Unit 1- Two Gentlemen of Verona

Summary

In "Two Gentlemen of Verona," Nicola and Jacopo are two young

brothers living in Verona. They work hard in various jobs like selling
fruit and shining shoes to support their older sister, Lucia, who is very
ill with tuberculosis of the spine. Despite their own poverty and tough
conditions, the boys are devoted to Lucia’s care. They keep their
struggles hidden while they work to pay for her medical treatment.
The narrator discovers their story and is touched by their selflessness
and dedication. The boys' actions show that true nobility comes from
caring deeply for others and making sacrifices for loved ones. Their
story highlights resilience and the real meaning of gentility.

"Two Gentlemen of Verona" is a touching story about two young

brothers, Nicola and Jacopo, who live in Verona. They initially appear
selling wild strawberries at the outskirts of the city, but their true story
unfolds as they are seen working tirelessly in various jobs, such as
shining shoes, selling fruit, and hawking newspapers. Despite their
own hardships and poverty, the boys are deeply devoted to their older
sister, Lucia, who is suffering from tuberculosis of the spine. Nicola,
the older brother, takes on multiple jobs to cover Lucia's medical
expenses, while Jacopo, his younger brother, works alongside him,
displaying a lively spirit despite the tough conditions.

The narrator learns about their sacrifices when he discovers that the
boys use their earnings to pay for Lucia's hospital treatment. The story
reveals that Nicola and Jacopo have endured significant suffering,
including the loss of their home and father during the war, yet their
dedication to Lucia remains unwavering. Their efforts illustrate true
nobility and selflessness, as they continue to support their sister
despite their own difficulties. In the end, the story highlights the
themes of resilience, sacrifice, and the true meaning of gentility,
showing that nobility is defined by one's actions and dedication to
loved ones rather than material wealth.

Short answers:

1. a) Who did the narrator meet at the outskirts of Verona?

The narrator met two young boys, Nicola and Jacopo, at the
outskirts of Verona. They were brothers. They were selling wild
strawberries. Their clothes were old and torn. The boys' appearance
was very shabby. This meeting led to the narrator learning more about
their difficult lives.

2. b) Why did the driver not approve of the narrator buying

fruits from the boys?

The driver, Luigi, didn’t want the narrator to buy fruits from the boys,
because he thought the fruit in Verona would be better. He also didn’t
like the boys’ poor appearance. They were looking shabby. He
thought the fruit would be better if bought from a more reliable place.
He was concerned about both the quality and their looks.

3. c) The boys did not spend much on clothes and food. Why?

The boys did all the hard jobs to earn money. But they didn’t spend
much on clothes and food because they were saving the money for
their sister’s medical care. They wore old clothes and ate simple
meals. Their main focus was on supporting their sister, who was
undergoing treatment for tuberculosis of spine. Their sacrifices
showed their dedication to her.

4. d) Were the boys saving money to go to the States? How do you

know?

No, the boys were not saving money to go to the States. Even
though they wanted to go, Nicola said that they had other plans.
Their main priority was taking care of their sister, not moving
 abroad. They focused on earning money for her treatment. This
showed that their current goal was to help their sister, not emigrate.

5. e) Why did the author avoid going to Lucia’s room?

The author avoided going to Lucia’s room because he didn’t want to

interrupt the private time between the boys and their sister. He felt it
would be rude to intrude on their visit. He wanted to respect their
privacy. The boys were having a personal moment with Lucia. It
looked a happy family party and he didn’t want to disturb that.

6. f) What was Lucia suffering from?

Lucia was suffering from tuberculosis of the spine. This is a

serious illness that needed special medical care. Her condition was
the main reason why Nicola and Jacopo worked so hard. They
wanted to make sure she got the treatment she needed. Their hard
work was all about helping her recover.

7. g) What made the boys join the resistance movement against

the Germans?

The boys joined the resistance movement because they were

angry about the German occupation and the suffering it caused.
They lost their father, their home and their happy life because of
the Germans. They wanted to fight against the Germans after
experiencing hardship. Their own difficult experiences motivated
them to resist.

h) What made the boys work so hard?

The boys worked hard because they needed money for their sister’s
medical care. They took on many jobs to support her treatment.
Their love for their sister drove them to work long hours. They
sacrificed their own comfort to ensure she got the help she needed.
Their hard work was all about love and taking care of her.

8. i) Why didn’t the boys disclose their problem to the author?

The boys didn’t tell the author about their problem because they
 wanted to keep their struggles private. They didn’t want to seek
pity or help from others. They preferred to handle their issues on
their own. Their pride and desire to stay self-reliant kept them from
sharing their difficulties. They focused on their goals without
drawing attention to their problems.

10.a) Describe the appearance of Nicola and Jacopo.

Nicola and Jacopo looked very poor. Nicola wore an old jersey and
cut-off khaki pants, while Jacopo had on a worn army tunic that was
too big for him. Their clothes were ragged and made them look very
shabby. Despite their poor appearance, their serious and determined
faces showed they were strong and hardworking. They had a big
contrast from the comfortable life they once had before losing
everything.

11. b) What were the various jobs undertaken by the little boys?
Nicola and Jacopo did many jobs to make money and help their sister.
They shined shoes, sold strawberries, sold newspapers, and showed
tourists around the city Verona. Their different jobs showed that they
were very hardworking and resourceful. They did all this to support
themselves and pay for their sister’s medical care. Their efforts were
important for their survival and their sister’s treatment.

12.c) How did the narrator help the boys on Sunday?

On Sunday, the narrator helped by driving Nicola and Jacopo to the

village of Poleta where they used to go by bicycle.He himself drove
the car since the driver was on holiday. This made their trip easier and
more comfortable. The narrator’s help was a kind gesture to support
their efforts. It showed his understanding and respect for their
dedication to their sister

13.d) Who took the author to the cubicle?

The author was taken to the cubicle by a friendly nurse dressed in a

white uniform. She was wearing steel rimmed spectacles. She
welcomed him and showed him the way through the hospital. The
nurse’s kind attitude helped make the visit smoother. She led him to
the room where Nicola and Jacopo were with their sister. This visit
highlighted the care given to Lucia and the boys’ love for her.

14.e) Describe the girl with whom the boys were talking to in the
cubicle.

The girl, Lucia, was about twenty years old, sitting up in bed with
pillows and wearing a pretty lace jacket. She looked gentle and was
clearly related to her younger brothers. Her room had flowers, fruit,
and books, making it look pleasant despite her illness. Lucia was
listening to her brothers’ talk, showing her affection and warmth.

15.f) Recount the untold sufferings undergone by the siblings

after they were rendered homeless.

After losing their home, the siblings faced great hardships like not
having enough food and dealing with harsh winter weather. A bomb
had destroyed their home, leaving them to live in a makeshift shelter
made from rubble. They had to survive in very difficult conditions
while the Germans occupied the city. Their lives were tough and full
of struggles. Their bravery and strength were clear through all their
challenges.

16.g) The narrator did not utter a word and preferred to keep the
secret to himself. Why? Substantiate the statement with reference
to the story.

The narrator chose to keep quiet about the boys' secret because he
wanted to respect their privacy. Nicola and Jacopo wanted to keep
their struggles hidden and not let others know. The narrator
understood this and felt it was best to honour their wishes. By staying
silent, he showed respect for their dedication and hard work. He knew
their actions were truly remarkable and didn’t want to spoil their quiet
pride.
Paragraphs

1. Character Sketch of Nicola and Jacopo

Nicola and Jacopo are two young brothers from Verona. The
story begins with their encounter with the narrator, who initially
sees them selling wild strawberries at the outskirts of Verona.
Nicola, the older brother at 13, is depicted as serious and
responsible. He takes on various demanding jobs such as shining
shoes, selling fruit, and hawking newspapers. His worn clothing
and tired demeanor clearly reflect the hardships he endures.
Despite his exhaustion, Nicola remains steadfast in his
commitment to supporting his younger brother, Jacopo, and their
ailing sister, Lucia. His sacrifices underscore the idea that

“True greatness lies in the depth of one's compassion and the

willingness to endure personal hardship for the sake of others.”

Jacopo, nearly 12, contrasts with Nicola’s seriousness through

his more lively and playful demeanor. However, he shares the
same work ethic and determination as his brother. Together,
they work tirelessly, even late into the night. For example, they
are seen waiting for the last bus to sell their newspapers,
showcasing their relentless dedication. they are driven by a
profound love and responsibility toward Lucia, who suffers
from tuberculosis of the spine.
Their devotion is a powerful example of selflessness. Despite
their visible exhaustion and personal struggles, Nicola and
Jacopo continue to hide their difficulties from others to ensure
that Lucia receives the medical care she needs. The brothers'
actions illustrate that their true nobility lies not in their
material possessions or social status, but in their unwavering
dedication to their family. Nicola and Jacopo’s selfless acts and
sacrifices for their sister, even while facing their own
challenges, reveal their true nobility. Their ability to prioritize
 Lucia's well-being over their own comfort and to work diligently
despite their hardships highlights that genuine gentility is
defined by one's actions and character rather than external
appearances or social standing. In summary, Nicola and
Jacopo’s story teaches us that true nobility and greatness are
found in acts of love, perseverance, and sacrifice.

“In the middle of difficulty lies opportunity”

2. Message Conveyed Through the Story ‘Two Gentlemen of

Verona’

The story "Two Gentlemen of Verona" conveys a powerful

message about what it truly means to be noble and selfless. Nicola
and Jacopo are two young boys facing severe financial difficulties.
They have lost their home and live in poverty, but they work tirelessly
at various jobs, such as selling fruit and shining shoes, to support their
sister, Lucia, who is very ill with tuberculosis of the spine. Despite
their own struggles, the boys do not let their hardships show. They
keep their troubles hidden and remain focused on getting the medical
care Lucia needs.

The story shows that true greatness is not about having lots of money
or high social status. Instead, it is about how much one is willing to
sacrifice for others, especially loved ones. Nicola and Jacopo’s
actions highlight that real nobility comes from selfless acts of love
and dedication. They put Lucia’s needs before their own,
demonstrating that even in the most challenging situations,
maintaining integrity and commitment to others reveals the deepest
qualities of one's character.

"A person's worth is seen in their actions, not their money."

The boys' bravery and selflessness teach us that "The best way to find
yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others," as Mahatma
Gandhi said. This quote captures the essence of the story: by helping
their sister despite their own difficulties, Nicola and Jacopo find true
nobility. Their story is a reminder that genuine nobility is shown
through acts of kindness, perseverance, and love, not through wealth
or social position. The boys’ dedication to Lucia, even when they are
suffering, exemplifies that true greatness lies in the depth of one's
compassion and the willingness to endure personal hardship for the
sake of others.

"True greatness is shown by how we treat others."

Through Nicola and Jacopo’s sacrifices and their unwavering support

for their sister, the story teaches us that the heart of nobility is found
in selflessness and the courage to care for others, even when faced
with extreme adversity. Their actions reveal that the essence of true
gentility is found in the way we treat those who depend on us and in
our commitment to their well-being, regardless of our own struggles.

"The best people are those who care about others."

3.Justify the Title of the Story ‘Two Gentlemen of Verona’

Nicola and Jacopo are two young boys from Verona who, despite
their own struggles and poverty, display incredible integrity and
dedication. They work hard at many different jobs to take care of their
sister, Lucia, who is very ill with tuberculosis of the spine. Their
selflessness is shown in how they keep working and hide their own
hardships just to make sure Lucia gets the medical care she needs.

"It is not what we have, but what we give that makes us rich."

The boys' actions are a perfect example of what true gentility means.
They are kind and devoted, putting their sister’s needs above their
own. This shows that nobility is not about having a lot of material
things but about showing moral strength and caring deeply for others.
As William Shakespeare wisely said,

"True nobility is not about being better than anyone else, but
about being better than you used to be."

This quote highlights that being noble is about personal growth and
improving oneself, not about comparing oneself to others. Nicola and
Jacopo’s story clearly demonstrates this idea. Their gentlemanly
qualities are not shown through riches or fame but through their
sacrifices and their strong commitment to their family. They work
hard and keep their struggles hidden to ensure that Lucia receives the
best care possible.

"In the darkest of times, we discover the true light within us."

Their actions teach us that real nobility comes from being

compassionate and dedicated, which is why the title "Two Gentlemen
of Verona" is very appropriate. It reflects the true essence of being a
gentleman: it is about one’s character and the kindness one shows,
rather than wealth or social status.

"Real nobility comes from caring for those who need us."

4. Adversity Brings Out the Best as Well as the Worst in People.

Elucidate This Statement with Reference to the Story

Adversity often reveals the true character of individuals, showing

both their strengths and weaknesses. In "Two Gentlemen of Verona,"
adversity brings out the best in Nicola and Jacopo. After the loss of
their father and their home, and facing their sister’s serious illness, the
boys confront their hardships with remarkable courage and resilience.
They undertake various demanding jobs, including selling fruit and
hawking newspapers, to fund their sister’s medical treatment. Their
ability to endure long hours and hide their own difficulties while
focusing on Lucia’s needs demonstrates the positive impact of
adversity on their character. Their story aligns with Albert Einstein’s
belief that “In the middle of difficulty lies opportunity.” Nicola and
Jacopo’s dedication and selflessness, despite their harsh
circumstances, showcase how adversity can inspire individuals to act
with extraordinary bravery and compassion. Their willingness to put
their own needs aside for the well-being of their sister highlights that
the true test of character comes when one faces challenges with grace
and determination. Their story serves as a powerful reminder that
while adversity can expose vulnerabilities, it also has the potential to
reveal and amplify the best qualities in people, demonstrating that true
strength often emerges from the trials one endures.
 Lesson 2 A nice cup of tea.

a) What seems ‘curious’ to the author?

The author finds it ‘curious’ that cookery books often don’t include
detailed instructions for making tea. Despite tea being a major part
of life in many cultures, its preparation is often overlooked in recipes.
The author is surprised that something so important does not have
more guidance. This lack of detail in cookbooks is unusual to him.

b) Why does the author say that it is important to include a tea

recipe in cookery books?

The author says it is important to include a tea recipe in cookery

books because tea is a significant part of daily life in many places.
Good instructions would help people make better tea. Since there
are many opinions on how to prepare tea, detailed recipes would
guide people in making it right. Including tea recipes ensures that
people can enjoy tea properly. It reflects tea’s importance in culture
and daily life.

c) Mention the countries in which tea is a part of civilization.

Tea is an important part of life in several countries, including

England, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand. In these places, people
drink tea regularly and it is a big part of their culture. Despite its
importance, you often won’t find detailed tea recipes in cookbooks.
This is surprising given how central tea is to daily life. The customs
around tea vary, but it remains a staple in these countries.

d) Which tea does the author prefer– China tea or Indian tea?
 The author prefers Indian tea over China tea. Indian tea is stronger
and gives a better feeling of energy and satisfaction. The author finds
China tea less stimulating and not as enjoyable. Indian tea is often
described as having a richer taste. This makes it more satisfying for
true tea lovers.

e) According to the author, what does the phrase ‘a nice cup of tea’
refer to?

The phrase ‘a nice cup of tea’ refers to Indian tea. The author
explains that when people use this phrase, they mean strong and
flavorful tea. Indian tea fits this description well because it gives
more stimulation than china tea. So, when people say they want a
"nice cup of tea," they are talking about Indian tea.

f) What is the second golden rule in the preparation of tea?

The second golden rule is to make tea in a teapot rather than an urn
or cauldron. Tea from a teapot tastes better than tea made in large
containers. The author prefers teapots made of china or
earthenware. These materials help keep the tea flavorful. Using a
teapot ensures a better tea experience.

g) How does army tea taste?

Army tea tastes unpleasant, often described as having a flavor of

grease and whitewash. This is because it is made in large cauldrons,
which affect its taste. The author criticises army tea for being poorly
made. It doesn’t have the rich flavor of properly brewed tea. Army
tea is not a good example of how tea should taste.

h) Do tea lovers generally like strong tea or weak tea?

Tea lovers generally prefer strong tea. They believe that a strong cup
of tea is more satisfying than a weak one. The author notes that
people who enjoy tea usually like it stronger as they get older. A
strong cup of tea gives more energy and enjoyment. Many tea lovers
agree that strength is important for the best flavor.

i) Why should tea be directly added to the pot?

Tea should be added directly to the pot so that it can infuse properly.
Using strainers or bags can prevent the tea leaves from mixing fully
with the water. The author believes that tea leaves need space to
float and release their flavor. Adding tea directly helps to make a
richer and more flavorful brew. This method ensures the best taste.

j) Why does the author prefer the cylindrical cup to a flat cup?

The author prefers cylindrical cups because they hold more tea and
keep it warm longer. Flat cups let tea cool down too quickly, which is
not ideal. A cylindrical cup allows you to enjoy more tea at once. It
also stays warmer, so you can drink it more comfortably. This makes
for a better tea-drinking experience.

k) What should be poured into the cup first–tea or milk?

The author says that tea should be poured into the cup first,
followed by milk. This method allows you to control how much milk
is added. Pouring tea first ensures that you get the right balance of
tea and milk. If you pour milk first, it’s harder to get the right flavor.
This way of pouring makes the tea taste better.

l) Why does the author advise removing cream from the milk?

The author advises removing cream from the milk because it can
make tea taste too rich and sweet. Creamy milk can overpower the
flavor of the tea. Using milk without cream keeps the taste balanced.
It helps to avoid a sickly taste. This way, the true flavour of the tea is
preserved.
m) Does the author like drinking tea with sugar? Give reasons.

The author does not like drinking tea with sugar. He believes that
sugar hides the true taste of the tea. Adding sugar makes the tea
taste sweet rather than letting the tea’s natural flavour come
through. It is equal to drink hot water with sugar. The author prefers
to enjoy tea without sweeteners. He thinks that tea should be tasted
in its pure form.

n) Why does the author refer to himself as being in ‘a minority’?

The author refers to himself as being in ‘a minority’ because not

many people agree with his preference for drinking tea without
sugar. Most people add sugar to their tea. The author feels that his
opinion is less common. He believes that true tea lovers should enjoy
the tea without sugar. This makes his view different from the norm.

o) Whom does the author call ‘misguided people’? What is his advice
to them?

The author calls people who add sugar to their tea ‘misguided.’ He
advises them to try drinking tea without sugar for a couple of weeks.
He believes that doing this will help them appreciate the tea’s true
flavour. The author thinks that once they drink tea without sugar for
a fortnight, they will prefer their tea without sugar.

a) What are the author’s views on China tea?

The author thinks that China tea is less satisfying compared to Indian
tea. China tea is milder and does not give the same level of
stimulation. One does not feel braver and wiser after drinking china
tea is the opinon of the author.It is also not as strong or enjoyable as
Indian tea. The author prefers Indian tea for its richer taste and
stronger effect.
b) How does adding sugar affect the taste of tea?

Adding sugar to tea makes it taste sweet and masks the tea’s natural
flavor. The author believes that sugar changes the taste of tea,
making it less enjoyable. Tea should be tasted in its pure form to
appreciate its real flavor. Sugar can make tea taste more like
sweetened water. The author thinks this ruins the experience of
drinking tea.

c) Elucidate the author’s ideas about teapots.

The author believes that using a proper teapot is crucial for making
good tea. Teapots should be made of china or earthenware, not
silver or enamel, as these materials can affect the taste. The teapot
should be warmed before adding tea, and tea should be brewed
directly in the pot. The author thinks that using a teapot helps in
making tea that has the best flavor. A good teapot makes a big
difference in the quality of tea.

Paragraphs:

a) Summarise George Orwell’s distinctive ideas in “A Nice Cup of

Tea”.

In “A Nice Cup of Tea,” George Orwell shares his precise ideas on

how to make the perfect cup of tea, reflecting both his deep
appreciation for tea and his personal preferences. Orwell starts by
noting that tea is often underrepresented in cookery books, despite
its significance in many cultures. He emphasizes using Indian or
Ceylonese tea rather than China tea, as it is stronger and more
stimulating. Orwell asserts that "a cup of tea is an excuse to take a
break and savor the moment," highlighting the importance of using
quality tea. According to him, tea should be brewed in a china or
earthenware teapot, not in metal or enamel pots. He insists that the
teapot should be pre-warmed by placing it on the hob rather than
just rinsing it with hot water. Orwell believes that "the simple act of
making tea can be a ritual of peace and pleasure," and thus, he
recommends using a generous amount of tea leaves—six heaped
teaspoons for a quart-sized pot—to ensure a strong brew. The water
must be boiling when poured over the tea, and the tea should be
stirred or shaken to ensure proper infusion. Orwell prefers using a
cylindrical breakfast cup over a flat cup because it holds more tea
and keeps it warmer longer. He also advises pouring the tea into the
cup first, before adding milk, and removing cream from the milk to
avoid a sickly taste. Lastly, Orwell firmly believes that tea should not
be sweetened with sugar, as this masks the true flavor of the tea. His
detailed guidelines reflect a blend of personal opinion and practical
advice, aimed at achieving what he considers the ideal cup of tea. As
he aptly puts it, "the perfect cup of tea is a simple pleasure that
should be enjoyed with care."

b) Discuss how the essay reveals the factual points and the author’s
personal opinions on the preparation of tea.

In “A Nice Cup of Tea,” George Orwell combines factual information

with personal opinions to present his ideal method for making tea.
He starts by noting a gap in cookery books regarding tea, pointing
out that despite its importance, it is often overlooked. Orwell
provides specific, factual advice about the types of tea to use and the
equipment required, such as preferring a china or earthenware
teapot over metal or enamel ones. He describes the process in detail,
from warming the teapot to using boiling water, and explains why he
prefers certain methods, like adding tea directly to the pot without
strainers. Orwell’s assertion that “tea, when brewed right, is a taste
of comfort and tradition” underscores his personal commitment to
traditional methods. His personal opinions are evident in his strong
preferences for how tea should be brewed and served. For instance,
Orwell insists that tea should be strong and not sweetened with
sugar, reflecting his belief in preserving the tea’s natural flavor. He
also humorously criticizes alternative methods and practices, such as
the use of strainers or milk added before tea. By blending factual
advice with his personal tastes and critiques, Orwell provides a
comprehensive view of his tea-making philosophy. As he notes, "the
art of making tea is as much about the process as the result," making
his essay both informative and engaging.

c) What are the aspects that contribute to humour in the essay?

George Orwell’s essay “A Nice Cup of Tea” incorporates several

humorous elements that make his points engaging and memorable.
His humor is evident in his passionate, almost exaggerated insistence
on his tea-making rules, treating the subject with an over-the-top
seriousness that adds a playful tone. For example, his description of
“army tea” as tasting like “grease and whitewash” is a vivid and
amusing critique of less desirable tea-making practices. Orwell’s
comment that “a proper cup of tea is not just a drink; it's a
ceremony” adds a layer of humor to his strict guidelines. His
dismissal of common practices, such as using strainers or adding
sugar, is delivered with a touch of mock seriousness, adding to the
humor. Orwell’s self-declared status as being in a “minority” with his
opinions on tea preparation, combined with his strong, sometimes
ridiculing, stance on other methods, creates a humorous contrast.
Additionally, Orwell’s detailed and specific instructions on how to
make tea, along with his criticism of those who don’t follow them,
contribute to the light-heartedness of the essay. As he concludes,
"tea-making, while seemingly mundane, is an art form deserving of
our utmost attention and respect, "blending genuine advice with a
humorous tone to make his exploration of tea-making both insightful
and entertaining.

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Unit 3. In celebration of being alive.

Summary

The text reflects on the nature of suffering and its impact on people,
particularly through the author's personal experiences and
observations. As a heart surgeon nearing retirement, the author has
been increasingly troubled by the prevalence of suffering in the
world. He shares the distressing statistics about child mortality and
the physical and mental hardships faced by many children.

The author's perspective on suffering was profoundly challenged by a

personal accident where he and his wife were severely injured. While
recovering, he struggled to understand why such suffering had to
happen to them, especially when they had important responsibilities
and loved ones relying on them.

The author recalls how his father would have explained their
suffering as "God’s will," suggesting that suffering is meant to test
and ennoble us. However, as a doctor, he finds it hard to see any
nobility in the agony of his patients, especially the children who
suffer in silence.

The turning point comes when he witnesses a remarkable event at

Cape Town’s Red Cross Children’s Hospital. Two children, despite
their severe disabilities, create joy and laughter among their peers.
One child, who was blind from severe burns, and another who had
his arm amputated, transform a breakfast trolley into a racecar,
bringing excitement to the hospital ward. Their playful activity
teaches the author that life is not about being free from suffering but
about finding joy and celebrating what remains.

The children’s ability to enjoy life despite their suffering reveals to

the author that the real essence of living is appreciating and
embracing what we have, rather than focusing on what we’ve lost.
This experience helps him understand that suffering itself does not
make people better, but how they cope with it can lead to personal
growth and a deeper appreciation of life.

Short answers.

a. What thoughts troubled Dr. Christiaan Barnard as he neared

the end of his career as a heart surgeon?

Dr. Barnard was troubled by the prevalence of suffering in the

world and questioned why people had to endure it. He was
particularly distressed by the high infant mortality rates and the
suffering of those who survived but were crippled. His concerns
deepened due to his personal experience of suffering after a car
accident. This led him to reflect on the cruelty and seeming
randomness of suffering.

b. What were Dr. Barnard’s feelings when he was hospitalized

after an accident?

Dr. Barnard experienced agony, fear, and anger while hospitalized

after the accident. He questioned the reasons behind his and his
wife's suffering, feeling it was unjust, especially as he had
important work and his wife had a young child to care for. His
emotional turmoil stemmed from both physical pain and a sense
of helplessness.

c. When and where did the accident occur?

The accident occurred a few years before Barnard’s reflection,

while he was crossing the street with his wife after a meal. It
happened in an unspecified location but was significant enough to
deeply impact Barnard's thoughts and feelings about suffering.

d. How did the hospitalization of Dr. Barnard and his wife affect
their routine?

Their hospitalization disrupted their routines significantly.

Barnard was unable to continue his work as a surgeon, and his
wife was unable to care for their young child. This added to their
sense of frustration and helplessness during their recovery.
e. How was Dr. Barnard’s attitude to suffering different from that
of his father’s?

Dr. Barnard’s father believed that suffering was a test from God
and that it ennobles a person. In contrast, Barnard, as a doctor,
saw no nobility in suffering, particularly when witnessing patients
in agony or children suffering alone. He felt suffering was more
about enduring pain rather than enhancing one's character.

f. How was the unattended trolley put to use?

The unattended trolley was used by two children in an impromptu

race. One child served as the driver, while the other provided
motor power by running behind the trolley. Their creative use of
the trolley brought joy and entertainment to the hospital ward.

g. What roles did the duo take up?

The duo took on the roles of a driver and a mechanic. The

mechanic provided power by running behind the trolley, while the
driver steered it and managed its movement from the seat of the
trolley.

h. Why did the choice of roles prove to be easy for them?

The choice of roles was easy because of their physical limitations.

The mechanic was blind, so he naturally took on the role of
providing power, while the driver had only one arm, making it
practical for him to steer and control the trolley.
i. Who encouraged them and how?

The other patients in the hospital encouraged the duo by

laughing and cheering them on. Their reactions created a
supportive and enthusiastic environment for the children’s
impromptu race, adding to the joy and fun of the event.

j. What does Dr. Barnard compare this entertainment to?

Dr. Barnard compares the children’s entertainment with the

trolley to the excitement of the Indianapolis 500 car race. He felt
the homemade race provided even more enjoyment and
enthusiasm than a professional racing event.

k. What happened in the grand finale?

In the grand finale, the trolley race ended with scattered plates
and silverware as the children’s fun came to a chaotic close. The
nurse and ward sister eventually caught up with them, scolded
them, and put them back to bed.

l. How does Dr. Barnard know the boy who played the trolley’s
driver?

Dr. Barnard knew the trolley’s driver because he had previously

performed heart surgery on him. The boy had returned to the
hospital with a malignant tumor, leading to the amputation of his
shoulder and arm.
m. What was the profound lesson that Dr. Barnard learnt from the
boys? Dr. Barnard learned that the essence of life is about
celebrating being alive, not just experiencing pleasure. The boys
taught him that despite suffering and loss, what truly matters is
appreciating what you still have and finding joy in living.

a. Detail the statistics Dr. Barnard has provided in his speech.

Dr. Barnard mentioned that out of 125 million children born in
a year, 12 million are unlikely to survive past one year, and
another six million will die before reaching the age of five.
Many of the remaining children may become mentally or
physically disabled. These statistics highlighted the widespread
and harsh reality of suffering.

b. What happened when the doctor couple were crossing the street?
While crossing the street after a meal, Dr. Barnard and his wife were
struck by a car. The collision threw them into the path of another car,
resulting in severe injuries to both of them. This incident led to their
hospitalization and subsequent reflection on suffering.

C. What injuries did they sustain in the accident?

Dr. Barnard sustained eleven broken ribs and a perforated lung. His
wife suffered a badly fractured shoulder. Both were severely injured,
which greatly impacted their ability to continue their daily lives and
responsibilities.

d. Dr. Barnard couldn’t find any nobility in suffering. Why?

 Dr. Barnard couldn’t find nobility in suffering because he saw it as an
experience of intense pain and distress rather than a means to
become a better person. Observing patients in agony and lonely
children suffering in the hospital reinforced his view that suffering
itself was not ennobling.

e. Why does Dr. Barnard find suffering of children heartbreaking?

Dr. Barnard finds the suffering of children particularly heartbreaking

because of their complete trust in medical professionals and their
resilience. Children accept their fate without complaint even after
undergoing severe and painful procedures. Their innocent suffering
contrasts sharply with their courageous acceptance.

f. How did the boy who played the mechanic lose his eyesight?

His parents had a heated argument and both were drunken. His
mother threw a lantern and it hit the boy’s head. The boy lost his
eyesight due to severe burns inflicted by a lantern. The lantern broke
over his head and shoulders, causing third-degree burns and
resulting in his blindness.

g. Why does Dr. Barnard describe the blind boy as a ‘walking horror’?
Dr. Barnard describes the blind boy as a ‘walking horror’ due to the
severe disfigurement and injuries he suffered. The boy had a
disfigured face, a flap of skin hanging from his neck, and his lower
jaw was gripped by fibrous tissue, making him appear severely
altered and distressed.
h. What were the problems the trolley driver suffered from?

The trolley driver had previously undergone heart surgery

performed by Dr. Barnard and was later diagnosed with a malignant
tumor. This condition led to the amputation of his shoulder and arm,
leaving him with significant physical challenges and a grim prognosis.

d. Dr. Barnard couldn’t find any nobility in suffering. Why?

Dr. Barnard couldn’t see any nobility in suffering because he viewed

it as cruel and pointless. He found that suffering didn’t lead to any
personal growth or improvement. From his perspective as a doctor,
it seemed to only cause pain without any redeeming value. His
experiences made him question the idea that suffering could make
someone better. He saw suffering as a negative and unfair
experience.

e. Why does Dr. Barnard find suffering of children heartbreaking?

Dr. Barnard finds the suffering of children heartbreaking because

they are innocent and trust doctors to help them. Children endure
pain and surgery without complaining, believing they will get better.
Their acceptance of suffering and their inability to fully understand it
makes it especially sad. This situation contrasts sharply with their
vulnerability and trust. The suffering of children is deeply upsetting
to him because of their helplessness.

a. What thoughts troubled Dr. Christiaan Barnard as he neared

the end of his career as a heart surgeon?

Dr. Barnard was troubled by the widespread suffering he

observed. He was distressed by the high number of children who
 did not survive past infancy. He was also concerned about those
who survived but were left physically or mentally disabled. His
own recent experience of suffering after an accident made these
thoughts more intense. He questioned why such suffering was so
prevalent in the world.

b. What were Dr. Barnard’s feelings when he was hospitalized after

an accident? When hospitalized after the accident, Dr. Barnard felt
intense pain and fear. He was also filled with anger and frustration.
He couldn’t understand why he and his wife had to suffer so much.
He was particularly upset because his injuries prevented him from
working and his wife couldn’t care for their baby. These feelings
made his recovery period even more challenging.

c. When and where did the accident occur? The accident occurred a
few years before Dr. Barnard's reflection. It happened while he was
crossing the street with his wife. They had just finished a nice meal
together. A car hit Dr. Barnard and then knocked him into his wife.
This collision led to severe injuries for both of them.

d. How did the hospitalization of Dr. Barnard and his wife affect their
routine? Their hospitalization significantly disrupted their daily
routines. Dr. Barnard was unable to perform surgeries, affecting his
professional responsibilities. His wife’s inability to care for their
young child created additional stress. The accident's impact on their
lives made their situation even more difficult. Their usual activities
and responsibilities were put on hold.
e. How was Dr. Barnard’s attitude to suffering different from that of
his father’s? Dr. Barnard’s father believed that suffering was a test
from God and made people better. He thought it ennobled
individuals. Dr. Barnard, on the other hand, saw suffering as painful
and cruel, not as something that improved character. He believed
suffering was not noble but rather a harsh and unpleasant
experience. His view contrasted sharply with his father's perspective.

f. How was the unattended trolley put to use? The unattended trolley
was used by two children in a playful manner. One child drove the
trolley while the other provided power by running behind it. They
turned the trolley into a fun race around the hospital ward. Their
creative use of the trolley brought laughter and enjoyment. It
became a source of amusement for everyone in the ward.

g. What roles did the duo take up? In the trolley race, one child
became the driver. The other child acted as the mechanic. The driver
steered the trolley, while the mechanic ran behind to push it. Their
roles were based on their physical abilities. This arrangement
allowed them to enjoy the race despite their disabilities.

h. Why did the choice of roles prove to be easy for them? The choice
of roles was easy due to their physical conditions. The mechanic was
blind, so he naturally took on the role of running behind the trolley.
The driver had only one arm, making it practical for him to steer.
Their disabilities matched their roles perfectly. This made their
participation in the race both feasible and enjoyable.
i. Who encouraged them and how? The other patients in the hospital
encouraged the children. They laughed and cheered as the trolley
race took place. Their support created a lively and positive
atmosphere. The encouragement from fellow patients made the
event even more enjoyable. The cheering helped boost the children’s
spirits.

j. What does Dr. Barnard compare this entertainment to?

Dr. Barnard compares the children’s trolley race to the excitement of

the Indianapolis 500 car race. He felt the homemade race was even
more thrilling than a professional car race. The joy and enthusiasm it
generated surpassed that of major sporting events. This comparison
highlighted the special nature of the children’s fun. It made the event
memorable and significant.

k. What happened in the grand finale?

In the grand finale of the trolley race, the trolley crashed, scattering
plates and silverware. The fun ended when the nurse and ward sister
intervened. They scolded the children for their antics. The children
were then put back to bed. Despite the ending, the race had brought
much joy to the hospital ward.

l. How does Dr. Barnard know the boy who played the trolley’s
driver?

Dr. Barnard knew the trolley driver because he had previously

performed heart surgery on him. The boy had returned to the
hospital due to a malignant tumor. This tumor led to the amputation
of his arm and shoulder. Their previous connection added depth to
his observations of the boy.

m. What was the profound lesson that Dr. Barnard learnt from the
boys?

Dr. Barnard learned that life’s essence is to celebrate being alive

despite suffering. The boys showed him that joy comes from what
we still have, not from what we have lost. Their positive attitude in
the face of adversity was a profound lesson. It helped him
understand that appreciating life’s moments is crucial. Their example
taught him to focus on the positives.

Paragraphs

1 “These two children had given me a profound lesson …”

Elucidate.

“These two children had given me a profound lesson …”

The two children at the Red Cross Children's Hospital imparted a

deep and transformative lesson about life and how to cope with
suffering. Despite their severe physical disabilities and difficult
circumstances, both children displayed a remarkable capacity for joy
and resilience. The blind boy, who had been severely burned and lost
his sight in a tragic accident caused by his parents, was enduring
severe physical deformities and discomfort. Similarly, the boy with
the amputated arm was battling a malignant tumor that had led to
his amputation and further medical complications. Despite these
severe challenges, both children were not consumed by despair.
Instead, they found a way to enjoy life and bring happiness to others.
"God’s design may include suffering, but it also includes the
capacity for joy."

The blind boy, despite his physical pain and the loss of his sight, took
part in the imaginative play, showing that his spirit was not broken.
The boy with the amputated arm, having undergone major surgery,
still managed to drive the trolley with enthusiasm and pride. The
profound lesson the author learned from these children is that the
essence of life is not about avoiding or being freed from suffering but
about how one approaches and finds meaning in life despite it.

"It is not the length of life but the depth of life that counts."

Their ability to engage in play and laughter, even with their

disabilities, highlighted that life's value lies in how we respond to
adversity. The author realized that while suffering is inevitable, the
way we handle it—by focusing on what remains rather than what is
lost—can lead to personal growth and a more profound appreciation
for life. This experience taught him that joy and a meaningful life can
be experienced even when faced with significant hardships, provided
one maintains a positive attitude and embraces life's possibilities.

"Joy is not defined by our circumstances, but by our perspective on

them."

2. Describe the ‘Grand Prix’ at Cape Town’s Red Cross Children’s

Hospital.
The "Grand Prix" at Cape Town's Red Cross Children's Hospital was
an unforgettable and uplifting event that occurred one morning and
showcased the ingenuity and spirit of two remarkable children.

"Life’s true richness is discovered when we find joy in the midst of

hardship."

The event began when a breakfast trolley, which had been left
unattended by a nurse, was commandeered by two young patients.
The first child, who was blind due to severe burns and had lost his
sight in a traumatic accident, became the trolley’s "mechanic." He
provided the necessary power for the trolley by running behind it,
using his body to push and propel it forward, despite his blindness
and the severe injuries he had sustained. The second child, who had
recently undergone an amputation due to a malignant tumor, was
the "driver." He expertly maneuvered the trolley while sitting on the
mower deck, steering it with his foot. The "Grand Prix" quickly
turned into an exhilarating and joyous spectacle. The other patients
in the ward, witnessing this improvised race, cheered and laughed
with delight, making it clear that the event was more entertaining
than any professional race they had seen. The children’s creativity
and determination to have fun, despite their disabilities, created a
sense of camaraderie and celebration among the hospital's young
patients.

"Happiness is not the absence of suffering, but the ability to find

joy despite it."

The race culminated in a playful mess of scattered plates and cutlery,

adding to the hilarity of the scene. Eventually, the nurse and ward
sister intervened to bring the event to a close, but not before the
children had thoroughly enjoyed their moment of triumph and the
ward had been filled with laughter and excitement. This impromptu
race not only provided entertainment but also demonstrated the
children's remarkable ability to turn their circumstances into a
source of joy, proving that their spirits and creativity remained intact
despite their physical challenges.

Unit 4- The Summit.

Summary

On May 29, 1953, Hillary and Tenzing began their final ascent to
the summit of Everest at 4 a.m. They started with a substantial
breakfast of lemon juice, sugar, and sardines on biscuits to fuel their
climb. Hillary meticulously prepared their oxygen equipment,
ensuring it was clean and functional. His boots, which had become
frozen the previous day, were softened over a stove. They dressed
warmly in multiple layers, including windproof clothing and three
pairs of gloves. By 6:30 a.m., they set out from their tent, loaded
with 30 pounds of oxygen gear each, and began their climb.

From 28,000 feet, Hillary and Tenzing faced dangerous snow

conditions as they ascended a precarious ridge. They found two
partially full oxygen bottles left by a previous team, which would be
useful for their descent. They continued up the ridge, overcoming
soft snow and large ice cornices by taking turns to lead and cut steps.
Despite the challenges, including slipping and difficult snow
conditions, they reached the South Peak by 9 a.m. They rested briefly
and continued their climb, making steady progress through
treacherous terrain until they reached the summit.

When Hillary and Tenzing reached the summit of Everest at

11:30 a.m., they experienced a profound sense of relief and
accomplishment. After enduring a grueling climb, they were
overwhelmed with joy and satisfaction. Hillary felt a significant relief,
knowing there were no more obstacles to overcome. Tenzing,
despite his gear being covered in ice, showed his delight through his
grin. They celebrated their achievement with handshakes and
embraces, taking in the stunning panoramic views.

The ridge from the South Peak to the summit was arduous and
seemed never-ending, taking two and a half hours to traverse. The
continuous physical effort of cutting steps through deep snow and
navigating dangerous sections made the journey feel eternal. The
ridge featured shifting terrain and deceptive heights, which
compounded their exhaustion and mental strain, making the climb
feel like a prolonged struggle.

From the summit, Hillary and Tenzing enjoyed a breathtaking

view. They could see the towering Makalu to the east, the massive
Kanchenjunga on the horizon, and the unexplored ranges of Nepal to
the west. The most significant photograph they took was of the
North Ridge, highlighting the route used by earlier climbers. This
image was important as it captured the historical context of their
achievement and the challenges faced by previous expeditions.

The expedition of Hillary and Tenzing illustrates the statement,

“There is no height, no depth that the spirit of man, guided by a
higher Spirit cannot attain.” Their successful ascent of Everest
reflects the power of human determination and perseverance.
Despite extreme conditions and risks, their courage, resolve, and
purpose enabled them to achieve what seemed unattainable. Their
accomplishment serves as a powerful example of overcoming great
challenges through the strength of the human spirit and a higher
sense of purpose.

Short answers
a) What did Hillary do with his wet boots?

Hillary’s boots had become wet and then frozen solid. To fix this, he
cooked them over the fierce flame of the Primus stove. This process
softened the boots, making them wearable again. Without this step,
the frozen boots would have made climbing difficult. He needed to
ensure they were comfortable for the high-altitude climb.

b) Name an equipment and a tool carried by the climbers during

their expedition.

The climbers carried oxygen sets as essential equipment to help

them breathe at high altitudes. They also used ice-axes, which were
crucial tools for cutting steps in the ice and securing their footing.
The oxygen sets were necessary for survival in the thin air. Ice-axes
provided stability and were used to navigate difficult terrain. Both
items were vital for their success on the mountain.

c) Why did Hillary become clumsy-fingered and slow-moving?

Hillary became clumsy-fingered and slow-moving because he was

running low on oxygen. As they used up their oxygen supply, it
became harder for him to perform tasks. The reduced oxygen made
his fingers less nimble and his movements slower. This condition
affected his overall efficiency and speed. It was a sign that they were
nearing the limit of their oxygen resources.

d) What did Hillary find in a tiny hollow?

In a tiny hollow, Hillary found two oxygen bottles left by earlier
climbers, Evans and Bourdillon. These bottles still contained several
hundred liters of oxygen. This find was crucial for their return
journey. The extra oxygen would help them get back to the South Col
safely. It provided a much-needed boost to their limited supply.

e) When did Hillary feel a sense of freedom and well-being?

Hillary felt a sense of freedom and well-being after using up their

first partially-full bottle of oxygen. The reduction in the weight of
their oxygen gear made their load lighter. As he cut steps down from
the South Summit, the lighter equipment gave him a feeling of relief.
This sense of ease came as they were no longer burdened by the
heavier gear. The lighter load allowed them to move more
comfortably.

f) What did Hillary mean by saying “We had had enough to do the
job, but by no means too much”?

Hillary meant that their supply of oxygen was just enough to

complete their climb. They had enough to get the job done but not
an excess. The phrase indicated that their oxygen was almost at its
limit. It reflects the tight margin they had for their climb. They had
managed with the minimal amount needed for survival.

g) How did the mountaineers belay?

The mountaineers belayed each other by using ropes for safety. One
climber would cut steps in the snow and then secure the rope for the
second climber. As one climber moved up, the other held the rope to
prevent falls. They took turns leading and belaying to ensure safety.
This method helped them manage the challenging terrain.

h) Why was the original zest fading away?

The original zest was fading away because the climb was becoming
increasingly grueling. The ridge seemed never-ending, and they were
exhausted. The continuous obstacles and difficulties wore down their
enthusiasm. The climb was turning into a grim struggle rather than
an exciting adventure. The physical and mental strain was taking its
toll.

i) What did Edmund Hillary do to escape the large overhanging ice

cornices?

To escape the large overhanging ice cornices, Hillary cut a line of

steps down to where the snow met the rocks. This allowed them to
avoid the dangerous cornices. He carefully navigated past these
obstacles to ensure safety. This strategy helped them progress
without encountering the risk of falling. The approach was necessary
to continue climbing safely.

j) What did Tenzing and Edmund Hillary gift to the God of the lofty
summit? How did they do it?

Tenzing and Edmund Hillary made offerings to the Gods at the

summit. Tenzing placed small items like chocolate and biscuits in a
hole in the snow. Hillary placed a small crucifix given to him by
Colonel Hunt beside Tenzing’s offerings. These gifts were symbolic
acts of respect and gratitude. They followed their respective beliefs
in honoring the summit.

k) What did the photograph portray?

The photograph Hillary considered important portrayed the North

Ridge of Everest. It showed the North Col and the old route used by
climbers in the 1920s and 1930s. The image highlighted the historic
path of earlier Everest expeditions. It provided a record of the
climbing challenges faced in the past. The photograph was a tribute
to the earlier climbers’ achievements.

l) The soft snow was difficult and dangerous. Why?

The soft snow was difficult and dangerous because it was unstable. It
sometimes gave way suddenly, making the path treacherous. This
instability made it hard for the climbers to maintain their footing.
The risk of slipping or falling increased significantly. It required
careful navigation to avoid accidents.

m) How did the firm snow at the higher regions fill them with hope?

The firm snow at the higher regions was stable and secure. It allowed
them to cut solid steps for climbing. This stability was a contrast to
the dangerous soft snow lower down. The firm snow provided a
reliable surface for their ascent. It made the climbing conditions
more manageable and gave them hope for reaching the summit.
Paragraphs

a) How did Hillary and Tenzing prepare themselves before they set
off to the summit?

Before setting off for the summit, Hillary and Tenzing undertook
meticulous preparations to ensure their readiness for the final climb.
On May 29, they started their day at 4 a.m. with a hearty breakfast
consisting of lemon juice, sugar, and sardines on biscuits. This
provided them with essential energy for the demanding climb ahead.
They then turned their attention to their oxygen equipment, which
was crucial for survival at such high altitudes. Hillary cleaned the ice
off their oxygen sets, rechecked all connections, and tested the
equipment to ensure it was functioning properly. The severe cold
had caused Hillary’s boots to freeze solid, so he carefully warmed
them over a Primus stove to make them wearable again. Both
climbers dressed in layers to combat the extreme temperatures,
including down clothing covered by windproof outer layers. They
wore three pairs of gloves—silk, woolen, and windproof—to protect
their hands from frostbite. By 6:30 a.m., after donning their gear and
carrying 30 pounds of oxygen equipment each, they stepped out into
the snow. They connected their oxygen masks and took deep breaths
to acclimate their bodies for the intense physical exertion required
for the climb.

b) Give an account of the journey to the South Col from 28,000 feet.

From 28,000 feet, Hillary and Tenzing began their challenging ascent
towards the summit. The ridge they navigated was perilous, with soft
snow conditions making footing unstable and dangerous. They
discovered two oxygen bottles left behind by a previous team, which
still contained enough oxygen to be useful for their descent. As they
continued, Hillary led the way, cutting steps through the snow. The
conditions varied, with some snow sections giving way under their
weight, which was both physically and mentally taxing. They had to
make frequent changes in leading the climb to manage their energy
and safety effectively. The final stretch to the South Peak was
marked by dangerous snow conditions, which required careful and
persistent effort to overcome. They faced several hazards, including
large ice cornices and steep rock sections. Despite these obstacles,
they made steady progress and reached the South Peak by 9 a.m.
They took a brief rest, conserving their remaining oxygen, and
prepared for the final push to the summit. Their route involved
careful navigation through treacherous terrain, and they used their
remaining oxygen bottles to help them through the most challenging
parts of the climb.

c) Describe the feelings of Edmund Hillary and Tenzing as they

reached the top of the Summit.

When Hillary and Tenzing reached the summit of Everest at 11:30

a.m., their emotions were a blend of intense relief, elation, and awe.
After an arduous and grueling climb, the sense of accomplishment
was profound. Hillary felt an overwhelming relief that the demanding
climb was over and that they had finally achieved their goal. The
summit brought a moment of joy and triumph as they realized the
significance of their success. Tenzing, despite his gear being
encrusted with ice, showed his delight through a broad grin,
reflecting the deep satisfaction of reaching the top. They celebrated
their achievement by shaking hands and embracing each other,
sharing the moment of victory. The sight of the world from the
highest point on Earth was both exhilarating and humbling. They
took a moment to savor their success, despite the harsh conditions,
and reflected on the monumental nature of their accomplishment.

d) The ridge had taken us two and a half hours, but it seemed like a
lifetime. Why?

The ridge leading to the summit took Hillary and Tenzing two and a
half hours to traverse, but it felt like a lifetime due to the continuous
and grueling challenges they faced. The ridge was marked by difficult
terrain, including soft and unstable snow that made each step
perilous. The climb was physically exhausting, requiring relentless
effort to cut steps in the snow and navigate hazardous sections.
Mentally, the ridge was demoralizing because it seemed to stretch
endlessly, with higher ridges continually appearing in view and
making progress difficult to gauge. The physical exertion and the
constant struggle to overcome obstacles created a sense of time
distortion, making the hours on the ridge feel much longer than they
actually were. The combination of physical fatigue, mental strain,
and the harsh environmental conditions contributed to the feeling
that the ridge was an interminable ordeal.

e) Describe the view from the top. What was the most important
photograph?

From the summit of Everest, Hillary and Tenzing were rewarded with
an awe-inspiring view of the surrounding peaks and landscapes. To
the east, they could see the imposing Makalu, a peak that had not
yet been climbed at that time. Far across the horizon, the massive
bulk of Kanchenjunga was visible, adding to the grandeur of the
view. To the west, the unexplored ranges of Nepal stretched out into
the distance, emphasizing the vastness and isolation of their
location. The most significant photograph they took was of the North
Ridge, capturing the North Col and the old route used by earlier
climbers. This photograph was important because it highlighted the
historical context of their achievement and paid tribute to the efforts
of previous climbers who had paved the way for their success. The
image also served to document the challenging terrain and the
remarkable accomplishment of reaching the summit.

f) ‘There is no height, no depth that the spirit of man, guided by

higher Spirit cannot attain’. Discuss the above statement in the
context of the achievement of Edmund Hillary and Tenzing.

The statement “There is no height, no depth that the spirit of man,

guided by a higher Spirit cannot attain” is deeply embodied in the
achievement of Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay. Their successful
ascent of Mount Everest exemplifies the extraordinary power of
human determination and spirit when driven by a profound sense of
purpose. Hillary and Tenzing faced extreme physical and
environmental challenges, including harsh weather, dangerous
terrain, and severe altitude conditions. Their perseverance and
unwavering commitment to their goal demonstrated that with
resolute spirit and dedication, seemingly insurmountable obstacles
can be overcome. Their climb was not just a physical feat but also a
testament to their mental fortitude and their belief in their mission.
The higher spirit, or sense of purpose, that guided them through
their journey was crucial to their success. Their achievement on
Everest serves as a powerful reminder that with the right
combination of inner strength, courage, and higher motivation, there
are no limits to what can be achieved. This accomplishment
continues to inspire others to pursue their own lofty goals, reflecting
the boundless potential of the human spirit.