ETYMOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS OF YOGA

Yoga is a physical, mental, and spiritual practice that originated in ancient India. The word "yoga"
is derived from the Sanskrit root "yuj," meaning "to join" or "to unite." Its purpose is to create a
connection between the body, mind, and soul, fostering both individual self-awareness and
universal consciousness. This union is referred to as "samadhi."

The etymology of the word "yoga" can be traced to the Sanskrit roots "yujir yoga," "yuj samadhou,"
and "yuj saṇyame," as identified by the grammarian Panini. According to the first root, the term
has been used in various contexts, such as joining, uniting, or combining. In the spiritual sense, it
signifies the union of the individual soul (jivatma) with the divine (paramatma), and this state of
union is called "samadhi."

Definition of Yoga:-

According to Sage Patanjali in the Yoga Sutras, specifically in the Samadhi Pada:

"Yogash chitta-vritti-nirodhah."

Translation:

Yoga is the cessation of fluctuations in the consciousness.

In other words, the state of yoga is achieved when the mental modifications (chitta vrittis) come to
a standstill, leading the practitioner to the state of pure consciousness (paramatma).

According to the Bhagavad Gita:

"Yogasthah kuru karmani sangam tyaktva dhananjaya

Siddhi-asiddhyoh samo bhutva samatvam yoga uchyate." (2.48)

Translation: Established in yoga, perform your actions, having abandoned attachment, and being
impartial to success or failure. Such equanimity is called yoga.

The Bhagavad Gita emphasizes performing actions with detachment, maintaining equanimity in
success and failure, and achieving a state of balance in the face of dualities.

"Buddhiyukto jahatiha ubhe sukrita dushkrite

Tasmad yogaaya yujyasva yoga karmasu kausalam." (2.50)

Translation: Endowed with wisdom, one relinquishes both good and bad actions in this life.
Therefore, strive for yoga; yoga is skill in action.

This verse highlights the importance of performing actions with skill, without attachment, to avoid
the bondage of karma.
According to kathoupnishad:-

"स्थिराम इस्थिय धारणाम्" which translates to "Steady control of the senses." Yoga is the state of stable
concentration and control of the senses. It involves bringing an end to the restlessness of the senses
and establishing them in a steady state.

The Katha Upanishad is one of the ancient Indian scriptures that delves into the philosophical and
spiritual aspects of life. While it doesn't provide a detailed systematic definition of yoga, it does
touch upon the concept in a broader sense. The Katha Upanishad primarily focuses on the dialogue
between a young seeker named Nachiketa and the god of death, Yama.

In the context of the Katha Upanishad, the term "yoga" is not explicitly defined as a physical practice
but rather as a means to spiritual realization and self-discovery. The Upanishad emphasizes the
importance of controlling the mind and senses to attain wisdom and union with the divine.

the Katha Upanishad highlights the idea of controlling the mind through meditation:

"Having known that the senses are distinct (from the Atman), and that their rising and setting are
distinct (from the Atman), one does not grieve. The wise man, who knows the Self as bodiless within
the bodies, as unchanging among changing things, as great and omnipresent, does not grieve."

Yoga Sutras of Patanjali:

Definition: "Yogas chitta vritti nirodha."

Translation: "Yoga is the cessation of the fluctuations of the mind."
Explanation: Patanjali's Yoga Sutras focus on the control and stilling of the mind as the central
aim of yoga. The practice involves disciplining the mind to achieve a state of mental quietude
and self-realization.
Bhagavad Gita:

Definition: "Yogah karmasu kaushalam."

Translation: "Yoga is skill in action."
Explanation: The Bhagavad Gita emphasizes the concept of performing one's duties with skill
and without attachment to the results. It presents yoga as a path to spiritual growth through
selfless action and dedication to a higher purpose.

Hatha Yoga Pradipika:

Definition: "Hatha iti raja."

Translation: "Thus, the union."
Explanation: Hatha Yoga, as described in this text, aims at the union of opposing energies
within the body, specifically the solar (Ha) and lunar (Tha) energies. The practices include
asanas (postures) and pranayama (breath control) to achieve physical and energetic balance.
Gheranda Samhita:

Definition: "Yogash chitta-vritti-nirodhah."

Translation: "Yoga is the cessation of the modifications of the mind."
Explanation: Similar to Patanjali's Yoga Sutras, Gheranda Samhita underscores the importance
of calming the fluctuations of the mind to attain a state of inner stillness and self-realization.

Kurma Purana
Definition: "Yogah karmasu kaushalam."
Translation: "Yoga is skill in action."
Explanation: This text echoes the Bhagavad Gita's emphasis on skillful action, indicating that
yoga involves performing one's duties with excellence, balance, and dedication.

These definitions illustrate the common thread of mental discipline, self-realization, and
skillful action that runs through various yogic texts. While the specific practices and emphasis
may vary, the ultimate goal often involves achieving a state of union, whether it be with the
divine, the self, or the cosmic energies.

In summary, yoga encompasses practices and principles that lead to the union of the individual
with the divine, involving physical postures, breath control, and meditation to attain a state of inner
peace and self-realization.

ORIGIN AND GENERAL HISTORY OF YOGA :-

The tradition of yoga is ancient, deeply rooted in Indian heritage. Through research on rich
ancient literature and subsequent analysis, the sources of yoga can be identified. According to
Brihat Yogayajnavalkya Smriti the founder of yoga and para-vidya (supreme knowledge) is
acknowledged as Hiranyagarbha (the cosmic soul), and there is none other. The Yajurveda
states that before the creation of the world, an incomparable divine embryo, Hiranyagarbha,
came into existence—the revered guru of all ancient sages, considered omnipresent, endowed
with universal consciousness, unborn or ajna, from which radiant bodies like the sun, moon,
stars, etc., manifested; he is the supreme guru, greater than whom there is none.

In the Mahabharata, Hiranyagarbha is recognized as the first propagator of yoga.

The oldest literature, the Vedas, extensively mentions yoga as the sole source of liberation.
Vedic hymns reveal the intricacies of yoga, both directly and indirectly. The transmission of
yogic knowledge is traced through the lineage of sages and the guru-disciple tradition, starting
fundamentally with Hiranyagarbha.

Brief History and Development of Yoga:-

It is widely believed that the practice of yoga began with the dawn of civilization. The science
of yoga had its origins thousands of years ago, long before the inception of religions or belief
systems. In yogic knowledge, Shiva is perceived as the first yogi or Adiyogi and the first guru
or Adi guru.

Developmental Sequence of Yoga:- (As per satyartha Prakash saptam sammulasa)

HIRANYAGARBHA
 AGNI VAYU ADITYA ANGIRA

(RIGVEDA) (YAJURVEDA (SAMAVEDA (ATHARVAVEDA)

) )

RISHI BRAHAMA

NARAYANA (VISHNU), BHARGA (SHIVS), VASISHTHA,

MAITRAVARUNO , VISHVAMITROGATHINAH, AGASTYO ,
MAITRAVARUNAH, MUNRVAIVASATAH , YAJANAVALAKAYA,
NARADA

The evolution of yoga is considered to have taken place through the guidance of the first yogi,
Shiva, and the first guru, Adi guru. The history of yoga is intricately connected to the
transmission of knowledge from guru to disciple, establishing a lineage that originated with
Hiranyagarbha.

Yoga's development sequence:

1. Vedic Development of Yoga: The Vedas, as the earliest scriptures, depict the
creation of the universe with the inspiration derived from the cosmic soul. Agni, Vayu,
Aditya, and Angira, the ancient sages, composed the Vedas based on the divine
guidance of the Supreme Being. The Vedas are considered the divine voice of the
Supreme Being, highlighting the essence of yoga.
A Vedic mantra:
"Yoge yoge tavastaram vaje vaje havaam ahe Sakhaya indra bhootaye"
Translation: "In yoga, we invoke the mighty and prosperous Indra, the friend of all
beings."
Another verse from the Yajurveda:
"Yunjanah prathamam manastatvaaya savita dhimam Agner jyotirnichaasya
adhyaabharat"
Translation: "The one who practices yoga, directing their mind towards the Supreme,
Savita (the Sun), Agni (Fire) illuminates their path."
These Vedic verses illustrate the connection between yoga practitioners and the pursuit
of divine knowledge

It is evident that the development of the yoga tradition occurred through the lineage of
sages and the guru-disciple tradition, with its origins linked to Hiranyagarbha, the
cosmic soul.

Attainment of the Light of the Supreme Being:

In the Atharvaveda, it is stated while shedding light on the chakras:
"The body with eight chakras and nine gates, filled with divine essence,
In it lies the golden sheath, surrounded by the light of heaven."

This verse suggests that the body, equipped with eight chakras and nine gates, is like a divine
city. It contains a golden sheath filled with the essence of light and joy.

2. Development of Yoga in the Upanishads:

The term "Upanishad" can be understood as sitting near (or close to) the divine or the ultimate
reality, signifying the knowledge obtained by sitting close to the divine. The Upanishadic
literature reflects the influence of Vedic thought on its philosophical ideas. Yoga is discussed
in various Upanishads, either directly or in the context of broader philosophical themes.

For example, in the Yoga Shikha Upanishad, yoga is defined as the union of prana (life force)
and apana (outward breath), representing the unity of individual consciousness with the
universal consciousness.

3. Evolution of Yoga in Smritis:

Smritis, the texts that form part of Vedic literature, play a distinctive role in the development
of yoga. Manu Smriti, authored by Manu, discusses the significance of yoga in attaining
knowledge of the subtle aspects of the Supreme Being. Pranayama is emphasized for purifying
the senses and controlling the doshas associated with the prana.

4. Development of Yoga in Darshanas:

The Vedas introduce six classical schools of philosophy or Darshanas. Among them, the Yoga
Darshana, Sankhya Darshana, Nyaya Darshana, Vaisheshika Darshana, Mimamsa Darshana,
and Vedanta Darshana. Patanjali's Yoga Sutras provide a systematic and clear exposition of
yoga philosophy.

5. Yoga in Hatha Pradipika and Gheranda Samhita:-

"Hatha Yoga Pradipika" and "Gheranda Samhita" are two important classical texts that provide
in-depth insights into Hatha Yoga, a branch of yoga that focuses on physical postures (asanas),
breath control (pranayama), and other practices to balance and harmonize the subtle energies
within the body. Both texts emphasize the importance of using the physical body as a tool for
spiritual development. Here are some key points from each text:

Hatha Yoga Pradipika:

Authorship: Traditionally attributed to Swami Swatmarama, the "Hatha Yoga Pradipika" is

believed to have been written in the 15th century.
Purpose: The text aims to guide practitioners on the path of Hatha Yoga, with a focus on
achieving physical purification and balance as a means to spiritual awakening.
Asanas and Pranayama: Describes numerous asanas and pranayama techniques, detailing their
benefits and the subtle energy channels (nadis) they influence.
Shatkarma: Discusses the six purification techniques known as shatkarma, which include
practices like neti (nasal cleansing) and dhauti (cleansing of the digestive tract).
Mudras and Bandhas: Covers mudras (hand gestures) and bandhas (energy locks), explaining
their roles in redirecting and controlling the flow of prana (vital energy).
Kundalini: Addresses the awakening of Kundalini energy and provides guidance on practices
to facilitate this process.
Gheranda Samhita:

Authorship: The authorship of the "Gheranda Samhita" is traditionally attributed to Sage

Gheranda, though historical details about the sage are limited.
Purpose: This text aims to offer comprehensive guidance on Hatha Yoga practices,
emphasizing physical well-being and the awakening of spiritual consciousness.
Asanas and Mudras: Describes various asanas and mudras, highlighting their therapeutic
effects and their contributions to physical and mental well-being.
Pranayama: Discusses pranayama techniques for breath control, emphasizing their role in
calming the mind and balancing the flow of prana.
Shatkarma: Similar to the "Hatha Yoga Pradipika," the "Gheranda Samhita" also covers
purification techniques, including practices like dhauti and trataka (concentration on a point).
Nadis and Chakras: Explores the concept of nadis (energy channels) and chakras (energy
centers), providing insights into their significance in the yogic system.
Samadhi: Addresses the stages of Samadhi, the state of profound meditation and absorption, as
the ultimate goal of Hatha Yoga practice.
Both texts play a crucial role in preserving and transmitting the teachings of Hatha Yoga,
offering practical guidance for practitioners on their journey toward physical and spiritual well-
being.

Objectives of Yoga:-
1. Attaining Freedom from the Pains and Sorrows of Life:
Suffering, distress, and pain are inevitable parts of life. Understanding their origin, causes, and
even categorizing them helps in reducing their impact, even if they are not eliminated. The
Vedas and Vedic texts term them as 'Tapatraya' (threefold suffering) and classify them into
spiritual, divine, and worldly categories.

Worldly Suffering (Adhibhautik): Pain experienced due to other living beings.

Divine Suffering (Adhidaivik): Pain caused by unseen forces or the powers of fate and
fortune.
Spiritual Suffering (Adhyatmik): Pain experienced due to ignorance about the self, body,
and/or mind.
Spiritual suffering is related to physical and mental distress. In this category, hereditary
diseases like leprosy, physical disabilities such as blindness or lameness, and diseases resulting
from violations of health and cleanliness regulations are included. Mental distress arising from
factors like worry, anxiety, attachment, aversion, etc., is also classified here.

2. Attaining Eternal Bliss:

To achieve supreme, eternal happiness, individuals should follow the path of yoga, as guided
by the sages who received this knowledge directly from the divine.

3. Understanding that Only God, Living Beings, and Nature are Eternal, Infinite, and
Immortal; Everything Else is Transient:
The Vedas are written knowledge about God, and knowledge and words are manifestations of
Him. By studying nature with self-discipline, one can understand that everything visible in
nature is transient and only God, living beings, and nature are eternal. Everything else is
temporary.
 4. Purification of Life (Body, Mind, and Soul) and Aspiring for the Purity of the World
through Selfless Service:
The primary responsibility of every individual is to purify oneself from the six vices - desire,
anger, greed, attachment, pride, and jealousy. Through honest practices of austerity, self-study,
and meditation (yoga), a person can attain freedom from impurities and can inspire others by
spreading the messages of the sages, increasing awareness about the richness of the lineage of
sages, and providing selfless service to society.

5. Being Physically Healthy, Mentally Sound, Socially Compassionate, and Intellectually

Enlightened:
By practicing the virtues of austerity, self-study, and meditation (yoga) with integrity, an
individual can free themselves from impurities and inspire others. Increasing awareness about
the rich lineage of sages and providing selfless service to society are important responsibilities.

The Purpose of Yoga:-

Attaining freedom from life's sufferings and achieving liberation.

Developing self-realization and knowledge of the divine.
Purification of the body, mind, and soul.
Aiming for physical, mental, social, and intellectual well-being.
In essence, yoga is not just a form of physical exercise but a holistic practice that unifies the
body, mind, and spirit, leading to a harmonious and fulfilled life.

MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT YOGA :-

Despite its widespread popularity and numerous benefits, yoga is sometimes subject to
various misconceptions. Here are some common misconceptions about yoga:

1. Yoga is Only for the Flexible:-

Misconception: Many people believe that you need to be naturally flexible to practice yoga.
Reality: Yoga is about gradual improvement and adaptation. You don't need to be flexible
from the start; the practice itself helps improve flexibility over time.

2. Yoga is Only About Physical Postures:-

Misconception: Some think that yoga is just a series of physical postures (asanas).
Reality: Yoga encompasses a holistic approach, including breath control (pranayama),
meditation, ethical principles (yamas and niyamas), and more. Asanas are just one aspect of
a comprehensive system.

3. Yoga is Only for Women:-

Misconception: There's a stereotype that yoga is primarily for women.
Reality: Yoga is for everyone, regardless of gender. Many men benefit from yoga's physical
and mental advantages.

4. Yoga is a Religion:-
Misconception: Some people associate yoga with a specific religious belief.
Reality: While yoga has roots in ancient spiritual traditions, it is not a religion. It can
complement various religious beliefs or be practiced independently as a spiritual or secular
discipline.

5. Yoga is Easy and Relaxing:-

Misconception: Yoga is often seen as a gentle and easy form of exercise.
Reality: While yoga can be gentle, it can also be physically challenging. Practices like power
yoga or Ashtanga yoga involve intense physical activity.

6. Yoga is Only for the Young:

Misconception: Some believe that yoga is only suitable for younger individuals.
Reality: Yoga is adaptable and can be modified for different fitness levels and ages. There are
specific practices like chair yoga that cater to seniors or those with limited mobility.

7. Yoga is Expensive:-
Misconception: Yoga is perceived as an expensive activity, especially when considering classes
and accessories.
Reality: While some classes or studios can be costly, there are also affordable options, online
resources, and community classes. You don't need expensive gear to start practicing.

8. Yoga is Just for Relaxation:-

Misconception: Yoga is seen as a passive activity for relaxation only.
Reality: While yoga promotes relaxation and stress reduction, it can also be a dynamic and
strength-building practice, depending on the style and intensity.

9. Yoga is Only About Physical Fitness:-

Misconception: Yoga is solely a physical exercise routine.
Reality: Yoga addresses physical, mental, and spiritual well-being. It provides tools for
managing stress, enhancing mental focus, and fostering a sense of inner peace.

Understanding the diverse aspects of yoga helps dispel these misconceptions, allowing
individuals to appreciate the depth and versatility of this ancient practice.

True nature and principles of yoga :-

Yoga is a comprehensive system that originated in ancient India and encompasses physical,
mental, and spiritual practices. The true nature and principles of yoga go beyond just the
physical postures (asanas) commonly associated with it. Yoga is often described in classical
texts like the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, the Bhagavad Gita, and others. Here are some key
principles of yoga:

1. Union (Yoga): The word "yoga" itself means union or yoke. It refers to the union of
individual consciousness with universal consciousness, the integration of mind, body,
and spirit, and the connection between the self and the divine.

2. Eight Limbs of Yoga: The classical system of yoga, as outlined by Patanjali in the Yoga
Sutras, consists of eight limbs:
Yamas (restraints): Moral principles, including non-violence, truthfulness, non-stealing, non-
excess, and non-possessiveness.

Niyamas (observances): Personal practices, including cleanliness, contentment, self-discipline,

self-study, and surrender to a higher power.

Asanas (postures): Physical postures that prepare the body for meditation and cultivate
strength, flexibility, and balance.

Pranayama (breath control): Techniques to control and regulate the breath, enhancing life force
energy (prana).

Pratyahara (withdrawal of the senses): Turning attention inward, detaching from external
stimuli.

Dharana (concentration): Focusing the mind on a single point.

Dhyana (meditation): Sustained concentration leading to a state of meditation.

Samadhi (absorption): A state of blissful union with the divine, the ultimate goal of yoga.

3. Holistic Well-being: Yoga aims to promote holistic well-being by addressing physical,

mental, and spiritual aspects. It involves practices that improve physical health, mental
clarity, emotional balance, and spiritual awareness.

4. Mind-Body Connection: Yoga emphasizes the interconnectedness of the mind and

body. Asanas and pranayama help create a harmonious balance between physical and
mental well-being.

5. Self-Realization: One of the ultimate goals of yoga is self-realization or self-discovery.

Through self-awareness and inner exploration, individuals seek to understand their true
nature beyond the ego and attain a sense of inner peace.

6. Non-Attachment: Yoga encourages the practice of non-attachment (vairagya), teaching

individuals to remain detached from the outcomes of their actions and to cultivate a
sense of equanimity in the face of life's challenges.

7. Ahimsa (Non-Violence): Ahimsa is a key principle in yoga, advocating non-violence

in thought, word, and deed. This principle extends not only to others but also to oneself.

8. Adaptable and Inclusive: Yoga is adaptable and inclusive, catering to individuals of

various physical abilities, ages, and cultural backgrounds. It can be practiced by anyone,
regardless of religious beliefs.

In summary, the true nature of yoga involves a holistic approach to life that integrates physical,
mental, and spiritual well-being. It is a path of self-discovery, self-discipline, and connection
with the broader universe.
EVALAUTION OF YOGA FROM PRE VEDIC TO CONTEMPORARY PERIOD :-

The evaluation of yoga from the pre-Vedic period to the contemporary era reveals a rich and
evolving tradition that has adapted to the changing needs of individuals and societies. Here's
an overview of the evaluation across different periods:

Pre-Vedic Period:-
Origins: The origins of yoga are believed to date back to the pre-Vedic period, with roots in
the Indus Valley Civilization (around 3300–1300 BCE). Archaeological evidence suggests the
presence of yogic practices.

Early Vedic Period (1500–500 BCE):- The Rigveda, the oldest of the Vedic texts, contains
hymns and references related to meditation and spiritual practices, laying the groundwork for
early yogic concepts.

Vedic Period:-
Development of Philosophical Ideas: The Upanishads (800–200 BCE) further explored the
philosophical aspects of yoga, emphasizing the union of individual consciousness (Atman)
with the universal consciousness (Brahman).

Yoga in Vedic Texts: The early Vedic texts mentioned meditation and ritualistic practices as a
means of spiritual growth. The concept of "yoking" or union was present but not as
systematically formulated as in later texts.

Classical Period (500 BCE–500 CE):-

Yoga Sutras of Patanjali (circa 200 BCE–200 CE): Patanjali's Yoga Sutras, a foundational text,
systematized the principles of yoga. It introduced the eight limbs of yoga, emphasizing ethical
principles (Yamas and Niyamas), physical postures (Asanas), breath control (Pranayama), and
meditation (Dhyana).

Bhagavad Gita (circa 2nd century BCE–2nd century CE): The Bhagavad Gita, part of the
Indian epic Mahabharata, presented yoga as a path to self-realization and devotion. It integrated
various yogic paths, including Karma Yoga (path of selfless action) and Bhakti Yoga (path of
devotion).

Medieval Period (500–1500 CE):-

Bhakti and Sufi Influences: During this period, the Bhakti movement in Hinduism and the Sufi
tradition in Islam influenced the devotional aspects of yoga. Bhakti Yoga gained prominence,
emphasizing love and devotion to a personal deity.

Hatha Yoga: Emerged as a distinct tradition around the 9th–10th centuries, emphasizing
physical postures, breath control, and purification practices. Hatha Yoga aimed to prepare the
body and mind for meditation.

Post-Medieval Period (1500–1800 CE):-

Bhakti and Mystical Traditions: The teachings of saints like Kabir and Guru Nanak continued
to emphasize devotion and mystical experiences, contributing to the integration of spiritual
practices in daily life.
Syncretic Influences: The period saw a blending of different yogic traditions and ideas,
reflecting a synthesis of diverse cultural and religious influences.

Modern and Contemporary Period (1800 CE Onwards):-

Colonial Era: The encounter with Western colonial powers led to a reevaluation of traditional
practices. Some reformers sought to revive and reinterpret yoga as a response to social and
cultural challenges.

Swami Vivekananda (1863–1902): Played a pivotal role in introducing yoga to the West and
presenting it as a science of holistic living. His teachings emphasized the universality of
spiritual principles.

Yoga Renaissance: The 20th century witnessed a global interest in yoga, with various gurus
and teachers spreading its teachings internationally. Notable figures include B.K.S. Iyengar,
Pattabhi Jois, and Swami Sivananda.

Modern Forms of Yoga: The contemporary period has seen the emergence of various styles
and schools of yoga, such as Vinyasa, Power Yoga, Kundalini Yoga, and others, catering to
diverse preferences and needs.

Scientific Validation: In recent decades, scientific research has explored the physical and
mental health benefits of yoga, leading to its widespread acceptance as a complementary
therapeutic practice.

In conclusion, the evaluation of yoga from the pre-Vedic to the contemporary period highlights
its continual evolution and adaptation to the cultural, philosophical, and social contexts of
different times. Yoga has transcended its ancient roots to become a global phenomenon,
offering a path to physical well-being, mental clarity, and spiritual growth.