Journal of Agricultural Development and Policy, 2020

Volume 30, No. 2, 114-123

Trade Direction and Competitiveness of Mango Export from India

Chavan Sanket and M K Sekhon

Department of Economics and Sociology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
Abstract
This study has examined the trade direction and export competitiveness of mango from India during
1995-96 to 2017-18 using markov chain analysis, RCA and CEP respectively. Though India is the largest
producer of the choicest varieties of mango, the country is not a major player in the export market, either
fresh mango or processed mango products. The findings showed that Mexico, Netherlands, Brazil, Peru
and India are the top most exporters. USA, Netherlands, Germany, UAE, and UK are the major mango
importing countries of the world accounting for more than half of the total world imports of mango. For
Indian fresh mango UAE was the most loyal market both in pre-NHM and post-NHM, but for mango pulp
most stability was changes from YAR to USA in post-NHM period. For mango dried slices and mango
flour the most favorable markets were USA and Nepal .India has enjoyed comparative advantage in
mango exports in the world market over Brazil, China, Mexico and Indonesia during the study period.
The increasing share of other countries clearly shows the need to explore and exploit the market potential
of other countries. Efforts are also needed to improve the efficiency of production and quality in order to
stabilize the markets and also to make the product acceptable and price competitive in other importing
countries.
Keywords: Mango, mango products, trade, competitiveness
JEL Classification: Q10, Q17, Q19

Introduction high-value export products are fruits and vegetables.

In recent years, there has been a great deal of interest
International trade has made a tremendous
among policy makers and trade analysts regarding
contribution in the growth of less developed countries
the role of horticultural products as a principle means
in the 19th and 20th centuries (Rana and Verma, 2010).
of agricultural diversification and foreign exchange
International trade can be possible through export and
earnings in developing countries. Horticultural products
import of goods and services. Export is an important
have high income elasticity of demand, if income goes
activity to accelerate the speed of economic development
up the demand raises rapidly. India is recognized as the
of any country (Sujata et al 2003; Adhikari et al 2016).
fruits and vegetables basket of the world. India holds
The recent trend in Indian agriculture clearly shows
second position for fruit production in the world after
that the crop sector is diversifying towards non-food
China (Patil et al 2018). Major fruits produced in India
grain and high value commodities, such as livestock
are banana, grapes, mango and cashew among these
and fruits and vegetables. Diversification towards
fruits mango is recognized as king of fruits. Major
the horticulture crops has been suggested as a viable
mango producing countries in the world are India,
option to enhance agriculture growth, increasing
China, Thailand, Pakistan, Mexico, Indonesia, Brazil,
farmer’s income and employment opportunities
Bangladesh, Philippines and Nigeria. In the year 2017-
(Vyas 1996). Horticulture is an important segment of
18, India produced 21.82 million tonnes mango from the
agriculture accounting for a significant share in the
area about 2.25 million ha contributing 22.41 per cent
Indian economy. Among these, the most important
to total fruit production (GOI 2018a). Uttar Pradesh,
Corresponding author email: sanket.chavan203@gmail.com
 Trade Direction and Competitiveness of Mango Export from India 115

Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Bihar, Tamil Where,

Nadu, Odisha are the leading mango producing states Evt = Exports from India to vth country during the
while many other states also contribute to the mango year t.
production. Uttar Pradesh holds the first position in Eut-1 = Exports from India to uthcountry during the
India producing 4.54 million tonnes followed by the period t-1.
Andhra Pradesh 4.48 million tonnes (GOI 2018a).
Puv = Probability that the exports will shift from uth
Indian mangoes are emerging fast as an important
country to vth country.
foreign exchange earning fruit crop and enjoy GI unique
place in the international market. ‘Alphonso’ is the evt = The error term which is statistically independent
leading export cultivar of India, followed by Totapuri, of Eut-1.
Banganapalli and Kesar. The export performance of t = Number of years considered for the analysis
mangoes in 2000-01 was 37,109 MT and it rose to r = Number of importing countries
49180.48 MT in 2017-18. The worth of exported mango The transitional probabilities Puv which can be
in the year 2017-18 was Rs.382.64 crores (GOI 2018b). arranged in a (c x r) matrix have the following properties.
The present, study focuses to estimate the trend and
instability of mango export, export competitiveness and O <Puv< 1
direction of trade for fresh mango and major mango r
products. ∑ Puv = 1 for all u
V=1
Data Sources and Methodology
Thus, the expected export shares of each country
This study was based on secondary time series data. during period t were obtained by multiplying the export
Data on India’s fresh mango and mango pulp export to these countries in the previous period (t-1) with the
both in terms of quantity and value to major importing transitional probability matrix.
destinations for the period of 1995-96 to 2017-18 and
other major mango products for the period 2004-05 to To estimate the transitional probability indices,
2017-18 (depending up on the availability of the data) minimum absolute deviation (MAD) estimation
were collected from Agriculture and Processed Food procedure was used which minimises the sum of absolute
Products Export Development Authority (APEDA), deviations. The conventional linear programming
Ministry of Commerce and Industries, Govt of India. technique was employed owing to the fulfilment of the
The similar data for other countries and their major properties of transitional probabilities of non-negativity
export markets were collected from Trade Map database restrictions and row sum constraints in estimation.
developed by the International Trade Centre (ITC) and The linear programming formulation is expressed as
UNCTAD/WTO.To analyze direction of trade and
Min OM* +Ie
changing the pattern of Indian mango export first order
Markov chain analysis was used. The estimation of the Subject to,
transitional probability matrix is central to Markov chain XM* + V = Y, GM* = 1, M* > 0
analysis. The elements Puv of the matrix P indicates the
probability that export will switch from uth country to Where,
vth country with the passage of time (Dent, 1967; Lee 0 = vector of zeroes.
et al 1970; Gillet, 1976). The diagonal elements of the M* = vector in which probability Puv are arranged.
matrix measure the probability that the export share of I = appropriate dimensioned column vector of units.
a country will be retained. Element in the row indicate e = vector of absolute error (|U|).
loss in trade and element in Column indicate gain in
Y = vector of export to each country.
trade. Hence, an examination of the diagonal elements
indicates the preference of an importing country to a X = block diagonal matrix of lagged values of Y
particular country’s exports. V = vector of errors
r G = grouping matrix to add the row elements of P
Evt = ∑ Eut-1* Puv+ evt as arranged in P* to unity.
U=1
116 Journal of Agricultural Development and Policy

Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) Results and Discussion

In this study, Revealed Comparative Advantage World scenario of mango production and trade
(RCA) has been used to compute comparative
advantage on the basis of a country’s specialization Mango is one of the major fruit crop produced in
in exports relative to some reference group countries. the world. Mango is the commodity grown in more
The Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) index than 80 countries in the world (Kshirsagar et al 2018).
is measured by this formula India, China, Indonesia, Thailand and Mexico are the
top five mango producing countries over the world.
Table 1 presents the world scenario of mango from the
1995 to 2018. Global production of mango in 1995 was
Where, 23.02 million tonnes and it increased more than double
to 55.38 million tonnes during 2018. India ranks first in
XiB : India‘s exports of good i to a particular country
the production of mango, accounting about 39 per cent
group
of global mango production in 2018, and it’s share in
XB : India‘s total merchandise export to the global production was fluctuating over the period. India
particular country group is figured among the top producers mainly because of
XiA : The rival country‘s exports of good i to a its large area under mango cultivation, not due to higher
particular country group productivity. The average mango productivity in India
was far below than average world productivity. China
XA : The rival country‘s total merchandise export
is the second largest producer of mango followed to
to the particular country group
India. It contributes 9.01 per cent to world production
If the RCA value is positive, then it is interpreted producing 4.99 million tonnes during 2018. The other
that India has comparative advantage over its competing major producers of mango in the world are Thailand,
countries. Negative value of RCA indicates that rival Indonesia, and Mexico etc. The contribution of these
countries have comparative advantage against India in countries towards mango production of the world
particular commodity export was 6.85 per cent, 5.57 per cent and 3.93 per cent
respectively during 2018.
Comparative Export Performance (CEP)
The competition strength among the counties Global trade of mango
can be measured using different indices. Balassa The international mango trade is relatively
Comparative Export Performance (CEP) index is one insignificant, despite being a widely consumed fruit.
the most commonly used index among them. This index The quantity of mango traded among countries was 0.83
measures the export specialization of a country with million tonnes in 2008, which accounts for no more
respect to the world exports. than 2.5 percent of world mango production. Only a
very small proportion of total mango production enters
international trade, and most of the world production
is consumed by local or domestic markets (Calatrava
Where, 2014). Since 1995 total world mango export increased
XiZ : Country Z’s exports of goods i from 291.4 million dollars to 2474.80 million dollars in
XZ : Country Z’s total agricultural exports 2017 (Annexure 1). Mexico, Netherlands, Brazil, Peru
XiW : Total world exports of goods i and India are the top most exporters. The country-wise
XW : Total world agricultural exports mango export showed that Mexico was the largest
exporter of mango in the global context. Mexico’s
An index value of India higher than the index value
export share in global market was 16.33 per cent in
of any other country indicates relative comparative
2017. However, its share in world mango export has
advantage of India against that country.
declined from 35.96 per cent in 1995 to 16.33 per cent
during 2017. It can be inferred that global trade in
 Trade Direction and Competitiveness of Mango Export from India 117

Table 1. Production of Mango in the World, 1995 to 2018 (Million tonnes)

Country 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2018
India 11.00 10.51 11.83 15.03 18.53 21.82
(47.79) (42.14) (37.08) (39.51) (38.55) (39.40)
China 2.01 3.21 4.25 4.27 4.78 4.99
(8.72) (12.88) (13.32) (11.22) (9.95) (9.01)
Thailand 1.19 1.62 1.80 2.55 3.33 3.79
(5.18) (6.51) (5.65) (6.71) (6.93) (6.85)
Indonesia 1.17 1.03 1.66 1.58 2.18 3.08
(5.07) (4.14) (5.19) (4.14) (4.53) (5.57)
Mexico 1.34 1.56 1.68 1.63 2.07 2.18
(5.83) (6.26) (5.26) (4.29) (4.31) (3.93)
Others 6.32 7.00 10.69 12.98 17.18 19.52
(27.42) (28.08) (33.50) (34.12) (35.74) (35.24)
Total 23.02 24.93 31.90 38.03 48.07 55.38
(100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100)
Source: Data compiled from faostat.org
Note: Figures in parenthesis indicate percentage to total

mango has been diversifying over the years. Mexico has lost 12.57 per cent share to Saudi Arabia and 15.67
was followed by Netherlands and Thailand having per cent share to other countries. At the same time,
share of 13.35 per cent and 9.89 per cent respectively UAE gained 46.49 per cent share of export value from
in total export of mango during the year 2017. Saudi Arabia and 30.42 per cent from others countries.
The total volume of Mango import has increased After UAE second most stable market is Kuwait and
from $404.7 million in 1995 to $2474.8 million in 2017 it retained 55.70 per cent to its original value export
(Annexure II). Major importing countries in world are to its previous share. Kuwait has lost it’s 44.30 per
USA, Netherlands, Germany, UK and UAE accounting cent share to Saudi Arabia. Results revealed that U K,
for more than half of the total global imports in 2017. Bahrain and Qatar are the unstable markets for Indian
USA stood at top position over the study period, but fresh mango as having probability zero. Study revealed
trend shows that its share has declined over the period. that, UAE is the major gainer from importing countries
The share of other countries in mango import has been as it is likely to gain 46.49 per cent from Saudi Arabia
increasing indicating the emergence of new markets. and 30.42 per cent from others. Saudi Arabia is likely
to gain from Kuwait and UAE as 44.30 per cent and
Direction of trade of mango and its product 12.57 per cent share respectively. Among the unstable
export from India markets UK is likely to gain 73.35 per cent and 68.72
per cent from Bahrain and Qatar respectively.
Fresh Mango
The table also revealed the change in direction of
The changes in the direction of fresh mango trade of fresh mango export from India during post
export from India in pre-NHM period i.e., 1995-96 to NHM period (2006-07 to 2017-18). Results showed that
2017-18 are given in Table 2. The major six partners like pre NHM period UAE again was one of the most
for Indian fresh mango were selected as UAE, Saudi stable markets among the major importers of Indian
Arabia, Kuwait, UK, Bahrain and Qatar. The rest of the fresh mango as exhibited by the highest probability of
countries were kept under ‘others’ category. The results retention at 0.7140 i.e. UAE had retained its original
revealed that UAE is most stable market for Indian export share of 71.40 per cent during the period 2006-
fresh mango during the pre-NHM period as it retains 07 to 2017-18. Kuwait had probability of retention
the probability 59.79 per cent of its previous value. It of 0.3420, retaining its original export share of 34.20
118 Journal of Agricultural Development and Policy

Table 2 .Transitional probability matrix of Indian fresh mango export, 1995-96 to 2005-06
Country UAE Saudi Arabia Kuwait UK Bahrain Qatar Others
Period (1995-96 to 2017-18)
United Arab Emirates 0.5979 0.1257 0.0471 0.0570 0.0149 0.0008 0.1567
Saudi Arabia 0.4649 0.2485 0.0113 0.1000 0.0854 0.0897 0.0000
Kuwait 0.0000 0.4430 0.5570 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
United Kingdom 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000
Bahrain 0.0703 0.0000 0.0000 0.7335 0.0000 0.0000 0.1961
Qatar 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.6872 0.0000 0.0000 0.3128
Others 0.3042 0.0000 0.0000 0.0194 0.0280 0.0000 0.6484
Period (2006-07 to 2017-18)
United Arab Emirates 0.7140 0.0540 0.0370 0.0612 0.0087 0.0113 0.1139
Saudi Arabia 0.9422 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.5776 0.0000 0.0000
Kuwait 0.0000 0.0000 0.3420 0.0000 0.0841 0.5738 0.0000
United Kingdom 0.7190 0.0633 0.0117 0.0660 0.0240 0.0215 0.0946
Bahrain 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3516 0.0000 0.0000
Qatar 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Others 0.2365 0.0125 0.0000 0.2062 0.0074 0.0000 0.5373

per cent. Similarly, Bahrain had retained its original of Indian mango pulp as it gives highest probability
export share 35.16 per cent. Same can be defined in retention to its previous year’s export value i.e. 0.4537.
case of UK. This implies that Bahrain and Kuwait Second most stable market for mango pulp is UK as
were also the stable importer of Indian fresh mango. its retained 33.23 per cent of its previous export value
On the contrary, Saudi Arabia and Qatar were having share. Likewise, Netherlands and Saudi Arabia had
a probability of retention as zero indicating that both probability of retention 0.2566 and 0.1235 which can
are unstable importer of Indian fresh mango during be similarly defined as the stable markets for Indian
post-NHM period. mango pulp. One the other hand UAE and USA are the
The major gainer among importer of Indian fresh unstable markets for Indian mango pulp as both have
mango during post-NHM was UAE which is having a retained the zero probability of their previous year
transfer probability of 0.9422 from Saudi Arabia, 0.7190 export value share.
from UK and 0.2365 from others. In similar manner, Saudi Arabia is major gainer among the all importers
Bahrain gained 57.76 per cent market share from Saudi of Indian mango pulp during pre-NHM period having
Arabia and 8.41per cent and 2.40 per cent from Kuwait transfer probability of 0.4527 and 0.5463 from the
and UK respectively. UAE in addition to having high Netherlands and YAR respectively. At the same time
probability of retention is also likely to gain 11.56 per it loses 56.58 per cent share to others countries. UK is
cent market share from Kuwait. In contrary, UAE is also major gainer as it gained 59.24 per cent from UAE
also likely to lose 16.03 per cent market share to Iran and has lost also its 22.37 per cent own export value
and 1.71 per cent to Kuwait. On the other hand, Qatar, share to USA. The most stable market gained 15.71 per
which is unstable market of Indian fresh mango, is likely cent from Netherlands and 7.90 per cent from Saudi
to gain 57.38 per cent market share from Kuwait. Arabia. Contrary to this, UAE is unstable market and is
likely to gain 42.85 per cent share from UK and 13.35
Mango Pulp per cent from Netherlands. Similarly, USA is likely to
The change in direction of mango pulp export gain from UK and UAE.
from India is shown in Table 3. This table revealed that In post-NHM period, USA emerged as the most
Yamen Arab Republic was the most stable importer stable market owing to its improvement in its retention
 Trade Direction and Competitiveness of Mango Export from India 119

Table 3. Transitional probability matrix of mango pulp export from India during 1995-96 to 2017-18
Country Saudi Arabia UK UAE Netherlands YAR USA Others
Period (1995-96 to 2005-06)
Saudi Arabia 0.1235 0.0000 0.0000 0.2310 0.0797 0.0000 0.5658
UK 0.0000 0.3323 0.4285 0.0155 0.0000 0.2237 0.0000
UAE 0.0000 0.5924 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3263 0.0813
Netherlands 0.4527 0.0000 0.1335 0.2566 0.1571 0.0000 0.0000
YAR 0.5463 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.4537 0.0000 0.0000
USA 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000
Others 0.4211 0.0000 0.1522 0.0298 0.0000 0.0095 0.3874
Period (2006-07 to 2017-18)
Saudi Arabia 0.2041 0.0905 0.0719 0.1620 0.0000 0.0469 0.4244
UK 0.0000 0.5598 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0122 0.4279
UAE 0.7855 0.0000 0.2144 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Netherlands 0.0000 0.0000 0.2272 0.4928 0.0000 0.0000 0.2799
YAR 0.4822 0.0000 0.0000 0.0846 0.2352 0.0000 0.0000
USA 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2251 0.7748 0.1979
Others 0.2903 0.0000 0.0113 0.0156 0.1935 0.0000 0.4891

share to 77.48 per cent which were unstable in pre-NHM lost the remaining share Saudi Arabia (29.03 %), YAR
period. UK had retained 55.98 per cent share of its (19.35%), UAE (1.13 %) and Netherlands (1.56 %).
previous export value. It is revealed that USA and UK
are the most stable and loyal markets for Indian mango Mango dried slice
pulp during the post-NHM period. Noteworthy point During the study period USA and Netherlands were
is that UAE was unstable market in pre-NHM market major stable markets for Indian mango dried slices as
and it has retained 21.44 per cent of its previous share they exhibited higher retention capacity of 0.9267 and
in post-NHM period. Netherland also increased its 0.8091, which means they have retained 92.67 and
retention ability to 49.28 per cent from 25.66 per cent 80.91 per cent of their previous export value share
which in pre-NHM period. Similarly, Saudi Arabia and (Table 4). Contrary to this, Japan, UK and Saudi Arabia
YAR have shown stability in their share with 20.41per are the unstable markets as these importers exhibit zero
cent and 23.52 per cent respectively. retention share of previous year of export value.
In post-NHM period the major gainer among all During this period USA was the major gainer among
the importing countries was Saudi Arabia as it grabbed the top importers as it gained 34.02 per cent from UK
78.55 per cent and 48.22 per cent and 29 per cent from and 19.09 per cent from Netherlands. At the same time
UAE, YAR and others. On the other hand it has given it has given up its remaining share to Japan (3.98%),
up its has remaining share to UK (9.05 %), UAE (7.19 Netherlands (1.13%0 and others (2.21 %). Netherlands
%), Netherland (16.20 %) and other (42.44%). UK grabbed 6.42 per cent share from UK, 11 per cent from
grabbed 9.05 per cent share from Saudi Arabia and Saudi Arabia and 1.13 per cent from USA. It has lost
sacrificed its share to USA (1.22 %) and others (42.79 19.09 per cent of remaining share to USA also. In case
%). In case of Netherland it has given up 22.72 per cent of unstable markets, Japan has lost its 100 per cent
share to UAE and 27.99 per cent to other countries. It is share to Saudi Arabia (25.08 %) and others (74.92 %).
clearly noted that USA is most stable market retaining Similarly, Saudi Arabia transferred its whole share to
77.48 per cent but it looses its remaining share to YAR Netherlands (11%), UK (1.77%) and others (87.22 %).
i.e., 22.51 per cent. In case of other countries India Finally, UK has lost it its total share to USA (34.02%),
had held 48.91 per cent of its previous share and has Japan (7.18 %), Netherlands (6.42 %) and others (52.38
120 Journal of Agricultural Development and Policy

Table 4. Transitional probability matrix of mango dried sliced export from India during 2004-05 to 2017-18
Country USA Japan UK Saudi Netherlands Others
Arabia
USA 0.9267 0.0398 0.0000 0.0000 0.0113 0.0221
Japan 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2508 0.0000 0.7492
UK 0.3402 0.0718 0.0000 0.0000 0.0642 0.5238
Saudi Arabia 0.0000 0.0000 0.0177 0.0000 0.1100 0.8722
Netherlands 0.1909 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.8091 0.0000
Others 0.0000 0.1479 0.1498 0.3050 0.0000 0.3974

%). In case of other countries India had held 39.74 (87.22 %). Finally, UK has lost it its total share to UAE
per cent of its previous share and the remaining share (62.85%), UK (31.53%), and Nepal (5.63%). In case
was lost to Japan (14.79 %), UK (14.98 %) and Saudi of other countries India had held 40.96 per cent of its
Arabia (30.50 %). previous share and the remaining share was lost to UAE
(10.82%), UK (24.74%), Canada (20.25%) and Nepal
Mango flour (3.24%).
The study revealed that USA and UK were the
major stable markets for Indian mango flour as they Mango squash
exhibited higher retention capacity of 0.8663 and 0.6407 Mango squash is one of the major processed
which means that they retained 86.63 and 64.07 per products of mango in India. The change in trade pattern
cent of their previous export value shares (Table 5). of mango squash exported is represented in Table 6
Contrary to this, UAE and Canada are the unstable using transitional probability matrices during the study
markets exhibiting zero retention share of previous period of 2004-05 to 2017-18. The major markets
year of export value. selected for study were Netherlands, UAE, UK, USA
During the study period USA was the major gainer and Nepal. The remaining countries were kept under
among the top importers as it gained 39.87 per cent other category.
from UAE, 24.46 per cent from UK and 12.93 per This study revealed that Nepal was the most
cent from Nepal, at the same time it has given up its stable market as it has recognised the highest retention
remaining share to UAE (2.35%), Canada (2.11% and probability as 0.5447. It showed that Nepal had retained
others (8.911 %). UK grabbed 31.53 per cent share 54.47 per cent export value share of its previous value.
from Canada and 24.74 per cent from others. It has lost Study revealed that UK is second most stable market for
11.48 per cent of remaining share to UAE and 24.46 Indian mango squash as it had retained 29.50 per cent
per cent USA. In case of unstable markets, UAE has share of its previous export value. Similarly, Netherland
lost its 100 per cent share to USA (39.87 %) and others and UAE both have retained 27.11 per cent and 3.89
(60.13 %). Similarly, Canada has transferred its whole per cent share respectively. Contrary to this, USA had
share to Netherlands (11%), UK (1.77%) and others showed zero retention probability making it clear that

Table 5. Transitional probability matrix of mango flour export from India during 2004-05 to 2017-18
Country UAE UK USA Canada Nepal Others
UAE 0.0000 0.0000 0.3987 0.0000 0.0000 0.6013
UK 0.1148 0.6407 0.2446 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
USA 0.0235 0.0000 0.8663 0.0211 0.0000 0.0891
Canada 0.6285 0.3153 0.0000 0.0000 0.0563 0.0000
Nepal 0.0000 0.0000 0.1293 0.7927 0.0781 0.0000
Others 0.1082 0.2474 0.0000 0.2025 0.0324 0.4096
 Trade Direction and Competitiveness of Mango Export from India 121

Table 6. Transitional probability matrix of mango squash export from India, 2004-05 to 2017-18
Country Netherland UAE UK USA Nepal Others
Netherland 0.2711 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2738 0.4550
UAE 0.0000 0.0389 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.9611
UK 0.6150 0.0000 0.2950 0.0000 0.0622 0.0271
USA 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000
Nepal 0.0000 0.0000 0.1978 0.1771 0.5447 0.0805
Others 0.2573 0.1304 0.0198 0.0488 0.0000 0.5437

USA is unstable market among the all major importers showed the weakening comparative advantage of India
of Indian mango squash. and during 2007 it tends to have negative which exposed
the comparative advantage over India. As a special
Competitiveness of Indian mango case to China, India tries to overcome the comparative
Principle of comparative advantage is one of disadvantage with declining negative ratio at the end
the best tools to determine production and export of of period (-1.86) from the starting (-8.17) which were
commodity of any a nation. The comparative advantage higher comparative advantage of china over the India.
tells about the capability of a nation to export a particular Pakistan and Indonesia have increasing comparative
commodity in the international market. Comparative advantage over India in Asian market. Up to period
advantages of top mango exporting countries were 2011 Thailand had comparative advantage over India in
computed by revealed comparative advantage (RCA) Asian Market but afterwards India builds up advantage
and comparative export performance (CEP). against Thailand.

Revealed comparative advantage (RCA) of Comparative export performance (CEP) of

mango mango
Several developments have taken place after trade Another index used to study the comparative
liberalization (i.e., after 1995) and National Horticulture advantage was the comparative export performance
Mission (i.e., after 2005) seemed to have a notable index, which assess the export specialization of a country
effect on the Indian mango exports either directly or for a particular product. The country with higher CEP
indirectly. A brief perusal of the Table 7 revealed that index has higher comparative advantage against other
India is having higher comparative advantage over competing countries and vice versa. Table 8 represents
Mexico and Brazil in the whole period with their RCA the Comparative Export Performance of mango in
being positive. During the pre-NHM period Mexico top exporting countries in the world. Among all the

Table 7. Revealed comparative advantage (RCA) of mango in India against top exporter in Asia market from
2001 to 2017
Year Mexico China Pakistan Indonesia Brazil Thailand
2001 3.22 -8.17 - -4.37 0.00 -3.13
2003 1.98 -5.88 -0.66 -2.14 0.01 -2.11
2005 0.07 -5.43 -0.72 -2.64 0.02 -1.76
2007 -0.13 -6.01 -0.52 -2.96 0.02 -1.48
2009 0.01 -6.11 -0.52 -2.81 0.02 -0.81
2011 0.41 -5.80 -1.12 -2.40 0.02 -0.40
2013 1.71 -5.07 -1.28 -2.71 0.02 0.36
2015 1.92 -3.66 -1.23 -1.64 0.02 0.29
2017 1.23 -1.86 -2.30 -2.43 0.05 1.47
122 Journal of Agricultural Development and Policy

Table 8. Comparative export performance of mango in top exporting countries in the world from 2001 to 2017
Year India Mexico China Pakistan Indonesia Thailand Brazil
2001 1.16 2.72 -3.85 - -0.18 0.51 1.00
2003 2.35 2.55 -2.81 2.80 0.22 0.03 1.16
2005 2.54 2.08 -2.10 2.75 -0.47 0.57 0.80
2007 2.20 2.04 -2.72 2.60 -1.17 0.52 0.63
2009 2.47 2.05 -2.89 2.29 -1.16 1.07 0.45
2011 1.85 2.12 -2.80 2.07 -1.35 0.82 0.43
2013 1.36 2.27 -2.36 2.13 -1.87 1.43 0.26
2015 1.48 2.07 -1.24 1.36 -1.06 1.11 0.40
2017 0.94 1.97 -0.65 1.47 -2.76 1.24 0.21

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the world accounting for more than half of the total Statistics Division, Department of Agriculture and
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Received: January 3, 2020 Accepted: March 15, 2020

Annexures
Major exporter countries of mango in the world (Million Dollar)
Country 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017
Mexico 104.8 111.10 86.60 163.40 328.40 454.90
(35.96) (28.81) (13.93) (14.13) (16.89) (16.33)
Thailand 1.7 4.10 4.30 80.10 173.10 275.50
(0.58) (1.06) (0.69) (6.93) (8.90) (9.89)
India 12.3 16.50 122.70 228.60 183.60 182.90
(4.22) (4.28) (19.73) (19.78) (9.44) (6.57)
Brazil 22.1 35.70 72.60 119.60 184.90 205.40
(7.58) (9.26) (11.68) (10.35) (9.51) (7.37)
Netherlands 26.3 36.30 83.60 158.90 236.30 371.90
(9.03) (9.41) (13.44) (13.75) (12.15) (13.35)
Peru 6.93 23.30 38.30 89.30 194.10 191.70
(2.38) (6.04) (6.16) (7.72) (9.98) (6.88)
Other 117.27 158.60 213.70 316.10 644.00 1103.30
(40.24) (41.13) (34.37) (27.34) (33.12) (39.61)
World total 291.4 513.10 784.40 1172.80 2036.90 2474.80
(100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00)
Source: Data compiled from faostat.org
Note: Figures in parenthesis indicate percentage share to total.

Major importer countries of mango in the world (Million Dollar)

Country 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017
USA 137.38 164.5 202.6 287.2 447.1 506.7
(33.95) (32.06) (25.83) (24.49) (21.95) (20.47)
Netherlands 46.2 67.2 106.5 185.5 273.9 307.4
(11.42) (13.10) (13.58) (15.82) (13.45) (12.42)
UAE 17.3 13.2 25.3 45.4 95.2 98.4
(4.27) (2.57) (3.23) (3.87) (4.67) (3.98)
Germany 18.8 24.9 52.3 88.2 172.1 203.1
(4.65) (4.85) (6.67) (7.52) (8.45) (8.21)
UK 22.2 25.9 64.2 75.1 161.1 169.1
(5.49) (5.05) (8.18) (6.40) (7.91) (6.83)
Other 162.82 217.4 333.5 491.4 887.5 1190.1
(40.23) (42.37) (42.52) (41.90) (43.57) (48.09)
World total 404.7 513.1 784.4 1172.8 2036.9 2474.8
(100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00)
Source: Data compiled from faostat.org
Note: Figures in parenthesis indicate percentage share to total