UNIT II

Information Technology Infrastructure - Computer Hardware, Software, Managing and

Organization of Data and Information - Telecommunication and Networks. The Internet and
Intranet (I.O.T).

IT Infrastructure:
In the context of an IT organization, infrastructure refers to the hardware, software and other systems
that are necessary for delivering IT services in accordance with service-level agreements (SLAs). IT
infrastructure management includes the management of IT policies and processes, along with the
equipment, data, human resources and external contacts, such as vendors or security organizations,
needed to ensure that IT operations run smoothly and efficiently.
Three categories of IT infrastructure management
Our understanding of IT infrastructure management depends on knowledge of the specific
components of IT infrastructure and the most important tasks associated with managing each
component. IT infrastructure management is sometimes divided into three sub-categories of
management: systems management, network management and storage management.
Systems management
Systems management covers a wide range of key activities within the overall context of IT
infrastructure management, as it includes the administration of all IT assets normally found within a
data center. A Chief Information Officer (CIO) or Chief Technical Officer (CTO) is typically
responsible for overseeing the daily operations of the data center and managing the integration of new
applications and third-party services into the organization's hybrid cloud environment.
Systems management activities include security-focused initiatives such as intrusion detection and
prevention, or security information and event management. Log management, workload automation,
configuration management and the integration of cloud-based applications and services all fall under
systems management.
Network management
Network management is the discipline of managing security networks. IT security and operations
analysts manage and configure networks to ensure that resources are properly allocated to applications
and services where they are needed and that the quality and availability of services are maintained.
Network management also includes an element of security, as IT operators must maintain visibility
and transparency into the network to control the organization's security posture and protect against
unauthorized access and data breaches.
Storage management
Data storage space is a limited and valuable asset for IT and business organizations. Therefore, a
critical aspect of IT infrastructure management is the oversight of data storage technologies and
resources, such as virtualization, storage provisioning, data compression and data security. Data
compression and automatic storage provisioning can reduce data processing times and improve the
performance of the data centre. Automation and virtualization techniques can enable businesses to
reallocate storage resources where needed. Other management techniques like data replication,
mirroring and security help to guard against data loss or theft.
IT infrastructure management components
In addition to the three main categories of IT infrastructure management, it can also be useful to
understand the IT infrastructure as a composition of seven major components. IT infrastructure
managers are responsible for the design, implementation, maintenance and retirement of each of these
IT infrastructure elements:
1. Computer hardware platforms
Computer hardware includes client machines such as laptops and desktop computers along
with server machines and mainframes.
2. Operating system platforms
The operating systems that run on computer hardware platforms are the second component of
IT infrastructure. Common operating systems include Windows, UNIX, Linux and Mac OS
X.
3. Software applications
IT infrastructure management is mostly focused on managing the physical components of IT
infrastructure but may exercise some oversight of the most important enterprise software
applications. This typically includes applications that are critical for managing service
delivery at the enterprise level, such as SAP, Oracle, Microsoft and others.
4. Data management and storage
Management and oversight of data storage components is one of the key functions of IT
infrastructure management. IT organizations may be responsible for managing the physical
components of data storage, such as data servers, along with the software components used to
organize databases (MySQL, IBM DB2, Oracle, and others).
5. Networking and telecommunications platforms
The IT organization's internal network falls under the purview of IT infrastructure
management. It covers everything from virtual network software (Microsoft Windows server,
Cisco, etc.) to the physical telecommunications infrastructure (telephones, routers, wiring,
etc.)
6. Internet
Internet-related infrastructure is closely tied to networking and telecommunications
components of IT infrastructure. Websites that are hosted on internal or external servers,
cloud-based web applications, web software development tools and web hosting services are
all part of the IT infrastructure.
7. Consulting and system integration services
IT organizations in businesses that use legacy systems may be engaged in implementing new
IT infrastructure to update legacy systems with new applications that are more powerful and
robust for the modern technological setting.
Computer Hardware and Computer Software:
In any computer system, you will find two essential elements by which the
computer works. These two parts are the Hardware and Software. You will find
plenty of differences between Hardware and Software though they both work on
the system compatibility. In this article, we will discuss the difference between
Hardware and Software in detail.
What is the Computer Hardware?
Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer. Computer
Hardware is any part of the computer that we can touch these parts. These are
the primary electronic devices used to build up the computer. Examples of
hardware in a computer are the Processor, Memory Devices, Monitor, Printer,
Keyboard, Mouse, and Central Processing Unit.
Different Types of Computer Hardware
 Input Devices: Input Devices are those devices through which a user
enters data and information into the Computer or simply, User interacts
with the Computer. Examples of Input Devices are Keyboard, Mouse,
Scanner, etc.
 Output Devices: Output Devices are devices that are used to show the
result of the task performed by the user. Examples of Output Devices are
Monitors, Printers, Speakers, etc.
 Storage Devices: Storage Devices are devices that are used for storing
data and they are also known as Secondary Storage Data. Examples of
Storage Devices are CDs, DVDs, Hard Disks, etc.
 Internal Component: Internal Components consist of important
hardware devices present in the System. Examples of Internal
Components are the CPU, Motherboard, etc.
What is the Computer Software?
Software is a collection of instructions, procedures, and documentation that
performs different tasks on a computer system. We can say also Computer
Software is a programming code executed on a computer processor. The code
can be machine-level code or code written for an operating system.
Examples of software are MS- Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Google Chrome,
Photoshop, MySQL, etc.
Different Types of Computer Software
 System Software: System Software is a component of Computer
Software that directly operates with Computer Hardware which has the
work to control the Computer’s Internal Functioning and also takes
responsibility for controlling Hardware Devices such as Printers, Storage
Devices, etc. Types of System Software include Operating Systems,
Language processors, and Device Drivers.
 Application Software: Application Software is the software that works
the basic operations of the computer. It performs a specific task for users.
Application Software includes Word Processors, Spreadsheets, etc. Types of
Application software include General Purpose Software, Customized
Software, etc.
Managing and organizing Data & Information:
Managing and organizing data and information are essential practices for ensuring data integrity,
security, and accessibility. Here’s a breakdown of key aspects and strategies:
Data Management
 Data Governance: Establishing policies and procedures to ensure data quality, security, and
compliance with regulatory requirements. This includes defining roles and responsibilities for data
management.
 Data Quality Management: Implementing processes to ensure that data is accurate, complete, and
reliable. This can include data cleaning, validation, and regular audits.
 Data Security: Protecting data from unauthorized access and breaches. This involves encryption,
access controls, and regular security assessments.
 Data Integration: Combining data from different sources into a unified view. This can involve data
warehousing, data lakes, and ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) processes.
 Data Storage: Utilizing databases, cloud storage, and other repositories to store data. Ensuring that
storage solutions are scalable, efficient, and cost-effective.
 Data Lifecycle Management: Managing data from creation to deletion, ensuring it remains useful
and compliant throughout its lifecycle. This includes archiving and purging outdated data.
 Data Analytics and Reporting: Using tools and techniques to analyze data and generate insights.
This can involve business intelligence platforms, dashboards, and advanced analytics.
Tools and Technologies
1. Database Management Systems (DBMS): Systems like SQL Server, Oracle, and MySQL that
store and manage structured data.
2. Big Data Platforms: Technologies like Hadoop and Spark that handle large volumes of data.
3. Data Integration Tools: Tools like Informatica, Talend, and Microsoft Data Factory that
facilitate data integration.
4. Data Quality Tools: Solutions like Trillium, IBM InfoSphere, and Talend Data Quality to
ensure data integrity.
5. Cloud Storage Providers: Services like AWS S3, Google Cloud Storage, and Azure Blob
Storage for scalable and flexible data storage.
Data Organization
1. Data Classification: Categorizing data based on its type, sensitivity, and importance. This
helps in managing and securing data effectively.
Example: Classifying data as confidential, internal, and public.
2. Data Modelling: Creating visual representations of data structures, such as Entity-
Relationship Diagrams (ERD), to organize data and define relationships between different
data entities.
Example: Modelling a customer database with tables for customers, orders, and products.
3. Data Storage: Organizing data in databases, data warehouses, or data lakes, depending on the
nature and volume of data.
Example: Using relational databases for structured data and data lakes for unstructured data.
4. Metadata Management: Managing data about data, which includes details like data source,
format, and usage. Metadata helps in understanding and utilizing data more effectively.
 Example: Metadata for a document might include the author, creation date, and last modified
date.
5. Data Cataloging: Creating an inventory of data assets, making it easier to discover, access,
and understand data across the organization.
Example: A data catalog that provides information about data sets, including their location,
description, and usage guidelines.
6. Data Indexing: Creating indexes to improve the speed and efficiency of data retrieval.
Example: Indexing a database to quickly find specific records based on key fields like
customer ID or order date.

Tools and Technologies

1. Database Management Systems (DBMS): Systems like MySQL, PostgreSQL, and MongoDB
that store and manage structured data.
2. Data Catalog Tools: Solutions like Alation, Collibra, and Data Catalog by Google that help in
organizing and accessing data.
3. Metadata Management Tools: Tools like Informatica, Talend, and Apache Atlas for managing
metadata.
4. Data Lakes: Platforms like AWS Lake Formation and Azure Data Lake for storing large
volumes of unstructured and semi-structured data.
Information Management
1. Content Management Systems (CMS): These platforms, like SharePoint, WordPress, and
Drupal, help manage digital content, including documents, images, and videos. They enable
efficient content creation, editing, and publishing.
2. Document Management: Systems that store and track electronic documents, ensuring secure
access, version control, and easy retrieval. Examples include DocuWare and M-Files.
3. Records Management: Practices for maintaining records over their lifecycle, ensuring they are
preserved for legal and business purposes. This includes categorizing, archiving, and securely
disposing of records.
4. Knowledge Management: Tools and processes that capture, store, and share knowledge within
the organization. This enhances collaboration and innovation by making information easily
accessible. Examples include Confluence and Microsoft OneNote.
Strategies for Effective Information Management
1. Centralized Repository: Having a centralized location for all critical information ensures that
data is easily accessible and reduces duplication.
2. Metadata and Taxonomies: Using metadata and taxonomies to categorize and describe
information makes it easier to search and retrieve relevant data.
3. Access Controls and Security: Implementing robust access controls to protect sensitive
information and ensure that only authorized personnel can access it.
4. Version Control: Maintaining a record of document versions to ensure that the most current
and accurate information is always available.
5. Automation: Using automation tools to streamline repetitive tasks, such as data entry,
document approval workflows, and email management.
6. Training and Awareness: Educating employees on best practices for managing and using
information efficiently and securely.

Tools and Technologies

 Enterprise Content Management (ECM): Platforms like IBM FileNet and OpenText for managing
all forms of content across an organization.
 Document Management Systems (DMS): Solutions like Microsoft SharePoint, Google Workspace,
and Laserfiche.
 Collaboration Tools: Platforms like Microsoft Teams, Slack, and Trello that facilitate
communication and collaboration.
 Data Analytics Tools: Software like Tableau and Power BI that helps analyze and visualize data for
better decision-making.
Telecommunication and Networks.
Telecommunication and networks are the backbone of modern communication, enabling data and
voice transmission across the globe. Here's an overview of the key components and concepts:
Telecommunication
1. Telecommunication Devices: These include telephones, cell phones, and radios that transmit
and receive signals over long distances.
2. Transmission Media: The physical pathways through which data is transmitted. Examples
include:
o Wired Media: Copper wires, fiber optic cables.
o Wireless Media: Radio waves, microwaves, and satellite communications.
3. Switching Systems: Devices that manage the direction of data packets in a network, ensuring
data reaches its intended destination.
4. Modulation and Demodulation: Techniques for converting digital data into signals suitable
for transmission over various media and then back into digital data.
Networks
1. Local Area Network (LAN): A network that connects computers within a limited area, such
as a building or campus. LANs are typically high-speed and reliable.
2. Wide Area Network (WAN): A network that connects devices over large geographical areas,
often using leased telecommunication lines. Examples include corporate networks and the
internet.
3. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): A network that spans a city or a large campus, larger
than a LAN but smaller than a WAN.
4. Personal Area Network (PAN): A network for personal devices, typically within a range of a
few meters. Examples include Bluetooth connections between a smartphone and a headset.
The Internet
The Internet is an expansive network of networks, enabling devices worldwide to connect and
communicate with each other. Here’s a deeper dive into its key aspects:
Key Components of the Internet
1. Infrastructure:
o Servers: Provide resources and services to other computers in the network.
o Routers and Switches: Direct data packets along the network paths.
o Data Centers: Large facilities housing servers that store, manage, and disseminate
data.
2. Protocols:
o TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): The fundamental protocol
suite for internet communication, ensuring data is sent and received accurately.
o HTTP/HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol / Secure): Used for transferring web
pages and securing communications over the internet.
3. Domain Name System (DNS): Translates human-readable domain names (like
www.example.com) into IP addresses that computers use to identify each other.
4. Internet Service Providers (ISPs): Companies that provide internet access to homes,
businesses, and organizations.
Services and Applications
 1. World Wide Web: A collection of interconnected documents and resources, accessed via
browsers like Chrome, Firefox, and Safari.
2. Email: A fundamental communication service allowing users to send and receive messages.
3. Social Media: Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram that enable social interaction
and content sharing.
4. Streaming Services: Platforms like Netflix, YouTube, and Spotify that provide audio and
video content on demand.
5. Cloud Computing: Services like AWS, Google Cloud, and Microsoft Azure that offer on-
demand computing resources and storage.
Impact on Society
1. Communication: The Internet has revolutionized the way people communicate, making it
instant and accessible from anywhere in the world.
2. Information Access: It provides vast amounts of information, making knowledge more
accessible and fostering education and learning.
3. Commerce: E-commerce platforms like Amazon and eBay have transformed retail, allowing
businesses to reach global markets and consumers to shop from home.
4. Entertainment: The Internet offers endless entertainment options, from streaming movies and
music to online gaming.
5. Work and Collaboration: Remote work and collaboration tools like Zoom, Slack, and Google
Workspace have changed the way people work, enabling flexible and efficient working
environments.
Security and Privacy
1. Cybersecurity: Protecting data and systems from cyber threats through measures like
firewalls, encryption, and secure protocols.
2. Privacy: Ensuring user data is protected and used responsibly, with regulations like GDPR
(General Data Protection Regulation) in place.

The Intranet
The Intranet is a private network accessible only to an organization's staff. It serves as an internal
platform for sharing information, collaboration, and communication. Here’s a closer look at its
components and benefits:
Key Components of an Intranet
1. Access Control: Secure login and authentication systems ensure that only authorized
personnel can access the network.
2. Content Management System (CMS): Tools for creating, managing, and sharing internal
content, such as policies, procedures, and announcements.
3. Document Management: Systems for storing, retrieving, and managing electronic documents,
ensuring easy access and version control.
4. Collaboration Tools: Platforms for team collaboration, including chat, video conferencing,
and project management (e.g., Microsoft Teams, Slack).
5. Internal Communication: Tools for disseminating information across the organization, such as
newsletters, forums, and bulletin boards.
6. Applications and Services: Access to internal applications, such as HR systems, financial
systems, and customer relationship management (CRM) tools.
Benefits of an Intranet
1. Improved Communication: Facilitates better communication within the organization, ensuring
that employees are informed and connected.
2. Centralized Information: Provides a single repository for all critical information, making it
easy for employees to find what they need.
3. Enhanced Collaboration: Collaboration tools and platforms enable teams to work together
more effectively, regardless of their physical location.
 4. Increased Productivity: Streamlines processes and reduces the time spent searching for
information, leading to higher efficiency.
5. Knowledge Sharing: Encourages knowledge sharing and best practices within the
organization, fostering a culture of continuous improvement.
6. Security and Compliance: Ensures that sensitive information is kept secure and complies with
regulatory requirements.
Use Cases
1. Onboarding: New employees can access training materials, company policies, and other
resources to help them get started.
2. Project Management: Teams can collaborate on projects, track progress, and manage tasks
through integrated tools.
3. Employee Engagement: Internal social networks and forums can boost employee engagement
and foster a sense of community.
4. Resource Management: Access to templates, forms, and other resources that employees need
to perform their daily tasks.

Internet of Things (IoT)

The Internet of Things (IoT) represents a network of physical devices connected to the Internet,
capable of collecting and sharing data. These devices can be anything from home appliances to
industrial machines. Here's a deeper dive into IoT:
Key Components of IoT
1. Devices/Sensors:
o Wearables: Smartwatches, fitness trackers.
o Smart Home Devices: Thermostats, cameras, lighting systems.
o Industrial Sensors: Temperature sensors, pressure gauges, and machinery monitors.
2. Connectivity:
o Networks: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, LoRaWAN.
o Protocols: MQTT, HTTP, CoAP.
3. Data Processing:
o Edge Computing: Processing data at the device level to reduce latency and bandwidth
use.
o Cloud Computing: Centralized data processing and storage to analyze and make
decisions based on large datasets.
4. User Interface:
o Apps: Mobile or web applications that allow users to interact with IoT devices and
view data insights.
o Voice Assistants: Integration with devices like Amazon Alexa or Google Assistant.
Applications of IoT
1. Smart Homes: Enhancing living spaces with automation and remote control of devices such
as lighting, heating, and security systems.
2. Healthcare: Remote patient monitoring, fitness tracking, and smart medical devices that
collect health data in real-time.
3. Industry: Industrial IoT (IIoT) for monitoring and optimizing manufacturing processes,
predictive maintenance, and improving operational efficiency.
4. Transportation: Smart traffic management, connected vehicles, and logistics tracking to
improve safety and efficiency.
5. Agriculture: Precision farming using sensors and drones to monitor crop health, soil
conditions, and livestock management.
6. Smart Cities: Urban infrastructure like smart lighting, waste management, and environmental
monitoring to enhance city management and sustainability.
Benefits of IoT
1. Efficiency: Automation of tasks and real-time monitoring improve operational efficiency.
 2. Data-Driven Decisions: Insights from data collected by IoT devices help in making informed
decisions.
3. Cost Savings: Predictive maintenance and optimized resource usage reduce costs.
4. Enhanced Safety and Security: Monitoring and alert systems help in improving safety and
security.
Challenges
1. Security: IoT devices can be vulnerable to cyber-attacks, making data security a top priority.
2. Interoperability: Ensuring different IoT devices and systems work seamlessly together.
3. Data Privacy: Managing the vast amounts of data collected while respecting user privacy.