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COMPUTER APPLICATION
FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER

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 COMPUTER

A computer is an electronic device that

can accept Input, according to specified
instructions and Output the result of
processing. It can store and retrieve
data.

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 Functionalities of Computer
There are 5 Basic Functions of a
computer system. These usually include:
• Input or inserting data and
instructions.
• Processing
• Output or retrieving data or
information.
• Storing data or information/file
management.
• Controlling of devices and functions.

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Basic parts of Computer

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 Hardware and Software

• Hardware, represents the • Software, represents the

physical components of a program(s) which perform
computer like its electronics different tasks on a computer
parts. For example, CPU, system. Examples are MS Word,
Memory, Hard Disk, Google Chrome, Photoshop etc.
Monitor, Printer, Mouse,
etc.

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 Characteristics of Computer
 High Speed:- A computer is a high speed device. It can perform multiple
computational task at the same time. Computers are capable of performing
millions of simple arithmetic operations per second.

 Accuracy:- A computer is not prone to human errors. Faulty programming or

inaccurate data can make a computer deliver erroneous results.

 Consistency:- A computer can work for hours without lack of concentration

or tiredness.

 Versatility:- Computers provide a versatile work environment. A computer

can change over to various types of jobs within a very short span of time or
may perform multiple tasks at the same time.

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 Characteristics of Computer
 Persistent Memory:- Human brains are volatile and human memory is
selective. A computer provides permanent storage facility where information
can be retained as long as it is required.

 Lack of Intelligence:- A computer has no brains. Human intelligence works

behind the performance of a computer.

 No Feelings:- A computer is a machine it is free from emotional and

sentimental feelings.

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HISTORY OF COMPUTER

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Computers have been developed over the past 60 years. A
long, slow evolution of mechanical calculating devices
preceded the development of computers.

In the beginning may devices have been used in the

processing of data.

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 Generations of Computer

A generation refers to the state of improvement in the development of the

product. This term is also used in different advancements of computer
technology. The generations of computers are broadly classified into
 Non-Electronic Generation: This generation is also called as Zero
Generation of computers. These are made up of wooden or mechanical
components. Eg: Abacus, Napier’s bones etc…
 Electronic Generation: Computers built with electronic circuitry are called
the electronic generation of computers. They are divided into 5 generation.

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 Abacus
• This is the first recorded computer,
whose existence dates back 2500
B.C.
• The mechanical calculating device
ABACUS was principally used to add
and subtract.
• Nearly 5,000 years ago the abacus
emerged in Asia Minor. The abacus
may be considered the first
computer.

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 Napier’s logs and Bones
• John Napier, a Scottish Mathematician
invented logarithms ( first called as Artificial
Numbers).
• The use of logarithms enabled him to
transform multiplications and division
problems of addition and subtractions.
• Napier invented a computing device
consisting of sticks with numbers carved on
them. These sticks are called bones as they
were made of bones.
• These bones helped a lot in multiplication
involving large numbers.
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 Pascaline

• Pascaline, also called Arithmetic

Machine, the first calculator or adding
machine to be produced in any quantity
and actually used.
• The Pascaline was designed and built by
the French mathematician-
philosopher Blasé Pascal between 1642
and 1644.
• It could only do addition and
subtraction, with numbers being
entered by manipulating its dials.

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 Charles Babbage
“father of the computer”

Charles Babbage ( 1791 - 1871) is credited

with inventing the first mechanical
computer that eventually led to more
complex electronic designs, through all
the essential ideas of modern computers
are to be found in Babbage’s analytical
engine.

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 The Difference Engine

• Charles Babbage, computer pioneer,

designed two classes of engine, Difference
Engine, and Analytical Engines.
• In 1822, he constructed the Difference
Engine, a device that used the differences
between previous values in a table to
produce new values.
• Difference engines are strictly calculators.
They launch numbers the only way they
know how – by repeated addition according
to the method of finite differences.

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 The Analytical Engine

• The analytical engine is a machine, first proposed

by Charles Babbage in 1837, that is considered to
be the concept for the first general mechanical
computer.
• The design featured an ALU(arithmetic logic unit)
and permitted basic programmatic flow control. It
was programmed using punch cards (inspired by
the Jacquard Loom.
• It also featured integrated memory. For these
reasons, historians consider it to be the first
design concept of a general-purpose computer.

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 First Generation of Computer
(1940-1956)

• These were developed during 1940 – 1956,

and were built with Vacuum tubes. First
generation computers relied on machine
language understood by computers, to
perform operations, and they could only
solve one problem at a time.
• Input was based on punched cards and paper
tape, and output was displayed on printouts.
The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are
example of first – generation computing
devices.

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 Vacuum Tubes

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 ABC Computer

• Atanasoff-Berry Computer, the ABC is

considered the first electronic digital
computer and was the first machine to
use Vacuum Tubes (over 300 vacuum
tubes).
• Professor John Vincent Atanasoff and
graduate student Cliff Berry developed
the ABC in 1937.

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 Colossus

• It was the First electronic digital

programmable computing device, and was
used to break German ciphers during
World War II.
• It remained unknown, as a military secret,
well into the 1970s.

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 ENIAC

• After introducing Semi conductor

technology in 1946, they developed first
ever electronic computer ENIAC.
• It is an acronym for Electronic Numerical
Integrated and Calculator. This was able
to carry out 5000 additions per second.
• The combination of speed and
programmability allowed for thousands
more calculations for problems, as ENIAC
calculated a trajectory in 30 seconds that
took a human 20 hours.
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 EDVAC

• To overcome the disadvantage in ENIAC,

Neumann proposed a new concept of a
large internal memory to store instructions
and data. This is known as stored Program
Concept.
• The first ever computer developed on this
principle.
• It is an acronym for Electronic Discrete
Variable Automatic Computer.
• Unlike its predecessor the ENIAC, it was
binary rather than decimal, and was
designed to be a stored-program computer.

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 EDSAC

• Maurice V. Wilkes of Cambridge

University completed EDSAC-Electronic
Delay Storage Automatic Calculator in
1949.
• EDSAC was the first computer to operate
on the stored program concept.

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 UNIVAC -I

• Universal Automatic Computers was the

first general purpose electronic digital
computer design for business application
produced in the United States.
• In 1947, after ENIAC became operational
Mauchly and Eckart formed their own
Company- The Eckart-Mauchly
Computer Corporation. After this they
started the design of UNIVAC-I.
• This was purchased by US bureau of
Census. UNIVAC was the first computer
dedicated to business application.

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 Second Generation of Computer
(1956-1963)

• The second generation of computers saw

the use of Transistors instead of vacuum
tubes. Transistors were widely used in
computers from 1956 to 1963. Transistors
were smaller than vacuum tubes and
allowed computers to be smaller in size,
faster in speed, and cheaper to build.
• The first computer to use transistors was the
TX-0 and was introduced in 1956. Other
computers that used transistors include the
IBM 7070, Philco Transac S-1000, and RCA
501.

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 Third Generation of Computer
(1964-1971)

• The third generation of computers

introduced the use of IC (integrated circuits)
in computers. Using IC's in computers
helped reduce the size of computers even
more compared to second-generation
computers, as well as make them faster.
• Nearly all computers since the mid to late
1960s have utilized IC's. While the third
generation is considered by many people to
have spanned from 1964 to 1971, IC's are
still used in computers today. Over 45 years
later, today's computers have deep roots
going back to the third generation.

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 Fourth Generation of Computer
(1972-2010)

• The fourth generation of computers took

advantage of the invention of
the Microprocessor, more commonly
known as a CPU. Microprocessors, along
with integrated circuits, helped make it
possible for computers to fit easily on a desk
and for the introduction of the laptop.
• Some of the earliest computers to use a
microprocessor include the Altair 8800, IBM
5100, and Micral. Today's computers still
use a microprocessor, despite the fourth
generation being considered to have ended
in 2010.

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 Fifth Generation of Computer
(2010 to present)

• The fifth generation of computers is beginning

to use AI (artificial intelligence), an exciting
technology that has many potential applications
around the world. Leaps have been made in AI
technology and computers, but there is still
room for much improvement.
• One of the more well-known examples of AI in
computers is IBM's Watson, which was featured
on the TV show Jeopardy as a contestant. Other
better-known examples include Apple's Siri on
the iPhone and Microsoft's Cortana on Windows
8 and Windows 10 computers. The Google
search engine also utilizes AI to process user
searches.

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Classification of Computers
and
Computer Systems

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Computer come in different shapes and sizes
and they serves different purposes.

Computers can be grouped in several

different ways: by size, by purpose, and by
how many people use them.

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 Depending on Data:-

Digital Computer
The computer accepts the data in the form of both
Alphabets and Numbers. Digit is the combination of
Alphabets and Numbers.

Analog Computers
Analogous is the Greek term which means – Symbol or
–Signal. The computers accepts the data in the form of
both Signals and Symbols and outputs also in the form
of Signals or Symbols.

Hybrid Computers
It is the combination of both Digital and Analog
computers. These computers accepts the data in the
form of both Digits and Symbols and gives output
based on user requirements.

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 Depending on Size & Capacity:-

Micro Computer
Desktop & Laptop computers, tablet PCs(such as iPads),
and smartphones are all PCs are called generally as
Microcomputers. The capacity of micro computers is 1-3
MIPS i.e. Million Instructions Per Second. It process the 3
million instructions per second.

Mini Computers
A Mimi Computers can be used by several people, even
up to hundreds of people, at once. These computers
are used in small –to medium-sized organizations, such
as schools, hospitals, hotel chains, banks, and
churches. The capacity of mini computers is 3-5 MIPS
i.e. it processes 5 million instructions per second.

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 Depending on Size & Capacity:-

Mainframes Computer
It is large enough to fill several rooms. These computers
are used by Thousands of people at the same time in
organizations such as government agencies. The capacity
of mainframes is 5-7 MIPS i.e. It processes 7 million
instructions per second.

Super Computers
The capacity of super computers is 7-40 MOPS i.e.
Million Operations per Second. It processes up to 40
million operations per second. Operation is nothing but
set of instructions given by the user to complete a
specified task.

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• A Personal Computer (PC) is used by one person at a
time. A Desktop computer is designed to remain in
one location.

• A Laptop computer is designed to be carried from

Personal Computer Mini Computer
place to place.

• A Netbook is even smaller and lighter than a

conventional laptop, with many of the same
capabilities.

• A Smartphone, sometimes called a Personal Digital

Assistant (PDA), is a handheld cell phone with Laptop Tablet
computer capabilities.

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ISO Certified Skill Development & Education Company
COMPUTER APPLICATION
Introduction to Binary System

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 Binary System

• Computer stores all information in just

two digits – 0 and 1.
• A single binary digit, that is, 1 or 0 is
called a bit.

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A Computer usually stores the sequences of
Zeros and ones in the form of a group of 8-Bits
is known as a byte.

8 Bits - 1 Byte
1024 Bytes - 1 Kilo Byte
1024 KB - 1 Mega Byte
1024 MB - 1 Giga Byte
1024 GB - 1 Tetra Byte

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 Decimal System
• The Decimal number system is also called
“ Base 10”. Because it is based on the
number 10.
• There are 10 symbols ( 0 to 9).

System Decimal Binary

Base 10 2
Digits 0 to 9 0&1

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 Conversion of Number System

Binary To Decimal
Eg 1:- (10 11 00 11)2 27 =2*2*2*2*2*2*2
4 8 16 32 64 128

(1*27)+(0*26)+(1*25)+(1*24)+(0*23)+(0*22)+(1*21)+(1*20)
20 = 1
1*128+0*64+1*32+1*16+0*8+0*4+1*2+1*1

128+32+16+2+1

179
10

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 Conversion of Number System

Binary To Decimal
Eg 2:- (10 10)2 23 =2*2*2
4 8

(1*23)+(0*22)+(1*21)+(0*20)
20 = 1
1*8+0*4+1*2+0*1

8+2

10
10

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 Conversion of Number System

Decimal To Binary
2 215
Eg 1:- (215)10 2 107 1
2 53 1
(11010111)2 2 26 1
2 13 0
2 6 1
2 3 0
1 1

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 Conversion of Number System

Decimal To Binary
2 92
Eg 2:- (92)10 2 46 0
2 23 0
(1011100)2 2 11 1
2 5 1
2 2 1
1 0

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 ASCII

• Pronounced ask-ee, ASCII is the acronym

for the American Standard Code
for Information Interchange.
• It is a code for representing 128
English characters as numbers, with each
letter assigned a number from 0 to 127.
For example, the ASCII code
for uppercase M is 77.
• Most computers use ASCII codes to
represent text, which makes it possible to
transfer data from one computer to
another.

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 ISCII
• Indian Script Code for Information
Interchange (ISCII) is a coding scheme for
representing various writing systems of India.
• It encodes the main Indian scripts and a Roman
transliteration. The supported scripts are:
Assamese,Bengali(Bangla), Devanagari, Gujarati,
Gurmukhi,Kannada,Malayalam,Oriya,Tamil,
and Telugu.
• ISCII does not encode the writing systems of India
based on Persian.
• The Persian-based writing systems were
subsequently encoded in the PASCII encoding.

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 UNICODE
• Unicode is an industry standard character set
encoding developed and maintained by The Unicode®
Consortium.
• The Unicode character set has the capacity to support
over one million characters, and is being developed
with an aim to have a single character set that
supports all characters from all scripts, as well as
many symbols, that are in common use around the
world today or in the past.
• Currently, the Standard supports over 96,000
characters representing a large number of scripts.
• The benefits of a single, universal character set and
the practical considerations for implementation that
have gone into the design of Unicode have made it a
success, and it is well on the way to becoming a
dominant and ubiquitous standard.
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COMPUTER APPLICATION
Basic Computer Organization

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• The internal architecture of computers may
differ from one computer to another, but
the basic organization remains the same.
• There are mainly four common functions of
computer system.
1. Input
2. Output
3. Processing
4. Storage

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 CPU

Arithmetic Logic Input

Unit (ALU) Devices
Memory
(Data and
Instructions) Registers

Output
Control Unit
Devices

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 Input Unit

• Devices used for inserting data, instructions

or information into a computer are called
Input Devices.
• Eg:- Mouse, Keyboard, Pen drive, CD,
Microphone, Joystick and Scanner.
• The keyboard and Mouse are primary input
devices.

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 Input Unit

The Input unit performs the following functions:

1. It accepts/reads the list of instructions and
data from a user or from another devices.
2. It converts these instructions and data in
computer acceptable form (Binary form).
3. It supplies the converted instruction/data to
the computer for further processing.

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 Processing Unit

• The processing unit of a computer is

popularly known as the Central Processing
Unit or CPU.
• The processing functions of a CPU are
performed by what is known as the
Microprocessor or simply the Processor.

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 Processing Unit
The processing unit performs the following functions:
1. The processing system makes comparisons,
performs calculations and reads, interprets and
controls the execution of the instructions.
2. The capability of a computer thus, comes the
processing unit. The input, output and storage unit
act as devices that feed or accept data from the
processing unit.
3. The actual operations on data are carried out by the
processing unit. If a computer’s processing unit
stops functioning, all the computer operations will
come to a halt.

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 Processing Devices

• Processing devices control the Storage &

Saving of information in a computer.
• The information is processed by the
Computer Processor(CPU), which is then
Saved on to the computer memory or
RAM

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 Processing Unit

The main components of CPU ALU PC IR I/O

Device
1. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) Address Bus Inter

Memory
MAR face

I/O Bus
2. Control Unit (CU) Data Bus
MDR
Address I/O
3. Registers

Device
Control Bus Inter
CU
face
General
Accumu
Purpose
lator
Registers

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 Processing Unit
1. Arithmetic and Logic Unit

The Arithmetic and Logic Unit(ALU) performs two types of

functions:
1. It performs arithmetic calculations such as addition,
subtraction, division and multiplication.
2. It performs logical operations such as comparisons (less
than, equal to and grater than).

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 Processing Unit
2. Control Unit

 The control unit, as the name implies, supervises the

operations of the entire computer.
 It selects the program statement from the storage unit,
interprets the statements and sends the appropriate
electronic directions to the ALU and/ or storage unit to act
upon data in the required manner.
 The control unit also instructs the input device, when to
start and stop transferring data to storage unit, and it tells
the storage unit when to start and stop transferring data
to output devices. Hence it acts as a central nervous
system for the components of the computer.

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 Processing Unit

3. Registers

 They are memory storage often named as

immediate memory and they assist ALU and CU in
different operations.

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 **Analogy**

“In the shoot of a movie, actors are ALU,

Director is CU. Helpers are REGISTERS”.

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 Bus System

 The Bus system refers to a set of cables that are used by

the processor to receive or transfer data from the input,
output or the storage unit.
 It is called the bus system since similar to the bus
transport system, different cables originate from
different units and are used to carry data on a specific
route within the computer.

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 Storage Unit

The Storage Unit performs the following functions:

 It stores the basic programs and data that are crucial for
the working of the computer.
 It stores instructions that provide a computer’s
functionality, in the form of programs.
 It stores information and data that can be retrieved as
and when desired.
 It stores the results of processing if so desired. It may
also store intermediate results of processing
temporarily.

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 Output Unit

• Devices which are used along with a computer to display

the result are called Output Devices.
• The main output devices are Monitor, Printer, Speaker,
Headphones and Projector.

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 Output Unit

The Output Unit performs the following functions:

 It accepts the results produced by the computer, which
are in coded form.
 The coded form of result is converted into human
readable form.
 It supplies the converted result to the outside world.

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COMPUTER APPLICATION
Computer Memory

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• Memory, where computers keep their
information, comes in the form of
computer chips.

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• Computer Memory is of Two basic type:-
1. Primary Memory / Volatile Memory
2. Secondary Memory / Non-volatile
Memory

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• Non-Volatile Memory, is a memory that
keeps its contents even if the power is lost.

• Volatile Memory is a memory that loses its

contents when the computer or hardware
device loses power.
RAM

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 Types of Computer Storage

The computer memory can be classified in four

different types.
Internal Processor Memory
Main Memory RAM
( Random Access Memory) Primary Memory
Cache Memory
Storage Secondary Memory

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 Random Access Memory

It is also called as Read Write Memory or the

Main Memory or the Primary Memory.
The programs and data that the CPU requires
during execution of a program are stored in this
memory.
It is a Volatile Memory as the data loses when
the power is turned off.
The technology used in RAM is based on
semiconductor integrated circuits.
RAM is further classified into two types:- SRAM
(Static Random Access Memory) and DRAM
(Dynamic Random Access Memory)

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 Types of Random Access Memory
Static RAM:- The Static RAM stores binary
information in clocked sequential circuits. It is
comprised of flip-flops and stores a touch of
voltages. It is a volatile or unstable memory if
the power is from the data or instructions are
destroyed. This kind of memory does not
require refreshing.

Dynamic RAM:- Dynamic RAM stores binary

information in the form of electric charges that
are connected to capacitors which are inside
the chip. This type of RAM consume less power
and are capable of storing or holding more data
and information compared to Static RAM.

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 DDR4 RAM

Short for Double Data Rate Four, DDR4 is a types of

system memory known as SDRAM and was released
in September 2014 as the successor to DDR3.
DDR4 has bus clock speeds that range from 800 to
1600 MHz and range capacity from 4 to 128 GB per
DIMM(Dual In-Line Memory Module).

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 Read Only Memory (ROM)

Stores crucial information essential to operate

the system, like the program essential to boot
the computer.
It is not Volatile.
Always retains its data.
Used in embedded systems or where the
programming needs no change.
Used in calculators and peripheral devices.
ROM is further classified into 4 types:- ROM,
PROM, EPROM and EEPROM.

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 Types of Read Only Memory (ROM)
PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory):- It
can be programmed by user. Once
programmed, the data and instructions in it
cannot be changed.

EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only

Memory):- It can be reprogrammed. To erase
data from it, expose it to ultra violet light. To
reprogram it, erase all the previous data.

EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable

Read Only Memory):- The data can be erased
by applying electric field, no need of ultra violet
light. We can erase only portions of the chip.

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Difference between RAM and ROM

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 Basic Input Output System (BIOS)

The Basic Input Output (BIOS) chip is a ROM that

connects the CPU to the input and output
devices.
The BIOS chip checks for the availability of the
keyboard, mouse, monitor etc. and controls the
processor’s communication with the disk drives,
the RAM and the input/ output devices.

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 Booting

 The starting up of the computer is known as booting.

 The process of booting involves switching on of the
microprocessor. Simultaneously at start up, the BIOS
chip comes into play, detecting input/output devices
and connecting the processor to them.
 The computer boots itself from the master boot record
that lies at the location (0,0) i.e. 0th track and 0th sector,
of the main disk drive.

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 Cache Memory
 Cache Memory dwells between primary memory and CPU.
 They are fast and reliable. They are likewise called as High
– Speed Semiconductors. They are primarily responsible
for accelerating the CPU.
 A cache is a reserved storage location that collects
temporary data to help websites, browsers, and apps load
faster. Whether it's a computer, laptop or phone, web
browser or app, you'll find some variety of a cache.
A cache makes it easy to quickly retrieve data, which in
turn helps devices run faster.
 In modern computers, the cache memory
is stored between the processor and DRAM; this is called
Level 2 cache. On the other hand, Level 1 cache is internal
memory caches which are stored directly on the
processor.

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 Cache Memory

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 Cache Memory

 The Cache Memory is a very High –speed storage unit that

is placed on the microprocessor chip. The cache memory
is used by the processor to queue instructions and data
that have been fetched from the main storage unit and
that need to be acted upon.
 This saves the time that would other wise be required for
the processor to communicate with the main memory for
fetching each subsequent instruction.
 The transfer of instructions and are data between the
cache and the control unit or ALU is many times faster
than the transfer from the main memory. Higher the size
of the cache, faster is the processing.

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 Secondary Memory

 Since Primary Memory is limited

 Secondary Memory is used to store unlimited data.
 Any data or program that is kept in secondary
memory has to be copied by RAM because the
computer cannot process data directly on secondary
memory

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 Secondary Memory

 Secondary storage is also called as “AUXILLARY

MEMORY”.
 They are also called as “PERMANENT MEMORY” as they
are non-volatile in nature the data stored in them is
stored permanently and the user can get access to their
data any time user requests.
 They are slowest and the least expensive type of PC
memory as they can’t directly and straightforwardly get
access to CPU they utilize the primary memory for
storing and holding their information partially.
 They can store large volumes of data permanently, and
whenever the computer system requires the data it can
be served to primary memory for advance processing.

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 Storage/ Secondary Memory

The different types of secondary memory which are used in

computer systems:-

 Magnetic Tapes
 Hard Disk
 Floppy Disk
 Zip Drives
 Optical Disk

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 How is Memory Used?

When a program for example, Internet browser is open, it is loaded from your hard drive
and placed into RAM, which allows that program to communicate with the processor at
higher speeds.

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ISO Certified Skill Development & Education Company
COMPUTER APPLICATION
Computer Hardware &
Components

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 Computer System

 A typical Computer System consists of a

computer case, a power supply unit, a
motherboard, a central processing unit(CPU),
main memory, and a hard disk drive.
 Input Devices include a keyboard, mouse,
microphone, video camera, and image
scanner.
 Output Devices include a monitor, speakers,
and a printer.

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 Computer System

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 Computer Hardware

 Computer Hardware is the collection of

physical elements that comprise a computer
system.
 It refers to the Physical Parts or components of
a computer such as monitor, keyboard, hard
drive disk, mouse, printers, graphic cards,
memory, motherboard and chips, etc all of
which are physical objects that you can actually
touch.

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1. Scanner
2. CPU (Microprocessor)
3. Main memory (RAM)
4. Expansion cards
5. Power supply unit
6. Optical disc drive
7. Hard disk drive
8. Motherboard
9. Speaker
10. Monitor
11. System software
12. Application software
13. Keyboard
14. Mouse
15. External Hard disk
16. Printer

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There are 2 types of Hardware
available in computer:-

Internal Hardware
External Hardware

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Computer Internal Hardware

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 Cabinet Case
 Cabinet Case comes in various shapes and size but
commonly used case is a tower case whose height
ranges from 15 to 25 inches.
 They enables different types of hardware devices to be
fit in itself to make it a whole and all the devices are
connected to the case using screws.
 The commonly attached hardware devices to PC case
are power supply, Motherboard CPU, RAM, Hard disk,
DVD-RW etc.

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 Motherboard
 A computer Motherboard is designed on a piece of
PCB(Printed Circuit Board) it holds all the major
component such as RAM slots, CPU slot, Expansion
slots, BIOS, Capacitor, Resistors, SATA and IDE slots.
 They are also called as Main Board, System Board, MB,
MOBO etc
 It is the primary device in computer system as every
component used is connected to it using cables and
wires.
 A Motherboard provides the electrical connections by
which the other components of the system
communicate.
 The Motherboard includes many components such as:
Central Processing Unit (CPU), Random Access Memory
(RAM), Firmware, and Internal and External buses.

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 Motherboard

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 Central Processing Unit
 The Central Processing Unit (CPU; called Processor)
is a machine that can execute computer programs. It
is sometimes referred to as the Brain of the
computer.
 There are 4 steps that nearly all CPUs use in their
operation;
 The 1st step, fetch, involves retrieve an instruction
from program memory.
 The 2nd step, Decode the instruction is broken up
into parts that have significance to other portions of
the CPU.
 The 3rd step, Execute various portions of the CPU,
such as the ALU & the Floating Point Unit(FPU) are
connected so they can perform the desired
operation.
 The final step, WriteBack simply writes back the
results of the execute step to some form of memory.

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 Microprocessor
 The Microprocessor is the Brain of a
computer. The Microprocessor is located on
the Motherboard, which is the computer’s
main circuit board.
 A computer makes almost all of its
calculations in the Microprocessor. Not all
microprocessors are the same. Some can
perform more calculations per second than
others.
 A processor’s clock speed is the number of
calculations the processor can perform each
second.
 The CPU, or Central Processing Unit, is made
of one Microprocessor in small computers.
In larger machines, the CPU can be made of
several Microprocessors.
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 Random Access Memory
 RAM stands for Random Access Memory
which is temporary storage medium & it’s is
Volatile Memory.
 It is the fast-access memory that is cleared
when the computer is power-down. RAM
attaches directly to the motherboard, and is
used to store programs that are currently
running.
 RAM is a set of integrated circuits that allow
the stored data to be accessed in any order
(why it is called Random).
 There are many different types of RAM.
Distinctions between these different types
include: writable vs. read-only, static vs.
dynamic, volatile vs. non-volatile, etc.
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CICMS Pvt. Ltd.- Skill Development & Education Company
 Firmware
 Firmware is loaded from the Read-only Memory(ROM)
run from the BIOS.
 ROM, or read-only memory, is the permanent
information on a computer.
 It is a Computer program that is embedded in a
hardware device, for example a Microcontroller.
 Firmware is somewhere between hardware &
software. Like software, it is a computer program which
is executed by a microprocessor or a microcontroller.
 Most devices attached to modern systems are special-
purpose computers in their own right, running their
own software.
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 Switching Mode Power Supply
 SMPS is responsible to give power to motherboard
faster this power is distributed among the other
hardware devices for better functionality.
 It case holds a transformer, voltage control, and
(usually) a cooling fan.
 The power supply converts about 100-120 volts of
AC power to low-voltage DC power for the internal
components to use.
 Mainly 3 types of power supply are used in PC.
1. AT (Advance Technology)
2. AT-X (Advanced Technology – Extended)
3. AT-XT (Advanced Technology with Extended
Technology)
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 Floppy Disk
 A Floppy disk is a type of data storage that
is composed of a disk of thin,
flexible(“floppy”) magnetic plastic shell.
 Floppy disk are read and written by a
floppy disks are a dying and being replaced
by the optical and flash drives.
 Many new computers do not come with
floppy drives anymore but there are a lot
of older ones with floppy drives lying
around.

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 Hard Disk Drive(HDD)
 A Hard Disk Drive(HDD) is a non-volatile
storage device which stores digitally encoded
data on rapidly rotating platters with
magnetic surfaces.
 It is the most widely used Secondary storage
device. Hard drives can be internal or
external. Hard drives can today usually hold
120-500 GB of data, rotate at 7200 rpm, and
have a media transfer rate of 1Gbit/s or
Higher.
 Hard Disk Drives are accessed over one of a
number of Bus types, including parallel ATA
(also called IDE), serial ATA (SATA), SCSI, Serial
attached SCSI & Fibre channel
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 Optical Disks
 Another type of storage device, use lasers to read
and write information.
 A CD-ROM is an optical disk that can hold up to 1
Gigabyte of information. One Gigabyte of
information is equal to 700 floppy disks or
3,00,000 pages of text.
 A CD-R, which stands for Compact Disk-
Recordable, is a CD-ROM that does not yet
contain any information. A CD-R drive writes
information onto the CR-R. A CD-R can hold about
the same amount of information that the CD-
ROM can hold.
 A CD-RW, short for CD-Rewritable, is an optical
disk that can record information many times. CD-
RWs are useful for making copies of important
information for backup.

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 Optical Disks
 A DCD-ROM is an optical disk. It can hold up
to 17 GB of information. It would take 17 CD-
ROMs to hold the information in one DVD-
ROM. DVD-ROMs are commonly used to
store movies.
 A BD, or Blu-Ray Disk, is an optical storage
disk designed to compete with the DVD
format. Its high capacity allows it to store
High-Definition (HD) movies.

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 External Computer Hardware

These are accessories or parts for a

computer that you can plug in
externally.

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 Keyboard

 Keyboard is very similar to a typewriter

keyboard. With the exception of additional
keys in it.
 Beside the regular keys, it also has a
numeric keypad and some special keys like
navigation and editing keys, directional keys,
function keys and the escape key(ESC).

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 Keyboard

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 Keyboard

 Functional Keys:- Perform specific

assigned functions depending on what
program is activate.
 Escape Key:- Terminate the currently
activate process in most programs.
 Control (Ctrl) and Alternate (Alt):- Keys
are function modifier keys that change or
enhance specific actions and mouse
functions in most programs.
 Windows:- Key activates the windows
start menu, which is the same as clicking
the start button on the task bar.
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 Keyboard

 Navigational Keys:- Help you to view a

page on the monitor.
Page Up key moves the cursor and visible section
of the text up on the screen in programs.
Page Down Key moves the cursor and visible
section of text on the screen down in programs.
Home key moves the cursor to the beginning of
the document.
End key moves the cursor to the end line of the
text in the program.

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 Keyboard

 Numeric Keypad:- Help you to enter numbers

with the keypad, like a calculator.
 Editing Keys:- Help in editing text documents
on the computer.
 Insert button toggles between inserting and
overwriting text in most of the text editing programs.
 Delete button deletes a single character of text (to the
right) in text editing programs.
 Backspace key deletes a single character of the text (to
the left) in text editing programs.

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 Keyboard

 Directional Keys:- You move the cursor Up,

Down, Left or Right
 Up arrow key moves the cursor Up.
 Down arrow moves the cursor down in text editing
programs.
 Left arrow moves the cursor left.
 Right arrow moves the cursor right in text editing
programs.

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 Mouse

 A mouse is a pointing device and is used to

point to and interact with items on the
computer screen.
 When mouse is moved, a small arrow moving
on the screen In the same direction as the
mouse. This arrow is called Pointer.
 The pointer can provide data or instructions
to the computer.

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 Mouse

 A mouse is a pointing device and is used to

point to and interact with items on the
computer screen.
 When mouse is moved, a small arrow moving
on the screen In the same direction as the
mouse. This arrow is called Pointer.
 The pointer can provide data or instructions
to the computer.

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 Scanner

 A Scanner is an electronic device that scans

printed or handwritten text documents,
images, or certain objects, and converts them
into a Digital file format.
 A Scanner converts printed documents or
images, such as drawings and photographs,
into digital files.

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 Scanner

Drum Scanner Flatbed Scanner CCD Scanner

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 Joystick

 A Joystick is an Input device that usually has

buttons that can be pressed to send
instructions to the computer.
 Joysticks, game pads, and simulated race car
steering wheels are just some of game
controllers that you can use to input
commands when playing computer games.

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 Visual Display Unit - Monitor

 Monitors are display unit or commonly called

as VDU which stands for [Visual Display Unit]
they are used to display information received
from computers on their screen.
 They are also SOFTCOPY Terminals.
 Monitors are of two types – Cathode Ray
Tube (CRT) and Flat Panel Displays.

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 Printer

 It takes the processed data from the

computer called soft copy and generates a
hard copy of the same.
 Soft copy is an image or text file viewed on a
computer whereas a hardcopy is the printed
version of the same.
 There are different types of printers: Inkjet
printer, Laser Printer, Plotters Printer, Dot-
matrix and Thermal Printer.

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 Types of Printer
 Inkjet Printer:- Inkjet printers one of the user
friendly computer printers. It works by propelling
variably-sized droplets of liquid or molten
material (ink) onto almost any medium. They are
the most common type of printer for the general
consumer due to their low cost, high quality of
output, capability of printing in glowing color, and
easy to use and handle.
 Laser Printer:- Laser printer uses LED- technology
to obtain small particles of toner from a cartridge
onto paper. They produce high quality text &
graphics on plain paper. They are generally more
economical to use than the ink of Inkjet printers.
 Plotters Printer:- Plotters printer are very
different from others printers. Unlike other
printer pen plotters print by moving a pen across
the surface of a piece of paper. Plotters printer is
the best way to produce color high- resolution
vector-based art work, or very large drawings
efficiently.
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 Types of Printer
 Dot-matrix Printer:- This printer is some how
like typewriting. They create characters by
striking pins against an ink ribbon. Each pin
makes a dot, and combinations of dots from
characters and illustrations. The printing
involves mechanical pressure, so these
printers can create carbon copies and
carbonless copies as well.
 Thermal Printer:- It is an inexpensive printer
that works by pushing heated pins against
heat-sensitive paper. Thermal printers print
faster and more quietly than dot matrix
printers. They are also more economical since
their only consumable is the paper itself.

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 Speaker is an output device through which
we hear sound. Without a speaker you will
not be able to listen to music, hear an audio
content, etc.

 Headphones give sound output from the

computer. They are similar to speakers except
that they are worn on the ears, so that only
one person can hear the output at a time.

 Projector is an output device with which a

text or an image is projected onto a flat
screen. A projector is often used in meetings
or to make presentations. It allows the display
to be visible to many people.

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 Router

 A Router is an networking device that

forwards data packets between Computer
networks.
 Routers perform the traffic directing
functions on the Internet.
 Routers can provide the internet connection
to more than one PC using LAN.

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 Computer
Ports & Slots

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 Buses
 A bus is a subsystem that transfers data
between computer components inside a
computer or between computers.
 Unlike a point – to – point connection, a bus
can logically connect several peripherals over
the same set of wires.
 Each bus defines its set of connectors to
physically plug devices, cards or cables
together.

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 Buses
 There are 2 types of buses: Internal &
External.
 Internal Buses are connections to various
internal components.
 External Buses are connections to various
external components.
 There are different kinds of slots that internal
& external devices can connect to.

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 Types of Slots
 There are many different kinds of internal
buses, different computers come with
different kinds and number of slots.
 It is important to know what kind and
number of slots you have on your computer
before you go out and by a card that matches
up to a slot you don’t have.
1. PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect)
2. PCI Express
3. AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port)

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 Types of Slots
PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect)

 PCI is common in modern PCs. This kind of

bus is being succeeded by PCI Express.
 Typical PCI cards used in PCs include: Network
cards, Sound cards, Modems, Extra ports such
as USB or Serial, TV tuner cards & Disk
controllers.
 Video cards have outgrown the capabilities of
PCI because of their higher bandwidth
requirements.

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 Types of Slots
AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port)

 It is a high - speed point - to –point channel

for attaching a graphics card to a computer’s
motherboard, primarily to assist in the
acceleration of 3D computer graphics.
 AGP has been replaced over the past couple
years by PCI Express. AGP cards and
motherboards are still available to buy, but
they are becoming less common.

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 Types of Slots
PCI Express

 PCI Express was introduced by Intel in 2004. It

was designed to replace the general –
purpose PCI expansion bus and the AGP
graphics card interface.
 PCI Express is not a bus but instead a point –
to – point connection of serial links called
Lanes.
 PCI Express cards have faster band width then
PCI cards which make them more ideal for
high – end video cards.

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 Types of Cards
Video Card (Graphics Card)
 A video card is an expansion card whose function is to
generate and output images to a display.
 They include a Graphics Processing Unit(GPU) which is
a dedicated microprocessor optimized for 3D graphics
rendering. It also includes a video BIOS that contains
base program that governs the video card’s operations
and provides the instructions that allow the computer
and software to interface with the card.
 If the video card is integrated in the motherboard, it
may use the computer RAM memory. If it is not it will
have its own video memory called video RAM. This kind
of memory can range from 128 MB – 16 GB.
 Most of them have outputs such as an HD – 15
connector ( Standard Monitor Cable), DVI connector, S-
Video, Composite Video or Component video

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 Types of Cards
Sound Card
 A sound card is an expansion card that facilitates
the input and output of audio signals to / from a
computer under control of computer programs.
 Typical users for sound cards include providing the
audio component for multimedia applications such
as music compositions, editing video or audio,
presentation, education and entertainment.
 Many computers have sound capabilities built in,
while others require additional expansion cards to
provide for audio capability.

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 Types of Cards
Network Card
 A network card is an expansion card that allows
computers to communicate over a computer
network.
 It allows users to connect to each other either
by using cables or wirelessly.
 Every Ethernet network card has a unique 48 –
bit serial number called a MAC address, which
is stored in ROM carried on the card.

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 Ports

A port allows users to connect external input devices

to the computer system. Ports are usually located at
the back of the computer.

Common Sockets or Ports are

 Power socket for connecting power cable
 Personal system two ( PS2) Ports for connecting
Mouse & Keyboard
 Universal Serial Bus (USB) ports for connecting
USB devices such as Mouse, Keyboard, Printer,
Pen drive, etc.
 Video Graphic Adaptor (VGA) port for connecting
Monitor / Screen

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Different Video Connectors

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 Different Video Connectors
 HDMI (High – Definition Multimedia Interface):
Audio & Video signal, best for TV to PC
connections.
 DVI (Digital Visual Interface): Video only,
perfect for older systems or for 144Hz at
1080p.
 DP (Display port): The best connector for an
audio & video signal, and can transmit 144Hz
up to 4K.
 VGA (Video Graphic Array): Also known as D –
Sub cable, analog video cable.
 USB type – C: Newest audio, video, data &
power connector. The best laptop connection.
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 Types of Connections
USB (Universal Serial Bus)
 It is a serial bus standard to interface devices.
USB was designed to allow many peripherals
to be connected using a single standardized
interface socket and to improve the plug –
and – play capabilities by allowing devices to
be connected and disconnected without
rebooting the computer.
 Other convenient features include providing
power to low – consumption devices without
the need for an external power supply and
allowing many devices to be used without
requiring manufacturer specific, individual
device drivers to be installed.

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 Types of Connections
Firewire
 Firewire (technically known as IEEE 1394) is a
serial bus interface standard for high – speed
communications and isochronous real – time
data transfer, frequently used in a personal
computer.
 Firewire has replaced parallel ports in many
applications. It has been adopted as the High
Definition Audio – Video Network Alliance
(HANA) standard connection interface for A/V
(audio / visual) component communication
and control.
 Almost all modern digital camcorders have
included this connection.
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 Types of Connections
PS/2 Connector
 The PS/2 connector is used for connecting
some keyboards and mice to a PC compatible
computer system.
 The keyboard and mouse interface are
electrically similar with the main difference
being that open collector outputs are
required on both ends of the keyboard
interface to allow bidirectional
communication.
 If a PS/2 mouse is connected to a PS/2
keyboard port, the mouse may not be
recognized by the computer depending on
configuration.
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 Types of Connections
Ethernet Port

 It is used to connect computers and other

devices from a computer network.

 It uses Ethernet cables establish and efficient

and effective communication between
computers and other peripheral devices such
as modern, router, multimedia projector etc.

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 Types of Connections
3.55mm Audio port
 Used for connecting audio devices like
computer speakers, 3.55mm headphones,
3.5mm microphones.
 Green audio port: computer speakers or
headphones.
 Pink audio port: microphone
 Blue audio port: MP3 player, CD player, DVD
player, Turntable, Electric guitar etc (Line – in
port to play and record sounds from the
above devices).

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CICMS Pvt. Ltd.- Skill Development & Education Company
CICMS Pvt. Ltd.- Skill Development & Education Company
ISO Certified Skill Development & Education Company
COMPUTER APPLICATION
OPERATING SYSTEM

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A computer’s Operating System is a
program that runs the computer.
It recognizes input from input devices,
sends output to output devices, and saves
data and information on the hard disk.

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• Operating System is a program that helps us to
interact with other computer programs.
• A Computer User controls the operating system
with a Command. A Command tells the
computer to perform a particular task.
• All other programs need Operating System to
start them, but the operating system starts by
itself.
• The Operating System starts the computer
automatically when power is turned on.

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Users and application depend on the Operating System to relate to all hardware components

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Inside an Operating System, different components perform various functions

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 Booting Process

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 The Boot Process

 When the user powers up the computer, the CPU activates the BIOS
(Basic Input Output System).
 The first program activated is POST (Power on Self-Test). Using the CMOS
memory this checks all the hardware and confirms that all are functioning
properly.
 After that it reads the MBR (Master Boot Record) in boot drive in
accordance with the firmware ‘bootstrap loader’ which is provided by the
computer manufacturer.
 Then the computer loads in the Operating System in boot drive to the
RAM. This whole process is called booting which means that an Operating
System is loaded into the RAM (Main Memory).

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 The Boot Process

 During the boot process, the Operating System

Kernel is loaded into RAM.
 The Kernel provides essential Operating System
services.
 The computer’s small bootstrap program is built
into special ROM circuitry housed in the
computer’s system unit.

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 The Kernel
 The operating system software file (program) which
is copied into RAM, usually from the hardware disk
drive, during the boot-up.
 The Kernel remains in RAM while the computer is
on and is in charge of the overall operation of the
computer system.
 The Kernel contains the “internal programs” for the
most often used operations like copying files.
Kmem (Linux)
Commamd.exe (Microsoft)

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 Functions Of OS

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 The major functions of the OS are:

 It controls and coordinates the Operation of a computer

 It eases the interaction between use and the computer
 It controls input and output devices
 It controls execution of computer programs.
 It manages the use of the main memory of computer.
 It helps you to manage and manipulate files.

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 Functions of an Operating System

 Process Management: It handles the Creation,

Deletion, Suspension, Resumption, and
Synchronization of process.
 Memory Management: It handles allocation and de-
allocation of memory space as required by various
programs.
 File Management: It is responsible for creation and
deletion of files and directories. It also organizes,
stores, retrieves, names, and protects all the files.

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 Functions of an Operating System

 Device Management: It manages all the devices of the

computer system such as printers and modems. If any
device fails, it detects the device failure and notifies
the same to the user.
 Security Management: Protects system resources and
information against destruction and unauthorized use.
 User interface: Provides the interface between the
user and the hardware.

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Classification of OS

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 Classification of Operating System

Operating System can be user friendly with many icons

and images or it can be just text or character based.

The Operating System can be classified into 2 types:

1. Character User Interface

2. Graphical User Interface

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 Character User Interface

The CUI Operating System is a text-based

Operating System, which is used for
interacting with the software or files by typing
commands to perform specific tasks.

The command line Operating System uses

only keyboard to enter commands. The
command line Operating System include DOS
and UNIX.

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 Graphical User Interface (GUI)

The graphical mode interface Operating

System is a mouse-based Operating System,
wherein a user performs the tasks or
operations without typing the commands
from the keyboard.
The files or icons can be opened or closed by
clicking them with a mouse button.

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Command Line Interface

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Graphical User Interface

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There are three main type of Operating System:

1. Personal Operating Systems

2. Multi-user Operating Systems
3. Network Operating Systems

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 Personal Operating Systems

Personal OS, which are designed for a

single user. Personal OSs are used to
operate technology such as personal
computers, laptops and PDAs.

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 Multi-user Operating Systems

Multi-user OS, which allow many people to

use a central computer, such as Mini
computer or a Mainframe computer.

This Operating System is often used by

small- to medium–sized organizations

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 Network Operating Systems

Network OS, which allow hundreds or even

thousands of users to share information
across a network.

NOSs are used by large companies and

government organizations.

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Different Operating System

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• Operating Systems define how a computer stores
files, switches between different applications,
manages memory, keeps itself secure, and
interacts with peripherals like printers and
cameras.
• Different Operating Systems takes different
approaches to all of these and that’s why it is not
possible to run a windows program on a
Macintosh computer.
• Different Operating Systems run on different
types of hardware and are designed for different
types of applications.

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The most common models of Personal
Operating Systems are discussed below:

• Microsoft Windows
• Mac OS
• Linux
• Ubuntu
• Chrome

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Smart phones have their own Operating
System . They are:

• Symbian
• Android
• iOS (iPhone)
• RIM (BlackBerry)
• Windows Mobile

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 DOS - Disk Operating System

• DOS is an Operating System that runs

from a hard disk drive.
• DOS has a basic GUI and is just a
command line based OS.
• You can only do basic file operations in
DOS.

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 Microsoft Windows

• Microsoft Windows Operating Systems are

the most popular Operating Systems from
home computers.
• Most PCs and laptops come equipped with a
version of Microsoft Windows, such as
Windows 7,8,10.

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 Mac OS

• Mac OS is the Operating System installed

on Apple computers.
• There have been many versions since
then, but the most recent ones include
MacOS Mojave (2018), High Sierra
(2017), Sierra (2016). EI Capitan (2015),
and Yosemite (2014).

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 Linux OS

• Linux is an open-source Operating

System, which means that it is free for
anyone to use. Linux is said to run the
10 fastest supercomputers in the world.
• Ubuntu is a free and open-source
Operating System designed primarily for
desktop computers. Originally based on
the Linux Operating System, Ubuntu has
a GUI.

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 File Management

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 Files & Folders

• Computers are tools for working with

information-creating it, accessing it, and
rearranging it.
• OS stores information in files into folders.
Everything you do with your computer
involves files and folders.
• File and folders are two of the most
fundamental concepts of the Operating
System.

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 Files & Folders

• A Folder contains files, programs, or

other folders, on the computer.
• Folder is a container for programs,
files or other folders.
• For example, the online services
folder contains programs that let you
sign up for an online service.

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 Files Systems - Drives

• Every computer has a File System used to

keep track of the files on that machine.
• File Systems are based on Physical Storage
Devices, known as Drives
• Drives can be local or remote (network or
cloud)
• Click on “My PC” to see a list of drives (on a
Windows machine)

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 Files Systems - Drives
Typical Drives

 A: or B: Floppy Disk
 C: Local Hard Drive
 D: CD Drive
 E – Z for removable drives like memory
sticks
 About ant letter for a partition of a
device.

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 Files Systems - Partitions
 A “partition” is not a physical device,
although it looks like one to the Operating
System.
 At one point windows could only handle
devices of a certain size. If your hard drive
was larger than that size, you could not
access the entire device.
 Partition fool the Operating System into
thinking that one device is two devices,
each with their own letter and file system.

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 File Systems of Windows

Microsoft windows employs two major

file systems:
• NTFS (New Technology File System) the
primary format most modern versions
of this Operating System use by default.
• FAT (File allocation Table) which was
inherited from old DOS and has exFAT as
its later extension.

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 File Directories and Folders
• An Operating System maintains a directory for
each disk, tape, CD, DVD, or USB flash drive
• Every storage device has a directory containing a
list of its files
• Root directory (like “C:\”)
• Subdirectory
• Depicted as folders

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 File Directories and Folders

A computer’s file location is defined by a file

specification, or path

• Examples: D:\ is the root of the D drive

• Examples: C:\Notes\CS 101\Week 1\notes.txt
• Examples: F:\1999\Music\CDs\Prince\

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 File System

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 File System

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 File Formats

• A File Format refers to the organization

and layout of data that is stored in a file.
• A File extension usually indicates the
format of a file and the application which
was used to create the file.

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 File Formats & Extension

• Windows uses a file association list to

link a file extension to its
corresponding application software.
• A file extension is a good indicator of
a file’s format, it does not really
define the format
• A file header is a section of data at
the beginning of a file that contains
information about a file

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 File Formats

• A software application can

open files that exist in its
native file format, plus several
additional file formats

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 Filename Extension

• Used by programs
indicate the file
format

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 Converting File Formats

• An easy way to convert a file

form one format to another is to
open it with an application that
supports both file formats, and
then use the Save As dialog box
to select an alternative file
format.

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 Application – based File Management

Application typically provide a way

to open files and save them in a
specific folder on a storage device.

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 Application – based File Management

Using Save/Save As dialog box in

windows

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 Application – based File Management

The Save As dialog box of most

windows applications uses the
Operating System’s file management
utility, so you can carry out a wide
variety of file and folder tasks such as
creating, renaming, and deleting
files.

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 File Management Utilities

File management utilities show you

the files stored on your disks and
help you work with them.

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 File Management Metaphors

Storage metaphors help you visualize

and mentally organize the files on
your disks
oLogical storage models

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 File Size & Dates

• A file contains data, stored as a

group of bits.
• File size is usually measured in
bytes, Kilobytes, or Megabytes.
• The file date indicates the date that
a file was created or last modified.

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 File Properties

• In windows, right click on a file icon

and you see a menu of things you
can do to the file.
• Shows the groups or users who can
access the file
• Shows “permissions” = Modify,
Read & execute, Read, write

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 Zipping a file or files

• Files can be compressed by removing

the redundancies in them
• Zip also archives them – turns several
files into one file, easier to move,
copy, upload, etc.
• In windows, select the files to zip
• Right click on one of them
• Choose “Send to compressed folder”

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 Searching for a file

Every Operating System provides a way

to search windows:
• Start button has a search bar at the
bottom of its menu
• Windows Explorer windows have a
search bar at the top right corner
• Can add Search filters
• Can type in a file extension like JPG to
find picture files
• Not case sensitive so can use JPG or
jpeg
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 File/Folder Management in Windows Explorer

Windows Explorer makes it easy to drill

down through the levels of the
directory hierarchy to locate a folder or
file.

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File/Folder Management in Windows Explorer

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Applications

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 Applications & OS

• An applications is the program that is

designed for a particular type of task,
like writing a letter or calculating a
budget.
• Applications will not work without an
Operating System.
• Many types of applications serve
different purposes.

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 Applications & OS

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 Starting Programs / Applications
To start a program from the desktop
• Click the icon either once or twice to run the program,
if can icon for the program appears on your windows
desktop
Starting program from the start menu
• To start a program from the start menu, click the start
button. You see the start menu

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 Multitasking
• Windows Operating System can run several programs
and several tasks at the same time.
• To run more than one program at the same time, just
go ahead and run one program; then another; then
another.
• The first program you run continues to run when the
second program starts. Each program runs in its own
window.
• Each window can be minimized. Maximized, or
restored.
• A button appears on the taskbar for each program.

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 Virus & Security

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• A Virus is an unwanted program running on a
computer.
• It makes copies of itself and, in some cases,
sends copies to other computers.
• Viruses can use up a computer’s memory or
harm the data stored on the computer.

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Malware (short for malicious software) is
designed to attack or destroy computer
systems, or at least irritate the user.

Malware includes viruses, worms, Trojan

horses, spyware, adware, and other injurious
programs.

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 Types of Computer Viruses

• Worms are type of virus that copy

themselves over and over again until
they fill all of the storage space on a
drive or network.
• Trojan horses are programs that appear
to be desirable but gain unauthorized
access to a computer system.

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 Types of Computer Viruses

• Ransomware are programs that attack the

system data and demands a ransom from
you to get things back on track.
• They encrypt all files in a system or
network, rendering them inaccessible.
• A ransom note pops up, demanding
payment in crypto currency, for decrypting
the files.
• If the ransom is not paid, the encrypted
files could eventually get destroyed and
hence Ransomware sis one of the most
devastating forms of malware

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 Types of Computer Viruses

• Spyware and adware are two other

examples of “sneaky viruses”.
• Spyware spies on what types of web
sites you visit and what software you
use.
• Adware forces unwanted advertising
onto your computer screen.

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 Types of Computer Viruses

• Spyware and adware are not specifically

designed to harm your computer, but
they usually end up causing systems to
slow down or even shutdown

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 Types of Computer Viruses

• Boot Sector Virus – This type of virus infects the master

boot record and it is challenging and a complex task to
remove this virus and often requires the system to be
formatted. Mostly it spreads through removable media.
• Direct Action Virus – This is also called non-resident virus, it
gets installed or stays hidden in the computer memory. It
says attached to the specific type of files that it infect. It
does not affect the user experience and system’s
performance.
• Resident Virus – Unlike direct action viruses, resident
viruses get installed on the computer. It is difficult to
identify the virus and it is even difficult to remove a
resident virus.

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 Types of Computer Viruses

• Multipartite Virus – This type of virus spreads through

multiple ways. It infects both the boot sector and
executable files at the same time.
• Polymorphic Virus – These type of viruses are difficult to
identify with a traditional anti-virus program. This is
because the polymorphic viruses alters its signature pattern
whenever it replicates.
• Overwrite Virus – This type of virus deletes all the files that
it infects. The only possible mechanism to remove is to
delete the infected files and the end – user has to lose all
the contents in it.
• Space – filler Virus – This is called “Cavity Viruses”. This is
called so as they fill up the empty space between the code
and hence does not cause any damage to the file.

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 Types of Computer Viruses

It is vital foe any computer user to be aware of

these warnings signs-
• Slower system performance
• Pop-ups bombarding the screen
• Programs running on their own
• Files multiplying/duplicating on their own
• New files or programs in the computer
• Files, folders or programs getting deleted or
corrupted
• The sound of a hard drive
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 Anti-Virus

• An Antivirus Program detects and

eliminates viruses before they can
harm a computer.

• Good Antivirus programs obtain

new information about viruses
from the internet.

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 Firewall

• A firewall is a utility that protects

computers against unwanted
connections.
• A firewall examines each piece of
data that comes into a computer or
leaves a computer.
• If the firewall detects a threat, it
will block the data.

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 How to Prevent Virus Infection

• Update, Operating System, browsers,

plugins etc.
• Install antivirus and update it regularly
• Use all the necessary security tools, decide
it based on your requirements
• Update all software regularly
• Watch out for social engineering attacks,
stay wary of phishing emails

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 How to Prevent Virus Infection

• Never click on links or downloads

attachments coming from un-trust on
unknown sources.
• Practice safe browsing
• Have strong passwords, change passwords
periodically
• Refrain from using un-encrypted public
connection
• Layer your security starting with basic
measures like firewall and antiviruses

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