Introduction to IoT:
Concepts,
Paradigms, and
Technologies
Exploring the transformative world of IoT
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IoT Paradigm:
What Is IoT?
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Historical
Evolution of IoT
Early Machine-to-Machine
Communication
The journey of IoT began with early
machine-to-machine
communication, which laid the
groundwork for connected
devices.
Development of IPv6
The introduction of IPv6 was a
significant milestone in IoT
evolution, allowing for a vast
number of connected devices.
Rise of Mobile Internet
The rise of mobile internet has
transformed IoT, enabling
seamless connectivity and access
to smart devices on the go. (C) Aashok Pattar
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IoT – What is it?
• The Internet of Things (IoT)
• is a network
• of physical objects (“things”)
• that are connected
• to the internet and
• can collect, send, and receive data
• to make intelligent decisions.
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• Think of a smart fridge that senses when milk is low
and sends a message to your phone—& even places the
order online!
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Basic Principles of
IoT
1. Interconnection of Objects
• The Internet of Things connects
everyday objects to the internet,
enabling seamless communication
and interaction.
2. Data Exchange
• IoT facilitates data exchange between
devices, allowing for real-time
monitoring and analysis.
3. Automation and Intelligence
• Automation powered by IoT enables
intelligent decision-making based on
data insights
7/17/2025 and machine learning.
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IoT: Key Components
Component Role Example
Physical objects with
Things (Devices) Smartwatch, thermostat, car
sensors/actuators
Connectivity Communication network Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, 4G
Data Raw readings or events Heart rate, temperature
Platform Software to collect/manage data Google Cloud IoT, AWS IoT
Analytics Data analysis for insights “User is walking less this week”
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Key Components IoT Components
and Architecture IoT systems include essential components such as sensors,
actuators, and various communication protocols to function
effectively.
Communication Protocols
Effective communication protocols are critical for enabling
devices to interact seamlessly within the IoT ecosystem.
Cloud Platforms
Cloud platforms play a vital role in data processing and storage,
enabling scalability and flexibility for IoT applications.
Architecture Overview
Understanding the architecture of IoT systems is crucial for
ensuring interoperability and efficient scalability.
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IoT: 3 Layered Architecture
Layer IoT Component Human Body Analogy Example
Thermometer senses
Perception Layer Sensors/Actuators Skin/senses
temperature
Sends signals to brain
Network Layer Connectivity (Wi-Fi, 4G) Nerves
(cloud/server)
Shows insights: “Too hot.
Application Layer Data analysis, dashboards Brain
Turn on AC.”
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IoT bridges IT & OT—making machines smart and connected.
IT (Information Tech) OT (Operational Tech)
Deals with data, software, and communication Controls physical systems and machines
Examples: ERP, CRM Examples: Machines, HVAC systems
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Example: Smart Coffee Machine
• Tracks how many cups are consumed.
• Sends refill reminders.
• Suggests best coffee times based on usage history.
• Uses connectivity + sensors + data + a mobile app = IoT in action!
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Understanding the IoT
Ecosystem
Components of IoT
The IoT ecosystem comprises devices, networks, platforms, and
applications that enable smart environments and connectivity.
Stakeholders in IoT
Various stakeholders, including manufacturers, service
providers, and end-users, play a critical role in the IoT
ecosystem.
Smart Environment
The collaborative interaction of IoT components creates a smart
environment that enhances efficiency and connectivity.
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Comparison with Other
Technological Paradigms
Real-Time Data Collection
IoT emphasizes real-time data collection
from distributed devices, enabling
immediate insights and actions based on
current data.
Comparison with Cloud Computing
Unlike traditional cloud computing, IoT
allows for decentralized data processing
and immediate access from multiple
devices.
Benefits of Edge Computing
Edge computing enhances IoT by
processing data closer to the source,
reducing latency and improving response
times.
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Major Technologies
Enabling IoT
Wireless Communication Protocols
Wireless communication protocols like Wi-Fi
and Bluetooth are essential for connecting
IoT devices seamlessly over networks.
Cloud Computing
Cloud computing provides the infrastructure
for data storage and processing, enabling IoT
devices to operate efficiently and effectively.
Big Data Analytics
Big data analytics allows for deriving
meaningful insights from the vast amounts of
data generated by IoT devices, enhancing
decision-making.
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Convergence of
Technologies in
IoT
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Integration of Communication Technologies
5G / 6G Technology
• 5G / 6G technology provides significantly faster data transmission speeds,
enhancing the performance of IoT applications.
LPWAN Benefits
• LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area Network) facilitates long-range
communication for IoT devices, ideal for low-bandwidth applications.
Zigbee Connectivity
• Zigbee enables reliable wireless communication for smart devices in home
automation, enhancing user experience and control.
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Role of Cloud
Computing and Big
Data
Infrastructure for Data Storage
Cloud computing offers scalable
infrastructure that supports the storage
of massive volumes of data from various
sources, including IoT devices.
Data Processing Capabilities
Cloud platforms provide powerful
processing capabilities that facilitate
real-time analysis of data, enhancing
operational efficiency.
Big Data Analytics
Big data analytics transforms large
datasets into actionable insights,
empowering organizations to make data-
driven decisions effectively. (C) Aashok Pattar 63
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Advancements
in AI and ML
Role of AI in IoT
AI enhances IoT by allowing
devices to learn from data patterns,
resulting in smarter and more
efficient systems.
Automation Enhancement
Machine learning improves
automation across various
industries, leading to streamlined
processes and reduced human
intervention.
Predictive Capabilities
AI and machine learning improve
predictive analytics, allowing
systems to anticipate needs and
optimize
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The Role of
Smart Objects
and Their
Capabilities
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Examples of Smart
Objects
Smart Thermostats
Smart thermostats allow users to
control heating and cooling remotely,
enhancing energy efficiency and
comfort.
Wearable Health Monitors
Wearable health monitors track vital
signs and fitness metrics, empowering
users to maintain their health and
wellness.
Connected Appliances
Connected appliances enhance
convenience by allowing users to
control them via smartphone apps or
voice commands.
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Capabilities and
Functionalities
Data Collection
Smart objects can collect data from
their environment, providing valuable
insights for users and systems.
Remote Monitoring
With remote monitoring, users can
oversee devices from anywhere,
enhancing control and
responsiveness.
Automation Features
Automation functionality allows
devices to operate with minimal user
input, optimizing everyday tasks.
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Integration and
Interaction Within IoT
Systems
Seamless Interaction
Integrating smart objects allows for
seamless interaction and data
exchange among devices, enhancing
user experience.
Intelligent Environments
An interconnected IoT system creates
intelligent environments that can
adapt to user preferences and needs
dynamically.
User-Centric Design
Focusing on user preferences is
crucial for designing IoT systems that
provide relevant and personalized
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experiences.
Goal Orientation
of IoT Systems
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Objectives and Use Cases
Improving Efficiency
IoT systems aim to enhance operational efficiency by automating
processes and optimizing resource usage across various sectors.
Enhancing Safety
One of the key objectives is to improve safety standards through real-
time monitoring and alerts in different environments.
Data-Driven Decision Making
IoT enables organizations to make informed decisions using data
analytics collected from various connected devices.
Industry Use Cases
IoT applications are widely adopted in healthcare, agriculture, and smart
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Benefits and Challenges
Increased Efficiency
IoT enhances operational efficiency by automating processes and
enabling real-time data analysis for better decision-making.
Enhanced User Experiences
With IoT technology, user experiences are significantly improved through
personalization and convenience, meeting individual needs effectively.
Data Privacy Concerns
The implementation of IoT raises significant data privacy concerns, as
personal information can be vulnerable to unauthorized access.
Security Risks
IoT devices can present security risks, requiring robust measures to
protect networks and prevent hacking and breaches.
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Conclusion
Technological Impact on Daily Life Understanding IoT
Advancement
IoT is a significant technological The Internet of Things enhances A clear understanding of IoT
advancement that revolutionizes daily life by providing smart concepts and technologies is
how industries operate and solutions that improve crucial for leveraging its full
interacts with consumers. convenience and efficiency. potential effectively.
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Objective Met
• About the Course
• About Me
• Overview of IoT Concepts and Technologies
• IoT Paradigm: What Is IoT?
• The Role of Smart Objects and Their Capabilities
• Goal Orientation of IoT Systems
• Convergence of Technologies in IoT
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