UNIT 3: ART AND ARCHITECTURE

1. installation
● [ C or U ] the act of putting furniture, a machine, or a piece of
equipment into position and making it ready to use :
Do you have to pay extra for installation?
There have been calls for the installation of cameras at the
junction. Among our installations is a solar thermal system for
domestic hot water.
●[ C or U ] COMPUTING specialized
the act of putting a computer program onto a computer so that the
computer can use it:
You will receive a message confirming correct installation of the
program. There's no guaranteed way to block unwanted software
installations.
● [ C ] a place where there are buildings and equipment that have a
particular, especially military, purpose:
a nuclear installation
The military still have several bases and installations on the island.
[ U ] an occasion when someone is put in an important job or position:
The installation of the new archbishop(tổng giám mục) will take place in
January. install (v)
●to put someone in an important job or position:
She has installed a couple of young academics as her advisers.
●install someone/yourself in/at somewhere UK
to put someone/yourself in a comfortable position where you
want to stay: He seems to have installed himself in your spare
room for good!
2. groundbreaking = innovative If something is groundbreaking, it is very
new and a big change from other things of its type:
His latest movie is interesting, but not groundbreaking.
3. experiment (I) to try something in order to discover what it is like or
find out more about it:
Things would never change if people weren't prepared to
experiment. The school is experimenting with new teaching
methods.
Experimenting on mice can give us an idea of the effect of the disease in
humans. experiment (C/U) a test done in order to learn something or to
discover if something works or is true:
Some people believe that experiments on animals should be banned.
[ + to infinitive ] Scientists are conducting/carrying out/doing experiments
to test the effectiveness of the new drug.
I've bought a different kind of coffee this week as an experiment (= in
order to see what it is like).
We can only find the best solution by experiment.
4. conceptual (a) based on ideas or principles:
The main weakness of the proposal is conceptual.
conceptualise (v) to form an idea or principle in your mind: = conceive
He argued that morality could be conceptualized (= thought about) as a
series of principles based on human reason.
conceive:
●to imagine something:
I think my uncle still conceives of me as a four-year-old.
 He couldn't conceive of a time when he would have no job.
[ + question word ] I can't conceive (= it is too shocking to imagine)
how anyone could behave so cruelly.
[ + that ] I find it hard to conceive (= it is too shocking to imagine) that
people are still treated so badly.
●to invent a plan or an idea:
He conceived the plot for this film while he was still a
student. The exhibition was conceived by the
museum's director.
● to become pregnant, or to cause a baby to begin
to form: Do you know exactly when you conceived?
The baby was conceived in March, so will be born in December.

concept : a principle or idea

The concept of free speech is unknown to
them. It is very difficult to define the
concept of beauty. I failed to grasp the
film's central concept.
Kleenbrite is a whole new concept in toothpaste!
= conception [ C or U ] an idea of what something or someone is like, or a
basic understanding of a situation or a principle:
People from different cultures have different conceptions of
the world. She has a conception of people as being basically
good.
= notion (C/U) a belief or idea:
[ + that ] The show's director rejects the notion that seeing violence on
television has a harmful effect on children.
I have only a vague notion of what she does for a living.
= construct (C ) an idea or an imaginary situation:
His reputation as an eccentric is largely a media construct.
5. cast (v)= mould
● [ T ] to choose actors to play particular parts in a play,
film, or show: He was often cast as the villain.
In her latest movie she was cast against type (= played a different
character than the one she usually played or might be expected to play).
figurative They like to cast the opposing political party as (= to say that
they are) the party of high taxes.
● to send light or shadow (= an area of darkness) in a
particular direction: The moon cast a white light into the room.
The tree cast a shadow over/on his face.
figurative Her arrival cast a shadow over/on the party (= made it less
pleasant).
● cast light on something: to provide an explanation for a situation
or problem, or information that makes it easier to understand:
The discovery of the dinosaur skeleton has cast light on why they became
extinct.
● cast a look, glance, smile, etc.: to look, smile, etc. in a
particular direction: She cast a quick look in the rear mirror.
● cast an/your eye over something: to look quickly at
something: Could you cast an eye over this report for me?
● cast doubt/suspicion on someone/something: to make people
feel less sure about or have less trust in something or someone:
New evidence has cast doubt on the guilty verdict.
 ● cast aspersions (on someone/something): to criticize or make
damaging remarks or judgments about someone or
something:
●cast a/your vote: to vote
All the votes in the election have now been cast and the counting has
begun.
●cast a spell: to use words thought to be magic, especially in order to
have an
 effect on someone:
The old woman cast a spell on the prince and he turned into
a frog. [ C, + sing/pl verb ] the actors in a film, play, or
show:
After the final performance the director threw a party for the cast.
Part of the movie's success lies in the strength of the supporting cast (= the
actors who were not playing the main parts).
=plaster cast

6. encompass /ɪnˈkʌm.pəs/ to include different types of things:

The festival is to encompass everything from music, theatre, and ballet to
literature, cinema, and the visual arts.
= embrace [ T ] formal to include something, often as one of a number of
things: Linguistics embraces a diverse range of subjects such as
phonetics and stylistics.
= incorporate : to include something as part of something larger:
Suggestions from the survey have been incorporated into/in the
final design. This aircraft incorporates several new safety features.
7. well-known names = household names
someone who is famous or has a good reputation:
It seemed like all the big names in football were there.
8. Modern Art represents the discarding of the artistic traditions of the past
in favour of a spirit of experimentation.
9. a blue-collar and sticky town
relating to people who do physical work rather than mental work
●If the weather is sticky, it is very hot and the air feels wet.
● used to describe a website or shop where people like to spend a
long time: Big media groups are drawn to social networking sites
because of their "sticky" nature.
10. a cultural wasteland with no art
● [ C or U ] an empty area of land, especially in or near a city, that is
not used to grow crops or built on, or used in any way:
The car was dumped in a stretch of wasteland in the south of the city.
● [ S ] literary disapproving a place, time, or situation that does not
contain or produce anything positive, or that is completely without
a particular quality or activity:
the spiritual wasteland of the 1980s
# wonderland (n) a place that is especially attractive or beautiful:
In 1949, the family emigrated to New Zealand, which seemed a
wonderland in comparison with post-war England.
11.gravitate towards/to so/sth : to be attracted by or to move in the
direction of something or someone:
Susie always gravitates towards the older children in her playgroup.
12. develop artistic skills and tastes
●a taste for something: the fact of liking or enjoying something:
She came home from Europe with a taste for art and the finer things in
life.
 ●[ C or U ] a person's approval of and liking for particular things:
I'm not really into new cars - old vintage cars are more to my taste (=
what I like). artistically
 ● [ U ] approving a person's ability to judge and recognize what
is good or suitable, especially relating to such matters as art,
style, beauty, and behaviour:
He has terrible taste so you can probably imagine what his house
looks like. His taste in clothes leaves a little to be desired.
●[ plural ]the things a person likes:
I have expensive tastes (= I like expensive things).
●[ S ] a short experience of something:
I had a taste of office work during the summer and that was enough.
● be in good, the best possible, etc. taste: to be acceptable in a way
that will not upset or anger people:
Most of my uncle's jokes are not in good
taste. # be in bad, poor, the worst
possible, etc. taste

taste (v) to experience something for a short time:

Once you've tasted luxury it's very hard to settle for anything else.

tasteful (a) attractive and chosen for style and quality: có

thị hiếu Their house is very tasteful, but it doesn't have
any soul.
a tasteful Oriental rug
tastefully : in a way that shows style and quality and is not likely to offend
anyone: tastefully decorated
They handled the love scene
tastefully. # tasteless
●not stylish:
the tasteless decor in the house
● likely to upset
someone: tasteless jokes
● having no flavour:
(*bland) The meat was dry
and tasteless.

tastelessly (adv)
● in a way that is not
stylish: tastelessly decorated
rooms
● in a way that is likely to upset or offend
someone: a tastelessly cruel joke
artistically (adv)
●in a way that relates to art:
It is possible to express oneself creatively and artistically at a community
art studio. She had a very fulfilling year artistically and was cast in many
roles.
●in a way that relates to the ability to enjoy or create art:
His parents were not artistically inclined, but they allowed young Jerome
to study music and dance.
Older definitions of "gifted" exclude the artistically talented.
●in a skilful and attractive way:
The platform was draped artistically with a white sheet.
The hotel has been artistically converted with individually designed
double rooms.

artistic :
●relating to art:
the artistic director of the theatre
 able to create or enjoy art:
His friends are all artistic - they're painters, musicians, and writers.
●skilfully and attractively made:
That's a very artistic flower arrangement you have there.
13. willingness to innovate (I), take chances and be different from
everything that had gone before
14. embrace and draw inspiration from popular
culture embrace = hug (n)
She greeted me with a warm embrace.
● (v) to accept something
enthusiastically: This was an opportunity
that he would embrace.
●hug sb (v) He leaned over to embrace the child.
●include sth
15. orthodoxical view
orthodoxy
/ˈɔːr.θə.dɑːk.si/
● [ C ] the generally accepted beliefs of society at a particular
time: The current economic orthodoxy is of a free market and
unregulated trade.
● [ C or U ] the traditional beliefs of a religious group or
political party: She is a strict defender of Catholic orthodoxy.

orthodox/ˈɔːr.θə.dɑːks/ (a) (of beliefs, ideas, or activities) considered

traditional, normal, and acceptable by most people:
orthodox treatment/methods
orthodox views/opinions
We would prefer a more orthodox approach/solution to the
problem. orthodox methods of teaching
16. He was the ultimate scavenger, prepared to use anything he could
find in his artworks, even going so far as to incorporate such
disparate objects as socks, bedspreads and car parts into his work.
ultimate (a) tột cùng
● most extreme or important because either the original or final, or
the best or worst:
Of course the ultimate responsibility for the present conflict without doubt
lies with the aggressor.
Infidelity is the ultimate
betrayal. the ultimate luxury
cruiser
Some people believe that he is the ultimate painter of this century.

the ultimate in something: the best or most extreme example of

something: The hotel is described as "the ultimate in luxury".
I mean, tackling six men single-handedly - that really is the ultimate
in stupidity! My manager will make the ultimate decision about who
to employ.
Infidelity is the ultimate
betrayal. the ultimate luxury
cruiser
ultimately:
●finally, after a series of things have happened:
Everything will ultimately depend on what is said at the meeting with the
directors next week.
Ultimately, of course, he'd like to have his own business but that won't be
for some time.
●used to emphasize the most important fact in a situation:
 Ultimately, he'll have to decide.
scavenger /ˈskæv.ɪn.dʒɚ/
● a bird or an animal that feeds on dead animals that it has not
killed itself: Most dead birds are picked up by crows or other
scavengers.
An urban fox is a harmless scavenger which, when it can't find other
sources of food, will prey on small mammals.
● someone who collects things that people have thrown away or left
somewhere: She earns her living as a scavenger at the city dump.
Then scavengers came and dug up the metals worth selling.
scavenge/ˈskæv.ɪndʒ/ (v)
● to look for or get food or other objects in other people's
rubbish: The flood has left people and animals desperately
scavenging for food. We managed to scavenge a lot of
furniture from the dump.
● If a wild animal scavenges, it feeds on the flesh of dead
decaying animals. disparate/ˈdɪs.pɚ.ət/ different in every way:
The two cultures were so utterly disparate that she found it hard to adapt
from one to the other.
disparately (adv) The school was accused of disciplining girls and boys
disparately. She's part of a team of six disparately aged individuals.
bedspread: a decorative cover put on a bed, on top of sheets and other
covers

17. entitle
● to give someone the right to do or have
something: Being unemployed entitles you to free
medical treatment.
[ + to infinitive ] The employer is entitled to ask for references.
●to give a title to a book, film, etc.:
Her latest novel, entitled "The Forgotten Sex", is out this week.

entitled (a) feeling that you have the right to do or have what you want
without having to work for it or deserve it, just because of who you are:
These kids are spoiled, entitled, self-absorbed, and apathetic (thờ ơ không
quan tâm
đến những thứ quan trọng).

entitlement
● [ C or U ] something that you have a right to do or have, or the
right to do or have something:
pension/holiday entitlements
Managers have generous leave entitlement.
● [ U ] disapproving the feeling that you have the right to do or have
what you want without having to work for it or deserve it, just
because of who you are:
a classic case of male entitlement
18. rise to fame (U) She first rose to fame (to become famous) as a singer
at the age of 16.
rise [ S ] the process of becoming very famous, powerful, or popular:
Her rapid rise to fame/power/popularity, etc. meant that she made many
enemies. give rise to: to cause something
International support has given rise to a new optimism in the company.

rise
●to stand, especially after sitting:
She rose from her chair to welcome us.
 He rose to his feet to deliver his speech.
●( formal )to get out of bed:
My grandfather rises at five every morning to do his exercises.
●[ I ] to increase:
Inflation is rising at/by 2.1 percent a month.
The wind/storm is rising (= beginning to get stronger).
● [ I ] When emotions, etc. rise, they start to
increase: Tempers are rising (= people are
becoming angry).
My spirits rise (= I feel happier) whenever I think of my friends.
She felt panic and terror rise in her whenever she thought of
the future. His voice rose (= became louder or higher) as he
got angry.
●[ I ] to become important, successful, or powerful:
After a long career with the company, she has risen to the position of
chief executive. He rose to power as the country emerged from its
financial crisis.
She quickly rose through the ranks to become head of marketing.
The singer has risen from humble origins to become one of the most
successful entertainers of all time.

arise (v)
to start to happen or exist:
If the opportunity arises, I'd love to go to China.
Problems arise when the payment is late.
He died of complications (di căn, biến chứng bệnh) arising from heart
surgery.
19. one of the most definitive images of the …
Movement definitive /dɪˈfɪn.ə.t̬ɪv/(a)
● not able to be changed or improved:;
dứt khoát a definitive judgment/ruling
There are no definitive answers/solutions to this
problem. The police have no definitive proof of
her guilt.
● considered to be the best of its
type: He's written the definitive guide
to Thailand.

definitively (adv) in a way that is not able to be changed or

improved: The President has spoken definitively about the
situation in the region.
The link between lung cancer and air pollution has not been definitively
proved. definite/ˈdef.ɪ.nət/ (a) fixed, certain, or clear:
The date for the meeting is now definite: 5
March . She has very definite opinions.
We need a definite answer by tomorrow.
"Are you sure I'm invited too?" "Yes, Dan was very definite about it on
the phone." There's been a definite improvement in your English since
you came here. definite (n) something that is certain to happen:
Let's make the 9th a definite - we'll have dinner and then go to
the movies. She's a definite for the Olympic team.
 definition
● [ C ] a statement that explains the meaning of a word
or phrase: a dictionary definition
What is the definition of "mood"?
●[ C ] a description of the features and limits of something:
The legal definition of what is and what is not pornography is very
unsatisfactory. by definition: because of its own features:
 Psychology is by definition an inexact science.
● [ U ] how clear an image or
sound is: The photograph lacks
definition.
20. popular culture figures
●the shape of the human body, or a person:
●a woman's body shape:
21. confounded critics and helped cement his credentials as an artist
challenging the status quo
co-found sth (v) establish something together with
other people confounded old-fashioned informal: used
to express anger: What a confounded nuisance!
status quo (U) the present situation:
Certain people always want to maintain the status quo.
credentials/krɪˈden.ʃəl/ [ plural ] the abilities and experience that make
someone suitable for a particular job or activity, or proof of someone's
abilities and experience: All the candidates had excellent academic
credentials.
22. subvert (v) to try to destroy or damage something, especially an
established political system:
The rebel army is attempting to subvert the government.
Our best intentions are sometimes subverted by our natural tendency to
selfishness.

subversive/səbˈvɝː.sɪv/ (a) trying to destroy or damage something,

especially an established political system:
subversive elements/groups in society
subversive ideas/influences

subversiveness (U) behaviour or activities that try to destroy or damage

something, especially an established political system:
Many people have written about the subversiveness of the story's plot.
The novel was banned once the authorities understood the
subversiveness of its subject.
23. never cease to expand the possibilities of what they
could be cease /siːs/ (I/T) to stop something:
Whether the protests will cease remains to be seen.
The company has decided to cease all UK operations after
this year. [ + to infinitive ] Workplace nurseries will cease
to be liable for tax.

without cease: without stopping

The bells started ringing at midday and continued, without cease, till
sunrise.

ceaseless (a) without stopping, or seeming to have no end

= the unceasing support (continuing)
= incessant rain/noise/complaints (never stopping, especially in an
annoying or unpleasant way)

cessation (n) ending or stopping:

Religious leaders have called for a total cessation of the bombing
campaign.
 24. pollinate/ˈpɒl.ə.neɪt/ (v) to take pollen from one plant or part of a plant
to another so that new plant seeds can be produced: thụ phấn
Bees pollinate the plants by carrying the pollen from one flower
to another. Many species of tree depend on the wind for
pollination.
When flowering begins, uncover the plants to allow pollination.
25. dabble (v)
[ I ] to take a slight and not very serious interest in a subject, or try a
particular activity for a short period:
He first dabbled in politics when he was at law
school. She dabbled with drugs at university.

dabbler/ˈdæb.lər/ (n) someone who takes a slight and not very serious
interest in a subject, or tries a particular activity for a short period:
They are dabblers in African music rather than
experts. I'm not a real painter - just a dabbler.
26. be remembered for sth : to be kept in people's memories because of
a particular action or quality:
She will be remembered for her courage.

remembrance
● [ U ] the act of remembering and showing respect for someone who
has died or a past event:
A church service was held in remembrance of the victims.
● [ C usually plural ] a memory of something that happened
in the past: fond/sweet/personal remembrances
27. pioneer (v) to be one of the first people to do
something: It was universities that pioneered
these new industries.

pioneer (n)
● a person who is one of the first people to do
something: one of the pioneers of modern
science
a pioneer heart surgeon
●a person who goes to an area and builds a house, begins a farm, etc.:
The pioneers went west across North America, cutting down forests
and planting new crops.

pioneering (a) using ideas and methods that have never been
used before: pioneering techniques
a pioneering surgeon
28. prolific /prəˈlɪf.ɪk/(a) producing a great number or amount of
something: He was probably the most prolific songwriter of
his generation.
Rabbits and other rodents are prolific (= have a lot of babies).

prolifically (adv) in a way that produces a great number or amount of

something: He wrote prolifically throughout the 1950s.
Because insects breed so prolifically, they quickly develop resistance
to poisons. Fewer examples
Shrubs such as lilacs bloom most prolifically on newer
growth. The country's chemical industry expanded
prolifically in the 1980s.
He was hired by the university's engineering department because of his
reputation as
 a brilliant researcher who had published prolifically.
She prolifically posted hundreds of photos and blog entries about her
travels.

proliferate (v) to increase a lot and suddenly in number:

Small businesses have proliferated in the last ten years.

proliferation (U) the fact of something increasing a lot and suddenly in

number or amount:
The past two years have seen the proliferation of TV
channels. nuclear weapons proliferation
29. Both Rauschenberg and Warhol were extremely prolific, the former's
career spanning six decades, whilst the latter is a household name whose
work has been adopted by several generations. What differentiates them
is that Warhol courted publicity.
span (v)
● to exist or continue for a particular length
of time: Tennis has a history spanning several
centuries.
Her acting career spanned almost six decades.
● If a bridge spans a river, it goes from one side to
the other: An old bridge spans the river just outside the
town.
● the period of time that something exists or
happens: He has a short attention/concentration
span.
an average lifespan of 70 years
Over a span of just three years, the new government has transformed the
country's economic prospects.
● [ C ] the length of something from one end to
the other: huge wings with a span of over a metre

spanner (n)
adopt (v)
●to accept or start to use something new:
I think it's time to adopt a different strategy in my dealings
with him. The new tax would force companies to adopt
energy-saving measures. He's adopted a remarkably light-
hearted attitude towards the situation.
●to choose someone or something or take something as your own:
Dr Kennedy has been adopted as the party's candidate for South
Cambridge.

adoption (n)
● [ C or U ] the act of legally taking a child to be taken care of as
your own: put someone up for adoption She was homeless and had to
put her child up for adoption (= ask for the child to be taken by
someone else as their own).
The last ten years have seen a dramatic fall in the number of adoptions.
●[ U ] accepting or starting to use something new:
Several suggestions have been offered for adoption by the
panel. court (v)
● [ T ] to try to get something, especially attention or support from
other people: She courts publicity by inviting journalists to extravagant
parties.
●[ T ] to try to please someone because you want them to join you:
 Adams is being courted by a number of football clubs.
● [ T ] to risk something unpleasant, especially by behaving stupidly or
carelessly: Drinking and driving is simply courting disaster.
30. spread one's fame
31. limelight/ˈlaɪm.laɪt/ (S) public attention and interest:
She's been in the limelight recently, following the release of her
controversial new film.
32. immensely reproducible and
commercial immense (a)
● extremely large in size or
degree: immense wealth/value
They spent an immense amount of time getting the engine into perfect
condition. (slang) extremely good:
He's an immense goalkeeper.
immensely (adv): extremely = enormously = hugely =
vastly immensity = enormity = vastness (U) formal
the extremely large size of something:
The immensity of the task is daunting.
I don't think you realize the enormity of the problem. (very great size or
importance) the vastness of the universe
33. brightly coloured
Light means a color that tends toward white. Dark means a color that
tends toward black. Bright means intense in color but not a dark color. As
applied to yellow, in the squares below, the middle center one is bright
yellow, the bottom center one is light yellow, and the top left one is dark
yellow.
brightly (adv)
● in a way that is full of light, or
shining: a brightly lit room
A fire burned brightly in the grate.
● in a way that shows happiness or hope of
success: He smiled brightly.
Despite her fear, she spoke brightly to the group.
the brightness of his outlook/ smile (the quality of looking happy or
hopeful) brightness: the quality of being intelligent and quick to
learn:
From a young age her brightness was very clear.
34. savaged garbage
savage (v) If an animal savages someone, it attacks them violently and
causes serious injuries:
The child was savaged by a dog.
savage (a)
● extremely violent, wild, or
frightening: a savage dog/beast
a brutal and savage attack
● very serious or
cruel: savage criticism
● very large and
severe: savage cuts in
education spending

savagely (adv)
in a violent, cruel, or very severe way

savagery (C/U) (acts of) cruel and violent behaviour

= brutality = cruelty
35. popular appeal
● [ U ] the quality in someone or something that makes him, her, or it
attractive or interesting:
sex appeal
Spielberg's movies have a wide appeal.
This used to be a marvellous hotel but it has lost its appeal in recent
years.
●[ C ] a request to the public for money, information, or help:
They're launching (= starting) an appeal to raise money for famine
victims.
[ + to infinitive ] The police have issued an appeal to the public to stay
away from the area over the weekend.
● [ C or U ] a request made to a court of law or to someone in
authority to change a previous decision:
The case went to the court of appeal/the appeal
court. He won his appeal and the sentence was
halved.
She has lodged (= made) an appeal against the severity of the fine.
appeal (v)
●(I) to make a serious or formal request, especially to the public, for money,
information, or help:
They're appealing for clothes and blankets to send to the devastated
region. The police are appealing to the public for any information
about the missing girl.
I tried to appeal to (= ask for support based on) his sense of loyalty, stressing
how good the company had been to him.
[ + to infinitive ] Church leaders have appealed to the government to halt the
war.
●[ I ] to request a higher court of law to consider again a decision made by a
lower court, especially in order to reduce or prevent a punishment:
The teenager has been given leave (= allowed) by the High Court to appeal
against her two- year sentence.
They're appealing to the court to reduce the sentence to a fine.
●[ I ] to formally request that a legal or official decision be
changed: The parents appealed against the school's decision
not to admit the child. The players appealed to the referee for a
free kick.
●[ I not continuous ] to interest or attract someone:
It's a programme designed to appeal mainly to 16 to 25-
year-olds. I think what appeals to me about his painting
is his use of colour. UK I haven't been skiing - it's never
really appealed.

appealing (a) attractive or interesting: # unappealing

The idea of not having to get up early every morning is rather
appealing (to me). He had a nice smile and an appealing personality.
36. born into a modest family, he began his creative journey in.., a
journey that would lead to him being remembered as the “bridge”
between traditional and modern sculpture .
modest (a)
●not large in size or amount, or not expensive:
They live in a fairly modest house, considering their wealth.
 There has been a modest improvement/recovery in housing conditions for
the poor. The party made modest gains in the elections, but nothing like
the huge gains that were predicted.
Just a modest portion for me, please.
● (approving)not usually talking about or making obvious your own
abilities and achievements:= humble
He's very modest about his achievements.
● used to describe something, such as a woman's clothes or behaviour, that
is intended to avoid attracting sexual interest:
a modest walk/manner

modestly (adv) in a way that is not very large in size, amount or degree,
or not expensive:
At just £10, the tickets are very modestly
priced. Prices rose modestly in the first
quarter.
He had a modestly successful career as an artist.
Though tax cuts may modestly increase private saving, they will
substantially reduce public saving by swelling the deficit.
To his disappointment, the book sold only modestly.
Starter homes and modestly priced properties are attracting a lot of
young families to the area.
Her parents were school teachers who lived modestly on their small
salaries.

modesty (n) the quality of not talking about or not trying to make people
notice your abilities and achievements:
She does a lot of work for charities, but her modesty forbids her from
talking about it.
37. idealise: to think of or represent someone or something as better than
that person or thing really is:
Why do people idealize their school days?
idealised (a) involving thinking of or representing someone or something
as better than that person or thing really is:
The film presents a very idealized view of 19th-century Ireland.
She became an icon and an idealized symbol of women's achievement.
38. realist/ˈriː.ə.lɪst/ someone who hopes for or accepts only what seems
possible or likely, and does not hope for or expect more:
- He considered all of nature beautiful and if a model was old and
wrinkled, he would be portrayed as such.
wrinkle (v,n) If skin or material wrinkles, or if something wrinkles it, it gets
small lines or folds in it:
Sunbathing can prematurely age and wrinkle the skin.

wrinkled (a)
●(of skin) having small lines because of
old age : a wrinkled face
●(UK also creased) (of cloth) having small lines or folds in it
39. the stories he told were internal and
conceptual internal (a)
●within a country:
The government warned its neighbours not to interfere in its internal
affairs. Handguns, rifles, and grenades are the primary weapons used in
internal conflicts from Asia to Africa.
●within an organization:
The bank conducted its own internal investigation into the
robbery. This memo is for internal consumption only.
●inside the body:
He sustained injuries to his arms, legs, and several internal organs.
 ●inside a person's mind:
The internal struggle with his conscience continued.
She didn't want to be left alone with her dark internal thoughts.
 ●inside the body:
He sustained injuries to his arms, legs, and several internal organs.
40. fragments a small piece or a part, especially when broken from
something whole: The road was covered with fragments of glass from
the shattered window.

fragment [ I or T ] to break something into small parts or to be broken up

in this way: The satellite will fragment and burn up as it falls through the
earth's atmosphere.
41. sculptor/ˈskʌlp.tɚ/

sculpture /ˈskʌlp.tʃɚ/ The museum has several life-sized sculptures of people

and animals.

sculpt:
● to create solid objects that represent a thing, person, idea, etc. out
of a material such as wood, clay, metal, or stone:
Johnny sculpted an old man's head out of wood.
●to form into a particular shape:
The dripping water had sculpted strange shapes out of the rocks/sculpted
the rocks into strange shapes.

sculptural: made by shaping a material such as wood, clay, metal, or

stone:
Her delicate sculptural pieces (= works of art) are now selling in the USA
and Japan.
42. elongated/ɪˈlɑːŋ.ɡeɪ.t̬ɪd/ fingers
to become or make something become longer, and often
thinner: The cells elongate as they take in water.
elongate [ I or T ] = stretch
43. groundbreaking for its time, th is concept has been taken forward by
sculptors right up to the present day
take sth forward to deal with something and make it successful in
the future: You need to find the best manager to take the idea
forward.

44. cultural relativism: Cultural Relativism is the claim that ethical practices
differ among cultures, and what is considered right in one culture may be
considered wrong in another. The implication of cultural relativism is that
no one society is superior to another; they are merely different.
relativism: the belief that truth and right and wrong can only be judged in
relation to other things and that nothing can be true or right in all
situations
45. ethno-: relating to the study of different societies and cultures, combined
with another area of study
ethnocentrism /ˌeθ.noʊˈsen.trɪ.zəm/ the belief that the people,
customs, and traditions of your own race or country are better
than those of other races or countries
an ethno-musicologist (= someone who studies the music of different
societies and cultures)
ethnocultural (a) relating to a person's ethnicity (= the particular group of
people they come from) and culture
The culture of Assam is traditionally a hybrid one due to the
assimilation of different ethno-cultural groups.

For Canadians, our differences, be they linguistic, geographic, or

ethnocultural, are a
 source of wealth and innovation.
The distinction between Chinese dialects is based on historical,
sociopolitical, and ethnocultural factors.
ethnography:/eθˈnɑː.ɡrə.fi/ a scientific description of the culture of a
society by someone who has lived in it, or a book containing this:
One of the aims of ethnography is to contribute to an understanding of
the human race.
Malinowski wrote several ethnographies of the Trobriand Islands.
46. light bouncing off textured bronze surface could create the illusion of
movement If you bounce something off someone, you tell someone
about an idea or plan in order to find out what they think of it:
Can I bounce a couple of ideas off you?

bounce
● [ I or T ] to (cause to) move up or away after hitting
a surface: The ball bounced off the goalpost and into the
net.
She bounced the ball quickly.
Her bag bounced (= moved up and down) against her side as she
walked. The children had broken the bed by bouncing (= jumping
up and down) on it. He bounced the baby (= lifted it up and down)
on his knee.
figurative Television pictures from all over the world are bounced off
satellites (= are sent to and returned from them).
● [ I usually + adv/prep ] to move in an energetic and
enthusiastic manner: Tom bounced in, smiling broadly.
● [ I or T ] If an email that you send bounces or is bounced, it comes
back to you because the address is wrong or there is a computer
problem.
bounce (n)
●[ C or U ] the act of bouncing, or the quality that makes
something able to bounce:
In tennis you have to hit the ball before its second bounce.
figurative This shampoo will give your hair bounce (= make it look attractively thick)
and shine.
●[ C usually singular ] an improvement or change to a higher level, for
example in how popular a politician or party is:
His speech to the convention may have given him a
bounce. The city has seen a bounce in homicide.

bounce back (v) to start to be successful again after a difficult period, for example
after experiencing failure, loss of confidence, illness, or unhappiness:
Stock prices bounced back after a steep plunge earlier this week.
Children often seem to bounce back from illness more quickly than adults do.

bouncy /ˈbaʊn.si/(a)
●able to bounce:
This ball's not very bouncy.

●happy and energetic:

He's always bouncy in the morning.

bouncily = bouncingly:
 ●in a way that shows that someone is happy and
energetic: He is a bouncily cheerful host.
She sings bouncily while strumming her
banjo. He writes in a bouncingly
compelling style.
●in a way that involves moving up and down a lot:
People in the ads have hair that moves bouncily when
they walk. The bus made its way bouncily over the
rutted track.

bouncing: (especially of a baby) healthy and energetic:

We've got two grandchildren - a three-year-old girl and a bouncing baby boy.

47. put together pieces from different existing works

● to put the parts of something in the correct places and join them to
each other: It took several hours to put the puzzle together.
Put two and two together and you get four.
● to prepare a piece of work by collecting several ideas and
suggestions and organizing them:
The management are putting together a plan/proposal/package to rescue
the company.
It takes about three weeks to put the magazine together.

put together: said after a phrase that refers to a group of people or

things to show that you are thinking of them as a group rather than
separately:
She earns more than all the rest of us put together.
The population of the US is bigger than that of Britain, France, and
Germany put together.
We have seen more patients with this condition in the last three months
than in the last ten years put together.
That year, their government executed more prisoners than the rest of the
world put together.
Simon worked harder than all the other boys put together.
48. cast the same figure?
be cast in the same mould: to be very similar in character to
someone else: Everyone who works for that firm seems to be
cast in the same mould.
49. distortion
● [ C or U ] a change to the intended or true meaning of
something: a gross distortion of the facts
Nobody has challenged his distortions on education and the
economy.
●[ C or U ] a change to the original or natural shape of
something:
When you project the photographs onto a surface, some distortion of the image
may occur. The painting features Dali's characteristic distortions of form.

distorted (a)
●pulled into or appearing as a strange or unnatural shape:=
contorted= deformed= misshapen
His face was distorted in agony.(sự thống khổ)
Everything looks distorted through the glass.
●false or wrong:
This report gives a somewhat distorted impression of what actually
happened. We have a distorted belief that we are more ethical than
we really are.
●made to change, especially in a way that makes something worse than it
was before:
My sleep schedule is all distorted.

distort (v)
●to change the shape of something so that it looks strange or
unnatural: The map distorted Greenland to appear four times its
actual size.
a distorting mirror
●to change something so that it is false or wrong, or no longer means
what it was intended to mean:
She accused her opponent of distorting the
truth. The survey methods can distort
reality.
●to change or affect something, especially in a way that
makes it worse: The government is actually distorting markets
and undermining competition. There's a danger this could distort
his judgment.
truthful: honest and not containing or telling any lies:
The public has a right to expect truthful answers from
politicians. Are you being completely truthful with me?
truthfulness = authenticity = veracity /vɚˈæs.ə.t̬i/ = verity
50. abstraction (n) the situation in which a subject is very general and not
based on real situations:
She's always talking in abstractions.

abstracted (a) not giving attention to what is happening around you because you
are thinking about something else:= present
He gave her an abstracted glance, then returned to his book.

abstractedly (adv) without paying attention to what is happening around you

because you are thinking about something else:
Paul gazed abstractedly up at the ceiling.
"Mmm?" she said, abstractedly.

abstract (a)
●existing as an idea, feeling, or quality, not as a
material object: Truth and beauty are abstract concepts.
●An abstract argument or discussion is general and not based on
particular examples: This debate is becoming too abstract - let's have some
hard facts!
●the abstract: general ideas
in the abstract So far we've only discussed the question in the abstract (= without
referring to any real examples).
I have difficulty dealing with the abstract - let's discuss particular cases.

abstractly (adv) in a general way and not based on particular

examples: I wanted a way to have people think about it more
abstractly.
51. exponent /ɪkˈspoʊ.nənt/ a person who supports an idea or belief or
performs an activity: ng diễn giải, biểu diễn
Adam Smith was an exponent of free trade.
Jacqueline du Pré was a leading exponent of
the cello.

exponential/ˌek.spoʊˈnen.ʃəl/ (a) An exponential rate of increase becomes

quicker and quicker as the thing that increases becomes larger:
We are looking for exponential growth in our investment.
 There has been an exponential increase in the world population this
century.

exponentially (adv) in a way that becomes quicker and quicker as

something that increases becomes larger:
Malthus wrote about the risks involved in the world's population
increasing exponentially.
We are growing exponentially in resources, people, and financing.

52. pebble/ˈpeb.əl sỏi

53. grass blade

54. carve (v)
● to make something by cutting into especially wood or stone, or to
cut into the surface of stone, wood, etc.:
This totem pole is carved from/out of a single
tree trunk. He carved her name on a tree.
Some of the tunnels in the cliff are natural, some were carved out (= cut
into the rock) by soldiers for defensive purposes.
● to cut thin pieces from a large piece of
cooked meat: Would you like me to carve (the
chicken)?

carve sth out (for yourself) to successfully create or get something,

especially a work position, by working for it:
He hopes to carve out a niche for himself as a leading researcher in his
field of study. She carved out a reputation for herself as an aggressive
manager.

carving (n) a shape or pattern cut into wood or stone or the skill of
doing this or the art of making patterns in or objects from these
materials:
wooden/stone carvings
55. mould
[ U ] nấm mốc xanh
[C] khay, khuôn a cake/jelly mould
[ S ] If someone is from or in a particular mould, they have the
characteristics typical of a certain type of person:
He's cast in a very different mould from his
brother. He's a player in the Federer mould.
(v)
[ T ] to make a soft substance have a particular
shape: This plastic is going to be moulded into
plates.
The children moulded little pots out of/from (= made them by shaping)
clay.
[ T ] to try to change or influence someone:
He kept trying to mould me into something he wanted me to be.

[ I usually + adv/prep ] to fit the body very closely:

 She was wearing an extremely tight costume that moulded to/round the
contours of her body.
56. minimalism - a movement that reduces sculpture to its most
essential features minimalistic
minimalist
57. Thanks to the work of these “forefathers”, Modern sculpture embraces
many forms and styles. It is increasingly common to see it created
outdoors, often in view of the spectators.
58. culinary/ˈkʌl.ə.ner.i/ art
culinary (a) connected with cooking or kitchens:
the culinary delights (= good food) of Beijing
My culinary skills are limited to boiling water (= I am not very good at
cooking).

culinarily/ˌkʌl.ɪˈne.rəl.i/ (adv) in a way that is connected with cooking or

kitchens: Edible flowers may be used culinarily in a variety of ways.
The food at events has become more culinarily diverse in recent years.
59. kinetic sculpture
/kɪˈnet̬.ɪk/ involving or producing movement:
kinetic energy

kinetic art: art that involves movement in some way, for example
sculptures (= objects formed from clay, wood, etc.) with moving
parts:
The garden's spring exhibit, "Sculpture in Motion", features kinetic art
nestled among the growing landscape.
It's a kind of kinetic art, though one in which the viewer moves but the
object does not.

kinetically (Adv) in a way that involves or produces movement:

Their work is devoted to creating mechanically or kinetically powered
toys.
He mixes kinetically precise explanations of judo throws and techniques
with vivid narratives of classic fights.

kinaesthetic/ˌkɪn.isˈθet.ɪk/ (a) connected with the ability to know where

the parts of your body are and how they are moving:
It was claimed there were three main learning styles: visual,
auditory and kinaesthetic.
He is examining the nature of kinaesthetic intelligence.
We need to develop more kinaesthetic and visual content for primary
level children. The skiers were asked to focus their awareness on physical
and kinaesthetic sensations.

kinaesthesia /ˌkɪn.isˈθiː.zi.ə/the ability to know where the parts of your

body are and how they are moving
60. the Modern and Post-modern eras
61. exhibited in an indoor gallery space in an arrangement specified
by the artist specify to explain or describe something clearly and
exactly:
He said we should meet but didn't specify a time.
The peace treaty clearly specifies the terms for the withdrawal of troops.
[ + question word ] The newspaper report did not specify how the men
were killed. [ + (that) ] My contract specifies (that) I must give a
month's notice if I leave my job.
 The loan must be repaid within a specified period/by a specified date.

specification (n) a detailed description of how something should be done,

made, etc.: All products are made exactly to the customer's
specifications.
A specification has been drawn up for the new
military aircraft. a job specification
The cars have been built to a high specification (= a high standard).
62. Installations are multi-sensory experiences built for a specific time and
space. They are often highly imaginative and bring different materials
together to create something original and unexpected. The audience is
drawn to them because they are immersive, often allowing audience
participation.
sensory: connected with the physical senses of touch, smell, taste,
hearing, and sight

sense (n)
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/sens
e

sense (v) to feel or experience something without being able to explain

exactly how: Although she said nothing, I could sense her anger.
He sensed something was about to happen.
[ + (that) ] He sensed (that) his guests were bored, although they were
listening politely.
[ + question word ] Could you sense what was likely to happen?

sensate (a) relating to the ability to perceive (= notice or feel) things

through the senses such as feeling, sight, etc. :
The skin is capable of detecting a range of sensate experiences such as
heat and cold, or wetness and dryness.
Babies are sensate creatures that acquire the ability to react to stimuli
while they are still in the womb.
The organisms must be sensate, since they react by moving to stimuli
such as light and touch.
Our understanding of the world around us is acquired most directly
through our sensate experiences.
As sensate individuals, it isn't possible for us to avoid being
affected by the messages delivered to us by the mass media.

sensation (n)
●[ C or U ] the ability to feel something physically, especially by
touching, or a physical feeling that results from this ability:
a burning sensation
I had no sensation of pain whatsoever.
The disease causes a loss of sensation in the fingers.
●[ C usually singular ] a general feeling caused by something that
happens to you, especially a feeling that you cannot describe
 exactly:
[ + (that) ] I had the odd sensation (that) someone was following me.
I can remember the first time I went sailing - it was a wonderful sensation.

●[ S ] something very exciting or interesting, or something that causes

great
 excitement or
interest: Their affair caused
a sensation.
The books have been a publishing sensation on both sides of the
Atlantic. The show was an overnight sensation (= was very
successful immediately).

sensational (a)
●very good, exciting, or
unusual: a sensational sports
car/dress
She looks sensational (= extremely attractive) in her new dress.
●Sensational news reports and articles are intended to be shocking
and exciting rather than serious:
Some of the more sensational newspapers have given a lot of coverage to
the scandal.

sense of achievement: a feeling that you have succeeded in doing

something very good and difficult:
Recording your progress will reinforce your sense of achievement.
When I finished everyone applauded, and I'd never felt such a sense of
achievement.

be drawn to sth/so
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/draw

immersive (a) seeming to surround the audience, player, etc. so that they
feel completely involved in something:
an immersive theatrical experience
The new game is more
immersive.

immerse yourself in sth: đắm chìm to become completely involved in

something: She got some books out of the library and immersed herself
in Jewish history and culture.
immerse [ T ] formal = dip
to put something or someone completely under the surface of a
liquid: The shells should be immersed in boiling water for two
minutes.

immersion (n)
●the fact of becoming completely involved in
something: Total immersion in a videogame is almost
like living another life.
●the process of learning a language or skill by using nothing
else but that language or skill:
We have all learned a complex set of grammar rules simply by immersion
in a language since birth.
advocates of the immersion method of language learning
 ●the act of putting something or someone completely under the
surface of a liquid:
They practise baptism by total immersion.
63. In fact, these days sculpture increasingly involves the public. The use of
digital technology has further increased the possibilities of creating art
that reaches everyone. Digital installations allow artists to 'play' with the
boundary between the real world and virtual reality and give new
opportunities for active participation in the artwork by the spectator.
Touch, physical participation and social interaction are now
 common features of the experience of going to see art. Modern sculpture
has come a long way since Rodin got the ball rolling in the 1860s, and the
future promises limitless possibilities.
reach (v)
● to communicate with someone in a different place, especially
by phone or email:
I've been trying to reach you on the phone all day.
●[ T ] to understand and communicate with someone:
He's a strange child and his teachers find it difficult to reach him.
● to get to a particular level, especially a
high one: The temperature is expected to reach
30°C today. He's just reached the grand old age
of 95.
I've reached the point where I'm not going to put up with her criticisms of
me any more.
= accomplish
= achieve
= attain
= fulfil
● (I/T) to stretch out your arm in order to get or touch
something: She's grown so tall that she can reach the door
handle now.
He reached for the phone and knocked over a glass.
The child reached down/out/over and picked up the
kitten. He reached his hand out for the money.
[ + two objects ] UK Can you reach me (down) that book?
●[ I or T ]
If an object reaches something, the top or bottom of it touches that
thing: The ladder won't quite reach the top of the wall.
She was wearing a dress that reached (to) her ankles.

reachable:
● If a place is reachable, it is possible to get
to it: The town is easily reachable on foot.
● If a level, especially a high one, is reachable, it is possible
to get to it: Saving 5% of your salary should be a reachable goal.

reach out (to sb)

● to try to communicate with a person or a group of people, usually
in order to help or involve them:
The new mayor is reaching out to inner city communities to involve them
in his plans for the city.
We have to be more welcoming, and reach out more.
● to communicate with someone, especially by using a phone,
sending them an email, etc.:
The Washington Post reached out to Turner for comment.
Feel free to reach out if you have any questions about study abroad.
●to offer help and support to someone:
She set up her charity to reach out to the thousands of homeless on the
streets. It's been amazing to see how the community has reached
out and helped.

(n)
 ●the limit within which someone can achieve something:
An expensive trip like that would be completely beyond/out of (my)
reach (= I would not have enough money to pay for it).
After years of saving, the car was at last within (her) reach (= she had
enough money to pay for it).
● [ U ] Your reach is the distance within which you can stretch out
your arm and touch something:
I like to keep a notebook and pencil within
(arm's) reach. The top shelf is within/out of (his)
reach.
Make sure that you keep all dangerous substances out of the reach of the
children.
● [ U ] the distance that can be travelled,
especially easily: We live within (easy) reach of the
station.
●[ S ] the length of your arm when you stretch it out:
You've got quite a long reach - can you get that box down from the top
shelf for me?

a reach of the imagination: the act of trying very hard to imagine

something: It takes (quite) a reach of the imagination to believe
that story.

boundary:
● a real or imagined line that marks the edge or limit of
something: The Ural mountains mark the boundary between
Europe and Asia. Residents are opposed to the prison being
built within the city boundary.
●the limit of a subject or principle:
Electronic publishing is blurring the boundaries/distinction/line between
dictionaries and encyclopedias.
● [ usually plural ] the limit of what someone considers to be
acceptable behaviour:
Try to show love while respecting each other's boundaries.
We set firm boundaries, and if the children cross them there are
consequences.

have come a long way: have come a long way: to have advanced to an
improved or more developed state
Information technology has come a long way in the last 20
years. get/start the ball rolling: to make something begin or
happen
We have to get the ball rolling on this project soon.
limitless : without limit = boundless = endless = infinite /ˈɪn.fɪ.nət/=
unlimited
= unbounded: used to describe a positive feeling that is very great
and seems to have no limits:
her unbounded enthusiasm for her
subject the limitless sky
The congresswoman said that the days of limitless spending were over.
 promise (I/T)
promise to be good, exciting, etc.: If something promises to be good,
exciting, etc. it is expected to be good, exciting, etc.:
It promises to be a really exciting game.
[ U ]the idea that someone or something is likely to develop successfully
and that people expect this to happen:
His English teacher had written on his report that he showed
great promise. As a child I was quite a good dancer, but I didn't
fulfil my early promise.
64. Reaction to art
 1. I'm not sure what to make of this one.
2. I can really relate to this.
3 This is very powerful.
4 I'm not sure what the artist is trying to convey.
5 I like the simplicity of this.
6 There's a bit too much going on.
7 I don't quite get the point of it.
8 It evokes strong feelings of nostalgia/empathy/sadness.
9 I wouldn't hang it on my wall.To be honest, it leaves me cold. (to not
make you feel interested or excited:
I'm afraid opera leaves me cold.)
10 It's too abstract for my
taste.
65. aviary/ˈeɪ.vi.er.i/ chuồng chim
66. wonderful spiral (a)
staircase spiral (C ) vòng
xoắn ốc
downward spiral: a situation in which a price, etc. becomes lower, or a
situation gets worse and is difficult to control because one bad event
causes another:
This year's downward spiral of house prices has depressed the
market. We have to avoid the downward spiral in which
unemployment leads to homelessness and then to crime.
If a situation spirals, it quickly gets worse in a way that becomes more
and more difficult to control:
Violence in the country is threatening to spiral out of
control. He spiralled into a drug addiction that cost
him his life. spiral (v) to move in a spiral:
With one wing damaged, the model airplane spiralled downwards.
67. anteroom/ˈæn.ti.rʊm/: a small room, especially a waiting room, that
leads into a larger, more important room:
68. drapes and tapestries are authentic
drape : the way in which cloth folds or hangs as it covers
something: She liked the heavy drape of velvet.
drapes [ plural ] US (also draperies) heavy curtains made with thick
cloth: These drapes will need to be professionally cleaned.
tapestry /ˈtæp.ɪ.stri/

authentically :genuinely
● in a way that accurately represents how something
really is: The food is authentically Mexican.
He authentically recreates a classic soul sound.
●in a way that is honest or sincere: We want to live more authentically.
 He has authentically been listening to the people.
authenticity (U) the quality of being real or true:
The poems are supposed to be by Sappho, but they are actually of
doubtful authenticity.
The authenticity of her story is beyond doubt.
(certainly) Many people now question the
authenticity of his claims.
ensure/guarantee sth's authenticity Digital signatures ensure the
authenticity of your documents.
check/verify sth's authenticity They showed the documents to several
experts to verify their authenticity.
69. manuscript: bản thảo trước khi in, bản viết tay
70. a secure base against attack. It needed to be easy to defend(T), while
preventing exposure to the attackers

defend (v)
● [ T ] to protect someone or something against attack or
criticism: How can we defend our homeland if we don't have
an army?
White blood cells help defend the body against
infection. They are fighting to defend their
beliefs/interests/rights. I'm going to karate lessons
to learn how to defend myself.
The Bank of England intervened this morning to defend the pound (= stop it
from losing value).
● [ T ] to speak or write in support of someone or
something: He vigorously defended his point of view.
The president was asked how he could defend a policy that
increased unemployment.
●[T] to act as a lawyer for someone who has been accused of something
in a court of law and try to prove that they are not guilty:
The lawyer defending the students asked the judge to dismiss the
charges. He has defended many famous clients.
Unusually, the accused opted to defend himself in
court. The company has spent a lot of money
defending the case.
●[ T ] to compete in a sports competition that you won before and
try to win it again:
He will defend his 1,500 metre title this weekend.
The defending champion will play her first match of the tournament
tomorrow.

exposure
●[ C or U ] the fact of experiencing something or being affected by it
because of being in a particular situation or place:
You should always limit your exposure to the sun.
Even a brief exposure to radiation is very
dangerous.
●[ C or U ] the fact of something bad that someone has done being
made public]: The exposure of the politician's love affair forced him to
resign.
 ●[ U ] the fact of an event or information being often discussed in
newspapers and on the television, etc.:
His last movie got so much exposure in the press.
●[ U ] a serious medical condition that is caused by being outside
in very cold weather:
All the members of the expedition to the South Pole died of exposure.

71. medieval/ˌmed.iˈiː.vəl/: related to the Middle Ages (= the period in

European history
from about AD 600 to AD 1500): TRUNG
CỔ a medieval building/painting/town
a medieval manuscript
72. remain in a remarkably well-preserved state
73. moat - another vital defence against
invaders moat: con hào
74. a ditch: rãnh, mương
75. make sorties
sortie (n)
/ˈsɔːr.t̬i/
● a short, quick attack by a military force, such as a small group of
soldiers or an aircraft, made against an enemy position:
A series of sorties was carried out at night by specially equipped aircraft.
● a short journey to somewhere you have not been before, often with
a particular purpose:
It was our first sortie into the shopping centre.
●an attempt to do something:
This is the acclaimed historian John Taylor's first sortie into fiction.
76. storeroom: a room for keeping things in while they are not being used
77. a siege /siːdʒ/: the surrounding of a place by an armed force in order to
defeat those defending it: sự bao vây
The siege of Mafeking lasted for eight months.
The soldiers laid siege to (= started a siege of) the
city. The castle was under siege for months.
figurative That whole weekend at Cannes, Brigitte Bardot was under siege
by photographers.

besiege (v) (often passive)

● to surround a place, especially with an army, to prevent people
or supplies getting in or out:
The town had been besieged for two months but still resisted the
aggressors.
●When someone is besieged, a lot of people surround them:
When the pop star tried to leave her hotel, she was besieged by waiting
journalists and fans.
●to make many requests or complaints about something:
After showing the controversial documentary, the channel was besieged
with phone calls from angry viewers.
78. attack raids /reɪd/
●a short sudden attack, usually by a small group of people:
The commandos made/staged/carried out a daring raid (on the
enemy). planes on a bombing raid
● the act of entering a place by force in order to
steal from it: Millions of dollars were stolen in a bank raid
last night.
● an occasion when the police enter a place suddenly in order to find
someone or something:
The drugs were found during a police raid on the house.

raid (v)
●to attack a place suddenly:
The nomads raided the enemy camp and captured over 100 camels.
 ● to enter a place illegally and usually violently, and
steal from it: The post office was raided late at night.
●(of the police) to enter a place suddenly in order to find someone or
something:
 Police officers from the organized crime division have raided businesses
in central London.

raider (n) someone who enters a place illegally and usually violently, and
steals from it:
Armed raiders forced their way into the couple's home.
79. dungeons /ˈdʌn.dʒən/: an underground prison, especially in a castle
80. surviving estates
= living =
extant/ˈek.stənt/
81. orchards /ˈɔːr.tʃɚd/
vườn cây ăn quả (trừ trái cam và citrus fruit )
82. Incidentally /ˌɪn.sɪˈden.təl.i/
● used before saying something that is not as important as the
main subject of conversation, but is connected to it in some way:
We had a marvellous meal at that restaurant you recommended - incidentally, I
must give you the number of a similar one I know.
● used when mentioning a subject that has not been discussed before,
often making it seem less important than it really is:
Incidentally, I wanted to have a word with you about your travel expenses.

Incidental (a)
● less important than the thing something is connected with
or part of: Try not to be distracted by incidental details.
The points you make are true, but they're incidental to the main problem.
● happening by chance, or in connection with something of greater
importance: His influence on younger employees was incidental, not
intentional.
Will I be reimbursed for incidental expenses at the conference?

Incident (n) an event that is either unpleasant or

unusual: an isolated/serious/unfortunate incident
A youth was seriously injured in a shooting incident on Saturday night.
= episode
= event
= occurrence
=happening
without incident: with nothing unpleasant or unusual happening:
Despite fears of violence, the demonstration passed off without incident.

Incidence: an event, or the rate at which something happens:

There have been quite a few incidences of bullying in the school
this year. an increased incidence of cancer near nuclear power
stations

Incidentals: unimportant facts:

She may be wrong on incidentals, but she’s never wrong in substance.

Incidentals are also small expenses:

I need money for incidentals like coffee.

83. preserve
 ● to keep something as it is, especially in order to prevent it from
decaying or being damaged or destroyed:
to preserve the environment
We want to preserve the character of the town while improving the
facilities. The agreement preserved our right to limit trade in
endangered species.
Putting varnish on wood is a way of preserving it.
I need to get out of the house from time to time just to preserve (= prevent me
from losing) my sanity.
● to treat food in a particular way so that it can be kept for a long time
without going bad: preserved fruit

Preserve (n) /prɪˈzɝːv/

● [ C or U ] a food made from fruit or vegetables boiled with sugar and
water until it becomes a firm sauce:
apricot preserve
jars of
preserves
● [ S ] an activity that only one person or a particular type of
person does or is responsible for:
Owning racehorses is the preserve of the
rich. Sport used to be a male preserve.
●(PLACE) [ C ] US = a reserve

Preservative
● [ C or U ] a substance used to prevent decay
in wood: a timber/wood preservative
The fence has been treated with preservative.
● [ C ] a chemical used to stop food from
decaying: This bread is completely free from
artificial preservatives. No added preservatives.
natural preservatives

Preservation: the act of keeping something the same or of preventing it from

being damaged:
building preservation
wood preservation
There is great public concern about some of the chemicals used in food
preservation. The church is in a poor state of preservation (= has not been
kept in good condition).
84. apiary /ˈeɪ.pi.ə.ri/a place where people keep bees, especially a
collection of hives kept to provide honey
85. bee hives
hives [ U ] a condition in which a person's skin develops red raised
areas: She broke out in hives after eating strawberries.
a hive of activity/industry: a place where a lot of people are working very
hard: The whole house was a hive of activity on the day before the
wedding.
86. rent
● [ T ] to pay or receive a fixed amount of money for the use of a
room, house, car, television, etc.:
 I rented a car from a garage so that I could get about.
[ + two objects ] The old lady rented me her spare bedroom for £200
a week. My Dad has a villa that he rents (out) to tourists.
● A2 [ C or U ] a fixed amount of money that you pay regularly for
the use of a room, house, car, television, etc. that someone else
owns:
I pay a higher rent/more rent than the other tenants because my room is
bigger. Rents here are ridiculously high/low.
for rent: offered by the owner for someone else to use in exchange for money:
We have three fully refurbished bungalows for rent.The rent is due at the end of the
month.
Tenants who fall behind in their rent risk being evicted.
We're really struggling to find enough money to pay the rent at the
moment. My rent is $800 a month inclusive of bills.
She withheld her rent until the landlord agreed to have the repairs done.
87. the old dairy
● [ C ] a place on a farm where milk and cream are kept and cheese
and butter are made, or a company that supplies milk and
products made from milk
● [ U ] foods that are made from milk, such as cream, butter,
and cheese: I was advised not to eat too much dairy.
88. cattle
sheds
shed: (n)
● a small building, usually made of wood, used for
storing things: a tool/storage shed
UK a garden/bicycle shed
● a large, simple building used for a particular
purpose: the lambing shed
a cow shed

shed -shed (v) shedding

● (often used in newspapers) to get rid of something you do not
need or want: 900 jobs will be shed over the next few months.
Psychotherapy helped him to shed some of his insecurity/inhibitions.
I'm going on a diet to see if I can shed (= become thinner by losing) a few
pounds.
● to lose a covering, such as leaves, hair, or skin, because it falls off
naturally, or to drop something in a natural way or by accident:
The trees shed their leaves in autumn.
They ran down to the water, shedding clothes as they
went. UK A lorry had shed a load of gravel across the
road.
● shed tears, blood, etc. to allow tears or blood
to flow: She shed a few tears at her daughter's
wedding.
So much blood has been shed (= so many people have been badly hurt or
killed) in this war.
● MEDICAL, BIOLOGY specialized to release a virus or bacterium from
a cell or body into the environment where it can infect other
people:
Those who have contracted the new coronavirus shed the virus most
heavily in the first few days of the illness. (Covid 19 pandemic was
rampant in 2021)
People shed the virus in respiratory droplets and aerosols.
5shed light on sth: to provide information about something or to make
something easier to understand: = cast light on sth
Tracking technologies have shed light on the birds' social nature.
He was never able to shed light on how an average kid from upstate New
York came to commit the worst act of domestic terrorism in history.

Shedding (U)
● (often used in newspapers) the act or process of getting rid of
something you do not need or want:
Another round of job shedding is expected.
The most she had hoped for was a shedding of the burden of guilt she
carried.
 ● the process of losing a covering, such as leaves, hair, or skin,
because it falls off naturally, or of dropping something in a natural
way or by accident:
In male walruses, the peak period of hair shedding is from June to July.
The shedding of layers of paint from the gallery ceiling revealed the
artistry of William Morris.
● the act or process of allowing tears, blood, etc.
to flow: Let us work together to stop the shedding of
blood.
● MEDICAL , BIOLOGY specialized the process of releasing a virus
or bacterium from a cell or body into the environment where it
can infect other people:
The drug may reduce symptoms, viral shedding, and healing time.
By preventing shedding of the bacteria in both cow cud and faeces, it will
reduce the spread of bacteria in food.

89. manor: /ˈmæn.ər/

●a large old house in the country with land belonging to it, especially in
Europe
● [ C usually singular ] UK slang the area in which a person works or
which they are responsible for
90. be due/duː/ (a)
● expected to happen, arrive, etc. at a
particular time: What time is the next bus due?
The next meeting is due to be held in three
months' time. Their first baby is due in January.
in due course B2 formal at a suitable time in the future:
You will receive notification of the results in due course.
●owed as a debt or as a right:
The rent is due (= should be paid) at the end of the month.
£50 is due to me (US due me) from the people I worked for
last month. Our thanks are due to everyone.
UK law He was found to have been driving without due (= the necessary)
care and attention.
be due for something: If you are due for something, you expect to receive
it, because you deserve it:
I'm due for a promotion soon.

give someone their due: said when you are praising someone for
something good they have done, although you dislike other things about
them:
He failed again, but to give him his due, he did try hard.
91. lodge (v)
● lodge a claim, complaint, protest, etc.: to make an official
complaint about something:
The US lodged a formal protest against the arrest of the foreign
reporters. [ I or T, usually + adv/prep ]
● to (cause to) become stuck in a place or
position: A fish bone had lodged in her throat.
● [ T usually + adv/prep ] mainly UK formal to put something in a
safe place: You should lodge a copy of the letter with your solicitor.
 ● [ I usually + adv/prep ] formal to pay rent to stay
somewhere: She lodged with Mrs Higgins when she first
came to Cambridge.
● [ C ] a small house in the country, used especially by people on
holiday or taking part in sports, or one on land belonging to a
large house:
a ski/hunting lodge
92. principal (a) first in order of importance:= chief =main=
primary Iraq's principal export is oil.
He was principal dancer at the Dance Theatre of
Harlem. That was my principal reason for
moving.

principally = chiefly =mainly = primarily

The advertising campaign is aimed principally at women.
93. with a view to Ving: with the aim of doing something:
These measures have been taken with a view to increasing the
company's profits.

in view of sth: because of a particular thing, or considering a particular

fact:
In view of what you've said, I think we should reconsider our proposed
course of action.

view (n)
● [ C ] an opinion, belief, or idea, or a way of thinking about
something: Do you have any views about/on what we should do
now?
In my view, her criticisms were completely
justified. [ + that ] It's my view that the
price is much too high.
Many people have/hold/share/take the view that children should not be
physically punished.
Everyone will have a chance to make their views known at
the meeting. We had a friendly exchange of views (=
discussion).
I take a very dim/poor view of this kind of behaviour (= think that
this type of behaviour is unacceptable).
● what you can see from a particular place, or the ability to see from
a particular place:
The view from the top of the mountain is
breathtaking/magnificent/spectacular. The rooftop restaurant affords a
panoramic view (= allows you to see a wide area) across the bay.
afford: to allow someone to have something pleasant or
necessary: The hut afforded little protection from the
elements.
[ + two objects ] Her seat afforded her an uninterrupted view of
the stage. Don't stand in front of me - you're blocking/obstructing
my view of the stage.
The cloud lifted, and the tops of the mountains suddenly came into view
(= could be seen).
She turned a corner, and disappeared from view/out
of view. view (v)
● [ T ] to have a particular opinion or way of thinking about
someone or something:
A reporter asked the minister how he viewed recent
events. She is viewed as a strong candidate for the
job.
We view these latest developments with concern/suspicion/satisfaction.
If we view the problem from a different angle, a solution may become
more obvious. How do you view your prospects/chances (= what do you
consider your chances to be) in tomorrow's race?
●[ I or T ] to watch something:
There's a special area at the airport where you can view aircraft taking
off and landing.
Viewing figures (= the number of people watching) for the show were
very low.
 94. stately home: a large, old house that usually has beautiful furniture,
decorations, and gardens
stately (a) formal, slow, and having a style and appearance that causes
admiration: The procession moved through the streets at a stately pace.
a stately old hotel
stateliness (U) The elegant chambers of the Assembly and Senate still
exude the stateliness and charm of the 19th century.

surrealist /səˈriː.ə.lɪst/
(a) relating to or producing a type of 20th-century art or literature in which
unusual or impossible things are shown happening: chủ nghĩa siêu thực
surrealist painters
surrealist art
(n) someone who produces a type of 20th-century art or literature in
which unusual or impossible things are shown happening:
Spanish surrealist, Salvador Dalí
 ●unconventional (a) different from what is usual or from the way most
people do things: an unconventional childhood/lifestyle/marriage
●eccentric (a) strange or unusual, sometimes in a
humorous way: eccentric behaviour
eccentric clothes
●in a nutshell: very briefly, giving only the
main points: "What went wrong?" "In a nutshell,
everything."