GLOBAL CITY
GROUP 3
AQUINO, JHAN BRYAN
RECAIDO, REICHELLE ANNE
BAGAWE, JERLYN KAYE
RABANG, FRANCES CLEA
ALONES, GENIEF ALESON
ASPA, DIANA JANE
BOLAMBAO, SHANLEI AVANTI
PAREL, CRIS JERICHO
according to global
ALDERSON
BECKFIELD
AND
city
(2004)
A Global city, also known by other SASKIA SASSEN
terminologies as alpha city, word (1994)
center, and power city, is a city
regarded as a primary node in the A global city serves as an important
global economic network focal point for business, global
trade, finance, tourism and
globalization to exist.
SMITH (2003)
It emanates from the idea that B R I TA N N I C A
globalization is created, facilitated & (CHARNOCK)
enacted in strategic geographic locales
(cities) according to a hierarchy of A global city is an urban centre that
importance to the operation of global enjoys significant competitive
system of finance and trade. advantages and that serves as a
hub within a globalized economic
system.
EVOLUTION OF
1 2 3
ANCIENT TRADE M E D I E VA L
AGE OF
HUBS COMMERCIAL
E X P L O R AT I O N
CENTERS
4 5 6
INDUSTRIAL 20TH CENTURY 21ST CENTURY
REVOLUTION G L O B A L I Z AT I O N DYNAMICS
GLOBAL CITY
WORLD CITY VS
GLOBAL CITY
World Cities Global Cities
(Friedmann) (Sassen)
MAIN Centers of power and Centers for servicing global
ROLE dominance capital
KEY Multinational Corporations Advanced Producer Service
AGENTS (MNCs) (APS) firms
NETWORK Reinforces core-periphery Creates new economic
STRUCTURE hierarchy centralities
TERRITORIAL CBDs or clusters of
Entire metropolitan region
BASIS business activity
the
big
six
The "Big Six" global cities typically refer to the most
influential and powerful cities in terms of economy,
culture, and global connectivity. While there isn't a
universally agreed-upon list, the most commonly
recognized six are:
LONDON, UK
NEW YORK CITY, USA
TOKYO, JAPAN
PARIS, FRANCE
HONG KONG, CHINA
SINGAPORE
HOW DOES A CITY BECOME A
‘GLOBAL CITY’?
FOUR PILLARS OF URBAN LIFE IN A GLOBAL
CITY (LONGHORN, 2015)
Balance between four pillars of urban life:
• Civic: an effective city government supported by
institutions of civil society, such as think tanks and
foundations, especially those embedded in the global
society
• Commercial: a powerful business community with global
connections
• Educational: both higher education and K-12
• Cultural: the arts and entertainment that give the city its
soul
Essential
Essential
traits
traits of
of
aa global
global
city
city
01 international financial services
• Financial institutions are indispensable for global cities in as much as
trade, commerce and finance is almost second nature to these cities.
We have to bear in mind that these cities are important hubs of global
trade and economy and this explains the reason why banking and
financial service providers are all the more important to sustain the
demand for exchange and financial mobility (Knox & Taylor, 1995).
02 Headquarters of several multinational
corporations
• Global cities are preferred locations for multinational corporation
(MNC) investment because they host advanced producer services
(such as marketing, accounting and finance), their cosmopolitan
environments, and their interconnectedness to the international
marketplace. Yet, like MNCs, global cities are not a homogenous group
and individual firms make unique choices to locate their operations in
idiosyncratic global cities. (Belderbos et.al, n.d)
03 the existence of financial headquarters, a stock exchange,
and major financial institutions
• At the heart of global cities are financial transactions that beat at
every turn. The proximity and accessibility of banking, stock
exchange and other financial institutions are a key element in the
growth and proliferation of global cities.
04 domination of the trade and economy of a large surrounding
area
• Global cities are dominant business and commercial hubs where
capital and investment flow operate at a massive scale. Just as
ancient cities have become important economic centers of antiquity,
global cities are the necessary trading and commercial hubs of the
Information age. With high levels of information exchange, these
cities are often located in countries with some of the most stable
governments fund seed accelerators or have grants that attract the
attention of multinational companies seeking to tap into and grow
the ecosystem. (Taylor, et.al, 2011).
0 major manufacturing centers with port and container facilities
5
• A global city often has well-developed industrial zones and
logistics infrastructure, including ports and container terminals,
which support international trade.
0 considerable decision-making power on a daily basis
6 and at a global level
• A global city (like New York, London, or Tokyo) hosts powerful
institutions—such as major corporate headquarters, financial
markets, government bodies, or international organizations. This is
because of their importance in the global economic field that their
respective decisions whether political, economic or even socio -
cultural possess a relatively huge global appeal.
07 centers of new ideas and innovation in business,
economics, culture, and politics
• Smith (2003) opined that the trailblazing and pioneering spirit
of Global cities will always be present due to the
conglomeration of people present as well as the architecture for
the development that is firmly established including numerous
research and development facilities.
• Global cities are incubators for innovation, attracting top talent
in business, economics, culture, and politics. They drive
technological advancements, creative industries, and policy-
making.
08 CENTERS OF MEDIA AND COMMUNICATIONS FOR GLOBAL NETWORKS
• Chalaby (2005) suggests that media conglomerates have adopted new
organizational structures, within which headquarters grant affiliates increased
autonomy, strengthen their specialization, and connect them into an
interdependent corporate network. Such a strategy aims to achieve global
reach and efficiency while ensuring responsiveness to the requirements of
local markets.
09 DOMINANCE OF THE NATIONAL REGION WITH GREAT
INTERNATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE
• The dominance of the global city over the national region is very much
evident nowadays, as demographics have played a role. A century ago,
roughly 10% of the world’s population lived in cities. Now, at a minimum,
more than 50% of the world’s population is urbanized, a number that is
expected to grow to more than 60% by 2030.
10 HIGH PERCENTAGE OF RESIDENTS EMPLOYED INTHE SERVICES
SECTOR AND INFORMATION CENTER
• The presence of technologically driven businesses also necessitates
that employment patterns in most global cities be directed towards
a manpower capital pool that is information-oriented.
11 HIGH-QUALITY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS, INCLUDING RENOWNED UNIVERSITIES,
INTERNATIONAL STUDENT ATTENDANCE AND RESEARCH FACILITIES
• Global cities are a destination of choice for higher learning and academic
engagement. These cities possess commendable literacy rates and house
highly renowned universities.
12 MULTIFUNCTIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE OFFERING SOME OF THE BEST
LEGAL, MEDICAL, AND ENTERTAINMENT FACILITIES IN THE COUNTRY
• The growth and development of global cities have made them
important hubs for prestigious legal and medical services.
13 HIGH DIVERSITY IN LANGUAGE, CULTURE, RELIGION, AND
IDEOLOGIES
• The cultural dynamics of global cities are evident in their urban spaces.
• The culture of cities manifests itself in the materiality of streets,
buildings, and signs.
• Urban space is also the site of multiple practices, ranging from
spirituality and artistic performances to daily life.
GaWC Study
Globalization and World Cities Research Network
• Created in the Department of Geography and
Environment at Loughborough University in
1998.
• GaWC is dedicated to the analysis of inter-city
relations within global urban networks.
Jonathan V. Beaverstock Richard g. smith peter j. taylor
GaWC Study
Globalization and World Cities Research Network
2018 city classification
Cities are assessed in Alpha level cities are linked to major
terms of their ALPHA economic states and regions into the
world economy.
advanced producer
services Beta level cities are cities that link
• accountancy,
BETA moderate economic regions to the
world economy.
• advertising,
• banking/finance, and Gamma level cities are cities
• law GAMMA that link smaller economic regions
into the world economy
The connectivity
measures are used to Sufficiency level cities are cities that
classify cities into levels of SUFFICIENCY have sufficient degree of services so
world city network as not to be overly dependent
integration. on world cities
the global city
index
• provides insights into the
• analyzes 128 cities in 6 world
global reach, performance,
regions.
and level of development of
• examines the current
the world’s largest cities.
performance of cities based on
• allows for the comparison of
27 metrics spanning five
diverse cities and the
dimensions: business activity,
identification of core
human capital, information
strengths and distinctive
exchange, cultural experience,
differences.
and political engagement.
the global city
outlook
• evaluates a city’s • These metric help
potential based on the evaluate long-term
rate of change for 13 investment and success
metrics across four by assessing elements
dimensions: personal such as environmental
well-being, economics, performance,
innovation and infrastructure, and
governance. innovation capacity.
The Index (GCI) is a
measure of current
performance, while the
Outlook (GCO) projects
potential future
performance.
SEVEN
FUNDAMENTAL
GLOBAL CITY
HYPOTHESIS
The geographic dispersal of economic activities that marks
globalization, along with the simultaneous integration of
01 such geographically dispersed activities, is a key factor
feeing the growth and importance of central corporate
functions.
02
These central functions become so complex that
02 increasingly the headquarters of large global firms
outsource them: they buy a share of their central functions
from highly specializedservice firms.
Those specialized service firms engaged tin the most
03 complex and globalized markets are subject to
agglomeration economies.
The more headquarters outsource their most complex, n-
standardized functions, particularly those subject to
04
uncertain and changing markets, the freer they are to opt
for any location.
These specialized service firms need to provide a global
05 service which has meant a global network of affiliates and a
strengthening of cross border city-to-city transactions and
networks.
The economic fortunes of these cities become increasingly
06 disconnected from their broader hinterlands or even their
national economies.
One result of the dynamics described in the hypothesis six, is
the growing informalization of a range of economic
07 activities which find their effectives demand in these cities,
yet have profit rates that do not allow them to compete for
various resources with the high-profit making firms at the
top of the system.
MIGRATION,
MOBILITY AND
THE GLOBAL CITY
Migration
06 and
mobility are
fundamental
aspects of
globalizatioN,
influencing
economies,
cultures, and
societies.
The interdependence of migration, mobility, and global cities
shapes modern civilization and human interactions.
The movement of people
MIGRATION across regions or
countries for various
reasons.
It can happen within a country (called internal
migration) or between countries (international
migration). People migrate for many reasons, including: INTERNAL MIGRATION
ECONOMIC (jobs, better lining INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
OPPORTUNITIES conditions)
VOLUNTARY MIGRATION
(education, family
SOCIAL FACTORS FORCED MIGRATION
reunification)
RURAL TO URBAN MIGRATION
POLITICAL REASONS (conflict, persecution)
URBAN TO RURAL MIGRATION
(natural, disasters,
ENVIRONMENTAL
FACTORS climate change)
SEASONAL MIGRATION
LABOR MIGRATION
Migration has been a part of human
history for thousands of years and RETURN MIGRATION
continues to shape societies around the
world today. CHAIN MIGRATION
MOBILITY The ability or capacity of individuals, groups,
or goods to move from one location to
another.
GEOGRAPHICAL MOBILITY
SOCIAL MOBILITY
DIGITAL/VIRTUAL MOBILITY
ECONOMIC MOBILITY
CULTURAL MOBILITY
similarities (how they’re connected)
All shaped by and contribute to
GLOBALIZATION
globalization
Migration and mobility directly
URBAN impact how global cities grow
DEVELOPMENT and change.
Migration increases cultural,
DIVERSITY ethnic, and linguistic diversity
in global cities.
ECONOMIC Migrants and mobile workers fuel
ROLES global city economics - both in
high and low skilled sectors.
Each contributes to urban
SOCIAL IMPACT inequality, segration, and identity
politics.
DIFFERENCES (How they are distinct)
MIGRATION MOBILITY GLOBAL CITY
The movement of The ability or A major city deeply
people across capacity to move integrated into
borders (includes temporary, global networks of
(international or seasonal, or daily finance, trade,
internal), usually movement). Also culture, and
long-term or includes social communication.
permanent. mobility.
Can be short-term, A fixed urban space,
Often cross-border
cyclical, or within but influenced by
or rural–urban
cities global flows
Driven by economic, Broader concept—
Functions as a node
political, includes both
in the global
environmental, or physical and social
economy
personal reasons movement
A commuter
Syrian refugee
traveling from London, New York,
moving to Berlin
suburbs to work Singapore
daily
ADVANTAGES OF CHALLENGES OF
THE GLOBAL CITIES THE GLOBAL CITIES
ECONOMIC GROWTH SOCIAL INEQUALITY
The abil ity o r capacity to Despite their wealth, global
move (includes temporary, cities often have high levels of
seasonal, o r dail y mo vement). poverty, with large gaps between
rich and poor residents.
CULTURAL DIVERSITY OVERPOPULATION &
CONGESTION
They bring together people Rapid urban growth leads to
from different countries, leading overcrowded public spaces,
to vibrant, multicultura l housing shortages, traffic
communiti es with rich congestion, and pressure on
traditions, languages, and ideas. services
GLOBAL CONNECTIVITY CULTURAL TENSIONS
Global cities have advanced With diverse populations,
infrastructur e, international there can be issues related to
airports, and strong digital integration, discrimination, or
networks, making them well - clashes between different
connected to the rest of the cultural or social groups.
world.
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