- making thoughtful choices

- learning from experiences

WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY - applies in science and with
1. EXSISTENCE the use of human emotion
2. KNOWLEDGE - enhancing the metacognition
3. MORALITY 3A’S IN STUDYING PHILOSOPHY
4. EXPLORES THE ORIGIN OF - asking
EVERYTHING - answering
- arguing
VARIOUS MEANING OF PHILOSOPHY MAJOR AREAS OF
PHILOSOPHY TODAY STUDY

A. PERSONAL VIEW OF LIFE – 1. METAPHYSICS (BEYOND

includes belief , diff PHYSICAL) – studying
ideologies, reflection. existence beyond physical.
B. PHILOSOPHY AS REASON AND - nature of reality
REFLECTIVE THINGKING – QUESTIONS TO ASK?
encourage us in critical
analysis and have a logical a. is there a god?
understanding b. what is the truth?
C. PHILOSOPHY AS SPECULATION c. what is a person?
– we need to speculate to an d. do people have minds?
answer more deeper than the e. do people have free will?
usual answer. no definite
answer. 2. EPISTEMOLOGY (KNOWLEDGE)
D. PHILOSOPHY AS LINGUISTIC – what can we know about this
ANALYSIS – our old grounds world.
has a connection within us QUESTIONS TO ASK?
and or our way of thinking. a. what is knowledge?
E. PHLOSOPHY AS ISSUES AND b. do we know anything
SOLUTIONS – shapes our at all?
understanding and our c. how do we know what
perspectives. we know?
1. Meaning of life d. can we be justified in
2. Happiness as the ultimate claiming certain things.
goal 3. ETHICS (MORALITY)
3. Subjective value QUESTIONS TO ASK?
a. what is good and how
4. Value of emotional wellbeing
can it be measured?
5. Complexity of understanding
b. what is right?
c. is morality subjective
PHILOSOPHY WHERE DID IT
or objective?
CAME?
d. how should I treat
- came form the Greece word others.
‘philo’ and ‘sophia’ which 4. LOGIC (REASON)
means love for wisdom. - we should be logical in every
- good judgement and should thing we make
be logical
 DEMOCRITUS – ‘laughing philosopher’
- due to his cheerful
WESTERN PHILOSOSPHY demeanour.
- uncovering the truth with a - studied the natural
systematic argumentation and phenomena
theory - philosophy about atoms
- emphasis on reason over faith - matter is composed of tiny
GREECE – home of the greatest particles called atoms
ancient civilization of learning - everything has a cause
SOPHIST – teacher, group of people
because of atoms and its
that travel and teach those who are
willing to learn. movement
- they are excellent public - by movement we cannot
speakers move unless there is the void
- teaching styles discussion and or a void, meaning that we
argumentation need the void to understand
PHILOSOPHOS – contradicted the what happens in our
sophist surrounding.
- leaded by Pythagoras DIOGENES OF SINOPE – simple
- they state that it is not only and virtous life
about winning an argument - material and possession
but too uncover the truth causes suffering
- he proposed to not stop - vocal critique of the
learning because it is a life philosophers
long process - his followers developed
DIFFERENT ANCIENT cynism and stoicism
PHILOSOPHERS AND THEIR CYNISM – living a self-sufficient life
CONTRIBUTIONS STOICISM – we should not be
IN ADDITION overwhelm with something we
THALES – he stated that everything is cannot control
composed of water - this will lead to emotional
ANAXYMANDER – agreed that resilience
everything EPICUS – need pleasure because it is
THE OG’S the root of one’s happiness
- focus on having ‘ataraxia’ or
PYTHAGORAS – contribution to the peace and tranquillity
Pythagorean Theorem BIG THREE PHILOSOPHERS
- father of numbers 1. SOCRATES – contributed in
- claimed to himself the first ethics
philosopher - father of ethics
- contribution to religion – - considered as the foremost
transmutation or reincarnation philosophers of all time.
HERACLITUS – he believed that - he called himself a ‘midwife’
everything that exist is made by a - transmuted by his student
higher order called ‘LOGOS’ (logic)
Plato – he mixed his own ideas
called the rational divine intelligence
- believed in the quote ‘ no - ARETA – pursuance of virtue –
man has stepped on the through character
position twice’ development.
- DOCTRINE OF CHANGE – - popular through the Socratic
‘panta rhei’ – everything flows Method of questioning
2. PLATO – his teaching became
the basis of western
philosophy
- theory of forms (idealism) – it
states thata everything that is
made came from the idea of
the mind
- ideas are true measurement
of reality
- ideas are the original and the
physical object is the copycat
of the idea – just turned into
reality.