming the actions of the lifetime of a link among two mobile nodes. The superiority
of service should meet the terms source system end to destination system end data
packet transfer without packet loss. Data packets routed between a sender node
(source) and a receiver node (destination) of a MANET often traverse along a path
spanning multiple links, which is known as the multichip path. To accomplish
availability and reliability network routing protocols should be prevailing compared
to jamming attacks. The honesty of distribute information packets from system end to
end with the help of multichip mediator nodes is a remarkable dilemma in the mobile
Adhoc network. Because of the inherently self-motivated nature of the mobile system
network layout, the prevailing data routes cannot be secure. Determination of
information safety measures, link malfunction, exposure of malevolent node and
protected information transmission within MANET is a significant tasks in any
mobile network. The paper emphases on the following problem: Detection,
prevention and correction of jamming attack in multipath Mobile Adhoc network and
to increase performance and trustworthiness of mobile Adhoc network under
jamming malicious attack with secure data transmission and routing. The main aim is
to notice secure route of the mobile network, to progress the information delivery
ratio and performance of MANET, to select best transmit path for safe and sound
information transmission. Detection of attacks, data security, detection of malevolent
node and protected information transmission in a MANET is an imperative task in
mobile network. Recognition of malevolent node, data Security within a MANET is a
central task in any network. The objectives are to detect jamming attacks in MANET,
to prevent MANET from jamming attack, To improve the performance of network.
The system proposed a secure trust value[10] which helps authenticate the system
node and also remain protected the network from malicious nodes The system also
perform secure routing to protect MANET against malicious node. The proposed
protocol discover the jamming based attack and if original link is breakdown then
new secure node is established and information is transferred from newly created
link. Experimentally result showed that scheme is well suited for better data
transmission. The system also perform secure routing to protect MANET against
malicious node. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 represents

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literature survey related to jamming prediction, detection and failure. Section 3
provides proposed work and algorithm. Section 4 provides the implementation details
of the proposed work. Section 5 concludes the paper with a summary of the work and
discussion of future research directions.
PROPOSED METHOD
Determination of link failure, detection of malicious node, data safety and protected
information transmission in a MANET is an imperative task in any mobile system
network. The proposed algorithm is exemplified in this fragment. This algorithm
provided all the steps of proposed work. The proposed algorithm will jamming based
attacks in the mobile system and informed to the mobile network. The proposed
algorithm discover the jamming based attack and if original link is breakdown then
new secure node is established and information is transferred from newly created
link. The packet drop and delivery ration is also tested to discover system
performance of the network.
Algorithm

1. Threshold value setup for PDR

2. Send route request to initiate data transmission
3. Check signal strength, carrier sensing time of the requested neighbor
If all parameter tests are above threshold value then Neighbor is valid path
can be established Node can transmit data to neighbor
Else if system hop sum total exceeded with initial hop then
Network is invalid
Stop transmission and Goto End
Else
Goto step 2 and make route request to another neighbor
End if

4. Check packet drop and delivery ratio of the network system Is packet
delivery ratio fall to the given threshold value then Source machine
arbitrarily pick out the next neighbor Is any neighbor node reply from new
route excepting neighbor node then Initiate the inverse locating mechanism
and direct test hello packets Read replay messages to detect jamming attack
Initiate node list disagreed node onto malicious list Alarm packet is initiated
Goto Algo End If End
End Algorithm
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Detect jamming attack. Initiate node list disagreed node onto malicious list alarm
packet is initiated.
IMPLEMENTATION
For simulation environment used i5 2.4 GHz computer system with 8GB RAMS. The
implementation script is written in TCL scripting language and a few procedures are
also scripted in C++/C language. NS2 is applicable as simulation environment. In
implementation scenario, simulation network used 50 system nodes, which are at
random placed in unlike parts of position division with a stationary density. For this
implementation scenario, simulation network parameters, transmission range, such as
traffic, Dimension, Number of nodes, transmission rate, sensitivity, transmission

Figure 4.1: Jamming attack in network

In this Figure represents the Jamming attack in a network. Jamming attacks

breakdown the network and links to the different nodes are damaged.

Figure 4.2: Jamming attack prevention

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In this Figure represents the prevention of Jamming attack using detection node.

Figure 4.3: PDR Analysis

In this graph Packet Delivery Ratio(PDR) performance of Jamming and security

Figure 4.4: Throughput Analysis

scheme is describe in this graph. Packet sent ratio, is calculated at the node
transmitter side, is the entire number of acknowledgments data packets received to
the entire number of data packets communicated. By Jamming attacker technique the
attacker drop of packet is humiliates the percentage ratio of data receiving. Before the
attacker drop of packets is maximum and after using Jamming attacker the drop of

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packets ratio is minimum.

In this graph Throughput Analysis of Jamming and Security Scheme the attacker aim
is to drop the data packets or to hold the resources for that the communication is

affected. The packets forwarding capacity of jamming is a strictly increase with

period of time. Overall related work the packets ratio drop is maximum and security
are minimum and proposed work the packets ratio in minimum drop and and security
is maximum.

CONCLUSIONS
The study and growth of mobile devices and 802.11 Wi-Fi wireless networks is on
demand topic of research in MANET. Real time applications in MANET require
certain QoS features, such as tolerable information loss and nominal end to end
information packet interval. AODV set of regulations is a wise protocol in wireless
mobile ad-hoc network. Because of the instinctively enthusiastic nature of the
variable topology, the existing paths cannot be protected. MANET network using
AOMDV under jamming malicious attack with secure routing and data
communication. The implementation outcome revealed that the system throughput,
security and system performance is enhanced. The proposed protocol discover the
jamming based attack and if innovative direction is interrupted then diverse confined
system node is accepted and information is communicated from freshly twisted path.
The paper proposed detection and correction of jamming attack in MANET and to
increase performance and trustworthiness of mobile Adhoc network under malicious
assault with convinced routing and information communication. The proposed
scheme is well appropriate for mobile network security. The proposed system is
planning to implement in real environment and evaluate the network performance. A
direction of upcoming exploration is to use better encryption scheme to secure data
transmission in jamming attack.

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REFERENCES

[1] Amit N Thakre, Mrs. M.Y.Joshi “Performance Analysis of AODV & DSR
routing Protocol in Mobile ad-hoc network”, IJCA special Issue on “mobile ad-hoc
network” MANETs 2010.
A. Feldmann, A. Gilbert and W. Willinger, ”Data networks as cascades: Explaining
the multifractural nature of internet traffic”, in Proc.
ACM SIGCOMM, Sep 1998, pp.42-55
[2] Hongmei Deng, Wei Li, and Dharma P. Agrawal, Routing Security in Wireless
Ad Hoc Networks, IEEE 2002, pp-433-445
[3] P. Barford, J. Kline, D. Plonka, and A. Ron, “ A signal analysis of network traffic
anomalies”, in Proc. ACM SIGCOMM Internet Meas, Workshop France, 2002, pp.
71-82.
[4] Josh Broch , David A. Maltz , David B Jhonson, Yih-chunhee, Jorjeta Jatchene, “
A Performance Comparison of Multi-Hop Wireless Ad-hoc Network Routing
Protocol”, Computer Science Department Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburg PA
15213, Available at http://www.monarch
.cs.cmu.edu/
[5] Y. Liu, P. Ning, H. Dai, and A. Liu, “Randomized differential DSSS: Jamming-
resistant wireless broadcast communication,” in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, San Diego,
CA, USA, Mar. 2010, pp. 1–9.

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 5. An Android Application for Leave Sanctionation
Kulkarni Sanket1, Kulkarni Renav2

ABSTRACT

This application is proposed to develop a mobile application for online leave

Sanctionation system that is of importance to either an organization or an institute.
This system can be used to make work automatic and to make workflow smooth of
leave applications and their approvals. The regular crediting of leave is also
automated. There are features like automatic credit and debit of leave, load
adjustment for faculty etc. Leave Sanctionation system will reduce paper work and
maintains record in more efficient way. In this Leave Sanctionation System the task
for admin is it collecting requests from all employees checking their record and
credit/ debit leave and send the request to superadmin. In this application HOD will
have giving the permission for taking the leave. He/she can also view the leave of
each and every employee. This application is most important for colleges, by using
this application they can reduces paper work .The purpose of this system is, work
should be done automatically. This application is online application; it is connected
through data base which will maintain the records of all employees, their leaves (CO,
CL, Campus,TR), working hours and all. It is very easy to use. The main aim of this
application is used to reduce time

INTRODUCTION
In this leave Sanctionation system it contains activity of every day. This application
can use throughout the college. Staff can submit the leave with their respective HOD.
And he/she can approves that leave .It assigning Id, password to every staff while
they will login to the form, because of that we can reduce the paper work. There is no
chances of losing data, data will be safe and secure in this system This application
can also save our time. We can adjust the leave
i.e. called load adjustment in this application.This application can be developed using
android application development, because today every person has smartphone and we
can access this application very easily. Now a day lot of people use android OS
smartphone and it is user friendly and programmer friendly smartphone.

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Existing System
The current leave sanction system it involves lots of paper work, all database are
maintained manually which increases the workload of administrative section. Anew
application is to be developed to ease the overall procedure and to reduce the amount
of paperwork involved. In existing system every college follows manual procedure in
which faculty should enter from date and to date in a application and as per that
admin should do entry manually. At the end of each month Head of department will
calculate leaves of every faculty member which is a time taking process and there are
chance of making mistakes in manual process
Architecture.
This is the system architecture of the leave sanctionation .In this architecture shows
the functionalities of the leave sanctionation. The main modules of this system are
principal, HOD, staff and nonteaching staff. If the new registration is found then this
will be accepted by the respective Head of Department. After the acceptance of HOD,
registration will send to the respective login. After the login the particular dash board
will display to the user. In the dash board all the information about user is display
like no.of leaves remaining how many no.of leaves have already taken all the details
are presented in this dash board. The user can first request for a leave then this leave
will be sanctioned from a HOD.

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 Figure 5.1: Architecture of Leave Sanctionation

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The database is maintained for all login of an institute. The database is more secure
which is maintaining all records. As shown in above architecture while applying
request leave HOD, teaching faculty can select staff from list for adjusting load, as
before taking leave it is necessary to adjust own load, so teaching faculty and HOD
can select faculty for and adjust load by sending message, respective faculty can
check the message and send a approval notification to requested faculty either yes or
no. After load adjustment faculty can apply for leave and HOD may approve. After
HOD approval from HOD The request may send to office staff. There office staff
can check earlier record and update record in database for respective faculties, i.e.
credit and debit of leave, and which type of leave (CO,CL,Campus,TR).
Principal approval module is last processing of request of leave applying. After
office staff process the request may send to principal approval for final approval,
where principal cam check load adjustment of staff and approve leave. The final
approval from principal will be update in database and a notification will send to
requested faculty either leave approved or not.
Dataflow Diagram
Data flow diagram means which takes input, process that input and represent output.
Data flow diagram is view of system i.e. how data flow in system.
Zero Level DFD
As shown in DFD of leave sanctionation, staff can be request to apply for a leave.
HOD can check request and accept or reject request of staff. After HOD approval the
request send to admin for leave sanction.

Figure 5.2: Zero Level DFD

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First Level DFD
As shown in first level DFD of leave sanctionation, the staff can apply for a leave.
They will register or login for a staff and then he/she can apply leave, faculty can
check whether which leave type he/she will take and then faculty will apply the leave
and send the leave request for particular HOD for approval.

Figure 5.3: First Level DFD

Second Level DFD
As shown in second level of leave sanctionation, in this staff will login for leave
application and can check the leave, and which type of leave they want they will fill
the application form and update the document. After applying the leave that will send
to the particular department HOD.In admin module they will able to check the details
of all the staff and he also accept the leave and send leave for further processing.

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 Figure 5.4: Second Level DFD

CONCLUSION
Leave sanctionation is very useful for college to maintain in the leave record of the
employees. This system maintains the leave details of the staff. This application is to
decrease the paper work and easier record maintenance by having the database. This
approach basically deals with the record of leaves taken by faculty members and the
higher authorities may accept or reject the leave applications requested by the staff.
Thus this system maintains the excess amount of job done by college to maintain the
leaves.

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REFERENCES
[1] Development of Employees Leave database Management System, Dama
International Journal of Researchers (DIJR), ISSN: 2343-6743, Vol 1, Issue 5, May,
2016, Page 20-38,
[2] Leave and Payroll Management System.
Manish Singh et al.IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE). e-ISSN:
2278-0661,p-ISSN: 2278-8727
[3] Mobile HRM for Online Leave Management System. A.MohanaPriya et.al.
IJCSMC, Vol. 6, Issue. 2, February 2017, pg.17 – 29

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 6. SMART POLICE NAVIGATOR
Shinde Shubham1, Lalge Akshay2
ABSTRACT

In recent years, mobile technology has permeated all aspects of human interaction
with the world. In this paper we have discussed how to overcome the problem of
communication gap between the police during their investigation. We have also
discussed solution to bridge the communication gap between police and general user.
We have tried to minimize the down time. This paper explains GIS based Robust
Mobile application for Emergency Response System to respond to citizens under
security threat with an intelligent system that can Identify the location of citizen and
automatically send emergency request to nearest Policemen who has authority to
resolve request falling in that area.

INTRODUCTION

In the past couple of years we have witnessed tremendous growth in mobile users all
over the world as the entry of smartphones in the market at affordable prices has
triggered their usage. We have experienced a major shift in the way we access the
internet today with mobiles becoming the primary access point for internet usage.
This latest technical advancement in the field of networking revolving around internet
can be utilized to bridge the communication gap between the law enforcement
agencies like police and the end users like citizens.
GIS stands for Geographical Information System. It is used for mapping,
analyzing, manipulating and storing geographical data in order to provide solutions to
real world problems and help in planning for the future. In this paper GIS is used to
get locations and distance between co- ordinates which comes under category of
analyzing GIS.
For better performance of the whole emergency system, we are using cloud
for backend and database. Cloud also provides some additional benefits like security,
replicas.
There are many mobile apps available for emergency response system such as
“VicPD”. It is one of the most successful apps for emergency response. But according
to the app users there is a major fault in this app i.e fake reporting of crime. To
overcome this issue we are using Aadhaar id.

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 Figure 6.1: Idea of Approach

Location of user and police officials can be determined by three methods.

a) Mobile phone network: - The current cell ID can be used to identify the Base
Transceiver Station (BTS) that the device is communicating with and the location of
that BTS [2].
b) Satellites: - Global Positioning System (GPS) determines the device position. For
using this method mobile device must be equipped with a GPS receiver [2].
Assisted-GPS (A-GPS) is a technology which shows more accurate position with
consuming less battery. But disadvantage of this technology is high cost of A-GPS
enabled handsets [3].
c) Short-range positioning beacons: - It is used for small areas such as a single
building etc.

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GENERAL USER APPLICATION

Figure 6.2: General User Application Used Case Diagram

First and foremost, the users will need to do one time registration before using the
application and need to provide Aadhaar ID to avoid fake calls/request. After
registration, user will be provided with the facilities like report incidents, view the
notifications and popups that will contain the information such as telephone number
and address of the nearby police station. Moreover, choice to view the alternate path
will be provided by the police officials. User will not be given any privilege to make
changes in the database but can update the action taken by the police officials. User
will need to keep the GPS activated always. Physical location of the user will be
tracked with the help of GPS which is inbuilt in the cellular phone. The location will
be saved in the database along with the incident reported by the user. Location of the
user will be tracked with the help of GPS or else we can also use google maps API [5].

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 POLICE APPLICATION

Figure 6.3: Police Application Used Case Diagram

First and foremost, the police needs to do one time registration before using the
application. After registration, the police can login with the username and the
password provided, as this application won’t be publicly available for the general
users. After logging into the application, police will be provided with the features like
view user reported incidents. After the verification of the incident, the database will
be updated and the notification will be broadcasted to all the users who will be using
this application. Police will be given privilege to do the incident related database
manipulations.
WEB PORTAL

The web app is made for police stations. It is used by station in charge to enrol all the
policemen working in that station. So that in case of area problem like a policeman
cannot take any actions in any other’s police station area. So to resolve this issue this

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portal has been made. It will let us know about police man station and then he will
only get request from his area.
Other Needs of Web Portal
1. It forwards the Requests to centralized backend.
2. It also acts as a repository for all the Requests made through that station.
CLOUD

In this application, cloud will be used for storing the database to provide the facility of
remote access. As mentioned in the police user application, the username and the
password used by the police and users will be cross- verified with the ones stored in
the database.
There are a few applications of cloud computing as Follows
Cloud computing provides dependable and secure data storage center. Cloud
computing can realize data sharing between different equipment. The cloud provides
nearly infinite possibility for users to use the internet. Cloud computing does not need
high quality equipment for the user and it is easy to use.
SMS BOT

This SMS BOT is actually a GSM module connected on Raspberry pi. This GSM
Module will work when there is no internet connectivity. It will receive a request from
a user in case of no internet connectivity from user end and will transfer that request to
server and after the computation of nearest policeman in that area, Server will transfer

that request to nearest 5 policemen.

Figure 6.4: GSM Module With Raspberry pi 3.

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 Apart from this GSM Module there are more methods to receive request offline.
 Offline SMS API’s
 Web scraping free virtual number
OFFLINE SMS API’S

There are many third party companies which provide API’s for sending and receiving
SMS from server But they are not that much efficient because these API’s are not
sending sms to server. They are actually providing the address to our server and our
server is going to that address and taking that information. There are some services
which are actually good but they are not providing services to Indian numbers. Till
there is no availability of good third party service, So GSM module is better option.
WEB SCRAPING FREE VIRTUAL NUMBER

There are many websites which provides free virtual numbers. By using those virtual
numbers we can send messages. But we cannot receive the sms to our server. In order
to get message to our server we need to create scraper which will scrape that website
and we will get sms on our server. If the view of website changes then scraper will
not work. And data is less secure in this case. That’s why we are not using this
approach for sms service.
WORK FLOW

First of all, User will send a request. Which will go to the backend and backend will
send request to database and take the acknowledgement. Then in backend current
district of user will be found and after that all the stations will retrieve which comes
under that district. Then forward request id to police station, because all police
officials should know that any person is busy from their department. This portal will
contain the status of policemen. Now from portal request will further go to backend.
Then it will broadcast request to the nearest five policemen who will be able to
handle the issues in that particular area. This will be done by the help of records
inserted by police officials in web portal. And for the police app we will fetch the co-
ordinates of the police under that police station which is nearest to the crime spot.If
form five nearest policemen any one rejected before accepting of that request then the
request will automatically formulated to sixth nearest policeman. Like this, it will go
on till the request does not get a positive response. If no policeman is taking or
responding to request then a dialog box will appear which will deliver call 112. If
request is accepted then It will disappear from other police officials.

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 Figure 6.5: Police Application Workflow

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

In this paper we have overcome the problem of communication gap between the
police during their visitation. We also provide solution to bridge the communication
gap between police and general user. The problem of reporting fake crimes will be
overcome as this application will need the verification through Aadhaar card. Cloud
service will allow to access data remotely which will be helpful for the
investigations carried by police department.

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REFERENCES

[1] William Akotam Agangiba,Millicent Akotam Agangiba, Mobile solution for

Metropolitan Crime Detection and Reporting, Journalof Emerging Trends in
Computing and Information sciences, Vol.4,
[2] Manav Singhal, Anupam Shukla,”Implementation of location based services in
Android using GPS and Web Services”,(IJCSI) International Journal of
Computer Science Issues, Vol. 9, Issue 1, No. 2, January 2012, 1694-0814.

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 7. Wi-Fi Security protocols: A survey
Chopade Rishabh 1, Avinashe Prathamesh 2

ABSTRACT
Over the years, the wireless technology has evolved significantly and therefore the
need to protect the wireless network becomes equally substantial. The choice of the
best security protocol has always been an issue for the IT security staff. This paper
illustrates various types of security mechanisms of wireless LAN. These security
protocols are (802.11 Wired Equivalent Privacy, 802.11i Wi-Fi Protected Access and
Wi-Fi Protected Access-2). The paper gives an overview of the key concepts and the
working of the wireless security protocols, their limitations and the countermeasures
introduced. The three protocols are also compared on the basis of the common
features so as to give a deeper insight.

INTRODUCTION
Wireless networks offer a lot of benefits like scalability, flexibility, they are easy to
install and also provide mobility to the devices. The data in the wireless networks is
generally transmitted via radio waves which travel across the network through air,
finally reaching the intended radio receiver. Since radio waves are not directional,
some travel in all directions. Therefore, there arises a need to protect the data.
Wireless technologies also include infrared devices like remote controls, cordless
keyboards etc.

The wireless networks are classified as:

(i) Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)

This network requires low power transmission because it is a very small-scale
network which covers only small local areas. Examples include mobile computing
devices like PCs, wireless keyboard, mouse, PDAs The devices are usually needed to
be placed in a close proximity to each other (within a several meters) for them to
communicate with one another, with no infrastructure. WPAN works on the IEEE
802.15 standard. Some of the technologies used by WPAN are Bluetooth and Infrared
data association
(ii) Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
It is a wireless network that operates within a small geographic region, such as a
campus, home or a building. One such type of wireless LAN is Wi-Fi, it generally

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uses 2.4GHz of frequency bands but 5GHz ISM band is also opted by users to provide
additional bandwidth. Wi-Fi supports 802.11 standards.
(iii) Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN)
It is a network that provides connectivity to the users within a metropolitan area
(generally a few kilometers). These networks are larger in size as compared to
WLAN; therefore their functionalities also differ from each other. They establish a
connection between the different buildings. Many WMANs also provides broadband
access to the users in local areas
(iv) Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN)
This network can provide connectivity to the users and the devices across large
geographic areas. They are mainly used for mobile and satellite communications.
WWANs include technologies like Global System for Mobile Communications
(GSM), UMTS, cellular, CDMA One/CDMA2000 and Wi-Max.

WIRELESS SECURITY PROTOCOLS OVERVIEW

Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)
Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) was introduced in 1997 with the intention to
provide security to the wireless network through encryption and checksum. WEP uses
the traditional stream cipher RC4 as shown in the Figure 1. The purpose of using RC4
for WEP encryption was to provide data confidentiality and integrity with less CPU
utilization and complexity

Figure 7.1: WEP working

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At the time of encryption, a 40-bit master key combines with a 24-bit Initialization
vector to form a 64-bit seed; it goes though the RC4 algorithm. The output of the RC4
algorithm is the random key sequences. The second input is the actual message along
with its checksum, after passing both the inputs through XOR function the cipher text
is generated. On the receiver’s side the master key and the IV is used to decrypt the
message and its checksum and calculates the checksum again.

Vulnerabilities of WEP
Although WEP was intended to be efficient, there were many flaws in technique that
made it easily crack able. The problems in the RC4 algorithm are presented by
Fluhrer, Mantin and Shamir in They described that WEP can be attacked through a
cipher-text only attacked against the KSA of RC4. Some information about the
individual key bytes can be leaked by the first byte generated by RC4 which means
that if enough WEP-encrypted packets were analyzed, there could be possibility of
reconstructing the key in WEP. Demonstration of this attack was later shown by
Stubble-field et al.
The flaws in WEP can be summarised as follows:
 The forgery of packets cannot be prevented in WEP.
 Replay attacks are not prevented.
 RC4 was easily crack able.
 Weak keys could be cracked by brute force attack which only took minutes to
hours on standard computers.
 The IV was being sent to receiver in the clear text which was not secure.
 CRC-32 checksum was weak and did not provide adequate security.
 24-bits IV was relatively small which provided only limited initialization vectors,
after that they were just being reused.
 The message can be modified without knowing the encryption key.
 Key management is not included.
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)
WEP weakness is patched up to some extent through WPA. It implements Temporary
Key integrity Protocol (TKIP), which allowed better mixing of the key with the IV.
WPA was designed so that it could work with the existing hardware that was enabled
with WEP. WPA included improvements that added more security features in the
WEP.

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The strengths of WPA can be summarised as follows
 It uses Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) that is quick fix to the security
problems of WEP without any requirement of hardware upgrade. Hashing
algorithm is used to ensure the integrity of the key.
 The size of the IV is increased to 48 bits. It mixes the key well with the IV unlike
in WEP.
 The sequence counter was used to prevent the replay attacks.
 Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) is used to provide a much stronger
authentication.
 The integrity of the data is maintained through a Message Integrity Code (MIC)
[9].

Vulnerabilities of WPA
In 2004, two tools were released to perform the brute-force attack on WPA-PSK to
determine the passphrase. First tool was “WPA Cracker”, it was released by Takehiro

Takahashi and another tool known as “cowpatty” was released by Josh Wright [10],
[6].
The flaws of WPA are as follows:
 WPA retains the old stream cipher RC4 which was already proved to be
weak even in WEP.
• Brute force attacks are possible if weak passphrase
• Denial of Service attacks is possible in WPA .
• WPA has greater performance overhead unlike WEP.
• WPA-enterprise requires a complicated setup.
Wi-Fi Protected Access-2 (WPA2)
802.11i uses the Counter Mode with CBC-MAC Protocol (CCMP) and Advanced
Encryption Standard (AES). CCMP along with AES provides WPA2 a stronger
security as compared to WPA A stronger authentication is provided by 4-way
handshake The comparison of all three protocols based on the common features has
been shown in Table 1.
FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS
Hwang et al. proposed a wireless Man in the Middle (MITM) framework proving that
a MITM attack is possible during the authentication mechanism if the attacker
intrudes between the client and the AP. The procedure is shown in the Figure.

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 Figure7.2. Man in the Middle (MITM) framework

First the attacker captures the SSID and the channel information of the AP by
listening to the communication between the client and the AP. The attacker then sets
up the captured SSIS as his own and disconnects the client from the legal AP. When
the client scans the network to reconnect through the MITM-Framework, it connects
with the rogue AP of the attacker.

Even the 802.11w that was introduced to provide security to the management frames
are vulnerable and can be exploited. The management frames can be forged in
802.11w and studies also shows that it is also vulnerable to Denial of Service attacks..
This standard was intended to prevent masquerading, detection of replay attack,
forgery detection and prevention, despite all the added security features it still remains
vulnerable. Some of these vulnerabilities are highlighted in Table 2 and the controls
for some of these vulnerabilities are presented in Table 3. In the four-way handshake
mechanism when the A Nonce is sent to the client by the AP, the client constructs the
PTK+MIC. This construction process requires some time providing an opportunity to
the intruder to send out malicious frames before the client replies with Snonce and
MIC Also, no security is provided to prevent the attacker from eavesdropping the
four-way handshake whatsoever. In another vulnerability related to four-way
handshake the attacker can send fake authentication request after receiving third

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message of four-way handshake process because after the client receives the Message
1 of the four- way handshake, a delay is caused by the generation of the PTKSA The
amendment 802.11w does not mitigate this vulnerability because the attack takes
places during the EAPOL four-way handshake.In 802.11w standard, CCMP from
802.11i is used to provide confidentiality, and the broadcast management frames are
protected by the Broadcast Integrity Protocol (BIP). Protection is only provided for
de-authentication and dissociation management frame subtype action

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

In this paper we presented the brief overview of the Wi-Fi security protocols: WEP,
WPA and WPA2. Despite all the security features added to these protocols, they still
remain vulnerable to certain attacks. The aim of this paper was to highlight the
vulnerabilities and controls associated with these protocols. The paper briefly
discussed about the vulnerabilities present in the 802.1X based Authentication
mechanism of 802.11i. Finally, we presented some techniques to control these
vulnerabilities propsed by various researchers.

REFERENCES
[1] Menal, “Evolution of Wireless LAN in Wireless Networks.” International Journal
on Computer Science and Engineering (IJCSE), March 2017.
[2] S. Gopalakrishnan, "A survey of wireless network security." International Journal
of Computer Science and Mobile Computing 3.1: 53-68, 2014.
[3] T. Mekhaznia, A. Zidani. "Wi-Fi Security Analysis." Procedia Computer
Science 73: 172-178, 2015.
[4] S. Fluhrer, I. Mantin, A. Shamir, "Weaknesses in the Key Scheduling Algorithm
of RC4" In Selected areas in cryptography, vol. 2259, pp. 1-24, 2001.
[5] A. Stubble, J. Ioannidis, A.D. Rubin, “A Key Recovery Attack on the 802.11b
Wired Equivalent Privacy Protocol (WEP)”, ACM Transactions on Information
and System Security, Volume 7 Issue 2, pp. 319-332, May 2004.

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 Editorial Board

Editor-In-Chief Prof. Mane S.S.

Editor Prof. Zaware G.B.

Student Coordinators

Mr. Pawshekar Abhishek

Ms. Gaikwad Pooja
Ms. Randive Sonal

Published By
Department of Computer Engineering
JSPM's
Bhivrabai Sawant Polytechnic, Wagholi,
Pune 412207,

www.jspmbspoly.edu.in bsphodco@gmail.com

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