1.

84 PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF ACCOUNTING

UNIT 8 : ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

LEARNING OUTCOMES
After studying this unit, you will be able to:
w Understand the signi cance of issuance of Accounting Standards.
w Grasp the objectives, bene ts and limitations of Accounting Standards.
w Learn the process of formulation of Accounting Standards by the Council of the Institute of Chartered
Accountants of India.
w Familiarize with the list of applicable Accounting Standards in India.

UNIT OVERVIEW Accounting Standards deal with the issues of

Recognition Measurement Presentation Disclosure

of events and of transactions of transactions requirements
transactions and events and events

Formulation of Accounting Standards

Identi cation of area

Constitution of study group

Preparation of draft and its circulation

Ascertainment of views of di erent bodies on draft

Finalisation of exposure draft (E.D.)

Comments received on exposure draft (E.D.)

Modi cation of the draft

Issue of AS

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 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 1.85

8.1 INTRODUCTION OF ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

Accounting as a ‘language of business’ communicates the nancial results of an enterprise to various
stakeholders by means of nancial statements. If the nancial accounting process is not properly
regulated, there is possibility of nancial statements being misleading, tendentious and providing a
distorted picture of the business, rather than the true. To ensure transparency, consistency, comparability,
adequacy and reliability of nancial reporting, it is essential to standardize the accounting principles and
policies. Accounting Standards (ASs) provide framework and standard accounting policies for treatment of
transactions and events so that the nancial statements of di erent enterprises become comparable.
Accounting standards are written policy documents issued by the expert accounting body or by the
government or other regulatory body covering the aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation
and disclosure of accounting transactions and events in the nancial statements. The ostensible purpose
of the standard setting bodies is to promote the dissemination of timely and useful nancial information
to investors and certain other parties having an interest in the company’s economic performance. The
accounting standards deal with the issues of -
(i) recognition of events and transactions in the nancial statements;
(ii) measurement of these transactions and events;
(iii) presentation of these transactions and events in the nancial statements in a manner that is meaningful
and understandable to the reader; and
(iv) the disclosure requirements which should be there to enable the public at large and the stakeholders
and the potential investors in particular, to get an insight into what these nancial statements are trying
to re ect and thereby facilitating them to take prudent and informed business decisions.

8.2 OBJECTIVES OF ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

The whole idea of accounting standards is centered around harmonisation of accounting policies and
practices followed by di erent business entities so that the diverse accounting practices adopted for various
aspects of accounting can be standardised. Accounting Standards standardise diverse accounting policies
with a view to:

(i) eliminate the non-comparability of nancial statements and thereby improving the reliability of
nancial statements; and

(ii) provide a set of standard accounting policies, valuation norms and disclosure requirements.

Accounting standards reduce the accounting alternatives in the preparation of nancial statements within
the bounds of rationality, thereby ensuring comparability of nancial statements of di erent enterprises.

8.3 BENEFITS AND LIMITATIONS OF ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

Accounting standards seek to describe the accounting principles, the valuation techniques and the methods
of a pplying the accounting principles in the preparation and presentation of nancial statements so that
they may give a true and fair view. By setting the accounting standards, the accountant has following
bene ts:

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1.86 PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF ACCOUNTING

(i) Standards reduce to a reasonable extent or eliminate altogether confusing variations in the accounting
treatments used to prepare nancial statements.

(ii) There are certain areas where important information are not statutorily required to be disclosed.
Standards may call for disclosure beyond that required by law.

(iii) The application of accounting standards would, to a limited extent, facilitate comparison of nancial
statements of companies situated in di erent parts of the world and also of di erent companies situated
in the same country. However, it should be noted in this respect that di erences in the institutions,
traditions and legal systems from one country to another give rise to di erences in accounting standards
adopted in di erent countries.

Standardisation of
alternative accounting
treatments

Bene ts of
Accounting
Standards

Comparability of Requirements for

nancial statements additional disclosures

However, there are some limitations of accounting standards:

(i) Di culties in making choice between di erent treatments: Alternative solutions to certain accounting
problems may each have arguments to recommend them. Therefore, the choice between di erent
alternative accounting treatments may become di cult.

(ii) Restricted scope: Accounting standards cannot override the statute. The standards are required to be
framed within the ambit of prevailing statutes.

Di culties in
Limitations
making choice
of accounting Restricted scope
between di erent
standards
treatments

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 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 1.87

8.4 PROCESS OF FORMULATION OF ACCOUNTING STANDARDS IN

INDIA
The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI), being a premier accounting body in the country,
took upon itself the leadership role by constituting the Accounting Standards Board (ASB) in 1977. The
ICAI has taken signi cant initiatives in the setting and issuing procedure of Accounting Standards to ensure
that the standard-setting process is fully consultative and transparent. The ASB considers International
Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) while framing Indian Accounting Standards (ASs) in India and try
to integrate them, in the light of the applicable laws, customs, usages and business environment in the
country. The composition of ASB includes, representatives of industries (namely, ASSOCHAM, CII, FICCI),
regulators, academicians, government departments etc. Although ASB is a body constituted by the Council
of the ICAI, it (ASB) is independent in the formulation of accounting standards and Council of the ICAI is
not empowered to make any modi cations in the draft accounting standards formulated by ASB without
consulting with the ASB.
The standard-setting procedure of Accounting Standards Board (ASB) can be brie y outlined as follows:
w Identi cation of broad areas by ASB for formulation of AS.
w Constitution of study groups by ASB to consider speci c projects and to prepare preliminary drafts of
the proposed accounting standards. The draft normally includes objective and scope of the standard,
de nitions of the terms used in the standard, recognition and measurement principles wherever
applicable and presentation and disclosure requirements.
w Consideration of the preliminary draft prepared by the study group of ASB and revision, if any, of the
draft on the basis of deliberations.
w Circulation of draft of accounting standard (after revision by ASB) to the Council members of the ICAI
and speci ed outside bodies such as Department of Company A airs (DCA), Securities and Exchange
Board of India (SEBI), Comptroller and Auditor General of India (C&AG), Central Board of Direct Taxes
(CBDT), Standing Conference of Public Enterprises (SCOPE), etc. for comments.
w Meeting with the representatives of the speci ed outside bodies to ascertain their views on the draft of
the proposed accounting standard.
w Finalisation of the exposure draft of the proposed accounting standard and its issuance inviting public
comments.
w Consideration of comments received on the exposure draft and nalisation of the draft accounting
standard by the ASB for submission to the Council of the ICAI for its consideration and approval for
issuance.
w Consideration of the nal draft of the proposed standard and by the Council of the ICAI, and if found
necessary, modi cation of the draft in consultation with the ASB is done.
w The accounting standard on the relevant subject (for non-corporate entities) is then issued by the ICAI.
For corporate entities the accounting standards are issued by The Central Government of India.

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1.88 PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF ACCOUNTING

8.5 LIST OF ACCOUNTING STANDARDS IN INDIA

The ‘Accounting Standards’ issued by the Accounting Standards Board establish standards which have to be
complied by the business entities so that the nancial statements are prepared in accordance with generally
accepted accounting principles.
Following is the list of applicable Accounting Standards:
List* of Accounting Standards
Sl. Number of the Accounting Title of the Accounting Standard
No. Standard (AS)
1. AS 1 Disclosure of Accounting Policies
2. AS 2 (Revised) Valuation of Inventories
3. AS 3 (Revised) Cash Flow Statements
4. AS 4 (Revised) Contingencies and Events Occurring after the Balance Sheet Date
5. AS 5 (Revised) Net Pro t or Loss for the Period, Prior Period Items and Changes in
Accounting Policies
4. AS 6 (withdrawn pursuant Depreciation Accounting
to issuance of AS 10
on Property, Plant and
Equipment 2016)
7. AS 7 (Revised) Accounting for Construction Contracts
8. AS 8 (withdrawn Accounting for Research and Development
pursuant to AS 26
becoming mandatory)
9. AS 9 Revenue Recognition
10. AS 10 Property, Plant and Equipment
11. AS 11 (Revised) The E ects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates
12. AS 12 Accounting for Government Grants
13. AS 13 Accounting for Investments
14. AS 14 Accounting for Amalgamations
15. AS 15 (Revised) Employee Bene ts
14. AS 16 Borrowing Costs
17. AS 17 Segment Reporting
18. AS 18 Related Party Disclosures
19. AS 19 Leases
20. AS 20 Earnings Per Share
21. AS 21 Consolidated Financial Statements
22. AS 22 Accounting for Taxes on Income
23. AS 23 Accounting for Investments in Associates in Consolidated Financial
Statements
24. AS 24 Discontinuing Operations
25. AS 25 Interim Financial Reporting
24. AS 26 Intangible Assets
27. AS 27 Financial Reporting of Interests in Joint Ventures

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 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 1.89

Sl. Number of the Accounting Title of the Accounting Standard

No. Standard (AS)
28. AS 28 Impairment of Assets
29 AS 29 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities & Contingent Assets
* Note: The list of accounting standards given above does not form part of syllabus. It has been given
here for the knowledge of students only.

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

Multiple Choice Questions
1. Accounting Standards for Non-Corporate entities in India are issued by
(a) Central Govt. (b) State Govt.
(c) Institute of Chartered Accountants of India. (d) Reserve Bank of India.

2. Accounting Standards
(a) Harmonise accounting policies.
(b) Eliminate the non-comparability of nancial statements.
(c) Improve the reliability of nancial statements.
(d) All the three.

3. It is essential to standardize the accounting principles and policies in order to ensure

(a) Transparency. (b) Consistency.
(c) Comparability. (d) All the three.

Theoretical Questions
1. Explain the objective of “Accounting Standards” in brief.
2. State the advantages of setting Accounting Standards.

ANSWERS/HINTS
Multiple Choice Questions
1. (c), 2. (d), 3. (d),

Theoretical Questions
1. Accounting Standards are selected set of accounting policies or broad guidelines regarding the
principles and methods to be chosen out of several alternatives. The main objective of Accounting
Standards is to establish standards which have to be complied with, to ensure that nancial statements
are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Accounting Standards seek
to suggest rules and criteria of accounting measurements. These standards harmonize the diverse
accounting policies and practices at present in use in India.

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1.90 PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF ACCOUNTING

2. The main advantage of setting accounting standards is that the adoption and application of accounting
standards ensure uniformity, comparability and qualitative improvement in the preparation and
presentation of nancial statements. The other advantages are: Reduction in variations; Disclosures
beyond that required by law and Facilitates comparison.

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