CENSUS REPORT

1911

BY

LT. COL. Sl:ICI-IDE,r SINGH~

Sllperintendent, Census Operations.

1'111XTRD AT TEE
Bhu11imlra State Press, PatiaJa.

.
"
~ ...
 TABLE OF CO,NTENTS.

L Introduction Fly leaves i to xxxv

Census Report N umber of pages.

2. OHAPTER I 1

Geography-Physical Oonditions, Area, Population and

Density. 1
Mineral wealth of Patialil. State and its cottage indllstries 6
Population 10
Economic consequence of increase 30
Conditions of life 3~

s. OHAP'rER II 45
Towns & villages 45
Declaration of towns 48
Patial9. 53
Bhatinda 55
N iLrnaul 57
Samana 58
Bassi 60
Sunam 61
Baroala 62
Mansa 63
Mohindergarh 04
Sanaur 65
Bhadaur 65
Dhnri 66
Narwana 67
Longowal 67
Sirhind 68
Rajpura 69
Payal 70
4. CHAPTER III 72
Birthplace and Migration 72
5 OHAPTER IV 82

Age 8'2
Vital statisticd 96
6. CHAPTER V PART I 112

Sex 112
Oauses of high female mortality 118
Oauses of low female birth ute 122
 1l
7. CHAPTER V PART II U7
Fertility l'W
Marriage 213
Infirmities 2H)
8. CHAPTER VI
Occupation 238
9. CHAPTER VII 271
Literacy 271
Unemployment 286
19. CHA.PTER VIH 288
Language 288
Community 294
General distribution of population by communitjes 295
Sikhs 296
Hindus 300
Muslims 304
Jains 305
Christians H06
Parsis 308
Buddhists 308
Other communities 308
Deprflssed or Scheduled classes 308
11. Cattle Census 309
U. Sample slips 319
U. Appendix }I-'Jy leaves xxxvii to xlix and i-ii
 INTRODUCTION.

A preface and historical back-ground, however short, are necessary Preface.

for a Oensus Report of a comprehensive character, as it embodies logical
deductions from :;tatistics collected in census operations.

The term Censlls is now used in regard to general enumeration

of population and their conditions of life and now takes plaoe after
every ten years. The scope of Oensus has much improved since old
times and it, is no longer an inventory of persons inhabiting Earth but is
a politicai and social institution which envisages the ille of human
society and helps to remove them.

In the Punjab the vensus was taken for the first time on 3 Lst of
December, 1854 under the superintendence of Sir Donald Ma.cleod. The
second census came off on 10th January, 1868 under orders of M,A.
Roberts Esq., Financial Oommissioner. The third census, the first
regular one of its kind, was taken on 17th February, 1881 under the
superintendence of Mr. (afterwards Sir) Oharles Denzil J elf Ibbetson.

The first Census of the State was taken in 1881 A. D. No report

Previous Cen-
of the operations was drawn up and thus nothing is left to show what it suses.
was like. However some statistical records do exist in the Punjab
Census Report of that decade. The second Oensus came off in 1891 A. D.
and as in the case of the previous Census no records were preserved of this
decennary either. Some record in the shape of Imperial and Subsidiary
tables does exist for the third Oensus which was recorded in 1901. But
thing,;; were now improving from decade to decade and when the fourth
Census was recorded in the year 1911, a report in English in two parts
as also Gurmllkhi village Directory showing the ngures of 1111 previous
censuses, including 1911, according to tahsils and districts, were com-
piled and published for the use of the Revenue and other administrative
departments. Later on the report of the fifth Census viz., for the decade
ending 19:31, waH a grea,t improvement over the previous reports. It was
a regular report and contained all the information in the shape of narra-
tives and tables. In the sixth Census Report viz., for the decade ending
1931, the improvement was maintained and a report was drawn up as
also a village Register and a village Directory prepared, For facility of
future referenee and clel1r re00rd of the date and vear and of their authors ,
,;

the aforesaid information is cast into a table.

 11

Date and vear of N arne of the State N arne of the Provincial

the Oer{sus. Superintendent. SuperintendAnt.
-_-_._-- . - - - - - . - - . - .....- - - - . - -

17th February, 1881. L. J aswant Rai. \Ir. (afterwards Sir) Oharles

Denzil Jelf lbbfltson.
28th February, 1891. Pandit Prithi Mr. (afterwards Sir) E. D.
Nath Hahai. lVlaclagan, I. C. S.
1st March, 1901. Pandit Ram Singh Mr. H. 1\. Rose, T. O. S.
Sharma.
10th March, 1911. S. Bachhiter Singh. R. B. Late Raja Hari Rishell
Kaul.
1st Mareb, 19'21. Ditto Mr. Middleton, I. C. S.
26th February, 1931. S. Arjan Shah Singh Khan Sahib Ahmed Hassan
Kh'ln, P. C. S.

Present The present report is the seventh of the series and covers the
Report. decennium from 1931 to 1941. 'rhe method of marsh~lling of facts and
discussing of statistics is the Sf\me old and 8tereo-typed, viz. to examine
for one's-self the figures of the State and then to turn to the Provincial
and to other States' Reports to point a moml or adorn the tale. The
conclusions drawn and the opinion" expressed are, however, the writer't4
owu. But wherever necet"sary [ have referred to previous Oensu«
Reports of the Province and the 8tH,te otltensibly with a view to compare
notes and weigh conclusions arrived at from statistics.

Records of the 'rhe record of the previous Census could not be traced ,to exist
previous cen- systematically and in eutirety· This c !.Used a good deal of inconvenience
sus.
in carrying out the work of the present Censns. ;v[ost of the work of the
preparation of rn1.[Js would ha,ve been super:tluoud if we had possesReo
prtwious maps, but we could not hy our hands on them.

Present Cen-
rrhA scopo of the present Oensus is the same as that of the previ-
sus a.nd its ous ones. rhA Cel1RUil aims at finding every man, woman, and child
scope
living on the d·1,Y of enumera.tion '1nd to record their auswers to a set of
gUARtions designed to produee information regarding sueh matters as age,
means; of livelihood, degree of education and so on. This iuiormation
is then sorted into groups and totalled under various heads to produce a.
valuable statisticltl information.
In "Patiltlit StH,te account of every living person was taken on the
centra'! Censns date, namely, the sunri>:e of the 1st March, 1941. The
informq,tion thus collected is presented in the pages of the HrpJrt.

Scheme afCen- The scheme of operations has been modified by a number of

sus Operations innovations for which there is no precedent hitherto. The present
Oensns W:1S recorded continuously for three days, namely, '26th,
27th, 28th February and t.he fined enumeration was recorded during the
day tirr.e of the 1st marcb, 1941. It, therefore, took four days in all for
the preseut Cen'llls to be l'eeorded and verified. It differed in essentials
from previous censuses in two ways. Firstly the previous censuses had
two stage;;;, preliminary and final. The preliminary enumeration, viz.,
writing up of the schedules extended over H. certain period, while final
 111

simultaneous enumeration was recorded on a single night throughout

the State. Secondly no preliminary Schedules were written prior to
actnal· enumeration but the slips were filled in by the enumerators finally
on the day of enumeration. The 1941 census was non-synchronous and
there was no night-time simultaneous enumeration. The non-simulta-
neou~ method contemplated a single process, not two distinct stages of
preliminary a~d final enumeration, as in the pa~t. The Census Opera-
tionl3 reached their climax on the last day of February, 1941. 'The
central point of enumeration was the sunrise on the 1st of March, 1941,
which day was to be devoted to verification and checking of the figure~
which were in process of being collected during the preceding three days.
All births and deaths occurring round about the central date were ad-
justed to conditions provailing on the] st of March. During the course
of the 1st March, each enumerator made final enquiries in his Block as
to whether any births or deaths had occurred before sun-rise that
morning amongst the persons whom he had already enumerated, and
thereafter recorded new born children and struck off deceased persons.
While doing so he took the opportunity to check any people newly
.arrived in his Block and satisfied himself that all men had been enu-
merated somewhere or else enumerated them himself. Oasual visitors
and absentees were enumerated with reserve only.

In the past, the restriotion of one night system meant thflt inevit-
ably large l1umber~ of non-officials had to be appointed Enumerators and
Supervisors, whereas under the new system, there was to be a limited
amount of simultaneous enumeration and hence less necessity of non-
officials. The only simultaneous feature of the 1941 census was that the
count of hotels, caraven sarais, etc., was taken on one day. It removed,
of COllr~fl, the aifficult feature of Railway enumeration, fairs, festivals,
terries, etc

Enquiries were made from Rubordillate Census Officers whether

theqe four days of enumeration were likely to witnesf', fairs and festivals
and it was repnrted by them that practically no fairs were likely to be
bejel anywhere in the State during those days, but that Hindu marriages
may come off. At the time of enumeration it was experienced that
tbe marriage parties which arrived in the State to celebrate marriage
rituals were duly recorded at their houses. Rimilarly marriage parties
quitting the State for the same purpose had left after tbpy had been
censused. The 28th of February and the 1st of MarCh, witnessed most
of the marriages among Hindus. It was, therefore, possible to record the
marringe part.ies before they left. In this way the normal population of
a place remained unaffected.
No enumeration of Railw9,y Travollers was to be recorded at this R'1
al way Cen-
census. The vast majority of such Travellers in India is of persons who sus.
have a "house" and so they would find a record in house enumeration.
Care was, however, taken for count of pen,ons who were likely to he on
the move on trains during all or most of the days of enumeration. 'rhe
enumerators were instructed to warn the heads of all the houses iu their
Blocks at once that if any member or members of their household intend
leaving the hom'iO on a journe'y during the period of enumeration, they
 IV

should do so after they have been enumerated, and that once they have
been recorded they should not allow themselves to be enumerated a
sf~cond time

Enumeration of this class of population \vas recorded in hotels,

Census of "floa-
ting Popula- sarais etc. Not all the persons found there, however, were enumerated,
tion" and in-
m2Ltes of Pub-
for many of them were prima facie expected to have secured a "house"
lic Institu- record_ Hence a simultaneolls enumeration of the "floating p0pj}ation"
tions.
was held on the 1st March, 1941. .c

The census of the inmates of public institutions such as persons

in .Tails and in-patients of hospitals wa,s also recorded simultaneously on
the morning of the 1st March.

Census of Can- The Officer Commanding was in charge of t.he eI~umeration of the
tonment. strictly military area and the Supervisors and EnumeraLors were appoint-
ed in consultation with him. An early contact was established with the
Officer Commanding through the Civil Charge Superintendent and it
was conducive to much facility and great efficiency. Enumeration of
troops on the march was out of the question.
The other attractive features of this Census have been described at
their proper place. These special features which have been of the natuw
of enquiries into the economic and industrial condition of the people of
the State, improvement in the questions in the enumeration slips, improve-
ments in House Lists, have, indeed, increased the utility of the present
Census Operations
The Census was carried out with a. heavy heart as every
body in the State was groaning under the dreadful misery and ghastly
devastation caused to the Empire by the aggression of Axis Powers.
rro do their duty towards the Beloved Emperor and the Empire, the
youth of Pat,iala in company with the youth of India left his home
and joined the Indian army in numbers too numerous to be counted.
A provisional Census of Chail, the summer resort of His Higlmes,>
Summel' Cen-
sus of Chail. Shri 108 MahCl.rajadhiraj Mahendm Bahadnr and the seat of seveml
departments of the State during Sllmmer season was recorded on 31st
August and 1st Septelnber, 1940. l'he reason for doing this was that
when His Highness Shri 108 Mahal'ajadhimj Mahendra Bahadur is gmc-
ing it, the place assnmes the character of a town but when it is vacated
it lapses into its original rural condition. '1'he total summer population
of Chail is 2,000 persons. At the last Census it was retumed to be
about 3,000 persons; the reasons for decrease in this temporary popula-
tion appears to be that this time the number of State Departments and
persons with their dependentf' movpd to Chail with restraint. l'he
figures of this population were not further gone through any kind of
tabulation as the main idea in recording the summer census was just to
know the difference between the winter and summer population of the
place.
It is rightly said that the Censu" is, in the truest sense of the word,
All India and All-State. In essence, therefore, it is the Censns of her own
people British India and Indian States both benefit equally by its
operations. The statistics recorded and conclusions arrived at from
these sl,.~' ;tics perform such a post· mortem of the economic and indus-.
trial con~ons-no IORS morals, that a ma,ss of material is made available
to be made use of for the beneficent activities and material develop-
ment of the people that have been censused.

On receipt of an announcement from the Punjab Government, His Census Orga·

nization,
Highness' Government also undertook to set on foot preparations for
taking a Census of Patiala State simultaneously with the rest of the
Punjab. A working Budget for the Sambat year 1997 was sanctioned,
and an Office was started, which until the Assisuant and the Super-
intendent were appointed, worked under the direct control of the
Revenue Minister, who, by virtue of his ptevious experience of Census
Operations in the Punj'lb in 1911 was the most suitable authority to be
put in the suprome charge of this work and it was his guiding spirit that
led the Census,operarions in the Sta.te to a eucceesflIl conclusion. The
Superintendent's appointment was made in the first week of June and he
was authorised to have direct dealings with tbe Superintendent, Census
Operations, Punjab.

The Superintendent, Census Operations, by virtue of ljlas-i-Khas . Powers of Cen-

orders, was invested with the following powers over the ministerial staff sus Superin-
tendent.
of the Departm"lnt as also over the Revenue 8taff placed under him for
Census wuk :-
(a) Over all Revenue officers and subordinates.
(i)- To dismiss, suspend, degrade, or fine upto 15 days'
pay all Patwaris.
(ii) To suspend for one month or fine upto 15 da.ys' pay
all Qanungos.
(iii) '1.'0 fine upto one week's pay subject to the sanction
of the Revenue Minister all Tehsildars and N aib-
Tehsildars.
(b' 'ro be exercised over his own establishment.
(i) 'fo incur all expenditure within his office sanctioned
budget.
(ii) To suspend for one month or to fiue up to 15 days'
pay the Ministerial Establishment.
To appoint, dismiss or suspend or to fine upto one
month's pay the menial staff.

riv) To appoint upto Rs. 35/-, suspend for one month and
fine npto 15 days' pay members of the Ministerial
establishment.
(c) The same powers as are exercised by Nazim under Land
Revenue Act and rules thereunder over headmen, sufaid-
poshes, zaildars, and chaukidars.
By this time copies of the Code of Census Procedure were
 VI

received from the Provincial Superintendent. It was adopted and en-

forced in the State.
A copy of the Indian Census Act, 1939 was also received from the
8nperiptendent (lensus Punja,b in the middle of May, 1940.
In compliance with the wishes of the Superintendent Punjab, the
Patiala Census Act No.1 of 1997 was sanctioned under the aut.hority
of Ijlas-i-Kbas on the basis of the Indian Census Act of 1939, Later on
the Ijlas-i-Khas delegated to the Census Superintendent, Patiala, the
power of appointing Census Officers. The authority to sanction the
institution of proseClltion under the Act was delegated to the Revenue
Minister (incharge Censlls operat,ions in the State).
A copy of the Patial.a Census Act is annexed at the end of this
Ohapter. The Superintendent Oensus, Punjab sent for a list showing
villages in each of the 'l'ehsils in this State alphabetically arranged in
English. The other alternative was that, if the State had a printed
village Directory, it may be corrected by elimination or addition of villa-
ges as the caBe may be. The latter alternative being more feasible was
adopted. Hence one copy each of the village Directories of twelve
Tehsils were sent to him The Directories of Tehsils Sunam, N luwana,
and Bhawanigarh being printed in Gurmukhi, lists showing names of
villages, alphabetically arranged in Urdu along with their Hadbast
numbers were sent in their stead.
In the meantime Circulars began to pour in from the Provincial
Superintendent. They laid the foundation of work and also laid down a
programme according to which the various stages of_preliminary work
were to be brought to completion. It can be admitte(l that these time to
time instructions admirably lead the way where difficulties cropped up.
Besidefl, miscellaneous enquiries came pouring in from the Provincial
Superintendent. They will be dealt With at their proper place i·E t.he
body of the Report. At this stage special mention can be made of Circu-
lar No. 4 which de,dt with the method of carrying out preliminary
operations and thrclw a fiJod of light on the technique involved in the
procedure. This circular formed the basi::; of the preliminary arrange-
ments for the Census of 1941. 'rhe Code numbers allotted to the Statp,
and the twelve Tahsil" were shown in an aGlleXUre to tbis circular 'rhe
numbers to Charges and Circles were allotted in the same manner by
this department.
The table on the next page shoWEl the progress of work made in the
Rta.te as compared with the latest dates of completion Jaid down by the
Census Superintendent, Punjab. We had set our operations on foot late
and had to work hard and aEsiduously in order to over-take and keep
pace with the Punja\:) Censn~ Deparment.

Date of completion Latest date of com-

Principal items of the work. pletion as laid down
in the State. by the Punjab Supdt .
1~. Preparation of General . 5th June, 1940. 15th May, 1940.
Village and Town Registers
and Cemus Skeleton maps
 Date of completion Latest date of com-
Principal items of the work. pletion as laid down
in the State. by the Punja.b Bupdt.
--------------------------~-----

2. Formation of Charges. 10th July, 1940. 31st May, 1940.

3 Appointment of Charge 25th July, 1040. 15th June, 1940.
Supdts ..
4. Preparation of Charge 15th July, 1940. 30th June, 1940.
Registers.
5. Submission of reports 15th August, 1940. 15th July, 1940.
by Charge Superintendents to
District Census Officers and
(Jensus Superintendents of
Indian States reg:. changes in
Census J)i visions etc
G. Appointment of Super- 15th August, 1940. 31st July, 1940.
yisol's and Enumerators.
7. Numbering of houses 30th Nov., 1940. 31st Doc., 1940.
and preparation of House lists.

8. Preparation of Block 10th ,January, 1941. 10th ,January,

liSt3. ' 1941.
9. Distribution of Enu- 30th .J anuary, 1941. 15th.J anuj,ry,
meration pads. 1941.

10. Training of Census End of Feb., 1941. From 15th 8ept.

Staff. 1940 upto the
end of Feb 1941

11, Testing of House- Until the Until the

numbering. commencement of commencement of
actual counting. actnal count.ing.

12 ,Ennmeration. 26th Feb. to 1st :J()th Feb., to 1st

March, 1941. March, 1941.

13. Preparation of Enume- 2nd March, 1941. As soon as possible

rator's Abstract, and Circle after Enumeration.
and Charge Summaries.

14. CO~l>ilation and des- 3rd March, 1941. 3rd March, 1941.
patch of Provo Totals.

'Vith J'derence to para ~ of the Oode of Census Procedure of the Subordin'tte

Census Offi-
Panjab; the Revenue Minister appointed the District Nazims as Sub- cers.
ordinate CenRus Officers. They were in general charge of the Census
Operations in theIr respective districts. They were allowed to delegate
their powers to N aib N azims Revenue where there were such N aib
Nallims. The Tahsildars and N aib-Tahsildars were to exercise general
control ,over t~e operations in their respective Tahsils. rrhe other
Cpnsus Offi(;crs were Charge Superintendents, Supervisors atHl EnUllH'l'a,-
 viii
tors. The Superintendent Census had the authority to appoint them
and they were appointed in due comse.
Preparation of This being done the preparation of Goneral Village and 'rown
General Vil-
lage and Town Registers was taken in hand. The definition of 'village' and 'town' was
Registers given in Articles ]0 and 11, Chapter I and ·were synonymous with that
of Ievenue mauza. It was, however, kept in mind that where a town
was also a revenue village, the village area not included in the town proper
was to be treated as a separate village for the purposes of census. Care
was taken that in no case should a town be Entered in the General
Villfl.ge Register and uice versa.
Both these Registers were to be completed by the 15th May, 1940.
This was, however, not possible in our case as the Census Office itself had
begun to function about that time and as such it could be said that the
State started its operations comparatively late and delay having once
set in, it took time to make up for it. However urgent orders were issued
to the District and, in the City, to the Secretary, Municipal Committee,
to finish the work as expeditiously as possible.
General Vil- In rural areas, the Register included all the villages and hamlets
lage Register.
in existence in each tahsil, and in towns it included, with the number of
houses, all kinds of suburbs and detached inhabited quarters. 'fhe
General Village Register was prepared at the headquarters of each
tahsil under the superintendence of. the Tahsildar, and was checked
both at tahsil headquarters and in the head-office at Patiala.

Genera.! Town This register was to be prepared for all thf towns. Where a town
Register. had a municipality, the municipal limits were adopted as the limits of
the town. This was also the case wiLh the Sma~l Towns.
In the case of cantonments a clear distinction was made between
cantonments and other areas, and within cantonments between purely
military area and the remainder. The purely military area WI s put in
charge of the Offieer Commanding; the remainder in the hands of th~
Civil Charge Supdt.
The General Town Register of Patiala was prepared by the
Secretary, Municipal Committee and by the Tahsildars concerned in th~
case of other towns.
rrhe General V1llage or rrown Register fOlmed the basis uf further
expaneion of local arrangements and therefore played a very important
part in census operations. \Vithout such a register it was impossible to
m'Lke sure that no villages or hamlets were J03t sight (Jf. It also was
impossible without it, to make a satisfactory arrangement of Cha,rges,
Circles, and Blocks. For this purpose, it was necessary to know, not
only the number of houses in each village or town but also what persons
are available k carry out the enumeration.
In response to the enquiries made by the Huperilltendellt Census
Punjab information was sent for from the Subordinate Census Officers
whether fllly changes in jurisdiction might have been effected since the
last census by the transfer of areas from one district to another. They
informed that no change in jurisdiction or tr,ulsfel' of area to or from any
 x

district was effected. In tact no actual ohanges whatsoever in the

boundaries cf the State have occurred since 1881, but after the census of
1901, some local changes in the boundaries of some Tahsils occurred in
the last Settlement measurement.
The instructions contained in the Oode of Oensus Procedure
relating to the preparation of these Registers were communicated to the
District Officers and while they were in the course of preparation myself
and tho Assistant Superintendent both made tours in the districts to
explain any doubts or difficulties which might have been felt. At each
headqua.rter of the district, the Oharge Superintendents and Supervisors
were got assembled and every section of the Oode was explained to them
in the presence of Tahsildars and Naib rrahsildars They were nlso
given opportunities to have :t heart-to-heart talk on flny matter which
from their view-point called for elucidation. This was conducive of good
results.

The skeleton maps showed the villag'e boundaries, the serial nUill- Skeleton MitpS.
bers of the villages in the General Village Registers were copied in pencil
in the areas denoting each village and the number of houses was noted
in brackets. Afterwards, when Oircles were formed, the boundaries of
each Oircle were indicated by hrond red line, and the number of the
Oircle noted in red ink within the area thus enclosed. The boundaries
of the Charges were shown by a broad blue line. A big scale map of
PIl,tiala City was prepared and I contemplate preserving it for the next
census.
In rural areas, besideR the a.bove map, Circle maps enlarged to a
convenient scale were prepared by tho Supervisors :,Patwaris) and the
boundaries of the Blocks were marked roughly in black ink. These maps
showed all the houses in the Block.

In view of the above ob"erVfttions I should prescribe compulsorily

the preparation of maps: tbf'Y are, I think, essential to accuracy in towns
and large villages.

The Oensus Superintenuent, Punjab had sent a list of the places Declaration of
in the State which were treated as towns iu HJ31. - He wanted lists Towns.
showing in the 8ta,te (a) village homesteads with a population of between
5,000 and 20,000 persons, and (b) places not treated as towns in .1931,
but in which a population of 5,000 persons may be expected in 1941.
He also wished to be suggested which of them should be declared as
towns for the purposes of 1941 census. He pointed out that in order to
be eligible for trefttment as a town, the possession of definite urban
characteristios was necessary over and ahove the minimum of 5,000
persons. Hence overgrown villages, which had no urban characteristics
were not considered merely on a0count of a population exceeding 5,000.
This was why only six more places came to be added in 1911 to the
category of towns. They were Payal, Dhuri, Mansa, Rajpura, Longowal
and Nawana.
Census Divisions.
The General Village and Town Registers having been completed,
Blocks.
the next step was to settle the number of blocks into which each village
 x
OJ' town was to he devided, to gt)UP the blocks by Circles and Circles by
Charges. l'he format ion of these Census divisions called for very careful
consideration of tIle physic::l I features of all parts of the area to be census-
eO. so that the organised units of the operation could be efficiently
tackled and controlled.
As the enumeration was to extend over a longer period it watt
possible to place larger Blocks in t he charge of EnUIllf\rators as compared
with previous Blocks which used to be smaller on account of enumera-
tion being carried in shorter time. Ordinarily, ill rural areas 125 to ] 50
houses constituted a Block and this was rigidly followed in as much as
if ill any case the number of 150 was found to exceed, the Block was
sub-divided. In urban areas the number of houses ranged from SO to
100 hOUS8S.

Circles
Tn rural areas all the bloeks constituted within the entire circle of
a Patwari and in towns a.] I those within the boundaries of each ward
formed a Supervisor\; circle. In citieH, a ward, being too large to form
a single cirde, it was divided into Mohallas but in all cases the truly
urban population was kept separate from the portion which was of rural
character. In short, these di visions were effected in such a manner a,s
to be taokled with efficiency under all circumstances.
Circles were grouped into Charges and in constituting them care
Charges.
was taken that fl, _11'ield Quanungo's Circle in rural areas should form a
Charge. In towns ar.ld cities it corresponded to a ward.
In forming these divisions the Subordinate Census Officers and
the Tehsildars etc., were freely consulted. A good deal of work was
carried out at the headquarters of each Tehsil and great assistance was
taken from Revenue and Municipal records in determining the boundaries
of Circles and wards. The suburbs of Patiala contain the Headquarters
of the Patiala Army and this presented a feature of a Cantonment area
having a civil as well as military population. rfhese two classes of
popUlation were to be enUill€} ated separately and care was taken to keep
the military arp,a separate from the Civil area for purposes of Census
diyisions and later on for enumeration etc., so that the Civil and Military
popUlation m:1.y be discernible as distinct aDd distinguishable. The Census
Divisions were ·so arranged that no census units' should be partly in a
Oantonment and pal tly iu a Civil area. The Civil region of Bhupendra-
nagar was trmted flS far as practicable, in the same maIlnel' as any urban
Civil area 'fhe whole of Patiala town was constituted into a single
Oharge by the Superintendent Census Punjab for purposes of enumera-
tion. This charge being too unwieldy, the town, for adn.iinistrative
purposes, was divided into five Charges. This sub-division, no doubt,
ensured good WOI k and accurate enumeration which would not h lYe been
possible otherwise.
In two eases census divisions were apt to ce snch as to cause
difficulties in the preparation of sta,tistics from them in all the groupings.
They were:-
(i) Towns comprising parts of several villages: here we had
onr divisions arranged for a town as a unit and dis-
 xi

regarded village boundaries and consequently had difficulty

in preparing village statistics
(ii) Notified areas and Small Towns which have not been dec-
lared to he towns for purposes of census: here our divisions
might be conterminous with village boundaries rendering it
difficult to prepare statistics for Notified Areas and' Small
Towns. '

In order to get over these difficmlties timely instructions were

received from the Superintendent Census Punjab which were conveyed
to the Charge Supflrintendents for being observed at the time of final
delimitation of Blocks !lfter the completion of house-numbering. These
instruct.ions were as followR :-
(a) J n towns comprising parts of several villages, if any Block
fiS' at present arranged contains parts of more than one

village, it should be sub-divided into Blocks lying wholly

in one village. There is no objection to the small Blocks
so formed beilJg placed under one Enumerator; but they
must be kept distinct and distinguishable in the enumera-
tion pads
(b) If a Block (ts at present arranged lies partly within and
partly outside a Notified Area or a Small Town (not being
a town for census purposes) it should be split up into two
separate Blocks, both of which may be placed under one
Enumerator
The total number of Charges, Circles and Blocks in the State was
64, 889 and 5529 respectively.
Census Officers.
The degree of accuracy of Census :tecords chiefly depflnds on the
amount of supervision exercised by the Officers. And if capable, ener-
getic and willing persons are enlisted as Census officers, the smooth
working of the Census operations can be safely ensured All Census
OffiCPIS, juniors and seniors both, should be such as may be enjoying the
confidence and esteem of the public at larg'e. Keeping that in view every
eare was taken in their selection. The suhordinate Census officers were
freely consulted before any Census Officor was finally appointed. In the
case of Patiala Town, employees of State Departments to the extent
of ~5 and 120 were appointed as Supervisors and Enumerators res-
pectively,
The Patiala Town was divided into five Charges and the Oharge Charge Super-
Superintpndents were the three Sanitary Sub-Inspectors of the Munici- intendents.
pftlity, the fourth waR a Rub-overseer and the fifth the Octroi Treasurer
of the Rftme department. The Secretary, Municipal Committee, was in
the general charge of all Census work pertaining to Patiala Town and
its suburbs. As regards the Military area comprising the Army Head-
qurtrters, the Supervisors and Enumerators came from the Army Staff,
but the Charge Superintendent W,lS the Sub-overseer in whose ward the
military area was situate.
 xii

In fund tl'acts, where a Charge cOIl'~sponded to Field Qnanungo's

Circle, Qmmungos were appointed Charge Superintendents as a rule,
the Tah;;ildarcl and Naib-TahsiUars exercising general control ov('r
the operations in their TnhsilR. In the case of the 'Motibagh Palace anL
other places of I,~oyal resort, including Fort Bahadurgarh, the Sllpervisors
and Enumerators came from the staff of the Karora Sahib, Shri Ranwas
Mubat'ik, but the Oharge Superintendent was, as in the case of Military
Arolt, the sub-o\'erseer n,nd the Sanitary sub-Inspector in whose ward
these Royal residences were ~ituate. TJater on His Highness Shri lOS
Mabarajadhiraj lYhhendra Bahadur was graciously pleflsed to command
that the Oensus work in respect of the following bouseR sh:-dl l-Liso be
carried out ,thruugh .the Karor Department: ~

1. Roth iR No. 1 and I).

2, Karol' l\fn,hma,nda,l'i.
H MalJendra Kothi.
4, LnJ Bagh.
5. Robhi of Raja Birendrrt Singh ,Ji.
(:). Kotbi of Raila! RaUl Narayan Singh Ji.

There were on the \vholo sixty eight Oharge SuperintendentR in

the State. Of these 47 were Field (~uiLnungos. The remaining 21 were
reoruited from other tStli,te Departments. Sixteen of t,hem were posted
in .other towns. and five in Patiala proper, which, on account of its
magnitude was divided into five Charges instead of one.
Charge Superintendents a.fter their appointment assisted in the
selention of the Supervisors and Enumerators. Each Oharge Superin-
tendent was supplied with a copy of the Clmrge Register as also a map
of his Charge. He was then directed to go carefully over his Charge,
examining on the spot tho arrangement of CilCles 3,u<] BI!"wks, and
sati:;fy himself ail to the titnes" of the persons earmarked as Supervisors
and Enumerators. He was also directed to report any changes which
should s?em desimblc to him. U nanimolls reports were accordingly
receiyed from all the Charge Superintendents to the effect that no
changes were c:tlled JOl' either in the arrangement of the Cpnsus division
or in. the Subordin3.te Census Agency.

Supervisors.
The Supervisors, who form the backbone of the Census arrange-
m~nts and upon whose efficiency the success of Census Operatiom:,
especia.lly in districts, depends, came frllm the Revenue htaff as they
could easily ge~ to grips with things. The State pos:'csses a very efficient
and strong Revenue Agency and there was no difficulty in pr0curing its
services for this work 1n rural tracts, therefore, as a rule, Pnotwaris
were appointed Supervisors In case of to"vns in the districts, hesides
Pa.twaris, employees of oth6t' depn,rtments and men of intelligence nond
local standing were also appointed. In Patiala town, Supervisors were
rnostly drawn from the oadre of the State employees. 'rhe number of
Ciroles amonnted to 8S9. For these Circlfs 892 Supervisors had to be
appointed The disparity between tho number of circles and Supervisors
C:1n be accounted for by the fact that where there were two Patwa.ris in
a Hevel1ue Circle both of them were a,ppointed Supervisors and worked
 ~iii

in conjun{}tion with each other. Out of the 892 Supervisors 858 were
were officia,ls and 34 nrm·officials.

As 890n as appointed each Supervisor was furnished with a copy

each ~e Census map of his Circle, the Manual containing Instructions
t.o &{pervisors, as well as .the Census Questionnaire· together with the
"IuRtructiou3 to Enumerators" and a specimen of the Enumeration slip,
and also an extract from the Charge Register which referred to his
Circle. This extract constituted his Circle Register.

rrhe l&st· in the cadre of Census Agency are Enumerators. Enumerators.

Though last, their duties are delicate and onerous and the work done by
them constitutes the real census. . They as a body are responsible to
carry into practice the instructions governing the enumeration. They
are re::tlly the front-line force of census Operations. They carne mostly
from the officials, because the important work of enumeration could not
be left to the vagaries of honorary, irrespousible and non-official workers.
Ill. Iural tract.;, mostly School masters were appointed as Enumerators;
but if at any place, there was dearth of competent enumerators, Patwaris
were made to work as Enumerators, in addition to their duties as Super:
visors. Care was, however, taken that the allocation to them of such
additional duties did not in any way slacken their supervision over the
work of enumerators in their Circle. In towns, municipal staff and
employe8s of the State Departments, as were not appointed Supervisors,
were appointed Eun merators.

A list of literate pensionec8 was got prepared from the Tahsil

trea,s:'l~'ies and it wa.s copiously made use of by the Subordinate Censns
Officen when making proposals for the appointment of Enumerators.

For 5529 Blocks that were formed in the State 4329 Enumerators
were appointed. Many of the Blocks in the strictly rural area, which
experienced a complete dearth of litera,te persons, had to go without
enumerators, the enuml)ration work 'bei!lg carried ont by the Circle
Supervisor in addition to his own duties. In this vast army of enume-
ra.tors there was a preponderance of non-official element over the official
one, irl as much as th~re were only 14B enumerators recruited from the·
State depa.rtments while 2857 enumerators came from amongst the
public. The Official agency on which I conld draw for aid in Census
was not confined to Revenue Staff. A request was made by me at the
very commencement of the Operations and a Circular was issued by the
Revenue, Minister, exhorting the Heads of Departments to assist to the
utmost of their power in the work of Censns.

A table attached at the end of this Chapter shows details of extent

to which the official and non-official elements constituted the Census
Agency.

In order not to dislocate the Censns work which demanded

const:mt application aHd assiduity the Revenue Minister ordered on a
reference from me that the transfers of Quanungos an~ Patwaris be kept
in abeyance till the Cl'lnsns was over.
 xiv
Grades of Tite, number of Charge Superintendents, SUp_ervisors and Enume;;.
Agency
employed. rators and the class from which they were drawn is shown in'the state:-
ment at the end of this Ohapter. The totals were :-
.Oharge Supdts. 64 as against 641 in 3j
Supervisors 892 as against 941 in 3]
Enumerators 4329 as against 10664 in 31
The number of houses p!aced under each Oharge Superintendent
was:-
In the Sta.te 5818 as against 5,6;)9 in 1931.
That of each Supervisor was :-
In the State 417 as against 365 in 1931.
That under each Enumerator was:-
In the State 80 as against 32 in 1931.
The following is an extract from the broadcast speech delivered by
" A Final word
on Census." the Oensus Oommissioner for India inculcating the responsibility and
importanoe of E,numerators and duties of citizens in connection with the
actual Census-taking which I can do no better than quote in extenso for
the enlightenment of the readers. It was delivered on the eve of the
Oensus Operations and had the effect of Nelson's memorable words,
"England expects every man to do his duty."
"No OensuE! in any country can rise above the level of the people
of the Country. Supposing there were inhabitants on Mars and Venus
and they had censuses, the same would apply to them. What every
citizen and every community wants is figures from which he can then
proceed to draw his own conclusions and arguments. But the s~arting
point shouid be common to all, and that founda.tion of accepted figures
is produced by the citizen of thE country, whatever it is, answering
readily and exactly the question put; and can only be produced by them.
No one else can supply it.
"I have a great respect for the Enumerator who is carrying out,
in nearly all caRes unpaid, a great service to his country. It is upto the
general body of the citizen to recognise this f1.nd to trust him. You do
not get the best out of men by distrusting them. It is as unwise as it
is unjust to start on the suppositiun that the ordinary citizen will go
off the rails at the first opportunity.
"I at least have every confidence in the ordinary citizen of India
that given a proper atmosphere he will go ahead and do a fine piece of
work for which the country should thank him. I was glad to see from
Bengal recently a call to one community to omit nothing but exaggerate
nothing, and I would commend this to everyone. Interest is acute in
any case and there is nothing wrong with that. But every civilized
country has to learn to reconcile intensity of interest with trust and with
temprance in language. My officers, our helpers in all parts of this
great country, and myself have worked to build up the scheme which will
carry out the largest and infinitely the cheapest large scale enumeration
 x.v.
tho world knows' bJ ...·· t'l ". . .. . .. .,
ha.nd I' ' -'::'5b the quaL .(fof that enumeratIOn;s In the Cltlzens
I

s. t IS for.J~ .' b' d

re ' h each one to answer exactly and wIthout laS, an to
cogmse t at,! I'
• I I the enumerator \'o'ho visits him is also a citizen who also
,,_ W l~ leS to tif' '
~ -: ~ secure an honest record. It takes two to make a quarrel, we
have always been told. But it takes two to make almost all other ·things
in this world where huma.n relations are concerned; and most notably
does that a.pply to a census. Of the two organizations of which 1 am the
head is one. The other is each individco,l citizen n,nswering the
questions"
House-Numbering is the process of painting numbers un all House Num-
bering.
houses. Honse is the smallest census unit and means:-
In rural trac:,g :-A strncture occupied by one commensal family
with its resident dependents, such as widows and serv~nts.
In towns and cities:- A structure intended for the exclusive
residence of one or more commensal families apart from other residents
of the Atreet or lane.
Each serai and~hotel was treated as a single house, unless it ,vas
too large to form separate Blocks.
As wonld appear from the aforesaid, for villages the definition waR
natural and perfectly simple, every room 01' suite of rooms with one
hearth beiug a house In towns, however, the structure usually known
as a house WIl.S treated as a unit, even if more than one commensal
family resided in it, provided they did not live exclusively from each
other. The result was that when two families were found living apart
from eac'l other, one in the upper flat and the other in the lower fiat,
the two fiats were treated as two houses for the purposes of the Census.
In juxtaposition to this, if the two families lived ,separately in two parts
of the same structure (house) and communication between the two
pn.rts was founJ stopped by cloRing a door or erecting a partition wall,
however, temporary, the two parts were trAated as separate houses. In
the case of bungalows, the. out-houses occupied by servants were treated
as separate hou,.;es. Every such building about which the probability
was that people might COll1J to liVf~ in it at the time of enumeration, was
also numbered Apart from residential houses, mosques, temples, shops,
schools etc., in which people usually reside were numbered.
'rhe series of numbers represented the order in which each house
was to be visited by the Enumerator of the Block in which it was situa-
ted. The numbers Ian in a continuous series through the village (or ward
in towns) but when a ward was found to be very large, the series of numbers
ran through the circle instead of the wn.rd provided there were more
circles than one in the ward.
A white square urQ,S painted aD the house wall near the door- post Substance for
(but not on the door) ano. under the shelter of the eaves, if possible. On House Num·
bering.
this white square the number Wl\S painted in red. Lime-wash was ue,ed
for the white aqua-re and geru, mixed with water or common 'oil, for the
red number These materia.ls were readily procurable on the spot, and
did not arouso any superstitious prejudices. The numbers were five to
 xvi

six feet from the ground so as to he beyo~ld the re';l(,~f children: Marks
on the doors were apt to be rubbed off and cause inconVbqience, anq door-
posts were generally not broad enough. Where the door'''\Q.?st was broad
and the owner of the house did not object, the number w~l1inted on
it, provided that the position was sufficiently compicuous. where buts
were made of rl'eds or wattled bamboog, a small tlpace was plastered
with mud and white-washed and the number p:1inted on the plast.er.
Huts made of interwoven leaves could not be dealt with thus, and, in
their case, the numbers were painted on bits of wood or tin tiles, earthen
pots or winnowing fans, which could be hung on to the eaves or given
to the inmates to keep. If people objected to their huts being touched
by outsiders, the numbers were painted on pegs driven into the ground
in front of the huts.
rrhe work of house-numbering as well as that of the preparation
of Houf:8 lists was to be commenced by the Supervisor in person, and the
whole of it was carried out by him. After this was finished he was to
note in the remarks column of his Circle Register the numbers of the
first and the last houses assigned to flach Enumerator, As an additional
precaution, be was instructed to indicate the first and last numbers of
each Block on the houses by a dIstinctive mark, viz, by painting a
triangle round the first and a circle round the last number,

Delimitation When all the houses had belen numbered steps were taken to
of Blocks. ensure that in no case a Block coo:'!isted of more than 150 houses in
rural areas alld 100 houses in towns, wherever any chlnge was deemed
desirable, it was effected.

House Lists Concurrently with the numbering of the houses, a house-list was
also prepared in the prescribed form. This time the House Liat was
decisively an impl'Ovement over the House Lists filled in at the Itliit
census. The previous House List was a brief document of only five
columns, whereas tne House Lists prepared at th~s Census consisted of
seventeen columm. The additional informatio'l cetlled for and incorpo-
ra..ted in the House List this time consisted of : -
(n Detail of the Hom'e.
(ii) Tobl number of persons per family.
(iii) Number of mlloh and draught cattle.
(il') Cottage or any other industry carried on by the inmates of
cf the house.
Under the caption "detail of the house" the informatiol_l regard-
ing number of room;;, description of wa.lls, and description of roof was
collected. The rooms inoluded bed rooms, dining rooms, living rooms,
habitable ettics, servant" rooms, kitchens and other habitable spaces
sepal'ated from one another by wa.lls and of a size large enough to hold
a. bed for an adult. This information could throw a flood of light on the
standard of comfort of people, whether they lived in conditiuns 'above
comfort', 'in comfort', or 'below comfort', .
Apart from housing details, the improved House List aimed at the
Census of certain type of cattle and a survey of village or cottage indrist·
 XVll

ries. Cot tage industries included the manufacture of only such a,rticles
aq were not moant for household con.,;umption but added to the income
of the family From the column pertaining to the total number of
per,'\ons in the family, the Supervisor was l,1ble to see whether or not the
nUluber uf persons enumerated in a given house during the enumeration
v:l.ried suspiciously flom the number shown in the List so that if any
designing persons seized the opportunity within the enumeration period
to IHuster bands of adherents of their particul9.r sect or community and
by planting them in different places fictitiouEly enhanced the communal
figures, the Supervisors could detect and chock this dishonest m:1.noeuvre.
In the remarks column of the House I_jist were entered such interesting
details about the entire village as market days, typical manufactures. or
activities, date cf any festival and approximate number of visitors to it,
presence of arehaelogical monuments in the neighbourhood, liability of
floods, epidemics, nature of water supply, medical and educational
facilities etc.
The prepamtion of House List was followed by the preparation of ,Block list.
Block List which contained entries relating to each Block copied from
the relevant columns of the House List. These lists remained. in the
custody of Enumerators and served them as a guide in the course of
enumer·ltiotl.
It would have been conducive to highest efficiency and accuracy
of the census record if column 8 of the House List (total number of
persons p3r family) had been included in the Block List. This would
have eliminated the possibility of the false return of the number of inha-
bitants in a house, if the head of a family took it into his silly head to
sacrifice accuraey and honesty at the altar of communal bias.
During the whole time that house-numbering was in progresR, the Testing of
House num-
Charge Superintendents, Tahsildars and otber Inspecting Officers, inelud- bering.
ilJg myself, the Assistant Superintendent and the members of my staff
were constantly on tour, inspecting the work and correcting the mistakes.
Care wa.s taken that no houses were left unnumbered, or omitted
from tbe HouRe List. Any new house tha,t happened to be built after-
wards was given a fractional number, in .vhich the nominator was the
num bElf of the house which it actually adjoined. These inquiries were
continued upto the very day of the Census. Simultaneously the House
Lists were also kept upto-date.
It was difficult in the earlier stages of the work to convince some Progress Re-
people that the arrangements for a Census, which was still many months ports_
ahead, were at all urgent; and a good deal of supervision was necessary
on the part of the Subordinctte Census Officers in order to ensure prompt
and adeqnate action being taken on the instructions issued by me. To
enable me to judge how work .was progressing, all the Subordinate Census
Officer" sent fortnightly reports on the 30th and 14th of each month to
m8, Rhowing the progress made in the work during the different stages of
the operations.
A good deal of attention was bestowed on the training of the Training of
Census Staff. At every stage in the accomplishment of the programme Census Staff.
 XYln

of Oensus Operations, vi~., the preparation of General village and Town

Registers, prepar'1lion of House Lists, and the rec0rding of enumeration,
the Oensus Officers concerned were aRsembled at the headquarters of
their districts and both the Assistant Superintendent and myself in-
dulged in training them for the work iu hand. rrhe proper training of
enumerators was most important. 'l'heir work was more aifficult and
more responsible than before. rrhere were more questions to be asked
from the people than in previous years and the recording of their answers
was to be done in a novel manner.
In view of the fact that it is the future of every child to become
an adult and a citizen, steps, as suggested by the Superintendent Oensus
Punjab, were taken to initiate fltudents, particulnrly those of the Upper
Primary Olasses in the mntter of Oensus Questionnaire. This went a
long way to make a section of the population census-minded. In this
connection, the co· operation of the Director of Public Instruction
Patiala is worth mentioning who with commendable promptitude issued
circulars to the teachers of schools to interest themselves in the matter
and to practise the questions in all classes as also to encourage students
to practib~ them Or! e(!'ch other.
The enumeration of the railwa.y stations was ca.rried out by the
railway employees under the supervision of the State Officers and it
is a satisfaction to note tha,t complete harmony existed between the
Railway and State Officials throughout the Oensus Operations The
Railway Bo&'rd had kindly issued instructions to the adrninistr;l,tion of
variou.,; RLilways to render all possible help to the State ~uthoritie,
and it goes to the credit of the Railway Staff that bhey carried out
these implicitly so that the Oensus of Bhatinda Railway colony
and other stations WetS recorded without a hitch. The Oharge Superin-
tendent in whooe jurisdiction the rail Wity premises wel:e situate WetS
made responsible for instructing the per lonnel needed for the taking a
count within ttle riLiI way prclmi8es. He was also respJn iible for supply-
ing all necessary documents, including the ennmeration pads to these in-
dividuals and for collecting the pads after the process of enumeration
was over.
Specill.l efforlis were made to instruct the staff in the art of writ-
ing of slips a,nd the manual of instructions (especially in the use of
symbols.) In order to attain satisfactory results, the instructional course
was followed by the 'practic9' enumeration to be carred out as frequently
as possible prior to the p'riod fixed for actual counting. During the
periocl whil"t practlCe was in progress any doubts or difficulties that
occurreo to them were cleared up. It was made quite clear to the
enumerators that their prime function was to put down whatevef answer
was receiv",d by them from the person enumerated, provided that it was
free from any suspicion of deliberate falsehood This extra care was to
be taken ill the ca;;;e , ~ contentious entries like caste and religion and
such complicated enurie~ as enquiries under questions 9: 10, and 1I.
They were alRo told tha,t persons who were temporarily absent at
the time of ellumerat,ion should also be enumerated unless the
period of their. absence extended beyond the period of Anumeration.
 xix

They were watned to be very careful in the case of those absentees and
visitors etc, so that there mq,y be no chance of their being counted in
more than oue place. 11eetin~s were conducted .by the Superintendent
a.nd the Assistant Superintendent in the Patiala Municipal Hall to give
special training t') the Supervisors and Enumerators appointed to
carryon census work in the city.
[n the all-India eighth Oensus Questionnaire the guiding princi- Enumeration
Slip and Cen-
ple in all the questions was that they were comprehensible to a man in sus Question-
the "treet. Questions were carefully studied in substance as well a8 in naire.
form, with the object of making them easy and precise, not only for
those who had to answer them but also for those who had to ask them.
The questionnaire had many innovations which admitted of a
wider examination of the ~nean8 of livelihood aspect, of which examples
a.re partial deppndency, assista,nce rendered by the members of the house-
hold, unemployment, educated unemployment, seasonal and temporary
unemployment, ~1nd fertility of married women. rt will not be devoid of
intere'lt to present this exhaustive questionnaire to the reader in its
entirety. It is annexed at the end of this Chapter as also a specimen of
the slip.
In reply to question relating to means of livelihood vague terms
such as 'service' or 'writing' or 'trade' or 'labour' were to be avoided and
the exact occupation entered, e. g.~ clerk in bank, Railway Traffic Super-
intendent, wine merchant, draper etc. In the case of labour it was to be
specified whethf'r labour in the fields or in a coal mine or jute factory or
C,)t,!on factory or earth work etc. In the case of agriculture distinction
W:l,g to be made between persons who do not cultivate personally, who
cultivate their own land, who cultivate rented land or who are hired
labourprs. Distinction was also to be made for persons who work land
on Batai (share-cropper). [f a person made the articles he sold, he was
to be sh()wn as the "maker and seller" of such article.
Determination of the llumber of children born to a married
woman and lier :1ge at birth of first child were the questions that yielded
a tolerably dependable record of fertility and the age of reproduction.
Th3 value of buch a question cannot be too gre~tly overrated. Nor is it
invaluable to countried of stationary and declining population but also
to those such as [ndia. The questions were so framed as to be suscepti-
ble ot answer by tho husband or a father.
The questirm rpgarding unemployment and educated unemploy-
ment had a statistical va,lue and would yield a set of reliable figures for
the educated unemploymElnt for the first time in this country.
U nliko the previous census, enumeration was to be direct on to
Code Numbers
the slips and there were to be no schedules. The substitution of theRe
slips for schedules eliminated the necessity of post-census slip-copying,
and as soon as the slips were collected, they were detached and sorted
straightway. ThEl siips carried Oode numbers determined for each
administrative unit, and no words in any la.nguage.
By reason of the need to standardize the form of the pad, Cf .e
numbers took the place of the local details by whioh the various cenlSUS
 :xx
divisions Were known The enumeration slips of each circle bore at the
bp three printed numbers representing from left to right:-
(a) The State. '
(b) rrhe TahKil.
(c) The Charge.
It was originally intended to print a fourth number of the slips
to represent Circle, but for certain technical reason this idea had to be
abandoned. This number was t'Jerefore added in continuation of the
three printed Code numbers by hand by the Charge Superintendents
with the assistance of Supervisors before distributiion of the pads to the
latter in order to show the Circle number into which each Charge had
been divided. This number, therefore, repreiicnted the fourth item of
the Code.
In case of towns where Circles corr esponded exactly to Wards, the
Circle numbers were not put down on the slips. Instead, the Enumera-
tor entered the Ward (Circle) numbers immediately aftor the star (*)
printed on the left hand side of the slip and under it the house number,
as the rural Enumerators were required to do in the ease of village Code
numbers. But in towns where a 'Nard haa been broken up int,o more
than one census CIrcle, the numbers representing the Circle were codified
within the Oharge and entered in continuation of the three printed Code
numbers. House number was put down immediately after the Star.
Since the tabulation Rtaff hfl.d only the Code numbers of the slips
to guide them it was enjoined upon the Enumerators to be very careful
in putting down Code numbers on the slips.

Tours
The scheme of the Census Operations hftd been modified by a
number of innovations for which there was no precedent in India; also
the State had been somewhat behind time in starting .its census opera-
tions and in order that the efficiency of work nBy not suffer br want of
training and that it could be brought abreast of the programme laid down
by the Superintendent Census Operatiom:, Punjab, extensive tours were
undertaken from the very outset.
The first round of the tour was undertaken by the Assistant
Superintendent after the reports had been received to the effect that the
General Village and Town Regist6rs were ready. The Assistant Super-
intendent visited in one complete round a.ll the important towns and
'rahsil headquarters. Dllring this tour, Patwaris and Qanungos were
collected at the Tahsil headquarters and initi'lted in the pros and cons of
of the new S3heme, and the desired results were :1Chieved, inasmuch as
_) L'· the Censns Officers and citizens who had preconceived ideas based on the
eX'petience of 1931 Census were got rid of them and the innovations and
fresh problems, which had cropped up as a corollary to these innovations
were impressed on them. Rome of the officers, who had worked in
previous censuses Were found to be so much possessed of the old system,
tha,t it was with great difficulty that a cbange was brought about in their
muntality and outlook. In all, during this tour, the Assistant Superin-
tendent travelled both by rail and' road to the extent of 1327 miles
 xxi

approximd.te1y, out of which the journey by road comes to about 300

miles and ill yself travelled about 2500 miles.

Later on th0 t(lurs were so arranged between the Assistant Super-

intendent and myself thfLt the work done was checked from stage to
stage at the Tahsil headquarters either by the Assistant Superintenaent
or by me. While the Assistant Superintendent devoted his time mostly
to the checking of the statistics and to the training of the Oensus
Officers, not only checked second time the work done, but a.ttended to
other administrative matters also, viz., the appointment of Oensus
Officers in consultation with the DiRtrict Census Officers.

As the work of house numbering came on, the speed of touring

Was accelerated and both the Assistant Superintendent and myself re-
mained in the districts verifying from house to house the work of house-
numbering flnd tallying other entries of the House Lists. In this round
about 250 villages were inspected, myself going mostly to the outlying
and remote parts of the Stn,te.

In addition to the tours made by the Officers of the Oensus

Department, the Subordinate Officers also did inspection work which
-
wa.!'! very useful.
A statement showing the Hames of villages visited IS attached
herewith.
The Subordinate Census Officers were asked that they and the
Revenue Assistants and other Gazetted Officers available should be
continuously and exte:nsively on tour in the districts during the days of
enumeration. All the ministers were requested nct to proceed on tours
during these daYR lest the Digtrict Officials may not be able to make
tours for they would have to keep the ministers' company. The Revenue
Minister, however, W3,S on tour without in any way distracting the
attention of Nazims from their inspection work.

On Llw 19th September, [040, Khan Bahadur Rheikh Fazal·i-Ilahi, Visits of the
P O. S., Superintendent, Oensus OperaLions, Funjab, paid us an official Superinten-
dent Oensus
visit which was very opportune }I.nd insLructive as by this time the Punjab and
Census Operations had gathered momentum and instructions were need- the Oensus
Oommissioner
ed on points of kchnique in- order to ensure the ac(;uracy of the work, as for India.
well as on the preliminary ammgementR made in the State in connection
with the Oensus. The Superintendent inspected the Village Registers,
which were complete by tha t time and explaineii the innovations intro-
duced i:l this decennial cemus. He also inspected otber record of the
Oensus Department and was sati,;iied and pleased to remark that he had
comp across such nice work in only a few British Di"tricts.

The Census Commissioner for India., Mr. M. W. M. Yeatts, I.C.S.,

visited Ohail in July, J941, during an excursion tour and went thr,:mgh
such of the Imperial and oth()r tables as were ready. The OemlUs
Oommissioner Wi1S good enough to point out certain improvements which
were duly carried out. This vi~it came off at a time when the Provincial
Census Office h:l.d ce tsod to function and we had to bring ourselves into
 xxii

direct contact with Census Commissioner in order to seek enlightenment

with regard to future work.
On meeting him several matte!'s, which were of assistance to me
or of interest to the Oensus Commissioner from the All-India st'md-point
were discussed: the main points being the general methods adopted in
sorting, outturos achieved and particular points of interpretation that
were found doubtful by me, and the type of Report contemplated as
accompanying the table etc. Another matter of importance in which
I received initiatir n at the hands of the Censlls Commissioner and which
I found in the interest of State was that of " Oontinuity." I have refer-
red the mi1tter in detail to His Highness' Government and it is receiving
attention of the authorities. In short, we carried a good deal of useful
ground during our talks. It is right that more sucb contacts the Census
Oommissiner can make the better for the work and his charge which is
always a huge one.
About 28 circula,rs were received from the Superintendent Oensus,
Directorate.
Punjab. These circulars contained elucidation of all that was novel in
the Census Operations of this decarle. It can be Raid in fairness to the
authorities that these circulars proved very helpful in the elucidation of
the technique of the census procedure and in the understanding of the
right imports of the enumeration questionnaire. In fact these circulars,
as they supplemented the provisions of the Census Code and Manual,
lead the way to the smooth running of the Census Operations and one
cannot but be grateful to the Census Commissioner, India, and to the
Superintendent Census, Punjab, for the iqsne of these circulars. This
exttmple was followed by the State Census Depadment and good many
routine and whip circulars were issuej to keep the work in the districts
going on steadily, efficiently and assiduously. In fact most of the
Circular,,; and Imtructions received frl)m the Superintendent Census,
Punjab were translated in vernacuIa,r and issued to the Subordinate
Census Officers from whom these ultimately went to the Enumerators.
The timely i,.;sue of these circulars punctuated by visits to head-
quarters of tlw districts p;wed the way to the correct enumeration which
was more technicn,1 this time than it was on the last occa"ion.
Code of Censlls Procedure was an invariable guide in all matters
relating to Census. InstructIOns, in the form of lVla,uuals, etc., were also
provided to all the three gmdes of Census Agency, viz, the Charge
Superintendents, Supervisors and Enumerators. "Manual containing
Instructions to Chftrgo Superintendents and Supervisors" was supplied
to all the Ch~,rge Superintendfmts and Supervisors. This booklet was in
English and Urdu and contained, besides specific instructions for the
guidance of the Charge Superintendents and Supervisors, the All-India
Stalldard Questionn'lire, 1941, as well as exhaustive instructions for £11-
ing up the enumeration slip.
J llstructions to Enumerators were contained in the booklet of
"Instructions to Enumerators in the Punjab and Delhi." In adaition to
providing brief but oj ucidatory instructions to Enumerators, this booldet
contained on its fly-leaf the form of the Enumerator's Abstract. The
 xxiii

Enumerator:;;, after the completion of enumeration, filled in this form the

number of occupied houses, total of persons (male and female) as well as
the number of male and female literates.
In view of the fact that the Provincial Superintendent desired the
ProvislOnal Totals to be compiled slowly and accurately, unlike previous
pnctice, and communicated to him and the Census Oommissioner for
India on the 4th of March, 1941, the l'ahsildars were asked to send in
their totals in an easy manner and hence no relays of messengers, camels
or horses were needed. Oonsequently no special arrangements were made
to get in final totals. In the case of Kandaghat Tahsil arrangements
were made for special taxis to carry the Patwaris (Circle Supervisors)
from road-side villages to the headquarters of the Tahsil. It ensured
the compilation and punctual despatch of Tahsil Totals which, otherwise
would have been very difficult in view of the hilly nature of the oountry.

The final round wn,s taken when the work of enumeration was in Final Round.
motion At this stage I did the most of the touring--in fact I was
constantly moving from district to district by metalled Jl:' kachcha roads
and visited all by myse if some 5 towns and 70 villages. The total mileage
tnwelled by me, the greater part whereof was done by road, amount,ed to
2276 miles. The mileage covered by the Assistant Superintendent
amounted to some . 800 miles by rail f1nd road including that of previous
tours
In order to ensure the record of correct answers of such conten- Formation of
tious questions as religion and caste and to set at naught the pernicious Sub-Commit-
tees.
efforts of the communally-minded persons, Committees were formed in
most of the towns on the eve of enu~neration. The Committee consisted
of one Hindn, one Sikh and onn Mohammadan member, each. Census
entries, otherwise secret RDd not open to inspection by any body except
by Census Officers were accessible to these Committees. A good deal of
inspcetion work was carried out by thp,se Committees in Patia.la City.

After the enumeration of each Block had been recorded, the Enumerator's
Enumerators filled in their Abstract:;:, printed on the fly-leaf of the Abstract.
booklEt of J nstruction for Euumemtors, tore them off and handed them
over to their Supervisors along with their completed enumeration pads
on the morning of the 2nd March, 1941. The Supervisor in his turn
prepare~ his Circle 8ummary which showed the number of occupied
housefl, '1nd the total and litemte population of t,he Circlr. 'rhe Charge
Supprintendent on recoiving Summ;),ries of all the Circles under him,
prepHed his Charge Summal'Y. It was the Chq,rge Summaries that
were compiled in the Tahsils a,nd communicated to the head office.

The Sllb~wdin'\.te Officers were requested by the Census Superin-

Provisiona.l
tendent to communicate their provisional totals as first thing after the Totals.
1st March, 1941 After this d~tte there was feverish activity throughout
the State to add up the various Circle totals. The traditional rivalry of,
the Tahsils 3.bout communicating their totals was not as manifest as it
used to be. '.rhe figures of the population communicated first hand were
as follows :-
 ,
XXI~

N umber of occupied houses 3,72,511

Males 10,09,607
Females 8,63,282
Total 18,92,889
Literate Males 1,03,051
Literate Females 13,768
Total Literates 1,16,819
The Census Superinteodent Punjab was not however, anxious to have
them communicated to him posthaste and therefore the totals came in
an easy manner and were communieated to the CensuE! Superintendent,
Punjab on the 3rd March, 1941, only one intervening day. The figures
were received from various rahsils in the order noted belo\\' :-
2nd March.
(i) Tahsil Bhawanigarh.
(ii) Tahsil Rajpura.
(iii) Tahsil N amaul.
3rd March.
(i) Tahsil Sirhind.
(ii) Sunam.
"
(iii) Kanda,ghat
"
(iv) Narwana.
"
(v) Dhuri.
"
(vi) Barnala.
"
(vii) Bhatinda.
"
(viii) Patiala Town.
"
(IX) Patiala.
"
(x) Mansa.
"
Attempts to Long before the actual enumeration came off the leaders of
swell numbers. various communities busied themselves to see that their respective
communities did not go by default and the enumeration was not done
inaccurately but the town satellites in each community did not refrain
from rpsorting to objectionable and undesirable methods and introducing
elements of trickery and lie in the prrformance of Censuil functions.
Ill-will towards each other was manifest throughout the country and
each c'1mmunity was attempting to vie with each other in reactionary
methods for takiiig the numbArs of their communities. rhe storm
seemed to be great because the people of [ndia seemed to have lost their
vital national sense. The Provinces of the Punjab, Bengal and Assam
were the greatest sufferers from this agitation.
In the Punjab at the fag end of the year when all census opera-
tions were reaching their climax and the time for enumeration came
 n.v
impendio;g, the u,~fortu~ate cQntp.:t:o:v..ersy be.tween Gurmukhi and Hindi
QU the one s.idlil and. Urdu au the other took ase.rious shape in the
Brovinoo aud 'a.spark from this Qoutroversy gave ris.e to an unhealthy
rivalry between the communities of the State, the Hindus and
Mohammadans took .to t~eir heads to record the mother-tongue of their
reRpective commupities as Hindi and Urdu to the sacrifice of their real
mother-toQgue Pupjabi.. These feelings were flared by propaganda
which though not directly carried out in the State had its grim shadow
cast upon the State from the bordering districts of the Province. Not
only the persons who came for record did give their mother-tongue to be
U rdu:or Hindi but the euuPlerJl.tors and Supervisor,S also pitchforked previ-
ous.·entries,of Punj~bi lf1,l1guage and iuser,ted in an unlawful and surreptt-
tious manner Urdu and Hindi as mother-tongue of all Punjabi Moham-
madans and Hindus respectively. This open high-handedness naturally
flared up feelings of counter propaganda in the minds of the Sikhs, but
thanks to the en€)rgetic effort,S and vigilance of the Subordinate Census
Officers and constant inspection on my part that the mischief was nipped
in the, bU,a although not without some mischief-mongers being dealt with
severely. Some communally-minded and designing enumerators and
8uperv;isors were alim detected red-handed swelling the number of their
comm,unities a~jd were dealt with a strong hand. These timely actions
had the desired effect and the mischief was held back from spreading
widely.

Some complaints and counterplaints of omi;:;sions and of false

entries were received in office and as is wont some propaganda was
carried out in the papers of the Province by Hindu, Muslim and Sikh
communities who never cease jarring on matters of common concern.
These were enquired ill·to and such of those who had even a semblance
of truth in them were duly redressed, the rest having no basis were
rejected.

rrhe P~tiala Oensus Act, No. I of 1997, was passed under the Legislation.
auth()rity of Ijlas-i-Khas. This WclS enacted on the lines mntatis
mutandis of the Punjab Oensus Act. It gave authorization to the taking
of census and dealing with o.ffences connected therewith. There was no
occasion t.o apply the penal secGions of the Act. In order to keep Pat-
waxi$ an(l Qanungos upto the work departmental punishments of a
trifling nature were resorted to in several cases.

The Act is annexed at the end of this Chapter.

ffhe last two days of the Censu,3 period viz., 28th February ana
Public Holi-
1st' March, 1941, were declared as Public Holidays. In addition to this days.
the State Officials who had enlisted themselves as Census Officers were
relieved of their duties for the first two days viz, the 26th and 27th Feb-
ruary also. rrhe declaration of these holidays facilitated the work a great
<1eal

The ~ttitude of the Public was invariably tolera/nt. rrhey had Attitude of the
witnessed several censuses and could be said to have now become toler- Public.

ably census-minded, and did not therefore create hitches in its way.
 xxvi
District and No allotment was made to the districts, the Patiala Municipality
Municipal Ex-
penditure. arid the Small Town Oommittees from the Oensus Department. What-
ever little expenditure they had to incur ~came out of their departmental
funds.
The total expenditure on the Oensus Operations cost a sum of
Rs. 35,688/11/- which gives a proportion of Rs. 18/6/10 per thousand.
No expenditure was incurrEd on the printing of the Report as it has not
come to be printed and the cost of the Directories which is payable to
the State Press is also not included in this amount.

In HJ31 the total expenditure was Rs. 4'2,'241/11/- and thA propor-
tion per thoustand was Rs. 24/11/4 The expenditure incurred by the
Province is not known because complete operations were not carried out
there on account of the stringency of War.
As regards Patiala Municip1lity, the enumeration slips were supplied
free of all cost. The necessary agency for enumeration was, however,
provided by themselves .. All charges for contingencies in connection
with the bouse-numbering etc., were also met by the Municipality, un-
like the case in the Punjab where for the tabulation of the result of the
Oensus the municipalities were c3,lIed upon to contribute towards the cost
at the rate of 5 months' salary of one tabulating clerk for every 10,000 of
the population dealt with.
Under the circumstances the Patiala Municipality spent Rs. 1, lOO/-
as per detail given below:-
Stationery Rs. 130/-
Plans Rs. 175/-
White and colour washing for house-
numbering Rs.300;;
Paper Rs. 75/-
Wages of labourers" Rs 170/-
Remuneration of copyists Rs 200/-
Miscell aneous Rs. 50/-

So r t i:n g

Preamble The stage next to enumeration is sorting. As said elsewhere, in

the previous censuses there was an intermediate stage between enume-
ration find sorting, namely slip-copying_ This time the sorting was
made direct from the slips, and thus the time and ext~ense incurred in
slip-copying was saved

The general principle followed in sorting W::JS that sexes were

kept separate throughout as also communities.

Preiiminary rrhe first step towards the nscertainment of tbe provisional

Abstracts. popUlation was the filling of the form printed on the back of the booklet
" Instructions for Enumerators." The total number of occupied houses,
provisional total of popuh,tion according to sex and number of male
and female literiltes were entered in this form which after being checked
at the DiRtrict Head quarters was forwarded to me.
 xxvii
In his circular No. 24 dated the 7th March, 1941; the Superin- General.
tendent, Oensus Operations, Punjab, intimated that the Government
of India hll.d sanctioned only partial tabulation and that he contemp-
lated closing down his office in the beginning of June, 1941. He in-
formed that the British India tabulation will be confined only to the
extraetion of statistics for the six Imperial Tables, namely I, II, III,
V, XIII and XIV and the Provincial Tables I and II. The enumeration
slips were to be preserved for future tabulation. He, however, added
that in case the Patiala State wished to do the entire tabulation at this
stage, he could furnish a copy of the "Sorting and Oompilation Instruc-
tions" received from the OemlUs Oommissioner for India.
Immediate steps were taken to start the sorting operations, but
the fact that the Patwaris and Quanungos, through whose agency this
work was to be carried out were busy with the girdawri work, was in
the way of the sorting centres functioning at once.
It was found in the interest of work to start centres at more than
one place under Revenue Assistants who could better control Patwaris
and extl ~1Ct more work from them than was otherwise possible. Oonse-
quently the following centres were started and the work noted against
each allotted:-
1. Oentre at Patiala under Asstt., PatialaOity, 1'ahsils Kandaghat and
Supdt. Oensus. Narnaul.
2. Oentre at Patiala nnder Reve- Tahsils Patiala, Rajpura and
nue Asstt, Patialft. Sirhind.
:1. Oentre at Barnala under Reve- Tahsils Barnala, Bhatinda and
nue Asstt., Barnala. Mansa.
4. Centre at Sunam under Reve- Tahsils Sunam, Bhawanigarh, NfLr-
nue Asstt., Sunam. wana and Dhuri.
The scheme proved successful and the sorting of the tables ear-
marked by the Superintendent, Oensus Operations, Punjab, was com-
pleted in all respects at all Cl')ntres by the 15th May, 1941. It could
be finished earlier, but the start was delayed by the girdawTi work in
the districts,-the sorting centres were not functioning with full steam
till after the 13th April, 1941.
Sorting Offices were pLl.ued under the charge of Revenue Assis- Staff.
tants and man lied by the Patwaris n.nd Quanungos, the former function-
ing as Sorters and the latter as Supervisors. Oare was taken to obtain
the services of trustworthy, hard-working and disciplined staff, and the
economy and efficiency was the result. The Patwaris received a
special allowance of Rs. 5/- per mensell and the QuanurJgos Rs. 10/- per
mensem.
The Head Olef k of the department was in the direct charge of
the sorting and compilation work. In the meanwhile myself and the
Assistant Superintendent toured to the district centres to see that the
work was being carried out expeditiously and in accordance with the
instruction.:;. Thanks to the efforts of tbose who did it and those who
s:mpervised it, all went well.
 x~viii

Checkillg.., the The1 checking Ot, slips, with their' abstracts of, circle, Registers,
Slips.
:m~.Re.gis,fi0YS a.nd' l3i5tl~y with Enumeratoris Abstraots rund charge SUI.D-
m&rie& tool~ mQF0 t,ime tha.-n: Wa.it e'Xpoot~ but· once tbis work was, got
tlll1o:ngh,. furth~r, operations wel1Er consid~rably facilitarted. Further'on,
EJ\Ter:y' slip, was ·run over by way of general check for obv,ious· absQu:rities,
amig~OnS1 et0. Su;~rviwl6. were authoriS6d to CDIroot~ ve;ry obvi\)1:ls
misi8ikBs whet~ the correct. entry was clear; but no alteration was
aUowoo.to·be made in matters of opinion;

'.rhese preliminarieFl, no doubt, took time but it was not safe to

Name of the
person to he ride rough-shod over them, because the smoothness and accuracy of
removed. census operations depended on these preliminaries being carried out
carefully· Aiter this, the name of. the person given against question
Nu. 1 W{1S: rendered unintelligible; 'rhe' enumeration pads ware then
broken up' into· slipfl roady' for sortin~

The extent of testing depended on whether mist:1kes were found

Extent of test·
ing or nDt. .N.s a: general' rule 20 percent of the slips were tested but in
cert:rtin' caSes- where the" nature> of the table c!l,lled for still greater check
ev-en fifty' p81' cent of tlhe slips were checked.
Though started late, the work of sorting was completed within
two months of the starting of sorting offices, a5=l against a limit of three
mont1is raid down in the "'Sorting and Compilation Instructions. " This
expeditious completion of the work goes to the credit of my office staff
as we lA, as- the sorting staJ£ who put in extra work even in the sweltering
heat and odd hours.

Imperial The Imperial 3!r.rd other tables prepared: art this Census were as
Tables. follows :-
I. Area, Houses· :lind Populati0n.
II. Variation in population during fifty years.
III. Towns and villages classified by population.
IV. TOWliJS clarsBified. by population with variation since 1891,
V. Towns arranged territorially with population by com-
munities.
VI. Birth-place.
VII. Age and Oivil Condition.
VIII. Means of Livelihood.
IX. Industry,
X. Unemployment.
XI. Literacy by community and age.
XI L Mother-tongue.
XIII Community,
XIV. Europeans and Allied Races and Anglo-Indians by Rac~
and Age.
 xxix
XV. Summary of :ligtt'res for dlflllribts.
Ou,t of the above-noted tables, Nos, I, II, Ill, V, XII! along with
their subsidia-ry tables and Provincial Tables I and II were prepared in
the first instance and forw~rd'ed to the Superintenderit, Census Opera-
liions, Punjab, as requisitioned by him by the 30th May, 1941. This
ft,hbreviated tabulation was highly appreciated by the Ruperintendent,
Census Operations, Punjab, Lahore, in his Demi-Officialletter No. 4488
dated the 10th June, 1941. (Copy apl?ended at the end of this chapter.)
The remaining Imperial and other tables were then taken up. They
were followed by the 8amplf~-slips and Fertility tables.

In all, we prepared 2 Provincial, 16 Imperial, 44 subsidiary,

7 1!50th slips and 49 Fertility Tables.

Compilation.
O(')Jnpilation stage is that in which the figures produced by the Preamble and
Bortera are cast into the form required by the tables; Since this stage Summary.
was critical and required concentration, accuracy and intelligence I got
the entire compilation carried out in my office at Patiala under my own
superv1sIon, Compilation was done in English. The compilation work
in this office was completed within two months of the end of the sorting
operations.
The totals in the sorters' tickets were posted on to these regis- Compilation
ters and the district and State totals were struck. Registers.

JIhe entries in the compilation Regi8ters were compared very care- Testing.
fully with tho:-e in the sorters' tickets. The compiler~ and their sbpervi-
E<ors were warned that' they would be held responsible for mistakes
dEiLected in the tables compiled and checked by them.

When the sorters' ticket for table XIII was completed the village Village Tables.
totals were struck in red inle These totMils were then posted in village
tables. These tables were arranged by tahsils and bound up by districts.
Elbch voll1me was paged and furnished with a table of contents showing
thl'l pages where tbe villages of each Tahsil were eutered; and also with
an alphabetical index of villages.
All the Census forms, as on the previous occasions, were received Forms and
from the Superintendent: Oensus Operations, Punjab and the cost was their distribu-
tion.
paid by the State. There was no occasion to print any form locally.
The following were the forms nsed:-

General Villages and Tqwn Registers.

Only two forms for each Tahsil and Town were received and,
therefore, as laid down in the Census Code, blank sheets were attached
with the printed forms, when the latter did not suffice to complete the
R('gister;
Charge Registers.
These were also distributed to all the Tahsils and Towns III

Ilccordance with the number of Charges and Circles in each Tahsil.

 .xxx

House Lists and Block Lists.

In accordance with the instructions received from the Superinten-
dent, Census Operations, Punjab, these forms were distributed at the
rate of one for every 50 houses. The number of houses in each Tahsil
was calculated from the General Village and Town Registers. Extra
quantities of the forms were, however, supplied when the forms already
supplied to a Tahsil fell short of its requirements.
Form of appointment of Supervisors and Enumerators.
These forms were solely intended for use in my office. Appoint-
ments of all the Supervif'ors and Enumerators were made on these forms
under my signatures. Slight alterations had, however, to be made in
the forms, necessitated by the difference between number of relevant
sections of Indin,n Census Act and the Patiala Census Act.
All the appointment orders were filled in at the Head Office and
were sent to tbe Subordinate Census Officers and Secretary, Municipal
Committee, Patiala.• for being delivered to the persons appointed.
The appointment orders of Charge· Superintendent whose number
was indeed very sman, were issued on forms struck on the Duplicator in
my office as printed forms for this purpose were not received from the
Superintendent, Census Operations, Punjab
Enumeration Pads.
Enumeration slips were the most important of all other forms as
the enumeration was to be recorded on these slips bound up in Pads of
100 each called enumeration pads. These were printed for whole of
India centrally at Calcutta and were distributed from there on the basis
of indents submitted thruugh the Provinei:d Superintendent, taking into
account an estima.ted increase of 15% over the population of 1931.
These on receipt were properly checked and arranged charge-wise. On
making an estim1.te on the basis of population figures in House Lists,
the supply received was found deficient. A further supply of pads had,
therefore to be obtained from the Superintendent, Census Operations,
Punjab. Most of these pads bore the required Code numbers; in case
of others appropriate Code numbers had to be imprinted befora they were
issued.
All the pads were deFpatched to Ta,hsils in the first week of
February but supplementary indents continued to be received as late as
1st March, 1941, which were, however, met in full. After the exhaustion
of stock resHved in the office, demands had to be met by printing slips
on the Duplicator. However, later on when the figures of the total
population were available it transpired that each Tahsil had in the very
first instance received sufficient number of pads and that their belated
demands were the result of not following the instructions issued by this
office with regard to a.-ljustment of excessive and deficient supplies of
pads between Circles.
Charge and Circle Summaries.
These were distributpd on the basis of Circles and Charges in each
 xxxi

rra.hsil. ~wo copies of each form were supplied for every Charge and
Circle.
Publications.
Besides the forms mentioned above the following publications
were received from the Census Superintendent, Punjab : -

(a) Provincial Census Code. (English & Urdu).

A copy of the Provincial Census Code was supplied to each Sub-
ordinate Census Officer, Revenue Assistant, Tahsildar, Naib-Tahsildar,
and the Charge Superintendent.

(b) Instructions for Charge Superintendent and Supervisors.

These were also received in sufficient numbers and were supplied
in addition to the officials mentioned above to all the Circle Supervisors.
(c) Instructilns for Enumerators.
Every Enumerator was given a copy of this booklet for reference
'ind guidance. The fly-leaf of this booklet was also intende~ to be utilized
for the prepara,tion of the Enumerator's Abstract, after the enumeration
was over.
A copy each of the above publications has been preserved III the
Record Room Sadar Mal, Patiala, for reference on the occasion of the
next ('ensus.

In addition to the new material designed to produce information New Enqui-

ries.
m the House-Llst and the questionnaire for enumeration on the
subject of Standard of Comfort, C tttle survey, size of normal families,
cottage and rural industry, unemployment) seasonal occupation etc., etc.,
speci3.] enquiries as noted below were suggested by the Census Superin-
tendent, Punjab, at the instance of the Census Commissioner for India to
to be undartaken.
L Fertility Enquiry.
Subsidiary Enquiry.
These enquiries will be dealt with in their due perspective at tneir
proper places in the Report but at present a brief mention will not be
out of place.
One of the new features of this Census questionnaire was to elicit
Fertility En-
information regarding fem:tle fertility. This information was designed to quiry.
be elicited with the help of the following questions:-
Question 7. How many children have born to you? How many
are alive?
Question 8. Whflt was your age at the birth of the first child?
At the last Census a special enquiry into fertility was held, and
the information obhined was variable in degree and quantity. It was
contemplated to conduct an inquiry on large scale at this census. It was
desired to obtain information regarding the age at the time of first con-
 ~XXll

Q~it~ It ~~ a~ol ~~~~liY tQ, qave in,.~QrcJ).l!:l.tio:o. r~gQrrding the

average period intervening between cohabitation and the birth of, the
first child, the sex of the first and_ of each successive child, the period
elapsing between births, the use of' contraceptives, other deliberate
l\e.tltl~i«tiQU of. WniliijS ~;t¥l liililMl41 r ,@Wlj;· T4~ inJol'm.~~i~n llnilerlined
above was, hOl\T..aVo,el:; (}Qll~d, ~~w,f.!,fd:ttJ i:Il; 3,., subsidii;lrl'Y table 1ID
Imperial ffable VII. '
These inquiries were to be restricted to limited sections of the
population and' by IDBdical men and women, nurses:, health-visitors etc.
rphe Subordinate,Census Officers, Secretary, Municipal0bmmittee, and,'the
Director of Medical Services were requested to comment on the possi-
bility of sPRQ::t9 aogp!IY. On hearit!.g from them the Superintendent,
Census Operations, Punjab, was informed that I was not in favour of
holding scientific enquiries. into fertility question, other tha.n what was
aontemp1aJ;ed"1tfoJ.; the gen.era.l peopledlo be: made on aJimited. sooJe.

Subsidiary En- The instructionik.Well£hthat· troo,~bsidw~ enquiries should be con-

quiries. d..~.9!~.4 in ,~gy. tyvp_ vi1la~s of the State which should be typical either of
'Q~J.iti9,l}lM tra&.tf1, or of tpe S~_(3tiol1~ of the com~uJ)ity engaged in parti-
QJ},l.fI.t,f, q9.y:gRa~i9.:Q.s,. ~4ey\ shoul.d, al~g>b~ typical,ofthe State as far as possi-
ble ani tha.t their population should not be less than 500 and more than
1,000 persons. The enquiry laudable as it was, was undertaken whole-
heartedly and :in.quiries on the lines suggested by· the &lperintendent
Oensus- Operatiolls, Funjab, wer(l ord-t:l~ed. to he. made in ,six: villages
instead of two in order that all the aspects of the enquiry be ventila.ted
t!l:oro~g.hl.y aIl~ compreh((nsively. These villages were:-

N&,m-e. 01 village. N :lime ofdjsbr.iet

1. Ra,iwas. Narnaul.
2'. Gopf\.lwas. Narnanl.
3. Barsat Patiala.
4. Ghunas. Barnala.
5. Nilowal. Sunam.
G. Sirinagar. Kohistuill.
frhe N azims of the ilistricts conCfmraed were asked to conduct
t1t~R,e enqp.ir,i,~~ pl;lrRQnaqy. Effortswere made to utilize the services of
a j ProfesS9,r of E,cqq.9Illics o( the Mahendra College Patiala 80S well as to
employ local talents but it did not materialise It is also to be regretted
that by the time t his Report has come to be written, the enquiries have
not been completed by the Nazims, and unless the frame-work is comp-
leted by tl:>em, no sh~pe could be given, to the materia}, collected. The
enquiry pertaining to one village,Barsat was more cf}mp~ete than pertain.
ing to ~l)Y otJteX vilhtge and the N,azirn P~ti_alGt is giving it finishing
touches. The labour on this work, I would su.ggest, should be continued.
One main reason for non-compl~tion is that theBe enquiries demand
engrcssing and whole-time attention of him who undertake3 them and
N ~.i;:tl\~rjI\. tne,.miqs~ of thei.!; m,\lltjf3jl;iA\1,S. duties h!),ve no time to spare
fOJf. th;is up.~MIL t~~k. Ii th,e. enq~irie.~ happ~n to be cOlupleted. later on,
~~ ,aig~_ess,', G;qvern:q:WJJ~" wouJd be ,mo.~ed. tv g~,~' them. published ,as ..a
sep,ar;~~f.\ tr,e~t,i~~ OJ;l the supiect pf ecoQ.owio and socia} conditions oilife
 XXXIll

prevalent in the villages of Patiala State. For -purposes of permanency

of record, th3 questionnaire received from the Superintendent, Census
Operations, Punjab, and which was to form the avenue of enqumes, IS
attached at the end of this Chapter.
Generally speeking the record of the Census Department was Disposal of re-
comprised of the following:- cord of th-
prasen t Cene
(a) Enumeration slips. sus.

(b) Other record e. g. General village and town Registers,

Charge registers etc.
(c) Maps.
(d, House lists.
(e) Correspondence files, Accounts registers etc.
(j) Furniture and other stock articles.
As early }1S May, HH1, a reference was made to the Superinten-
dent, Census Operations, Punjab, about the disposal of record of the
presest Census. In view of the Government of India's decision to
proceed with the first sort only, the instructions received were to pre-
serve the enumeration pads in various Tahsil Treasuries. But since the
Patiala State had proceeded with full tabulation the question of preser-
vation of enumeration pads was not, as a rule, called for. Still they are
prAserved at the sorting centres, although the instructions of Census
Commissioner for India were that since Patiala State was proceeding
with full tabulation the slips should bR destroyed when operations were
completed. Provided they were first torn up they could be sold as
waste paper
It Wb,S ordered that General village and town registers, Charge
rflgisters, Maps of Tahsils ahd Towns, copies of preliminary enumeration
and copies of columns No.1, 2, 7, 8 and four lists of enumerators and
supervisors should be preserved These were arranged according to
circles, charges and Tahsils ::l.nd consigned to the District Record Rooms.
In view of the proposals of perpetuation of House Lists and of
continuity scheme, the House Lists were also consigned to Di5trict
Record Rooms after they had been arranged according to Hadbast
number and, then according to circles, charges a.nd Tahsils.
In conformity with the previous practice the correspondence
files, Account registers etc. were consigned to the Record Room S&.ddar
Mal, Patiala.
The furniture of this Department, miscellaneous artic~es of stock
and store as well as books were transferred to the offi~e of the Revenue
Minister.
The Oensus Office was in the beginning, eve~ before the appoint- Accommoda.-
ment of the Superintendent and the Assistant Superintendent, located tion for Census
Office.
in the rooms occupied by the Revenue Minister and the Under· Secretary
during winter. These rooms, were, however, found incommodious when
the Oensus Office began to function in a full-fledged condition. There-
 xxxiv

fore the rooms ait,m1ted in the premist's of the Moti Bagh Palace, in
which office of the Military Secretary used to be loc::tted in the winter,
were occupied for some time. But before the advent of the cold season
these rooms had also to be vacated in favour of the staff of the Military
Secretary. The Census Office was then shifted to the Qilla Mubarik
which it continued to occupy till the sorting and compilation operations
were over. The sorting of only one centre was carried out in the Qilla
Mubarik in the rooms partly lllade available by the Military Secretary
and the Conservator of Hill Forests. The second centre was located in
an annexe to my Kothi whinh place I sele(~ted for want of another suit·
able place and with a view to be able to get the work done under my
own eye.
On my appointment as Judge of the High Court, the Census Office
remained located in the High Court building for its remaining term.

Acknowledge.
The task of :.lcknowledging the good turns done by friend8 and
ments. services rendered by colleagues and subordinates is not an easy one and
if I lack in the proper expression of the efforts pooled by different
workers in the diseharge of the arduous task of Census Operations I may
be excused for any f'uch omission.
First of all I must thank the people of the State who allowed
them to be censused without grudge and without raising difficulties and
h3ive displayed sense of cooperation and citizen.~hip and census-minded-
ness.
Outside heme, my grateful thanks are due to Mr. M W.:\1:.
Ye:1.tts, Census Commissioner for India, with whom it was my good
fortune to be associated on the closing of the Provincial Census Depart· .
ment. This association was inspiring :wd useful. He sp:1red no pR.ins
in going through the tables which were referred to him. '}'he scheme of
Continuity owes its origin to him.
My grateful thanks are also due to K. B. Sheikh Fazl-i-Ilahi,
Superintendent, Census Operations, Punjab, whose condu0t was inspiring
and whose instructions and reElponses to many queries were fOllnd illumi-
nating and ready at hand. He never grudged ref"rences and in fact it was
labour of love always to tnckle with him. The Librarian of the Punj'lb
Public Library, Lahore, Mr. J_j!tbhu Ram, deserves my Rpecial thanks.
My th.-tnks are also due to the Sub-Divisional Officers of the
Railways and to the Station Masters for the manner in which they
discharged their responsibilities and made my task of enumeration of the
Railway prem:'ses and colonieE! easy.
Turni!!g (tearer home my weighty acknowledgements are due to
my Assistll.ut Superintendent, S. Amba Parshad Mathur, for the quiet
and unostentatious manner in which he managed the office and its whole
work. He shared with me in full measure the labours entailed in the
arduous and difficult task of writing the Census Report of this decade,
and throughout enjoyed my confidence. The Head Clerk, Mr. Mohd.
Razi, B. A by his work and conduct proved an efficient hand. Another
member of the staff who deserves mention by name is B. Om Parkash
 xxxv

Datt. B. A., the Section Olerk of the Department. He possesses great

adaptability for statistical work. Besides the Assistant Superintendent
he was retained in the Census Department from its commencement to
its disbandment.
rrhereafter my posthumous but heartfelt gratitude is due to the
late Raja Sir Hari Kishan Kaul, C S. I., O. L E., the then Revenue
Minister, for his kind co-operation. It was a great strength to feel that
he was at the helm of census affairs-a greater master than he for the
guidance of these operations. could not have been found. His 'i:\uccessor,
Lt. Golone] S. Harbans Singh, continued the same co-operation.
My best thanks are due to the Subordinate Census Officers
who were incharge of these opemtions in the districts and t,hrough whose
zeal and energy the work was finished in time and without a hitch.
Their na~nes deserve special mention as below:-
1. S. Gyan Singh Rarewala, N azim Patiala
'3. S. Sadbu Singh Tiwana, Nazim Barnala.
3. S. Pritam Singh Sidhu, N azim Sun am.
4. R. ,T. N. Mukerjee, Nazim Bassi.
5. B. Durga Dbar J ayal, N azim Kobistan.
6. S. Abdul Shakur, Offg. Nazim Namaul.
[lnd
L The late S. Meh:=t.r Singh, Hevenue Assistant, Sunam.
~. S. Balwant Singh, Revenue Assistant, Patiala.
S. S. Dbaram Singh, Revenue Assistant, Barnala.
As regards the late S. Mehar Singh, Revenue Assistant, Sunam
1 \)'ill suffer from qualms of conscience, if I do not make it clear posthu-
mou"ly in this Report that his zeal and love for service to State and its
people f:-If excelled h;s solicitude for his life. At the time when he was
incharge of the Sunam Centre where sorting and compilation was being
carried out under his close supervision, he was suffering from an acute
form of high blood pressure and its attendant heart trouble, but he would
not listen to any advice which implied the relaxation of his hard work
and per:3ona,1 la,bours in the field of Census Operations. I bow in great
solemnity to the stubborn will of the deceased in the service of the State
and pray for the peace of hiR soul.
It would UP invidious to make any distinction among tbe Heads
of the Department:; and I tender my acknowledgements to all collectively.
S. Hardyal Singh Ha.rika, Secretary, Municipal Committee, Patiala, wa,s
cloRely as~ociated with Oemus Operations carried out in the city and I
mention his name In tokell of my acknowledgement of his services. I
have nothing but gratitude for all other Heads of Departments for
sparing tho services of their subordinates for the census work; the Rame
:1re due to the Tahsildars, ana N aib-Tahsildars, and other census officers
who worked under the Subordim.te Cenqus Officers with untiring zeal
and devotion.
The services of the rest of the Revenue staff "and other officials
and non-officials connected with the Census work have been acknow-
ledgen with a liberal gmn t of Sanads. They were of two clasees, first
and second.
 xxxvii

Appendix.
PATIALA CENSUS ACT, ACT I OF 1997.

An act to provide for certain matters in connection with the

taking of the Census.

Whereas it bas been determined to take a Census of the State

during the year 1997, and whereas it is expedient to provide for certain
matters in connection with the taking of such Census; it is hereby
enacted as follows;
1 (i) This Act may be called th", Patiala Census Act, 1997. Short title and
extent.
(1:i) It extends to the whole of Patiala State.
2. (i) The Ijlas-i-Khas may appoint a Superintendent of Census Appointment
of Oensus Offi-
Operations to supervise the taking of the Census within cers.
the whole of the State.
(ii) The Ijlas-i-Khas may appoint any person to take or aid
in, or supervise the taking of the Census within any
specified local area.
(iii) Persons so appointed shall be called Census Officers.
(iv) The Ijlas-i-Rhas may delegate to such authority as it
thinks fit, the power of appointing Census Officers which
is conferred by this section.
3. (1) A declaration in writing, signed by any Officer authorised
Proof of ap-
by the Ijlas-i-Khas in this behalf that any person has pointment of
been duly appointed a Census Officer for any local area, Oensus Offi-
cers and their
shall be conclusive proof of such appointment. status as Pub-
lic servants.
(2) All Census Officers shall be deemed to be Public servants
within the meaning of the Penal Code.
Every officer in command of any body of men Discharge of
duties of Oen-
belonging to His Highness' military Forces, sus Officers in
certain cases.
(b~ Every person in charge of a lunatic asylum, hospital,
work-house, prison, reformatory or lock-up or of
any public charitable, religious or educational insti-
tution,
(c) every keeper, secretary or manager of any seraI,
hotel, boarding-house, lodging house, emigration
depot, or club and
(d) every occupant of immovable property who has at
the time of the taking of the Census not less than
twenty persons living on or in such property,
and every manager or officer of a railway or other
commercial or industrial establishment, who has
at such time not less than ten persons employed
under him shall if so required by the Superintendent,
 xxxviij

Census Operations, or such officer as he may nppoinu

in this behalf, perform such of the duties of a
Census Officer in relation to the persons who at the
time of the taking of the Census are under his
command or charge, or are inmates of his house or
present on or in such immovable property or are
emfJloyed under him, as such officer may, by written
order direct.
2 All the provisionR of this Act relating to Census Officers
shall appJy FlO far as they can be made applicable, to all
persons while performing such duties under this section,
and any person requesting or neglecting to perform any
duty which he is directed under this Section to perform
shall be deemed to have committed an offence under
Section 187 of the Indian Penal Code.
5. (1) The Superintendent, Census Operations, or such officers
XLV of 1860 as he may appoint in this behalf for any local area, may
Power of Su- by written order, which shall have effect throughout the
perintendent
Census Opera- limits of the Rtate or of such local area, as the case may
tions to call be, ca,]l upon all owners and occupiers of land, tenure-
upon certain
persons to give holders, farmers, assignees of land-revenue and lessees,
assistance. or their agents, to give such assistance as he needs
towards the taking of a census of the persons who are
at the time of the taking of the census on the lands of
such owners, occupiers, holders, farmers and assignees, or
within the limits of the villages or other areas for which
such village Officers and servants, Panchayats, village
authorities or village headmen are appointed, a.F the case
may be.
(2) Such order shall specify the nature of the assistance
required, and such owners, occupiers, holders, farmers,
assignees and lessees, or their agents and such village
officers and their servants, the members of such pancha-
yats, and village authorities, and such village headmen
shall be bound to obey it
6. Every Oensus Officer may ask all such questions of all persons
Asking ofques- within the limits of the loca.l area for which he is appointed as, b'y
tions by Cen- instructions issued in this behalf, he may be directed to ask.
sus Officer.
7. Every person of whom any question is asked under the last
Obligation to foregoing section shall be legally bound to answer such question to the
answer ques best of his know ledge or belief.
tions
Provided that no person shall be bound to state the name of
any female member of his household, and no woman shall be bound tc
state the name of her husband or deceased husband or of any other
person whose name she is forbidden by custom to mention.
8. Every person occupying any house: enclosure vessel or other
Occupier to
allow access, place shall allow census officers such access thereto as they may require
permit affixing for purposes of the census and as having regard to the customs of the
of numbers.
 XXXIX

country may be reasonable, and shall allow them to paint on or affix to

the .place such letters, marks or numbers as may be necessary for the
purposes of the c~nsus.

9. (1) Subject to such orders as the Superintendent, Census Occupier or

Operations, may issue in this behalf, any cenms officer may leave, or ma.nager to fill
up schedules.
cause to be left:-

(a) itt any dwelling house within local area for which he is
appoillted, or,
(b) with any managAr or officer or any commercial or industrial
88tablishment who has at the time of the taking of the
census not less than ten persons employed under him, a
schndule for the purpose of its being filled up by the occu-
piflr of such house, or of any specified part thereof, or by
such manager or officer with such particulars as the Ijlas-i-
Khas may direct regarding the inmates of such house or
part, or the person employed under such manager or officer'
at the time of taking of the census, as the case may be.

(2) When any such schedule has been so left the occupier of the
house or part to which it relates, or the manager or officer with whom it
is len, shall fill it up, or cause it to be filled up to the best of his know-
ledge or belief, so far as regards the inmates of such house or part, or
the persons employed undor him at the time aforesaid, as the case may be,
and shall sign hiK name thereto, and when so required shall deliver the
schedule so filled up and signed to the census officer or to such persons
'ts the census officer may direct.
10. In any of the following cases namely:- Penalties.
(a) If a census officer or a person lawfully required to give
assistance towards the taking of a census refuses or neglects
to use reasonable diligenee in performing any duty impoaed
upon hIm or in, obeying any order issued to him in accor-
dance with this Act or with any rule duly made thereunder.
(b) If a. census officer intentionally puts any offensive or
improper question or knowingly m ,kes any false return, or
WIthout the previous sa,nction of the Ijlas-i-Khas discloses
any information which he has received by means of or for
the purposes of .a census return.

(c) If any person refuses to answer to the best of his knowledge

or belief, any question asked of him by a census officer
which he is legally bound by section 7 so to answer.

(d) If any person occupyip-g any house, 01' .enclosure vessel or

other place refuses to allow a census officer such reasonable
access thereto as he is required by section 8 to allow.

(e: If any person removes, obliterat,es, alters or injures before

the day of Chet, 1997, any letters, marks or numbers which
have been painted or affixed for the purposes of the census.
 xl

(j) If any occupier of a dwelling house or part thereof or any

person with whom a schedule is left unrler section 9, know-
ingly or without sufficient cause fails to comply with the
provisions of section 9, or ma.kes any false return under
that section, he shall be punishable with fine which may
extend to fifty rupees.
11. (1) All prosecutions under this act shall be instituted before
the Di~trict Magistrate (N azim).
(2) No prosecution under this Act shall he instituted except
with the previous sanction of the IjJas-i-Khas, or of some
officer authorized by the Ijlas-i-Khas in this behalf.
Record of cen· 12. No person shall have ~ right to inspect any book, register or
sus not open
to inspection record made by a census officer in the discharge of his duty as such
or admissible officer or -any schedule delivered under section 9, and notwithstanding
in certain pro·
ceedings. anything to the contrary in the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, as followed
in the State no entry in any such book, register, record or schedule shall
be admissible a,s evidence in any civil proceeding or any proceeding under
Chapter XII or Chapter XXXVI of the Code of Criminal Procedure,
1898.

Power in reo ] 3. Notwithstanding anything in any enactment or rule in

gard to expen- regard to municipal, local union or village funds, the Ijlas-i-Khas may
ses
direct that the whole or any part of :::my expenses incurred for anything
done in accordance with this Act, may be charged to any municipal,
local union or village-fund constituted for and on behalf of, the area
within which such expenses are incurred.
Power to make 14. (1) The Ijla~.i~Khas may make rules for carrying out the
r:;.les.
purposes of this Act.
(2) In .partil'uJar, and without prejudice to the generality of
the foregoing power, the Ijlas-i-Khas may make rules
providing : -
(a) for the appointment of census officers and of persons
to perform any of the duties of census officers or to
give assistance towards the taking of a census and
for the general instructions to be issued to such
officers or persons.
(b) for the enumerating of persons employed on railways
and their families and of other classes of the popula-
tion for whom it may be necessary or expedient to
make special provisions; and
(c) for the enumeration of persOliA travelling on the
night when :1 census is taken.
 xli

'S)I}l VJ~[['H
I
-------~

l'l'l~oJj p mllf) £99$: 9RL

- - - _.. _ "-"~--~.--.----
--~""--

,......; TB~OJ, (,;9f3

til 9T98
10
~ ~l'lm:rg;tO-uoU J8q~O nO'V3 8r,~~
ro.... 0 's~u9pn~~ 88
0
I
::::: "- - ------ £
-+=> 0 'SJ8P'l:lClId
~
Z L _--_H - -
i-<
c.; 's8C)Ao ld
:::
.... pure IredTD~unII\I J8q~O ....
c
~
-rua Pl"OS: ~.)~J~STG
-- -"-
v -- ---
'S{ooqo,;
~
J'l:lUO!~'BU!UJOtldP
"--" --_.,---_._ .-
pUB 'S8~pOq 1'l:l001 }O 'iWH]O'B8.,I. " L1 8T
--_----
'I'l:l~OJ, TOlT
.
OL8
.~ ._...-......_-- ...... ........
10 --------- "----~ --_._---'-------- _ ""

'SI'B~OmO Jaq10 v(,;8

0
~
- -8'Vf,
--
'SUO!~U~~~suJ '~,\OD JO HI8qO'BdJ, H(,; Tn
1'l!.l'8M ~'Bd 899 IT
I'B~OJ, pml.lf) 98L (';6
'-.--

'{'Bl0J, I P'S
~
10
-" "- --
ttl 'S['l:lW!yo-uou .18qlO gr;
0, _._. - - I. - -
's88Aold
c ....
0 -TIl;:) P.l'BOH ~;)U~Sll1 pU'P. l'l:ld!o!onw l8q~O
UJ Z ----- --" S- - -
.... ·SUO!~U'lqSU! ['l:l!lO~'l'BU!TIIOU8p
0
,,..., ....
u"
po
....(l)
pU'B S8!pnq {'BOO! JO S18qO fi8'l pU'B SlOSS8J0.l,T
---
....- - ----- v
'S18P'B8Td I
0...
:=; S.l8UO!SSmlUIOO ('l:ld!J!uuW .... ....
rf)

'1'l:l~oJ, 66L 69
--
,~ _._-- -
10 'sl'l:l~OWO laq~o
.... "-- -"
gg
..
~ 'suo~1U'lqsU!
0 . ..
~u8uml8Aof) JO SJ8,(P'B8~ pU'B SlO~S8JOld ~

6
·S!.I'BM~'1-:d
66L 9T
II
,{,P.'lO,I pU'Blf) Lv LT
UJ \
~ til "---------------- "-_
'0-1
::::: 10
(l)
'"0 ~ 'l'B ~o,L .... g
:::::
(D
0
-+=> ~ - -....
---
::::: 0 ·S.l8q~O
....
'0-1
Z -------- 8
(l)
P-o ·S~U9P!S8ld -80!A lo~un r .lO 10!U8R ... ....
~ .... . ..
\.IJ 'S9!POq I'Uool JO S~U8P!S8~d
(D
OJ)
....
ce
..c:
~
'0-1
'l'I.J~oJ, Lv 6
10
0 ---
~ 'S('U!Om O leq'lO ....- - -
0 -- "--
R
·s80.8unU'fl}I Lv I

'NOIJ,dIROSm:a
'S~O'Ul~
{'UJU'H
·SUM0J,
,
 xlii
CENSUS DIVISION AND AGENCY FOR THE PATIALA STATE.

A VEHAGE NUMBER OF
NUMBER OF NUMBER OF
HOUSES PER
, -- -_. - -_._--.--------- ---------~

I j::;I
I ,
·c I (:l
......
DeRcription.
Q)
I
00 ...
CP ..;
a.
::l
;ZOO
• 00
...0 ""0
+" ::l
a. s.:0 0
+"
00
~
j::;I ......
00 r.c Ul
.....t>
00 ...
~

00 00 t> ""
<J) Cl)

-........
<J) Q) Q) Q)
o.or-c o.o~
0.0 <J)
~
... (:l ""a.
Q) S ... j::;I ""0-
Q) S
""o:!
..t:l
0
Q
..£ dl
..t:l~
Q;)
:;:j
::l
~
dl
..t:lr-c
Cl)
:;:j
::l
j::;I
0 0 ~ 0 Ul ~ C Ul ~

-- - ~

R ural tracts. 47 797 4,786 47

I 800 3,594 6,869 403 89
I
.------- ~-

'l'owns. 17 92 743 92 735 2,915 538 67

171

Total. 64 889 5,529 641 892 4,329 5,818 417 86

1
I
 xliiI

Statement showing expendtiure of the forms printed received from the

Superintendent, Census Operations, Punjab.

Number Number Balance

S. No. Name of the form.
received. used. in hand.

1. Block-Lists 16,000 13,558 2,442

2. HOUl'le T.Jists. 16,000 14,408 1,592

3. "Instructions for Charge Superinten-
dents and Supervisor". 1,406 1,297 109
4. Supplementary Instructions. 1,180 1,084 96
5. Code of Census Procedure. 120 U6 24

6. "Instructions for Enumerators". R,180 8,180

7. Letters of appointment of Supervisors 1,050 1,050

8. Chapter VI of Code (Er.glish). 63 53 10

9. Letters of appointment of Enume-

rators. 7,600 7,600

10. Code of Census Procedure for Enu- 120 111 9

merators.

11. Forms of Circle Summary. 1,880 1,880

12. Forms of Charge Summary. 140 140

 xliv

STATEMENT SHOWING THE RAILWAY STNrIONS

situate in the Patiala State territory.
No. Name of the Rly. Line. Nil,mes of Stations.
1. N orth Western Rly. rraksal; Gumman; Dhara.m pur ; Kumarhlaotti;
(Delhi Division.) Barog; KanGaghat ; Kanoh ; Kathleeghat; J atog,
Domha; Gobindgarh; Sirhino; Sadhugarh;
Sarai Banjara; Rajpunt; Shawbhu; KanE;
Patiala; Kakrd.la; Uhhintq,wa,la; Dhuri; Alai;
Sekha; Barnala; Hadya,ya; Tappa; Rampura
Phul; Phusmandi; Kot Fatta; MaiRarkhana;
Maur; Sadasinghwala; Mans:t; Narindrepura;
Bareta; Dhamtan; Dhraudi; Narwana; Ghaso;
U chana; Kalayat; Sajuma; Lidru; Surajpore;
Fatehgarh Sahib; Bassi; N agawan.
2. N ort h Western Rly) Sunam; Chhajli; Lehragaga; Gurney; Baluana;
(Ferozepore Division). Bhatinda; Katarsinghwala;
3. Bik'tner St~te Railway Sangat; Baghwali; Mohindergarh; Zerpurpali;
Nanwan; Satnalai; Bojawas.
4. B B & C.I Rly. Shergarh; Raman.
(Sirsa Division)

5. B. B. & C. I Rly. N a.rnaul; N azaIppllr.

(Bandikui Division).
 xlv

I~I . " ~ , : r
_______
__~_00~1____ ,______________________________:j___________________·______~1 ~ 1

00 I
~I
1-----+----------------·,--,----------;---
~ I . I
~I'---------------~I- I

i ~~ 0
CI)
~ ~
0 g I o
a
rn
I t- r-I o
~I
...-1

..c:
....
"i
c
~I
...
.2
u
~

I
-------------------------------------------------------~~-----
Qj

I
C
C
o o o
u 00 o C'l
o ~
.S
~I
r-I 10

~
...Id -----------------------------------
__~I __________~~__________________~____~_________~________~____~I---~----1
f/)

J..
~I . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I

'+-4
o
Q)

S
cO
Z
 ~lvi

QUESTIONNAIRE.
1. What IS the physical description of the village and soils?
Give the total area of the village-Banjar Qadim, Banjar Jadid and
cultivated area with classes of soils, and state whether there have been
any causes of changes, if any, in population. Ascertain if the village
is liable to floods, malaria, cholera, and other serious epidemics, and
point out if mortality was particularly severe between certain ages, or
in either sex, during the past ten years.
2. What are the main occupations of the villagers? Prepare
a statement showing:

(1) The number of (a) persons, (b) families, who depend on

agriculture, and classify as follows:
(a) (i) wholly dependent,
(ii) partly dependent;
(b) (i) rent receivers only (i.e., non· cultivating owners),
(ii) actual cultivating owners,
(iii) rent payers (tenants) only,
(iv) labourers,
(v) others, for whom details should be given.
(2) The number of (a) peIsons, (b) families, whose chief means
of livelihood is cottage industry.
(3) The number of (a) persons, (b) families, who do not follow
any productive calling and live on charity, begging, etc.
(4) The number of (a) artisans, (b) families of artisans in
the village. Give details, and Ray whether the village
artisans supply all the ordinary needs of the inhabitants.
Also state how the artisans are paid for their work.
(5) The number of (a) field labourers, (b) families of field
labourers in the village. Ascertain whether outside
labour is employed. If so, for what purpose or purposes.
(6) The number of (a) perKons, (b) families, whose principal
mea.ns of livelihood is agriculture, but who depend upon
other Occup'ltions, sucb as, industry, grass and wood
selling, service, etc., to supplement their income from
agriculture.
(7) The number of (a) persons, (b) families, whose principal
means of livelihood is any occupation other tban agri-:
culture, but who follow agriculture as a subsidiary calling.
(8) The number of persons who live outside the village for
a large part of the year and who earn their livelihood
in professions, such as service, etc.
(9) The number of :
(i) military servants,
(ii) teachers,
 xlvii

(iii) pleaders,
(iv) ci viI se rvan ts,
(v) persons who work in cities as menial servants,
(vi) penSlOners.

N oTE:-Distinguish between those persons who, or whose families,

are resident in the village more than nine months in the
year, and those who, although natives of the village, ordi-
narily spend less than three months in it.

(10) The number of (a) persons) (b) families living on money-

lending and trade. Give, if possible, details as to income-
tax paid in recent years.

3. What are the sources of irrigation? Is canal irrigation received

in both harvests? Is it contiJ.uous or by rotation on different branches
or minors of the canal? Is the village situated near the' tail'? Is
irrigation done by flow or lift? Is canal irrigation assisted by wells?
If so, when and to what extent?

4. Is the land in the village held by large zamindars or by

small holders for the most part? What is the average size of the
holdings of either class? Have any improved implements been in-
troduced in the village? If so, whence have they been obtained?
Have any selected varieties of seeds, as recommended by the Agricul-
tural Department, been adopted in the village? If so, what? Have
the results been good? Give, if possible, the increase in yield or other
advantages obtained from the use of selected seed? What improved
methods of cultiv3,tion, if any, have been adopted? What have been
the results? Where is the nearest Demonstration Farm? Have any
of the zamindars visited an Experimental or Demonstration Farm? If
there is a District Agricultural Association, do the zamindars know
anything about it? Has it conferred any practical benefit on the
village?

5. lH the number of plough cattle adequate to the cultivation

of the villagers' lands? What is the average working life of a plough
bullock? Is selective breeding of animals restorted to? Are scrub-
bulls, bull-calves, and other similar inferior male animals castrated?
If so, is this done by country methods or by vete rinary officers?
Is there a veterinary dispensary in or near the village?

6. Is there fragmentation of proprietary and cu1tivatmg holdjngs

III the village? How far has fragmentation been. the result of (a)
succession, (b) sales, gifts and exchanges, (c) partitions. What are
the practical dis-advantages of fragmentation in the village? Illustrate
your answer by reference to specific instances. If possible, give details
of litigation arising from boundary disputes. In particular, inquire
whether any land is lying uncultivated owing to excessive fragmenta-
tion. Give a list of some of the smallest plots and say what use is
made of them. What are the objections urged by the zamindars
against consolidation of holdings? Have any of them voluntarily agreed
to consolidation? Have practical benefits resulted?
 xl vii i

7. What Was the -fixed ]aI~u rrver.ue imposed at prevlOus settle-

ments and at the last settlement? Give the total amount of land
revenue payabj~ by the villagers. Has land revenue been paid punc-
tually? How is the mOntY for Jand revenue obtained? Is surplus
. prodl1ce sold? Is it p;-tid out of earnings from casual labour ( Is the
muney for it burrowed? Has any money been bO.rrowed for this purpose
from Co-operative Societies? J f so, when, by whom, and how much?
(Take 30 specific cases representing large, medium and small owners,
and record the results). In caseS where money was borrowed for the
payment of land revenUfl, inquire carefully inte the CRuses. Did the
borrower sell any of his produce of the harvest in question before or
after the payment of land revenue? If so, what did he do with the
mohey so obtained? Did he buy cattle or other necessaries with it?
Did he use it to payoff debts? What (a) remissions, 'b) suspensions
of land revenue have been granted durin§! the past ten years? Why
were they gran ted in each case?
8 .. Is taccavi popular? Are loans taken from money-lenders
when taccavi might be taken? Give specific cases, if any, and record
the reason. If taccavi is net popular, what are the reasons, as given
by the zamindars. What taccavi has been taken for (a) sinking of wells,
(b) other improvements, (c) puchase of cattle, fodder or seed during the
past ten years? Were the insta,lments repaid with ease? If not,
how were they paid ? Were any coercive proGesses necessary? Was
there any attachment and sale of property?
9. What is the SIze of an avarage family? What IS the appro~
ximate family budget of different classes in the village?
10. What is the average indebtedness of different classes in the
village? What are the chief purposes for which the loansare taken? Give
approximate percentage of principal in each case, showing what is due to
(a) personal exp2nditure, such as, food clothing, mGtrriage, litigation, etc.,
and (b) professional expendtture, such as, cattle, land improvement, land
revenue, taccavi, rent, purchase of land etc. Who are the money-
lenders? Za,mindf1rs or non-zamindars? Are zamindar:'! replacing
non-zamindars as money-lenders, and with what results? On what
security is money lent? What are the souroes from which repay-
ments are made, as for example:-sale of produce, grain or fooder, sale of
cattle, sale of land, mortgage of land, sale or mortgage of houses, .cash
earnings or other sources. Have any mortgages and sales been made
during the past ten years in order to pa,y off debts? If so, give details.
How far is actual indebtedness due to poverty, social observences, im-
providence, temptation of increased credit and increased prosperity,
diminished ability to repl'l.y through reduction of income, bad seasons,
unsound credit etc.? Ascertain the position resulting from debt conci-
liation, if any, and agrarian legislation.
11. To what extent do the members of a family co-operate in the
winning of their livelihood?
12. What facilities for (a) medical attendance, including mid-
wifery and (b) e~ucation are available in or near the village.?
13. What is th(j drinking \ water supply of the village? What
steps, if any, are adopted to ke3p the village in a sanitary state?
 xlix
14. Is there a statutory panchayat in the village? If so, does it
enjoy the confidence of members of different communities, and do they
have a free reS'Ort to it for the settlement of their disputes?
15. Do any cottage industries exist in the village? Give details.
How are the articles manufactured in the village sold? How do villagers
purchase commodities required (a) for industrial and agricultural use, and
(b) for their own household consumption? What are the chief markets
from which commodities are purchased, and what is their distance from
the village? Are ~oods purchased on credit, or on cash? If the former,
how are payments made? For how long do credit accounts run?
What disadvantages result from credit?
16. How many central markets are there in the neighbourhood?
What is the distance of eaeh from the village? How far is the nearest
railway station? Is it reached by a metalled road? How many roads
leading to the principal markets are available to the cultivator? Are
they kacha or meta,lIed? What are the means of conveyance available?
To what exten t has motor-transport replaced transport by bull03k-carts ?
(In the case of villages having railway stations) To what extent has
motor-trauBport drawn away goods previously sent for transport by rail?
17. If a co·operative society exists, describe the benefits actually
deri ved from it.
 i

STANDARD QUESTIONNAIRE FOR 1941.

1. Name.
2. Sex.
3. Race, tribe or caste.
4. Religion.
5. Married, unmarried, widowed or divorced.
6. Age.
7. Number of children born to a married woman and number survi-
ving.
-8. Her age at birth of first child.
9. Are you wholly or partly depelldent on anyone else?
10. If so, means of livelihood of person on whom dependent.
It. Do you employ (a') paid assistants, (b) members of household? If
·so, how many?
12. Are you in employment now?
13. (Only to those who reply in the negative to que~tion 12).

Are yOlt in search of employment?

To th6se who reply in the affirmative the further question will be
put How long have you been in search of it ?
14. Means of livelihood in order of importance.
15. (Only to be asked in regard to means of livelihood of a person shown
as partly dependent again3t question 9 or any subsidiary means of
livelihood returned by other persons against question 14).
Does this means of livelihood exist thronghout the year?
If not, for what part of thb year?
16. If you Me employed by some one else, what is his business?
17. Were you born in this district? If not, in what district?
18. Mother-tongue.
19. Other Indian languages in common use.
20. Can you both read and write? If so, what script do you write?
Can you read only ?
21 How for have you read? Give any examin:1,tion passed.
22. Are you literate in English?
 ii
TRUE COPY.
Demi .. Official
No. 4488/41-1Hisc.
Office of the Superintendent,
Census Operations, Punjab,
Dated, Lahore, the 10th June, 1941.
My dear Sardar Sahib,
The abbreviated tabulation effort on this o('caSlOn has made it
necessary 'for me to close down my office earlier than was anticipated.
Before relinquishing charge, I take thif'l opportunity of thanking you
most warmly for the very efficient manner in whieh the Census Opera-
tions were brought to so suecessful an issue in your State. But for the
vigorous and determined manner in which the work was tackled by you
it would not have been possible to achieve such a high level of accuracy
and excellence which are so important, indeed fundamental in an opera-
tion 'of this nature.
Thanking you again,
Y onrs Sincerely,
Sd. FAZL-I-ILAHI,
Superintendent, Census
Operations, Punjab.

Lt. Col. Sardar Sukhdev Singh Sahib,

Census Superintendent,
Patiala State.
 CENSUS REPORT
OF THE

PATIALA STATE
1941
CHAPTER 1.
Geography-Physical conditions-Area, Population and Density.

The territories of the Indian State of Patiala cover an area of Geography.

5,929 square miles and the major portion thereof, which is also conti-
guous. lip-s in the Eastern plains of the Punjab, which form part of
the great Natural Division called the Indo-Gangetic Plain West.
Lying apart from this main block, there are two portions, which with
the main block comprise the entire territory of the Pa.tiala State. One
portion lies in the Simla Hills and extends from the outliers right upto
Simla valley; the other portion is the outlying district of Mahendragarh
situate to the east of Rajputana ::md enclosed by the States of J aipur,
N abha, Alwar, Loharu and Jind. Both these tracts have special
characteristics of their own and bear resemblance in topography, geology,
sociology, rainfall, climate and variations in soil to those districts and
States in (he proximity of which they are situate. The Hilly tract which
is known as Kohistan is throughout its length a,nd breadth interspersed
with the territorries of Simla Hill States and of British India. The
Main Block is situate within the Northern latitude 20-23' and 33-55'
and eastern longitude 74-40' and 76-50'. It is bordered on the north by
Ludhiana a,nd Ferozepur districts and 8utlej river, on the west by
Hissar distriot and _Faridkot State, on the south by the Hissar district
and Jind State and on the east by the districts of Kamal and Ambala.

The State is divided into three Natural Divisions, viz., the Natural Divi.
Himalayan, the Sub-Himalayan and the Indo-Gangetic Plain West. sions.

The Himalayan tract which is known as Kobistan and comprises (i) Himalayan.
of Tehsil Kandq,ghat, is located in t.he lower Himala,yas and is separated
from the Siwalak range by a narrow strip of British territory. It is
approximately 36 miles from north to south and 29 miles from east to
west and covers an area of 341 square miles. The altitudes range from
4,000 to 9,000 fcpt. Some of the summits have beautiful forests of pine,
fur and oak trees and where the summits are bald they provide grazing
grouuds for the cattle. These summitR abound in verdure in summer
and in winter the snow-fall presents a picturesque view to the eye. The
general aspect of the hillside is romantic. The soil is shallow and
lit: ered with stones. The population is sparse and scattered- The
 2
rainfall is, no doubt, plentiful, but the drainage is rapid and consequently
the chances for irrigation are scarce.
(ii) Sub-Hima- The sub-Himalayan Division commences from the foot of the
laya.n. Himalayan range and contains the Rajpura, Patiala and Sirhind Tehsils
as also the places in the jurisdiction of police station Pinjore. In these
districts the rains are adequate, a stiff clay soil predominates; the tra~1si­
tion southward and westward is through a good loam to rolling sand
hills. This is; of course, a generalization and by no means universally
applicable. In the Ghaggar valley the upper reaches are marked by
deposits of a soft and fertile loam, while further down towards the pbins
the soil is singularly hard and un-yielding, but very rich in plant-food;
and being saturated with moisture returns good harvests. This tract has
many hill streams flowing through it, which no doubt help agriculture
but cannot be utilised for irrigation purposes. Cultivation, therefore,
depends upon rainfall and well-irrigation.

The main block, which comprises of the two districts of

(iii) Indo-Gan-
getic P I a i n Karamgarh and Anahadgarh as also a portion of the Patiala Tehsil,
West. almost lies in the Cis-Sutlej tract of the Punjab. This tract affords a
remarkable example of adaptation of soil in climatic conditions; the
soil owes its main characteristics to the action of Sutlej and Ghaggar
rivers. With the normal rainfall crops are good but if the rains fail the
crops are destroyed and signs of famine are discernible. From the
stand-point of soil and other physical features the main block has been
divided into four parts which have a local nomenclature of their own.
The term" jungle" includes the Bhatinda and Barnala Tehsils, a portion
of the Bhawanigarh Tehsil and the Sherpur Ilaqa of Tehsil Dhuri.
The term" Powadb "includes portions of Sir bind, Payal, Dburi, Patiala
and Bbawanigarh Tehsils. The" Bangar" includes all but a small
portion of the N arwana Tehsil as also a little portion of Teh~il of
Sunam. The" N aili" includes a portion of tbe Patiala Tehsil, th(;
southern half of the Ghanaur Sub-Tehsil and fractions of the TehRils of
Bhawanigarh and Sunam.
Tbe acquisition of tbe two isolated blocks, VIZ., Kohistan and
Narnaul is tbe result of comradeship in arm with tbe British Govern-
ment, of which the Patiala State is proud. The tract of Kohistan fell
into the hands of Rulers of Patiala first on revenue assignment but
later on full sovereignty was granted by the British Government in
generous recognition of the Rervices rendered to them during the
campaign of Sir DH.vid Ochterlony against the Gurkhas in 1814 A. D.
The tract of N arnaul came to form an integral part of the State as a
result of the valuable help given to the British Government during the
Mutiny of 1857 when the fortulles of the British Raj hung in the
balance and it C'lnnot be gainsaid that the pendulum swung in favour of
the British Ra.j only with the help of their faithful allies, the Indian
States. amongst which Patiala occupies an enviable position.

Indeed the extensive dominions of Patiala St9,te juxtapo,;ed with

the sovereign 8tates of Jind, N abha, Malerkotla and J_joharu in the
Punja,b, and with Jaipur and Alwar in Rajputana, besides the British
Raj encircling it present a proposition, which though incompatible with
either logic or law, yet proves that' Might is Right' and that solidarity
 3
and permanence can be secured and peace and prosperity established on
shifting bases, if there is a will to achieve them. Such a will the
sagacious and capable Rulers of Patiala btate did possess. The Patiala
State now ranks among premier States of the Punjab and looms large
against a brilliant back ground of political history of the policy of Indian
States
The State enjoys the same seasons which the Punjab does. The Climate.
hot season commences from the middle of March until the break of
rains in June; the rains last upto the middle of September. Thereafter
the days begin to shorten and grow cold. The aforesaid remarks do not
<tpply to Kohistan district of the State.
The climate of the State is not uniform throughout its territory.
It varies according to the natural situation of each division. For
instance, in the Himalayan territory the climate is agreeably cold and
salubrious in summer, whereas in the cold season is experienced an
intense and bitter coid accompanied by snow falls. This part of His
Highness' territory is free from diseases of lungs and heart, but the
venereal diseases have got their firm hold on the population, both male
and female, though not to such extent as in other hilly tracts,
In the sub- Himalayan territory, viz., in the Tehsil of Rajpura,
Sirhind ::l.lld Patiala. the climate is not so much to the extremes as in
that part of the State territory which is designated as the Indo-Gangetic
Plain West. In the Siwalaks, viz., Pinjore area, the water supply from
hill-springs is sufficient and therefore the rigours of the hot climate are
not severely felt, otherwise, taking things as a whole the climate of the
Sub-Himahtyan regions can be said to be warm in summer and in winter
cold and generall~ dl'Y. In meteorological conditions both the Himalayan
and Sub-Himal:-tyan divisions stand in vivid contrast to other divisions
of the territory.
The climate in the Indo-Gangetic Plain West is comparatively less
homogenous in character becau,.;e cf the vast difference in their geolo-
gi(;al conditions. The districts of N arnaul, N a,rwana, Bhatinda and
Mansa are sandy deserts where in hot seasons sand storms blow and the
temperature touches 20 Fahren-heit in the months of May and June.
On the wi1nl l ', the climate of this region is extremely hot in summer and
fairly cold in wintor. The highest temperature observed at the capital
was 116 F recorded in the year 1932 and had repeated itself in the year
1936 while bhe L)west temperature was 34 F observed in 19R7. The
visibility is geuerally pOOl' in the months of May and June due to haze
and moderate in the months of December and ,January due to mist and
fog. It is good Hnd sometime[, excellent during the remaining months
of the year.

The climate of the Pati=tla St1te may be described as semi-tropi-

cal; its effect on the human-frame is depressing in contrast wi'ih the
bracing effect of the climate of the temprate zone and leads to relatively
low tone of health ::t.nd physique of the population of the State. A more
favourable climate is one of the causes of the superior efficiency of
European a:,; compared with Indian labour.
As in the Punjab, so in Patiala State th8 seasonal rainfall plays
Rainfall.
 4

an important part in moulding the conditions of life of the people, and

allY flnutllatiom; ill it as regarils qUfLntity fLnd timeliness bring misery or
prosperit.v to the population. The lIIain :mstenanee of life in tile St:lte
is 'LgJ'icllitllt'e; 'vvhiuiJ is d('pentiel1t for its vpry existplwe Oil the I'aild'ail,
and this in its turn is almost wholly dependent on the monsoons.
Ra,infall varies considerably in different parts of the State. It is
much higher in the hills, but diminisheR in quantity as we reach the
out-skirts and proceed farther from the Himalayas towards the Indo-
Gangetic Plain West. The rainfall is neither constant nor regular and
sometimes fails altClgether, this is generally a feature of the plains. In
the Himalayan regions the average rainfall is 52.64"; in Sub-Himalayan
regions it is 25.15" while in the Plaim it ranges from 14.27" to 24.39"
The average rainfall for the decade under review comes to 24.99". The
maximum of 4808 inches was recorded in the year t 93::~ and the
minimum of 15.10" occured in 1938. The former IS the highest record of
the last forty years. In the plains the major rainfall of ~he year takes
place in the months of July and August The months of April and .May
in summer and of October and November in winter are genemlly dry.
The average minfall in summer season is approximately four times that
of winter.

The statement given below shows the average rainfall during tile
decade 1931-1941 recorded at the head-quarters of ea,eh 'fehsil :--
1. Kandaghat .................... 52 64 U 7. Sirhind .................... ,...... 2.5 2()U

2. Rajpura ............. , ........ '25 R7" 8. Patin,la .................... ....... :24.;:)W

3. Bhawanigarh ................ 16.:3:2" $) Sun~Hn ............................... 148"
4. N arnaul .... '" ................... 2032" 10. N arwana .......................... 17.15"
5. Dhuri ......................... 18.40" ]1. BarnaJa ..... , .................... 17.31"
6. Mansa .......................... 14.92" 12. Bhatinda ................... 14.27"

Geology. For geological purposes l'atiala State may be divided into : -

1. 8i walaks ;
2. the outhers of the Aravalli system in the Mahendragarh
district, an d
3. th e phins portion of the State, west of the J amna valley and
south of the Sutlej. The Patiala Siwalaks lie between 30-40' wnd 31-10'
N. and 76-49' and 77·19' E From the physical point of view they can
be further sub-divided into Dun and Hill. Of these, the first extends
along the foot of the hills from Ramgarh, in Ambala district, on the
south east, to ~ alagarh on the north-west. On the suuth-west, it is
bounded by vilhge lVIanimajra in the Ambala district, from which it is
separated by the range of Siwalak Hills, known as the Dun Khols.
These khols present a t:1ngled mass of small ravines fissures and scraped
walls, throughout """bich deterioration has set in to such an extent that
every yea.r during tbe rains, a large quantity of detritus is carried dovvn
by streams into the Ambala plains, and it cannot be expected that this
aotion can now be Etopped altogether, though much might be done by
replanting and restricting grazing. In a great measure the erosion
must be ascribed to the laying bare of the soft sand stone formation, on
 5

account of the destruction of the forests, for there is no doubt that at

one time this tract was clothed with dense forests of the species found
in the low hills as is evident from the old roots and petrified stems Rtill
found in many places. East of Ghaggar river, near Chandi, is another
range of low hills, and the portion belonging to Patiala is called Raitan
Khols. The other portion of the Dun are the Raitan platieau, situated
between Pinjore and the Ghaggar river, some 12 sq. miles in extent, and
to small isolated hills that rise out of the Dun. 'rhe Raitan plateau is
of alluvial formation and is traversed by several streams which have cut
deep into the stony soil on their way to Ghaggar.
The hill division includes two separate tracts. The smaller,
about 9 sq. milt's in extent, occupies the northern portion of the J abrot
valley lying south of the Phagu-Mahasu ridge, and surrounded by the
Koti and Keonthal states. The larger tract extends through about 300
miles of the mass of hills, south of the Dhami, and Bhajji states, as far
as the Pinjore Dun, and is bounded on the east by Keonthal, Koti,
Simhi, the Giri river and Sirmoor, and on the west by Bhagal, Kuniar,
Bhagat, Bharauli, Bija and Mahlog States. The whole territory is
divided by the Jumna~Sutlej water-shed. The chief physical features
are (1) the main ridgo of watershed, marked by the J akko, Krol,
Dagshai and Sanawar peaks, (~) western offshoots on which are the
Sanawar, Garkhal and Karardeo (Kasauli) peaks, and (3) the main
valleys drained by tributarios of the Sutlej-Giri Ghagga.r and Sirsa
flvers.
Tara Devi Hill is a well known peak. The area which drains Metamorphic
Rocks.
into the Sutlej belongs to Keonthal. Its seems to be composed of (1)
Lime stone and shales, (2) sand· stone ;3) shales and cla,y, (4) quartzite
and granite nodules being actually seen in a tunnel of the Kalka Simla
Railway for a diRtance of 13 (hains. Hexagonal shaped pieces of quartz
are said to have been found in the tunnel and sold by the Pathan coolis
at Simla when the Railway line was under construction. The rocks
oecm in intrusive masses and veins, ramifying throughout the rock
genesis and schists and even penetrating the slates.
At J <throt all the uppermost beds forming the summits of the
southern face of the Mahasu ridge are composed of mica schist, with
abundant quartz veining at intervals, while the base of the hill consists
of salty rock with little or no crystalline metamorphic rocks, the other
beds being of the infra-krol group resting on the Blainin bands and the
Simla States. Traces of copper are seen above Maudh village.
Good roofing and flouring slates are quarried at Komli and in Physical As-
Bagri Kalnn. There are some sand pits in Nagilli, a villige in Pargana pects, Indus-
trial products
Bbarauli Khurd. In Pargana Reobhan Kalan there was a copper mine, of the system.
but its working was stopped by change in the course of the Suraj-mukhi,
a. tributary of Giri. Lime stone is found in Malla and in the vicinity of
Pinj,:;re. At Taksal, 2 ~les north of Kalka white lime stone is quarried
from the Kali Mata Ki Choi. Particles of gold mixed ¥lith dark sand
are collected from the Sir3a river.
In N arnaul district some outliers belonging to Aravalli system and
striking nearly from south west to north-east meet here and there. In
many places on sinking we]}s to a depth of about 20, 30 or 40 cubits
 .6
sandstone formations are met with. It is impossible to tell what beds
may be concealed beneath, as the Narnaul plain is a portion of the Indo-
Gangetic alluvium.
Lime stone is quarried near Mandi, 3 miles sout,h of N arnaul. It
is turned into quicklime for whitewash and exported to Patiala and other
distant places. At Manderi a rough bUJlding-stone is obtained. At
Khair a kind of white stone used for building purposes and for making
pillars, is quarried. At Antri-3 miles south of Narnaul is an outlier
where iron ore is mined and in its neighbourhood fine slabs of marble are
found. Near Bail, 16 miles south of N arnaul is a hill where there
are copper mines, but owing to the scarcity of fuel they are not
worked. Here are also found small round diamond shaped corneli-
ans, set in large blocks of stone. Rock crystals, quartz, mica schists,
and sandstone used for building purposes are found at Masauta Pacha-
nanta, A::ltri, Biharipur, Danchauli, Goela, Islampur, Salarpur and
Mandbna. Fine slabs, found at Dhani Bathotha, are noted for the good
quality of their stone. Crude beryl at Raihla, two miles from Narnanl,
locally known as morind, is found in many pbces in the surface
alluviulIl.
In Tehsil Mahendragarb, near Madhogarh six miles wesL of
Kanaud, a gritty sandstone, used for mill stone: is found. At Soh ilIa,
seven miles from Kanaud, there is an outlier where roofing slate is gn~u­
ried, and near the same place, sand, used for manufacturing glass brace-
lets, is obtained. Dhosi is the loftiest hill in the Nizamat. The soil in
the Tehsil N arnaul is rosli, while Bhur or sand is abundant in Kanaud.

Mineral Wealtb of Patiala State and its Cottage Industries.

The main mineral producing parts of the State are the hilly tmcts
of Narnaul and Kohistan Districts, but taking into consideration on that
salt petre (Potassium Nitrate) is extracted considerably from every
district in the Plains circle of the State it can be said that the whole of
the State is Mineralifferour.
1. Cement. 11 he chief raw materiah; reqUIred for making cement
Pinjore Dis-
trict. are chalk or limestone, and clay. Pinjore area of the Kohistan vesture
has very vast limestolle deposits of fat quality, within eight miles of
Surajpur Railway Station (just near Kalka) on the strength of which the
'Associated Cement Limited' have put up a plant of thA capacity of 300
tons it day for the manufacture of Portland Cement supposed to be equal
to the best }j}nglish brands. It has given employment to hundreds of
His Highness' bonafide State subjects.
~. Copper and Lead. There exist ancient copper and silver bear-
ing lead mines at Pad han in the State territory at Solon. These mines
are of the remote Hindu period and are considered very rich in the lodes
of "Argentifferous Galena" bearing 60% lead and "copper pyrites"
bearing 25% of copper.
Scientific experiments carried out recently have shown th3.t these
mines well deserve an effectuitl trial and can be worked for silver, copper,
lead and wlphnr.
3. Huge boulder beds and shingles of Ghaggar river of the Sta,te
 are responsible for the maintenance of roads and re-inforced works of
Patiala State. Ambala, Rohtak and Ludhiana Districts, bringing a
decent income to the State, which can be further augmented by putting
up a rock-breaking plant near Chandigarh or Surajpur Railway Stations.
An impetus to this industry can be given through the leases or the State
itself can undertake it by rotating a sum of Rs. 25,000/- thlOugh a Bank
on recurring expenditure and investing a non-recurring sum of Rs. 30,000/-
on machinery etc. (Rock-breaking plant). A consumption of fifteen lacs
of ballast worth rupees one lac and fifty thousand will be possible at a
running CORt of rupees one lac and twenty thousand. Graded shingles
could also be manufactured from this plant for roads and the reinforced
concrete work.

Mahendragarh or N arnaul district of the State lies about 80 miles Narnaul Dis-
trict.
[tway from Delhi, with Rajputana Malwa Railway passing through it. It
has vast deposits of marbles, iron, copper, mica and limestone in it.
(1) Marble. Commercially marketable marbles of variegated
colours, greyish white, greyish black, striped greyish black, pink, wooden
structured, black striped ivory, orange like, occur at different places
in thiR diRtrict.
(~) Iron. The knowledge of iron metallurgy is of high antiquity
and before the cllmpetition of the imports of the metal from Europe, the
indigenous iron industry was in a flourishing condition. It occurs in
two oxides of different quantivalence in Narnaul district, outer cropping
over a length of two and a half miles in two different ranges. Besides
this, there are inexhaustible quantities covered by the alluvium. The
percentage of iron oxide is 82, equalling 57 of metallic iron.

(0) Copper. The copper reefs of this district outer cropping at

Ghata Sher and Mothuka are the continuation of famous copper deposits
of Khetri State which seem to have been worked in the Mughal period.
The upto date mining methods permit sinking to a great depth for Ofes
of low grade even, through artificial ventilation and machinery. So a
mining syndicate floated to exploit these deposits should reap high
remuneration.
(4) Mica. Mica is principally used in the electrical industry as
an insulating medium and it assumed a position of great importance
during the war in connection with the development of wireless telegraphy,
of aeronautical science and of motof transport, which would have been
impossible without it. Potash Mica of clear ruby colonr as well as
spotted one is found at Ghata Sher, Mausnauta and Panchnauta in
this district. The largest sC'1les measure from two to four square inches
carrying a value of about six to ten rupee per maunel after being cut
and cleaned.

(5) S~dtpetre. Saltpetre is in considerable demand for industrial

purposes, for imltance, in connection with the manufacture of glass,
for the preserva~ion of food and for manurial purposes. The output of
crude salt petre in the 'Plains circle" of the Sta.te is 40,000 maunds
which yields about 16,000 mannds of pure crystal valued at over a lac of
rupees. Some sixty thousand maunds of adduced salt can be produced
from the plains circle of the State. The brim can be yield caustio
 8

Soda, Chlorine br bleaching powder and hydrogen which can be used

in converting ordinary oils into vegetable ghee. 4,000 units of Electricity
would be needed for producing one ton of Soda, Chlorine and hydrogen.
Area. The area of Patiala State, as recorded at the last regular Settle-
ment, is 60,71,453 pucca Bighas or 5,9'27 squ~re miles, and that
according to entries in the latest Revenue records works out to 37,94,
675 acres or 5,929 sq. miles. The difference being negligible, the latter
figure may be taken as correct. The Settlement figure of 5,992 sq. miles
as printed in the last CensuB Repot is obviously wrong. The area
according to survey measurement cernes to 5,942 sq. miles and although
survey figures are more accurate and reliable yet for the official use the
area figures are generally taken from the Revenue records. The area
of 5,929 sq. miles has, therefore, been taken as correct vis a vis other
figures.
The area of Patiala State underwent no change during the
decade under report by the transfer of areas to or from the State. The
slight change in the area of Tehsil Kandaghat is due to the introduction
of correct figures aod not to any other cause, namely fresh measurement
or actual accretion.
rrhe following table shows the distribution of area over Distriets
and Natural Divisions:--

Himalaya 341

Kohistan Distriut 341

Sub-HimalaYlm 1,1 '29

Patiala District 763

Sirhind Tehsil 366

Indo-Gangetic Plain

West 4,459

Dhuri Tehsil 489

Bassi District 855

Kara,mgarh District 1,558

Anahadgarh District 1,836

Mahendragarh District 576

The following table gives a comparative statement for area, popu-

lajion and density for the Tehsils of the State;-
 9

r
Order
Order Order
Area aecord- aecord-
ing to Density. aocord-
Tehsil. m sq. ing to Population.
ing to
miles. area. Popula-
Density.
tion.
.
Bhatinda 868 1 2,33,653 1 269 10

Man sa. 622 2 1,87,711 4 301 9

Narwana 582 3 1,56,306 7 268 11

Narllaul 576 4 1,93,506 3 335 6

Bhawanigarh 490 5 1,48,131 9 302 8

Dhuri 489 6 2,21,463 2 452 1

Sun am 486 7 1,53,162 8 315 7

Patiala 549 8 1,83,3Uo 5 399 5

'sirhind 366 9 1,62,212 6 443 2

Barnala 346 10 1,21,839 10 349 5

Kandaghat 341 11 60,736 12 178 12

Rajpura 304 12 1,14,234 11 375 4

The Patiala State falls into six wellmarked administrative divisions Administrative
called Nizamats (or districts) wi~h head-quarters as Patiala, Bassi, Divisions.

Runam, Barnala, N arnaul and (Kandaghat), Kohistan. At the Oensus

1931 Tehsil Kandaghat formed part of the Patiala District, but now it
has been formed into a separate district, known as Kohistan District
with hea,d-q aarters at Ka,ndaghat. This district is contiguous with
Patiala district but the N amaul district stands isolated. It is situated at
a distance of about 300 miles from the capital. It consists of one Tehsil
(N ::trnaul and one sub··Tehsil (Mahendragarh). This piece of territory is
encircled on all sides by other Indian States and Briti"h Districts. The
environments and the political considerations necessitated that the Ilaqa
should constitute a separate administrative unit with head-quarters
eRtablisbed there. In fact N arnaul has few traces to show of the parent
body in the co-position of the people and their socialogy besides the
imported official class. f'-1imilarly the inhabitants of Kohistan District
bear close resemblance in their mode of life, physical featuret3 and social
intercourse, to the country surrounding them as if they were undetach-
able parts of that whole, and had nothing to do with the parent body
except in the matter of common Government and one benign Ruler.

The average area of a district in the State is 988 sq. miles. Ex-
cluding the district of Mahendragarh, the average area of a district comes
to 1,070 sq. miles. In the adjoining states of Nabha and Jind the
average area of a unit is 9'28 and '2,'259 sq. miles respectively. The rest
of the information in regard to these administrative units is furnished in
the following table :-
 10

District. Tehsils. Police Stations.

Patiala Rajpura Rajpura, Lalru, & Banur.

Patiala Kotwali Patiala, Badar Patiala ;
Ghanaur, Behru, Bhawalligarh.

Bassi Dhuri Sherpor6, Dhuri, Payal.

Sirhind Bassi, Sirhind, Mulepur.

Karamgarh Narwana Narwana, Dirbha.

Sunam Sun am, M unak.

Bhawanigarh Bhawanigarh, Patiala, Dirbha, Samana

Anahadgarh Bhatinda Bhatinda, Mansa, -Raman, Sardulgarh,

Boha.

Barnala Barnala, Bhadaur.

Mansa Mansa; Bhikhi, Sardulgarb, Boha.

Kohistan Kandaghat Kandaghat, Dharampore, Pinjore.

Mahendargarh Narnaul Satnali, Mahendragarh, Narnaul,

N angal Chowdhri.

POPULATION.
Preamble. Par a clear grasp of the problems of population in general and of
the conclusions drawn from the Statistics in this chapter in particular, it
is essential that a few int.roductory remarks bearing on the subje6t, be
made.
Everywhere in the world, population, in its process of increase,
seems to be baffling all positive and preventive che:;ks. No theory seems
to explain the phenominal rise in the vwrld population. Indeed, some
economists have gone to the length of stating that there are possibly no
laws which govern the upward and the downward trends of population.
But the problem of popUlation is not one to be so lightly dismissed. If the
prevalent theories cannot explain the problem, it may be that they require
drastic modification, or may be that they are not properly applied, for a
problem as complete as that of population no superficial observation will
do. Density and growth of population dApend on a multiplicity of factors,
and unless we are cautions enough to comprehend all of them, it is just
possible that we might reach nowhere or might arrive at wrong conclusi-
ons . If Arabia is nOli so densely populated as the Indo-Gangetic Plain, if
the Rajputana, to come nearer home, is not so dtmsely populated as the
Eastern and the western- coastal strips, it is not because of some arbi-
tra,ry law of Nature. If the Japanese ar8 the most fecund race of all, it may
be because of some hitherto undiscovered ethnographic law. 1£ the means
of subsistence did not play the lecisive role then who would explain the
causes of wars, of modern wars in particular, of which the Cardinal aims
are land for colonization of the surplus popUlation and accegs to raw mate-
rials to keep up the means of subsistence. If population did not move
 11
according to any human (preventive) or natural (positive) law, then it
were possible to dump the surplus population in the share, rather than
to exterminate the existing order to make place for it. We have only to
look at the Have-Not Powers, Japan, Germany and Italy, in order to feel
the inevitability of the Law governing populations. If Japan cannot find
extra food for her surplus population, she must inevitably lower her
standard of life and become a prey to the positive checks. Thus there is
eternal race between the means of snbsistence and the birth rate. There
is a limit at which given means of subsistence will hold a given quantities
of population and no more. This population is known a'3 the optimum
population. Any increase in it takes place at the risk of the community
as a whole. But if the means of subsistence can keep pace with the rise
in population (as wa.s the case after the Industria,l Revolution) the prospe-
rity of the nation will in no way be affected. Thus we should not look to
the figures of tbe census, but should also take into account the develop-
ment of the means of subsistence. Malthus, who was the first to study
the causes of rise and fall in population as far back as 1789, laid down
that population incre'lsed in geometrical progression while means of
subsistence increased in arithmetical progression. His only mistake was
that he was dogmatic and failed (and he cannot be blamed for it) to
foresee thedynamic8 of an industrial era. But he had put his finger on the
fundamental law governing populations-viz-that somehow the means of
Bub,istence must keep pace with the rise in population .

. Why should preventive and positive checks fail to control the

upRurge of population, why have not the numberless wars exterminated
humanity from the world; why one race is more fecund than the other?
-all these and such like questions do not concern us here. They fall
into the domain of the etbnologist and the historian. Our primary
concern is with the facts as they are and to assign such causes for
them as have actually operated within a given period.

It may be briefly stated that population depends on two sets of

interdependent forces-Natural and Human. Under the former we
have to include water supply by river, well, lainfall, etc. climate, terrain,
means of transport and communicfl,tion; mineral resources and motive
power. Under the latter, we have to include birth rate and death rate
which are dependent on the racial fibre, quality of environs, standard
of living and out ·look of the community together with two further
factors, emigration and immigration.

In considering the census figures of the Patiala State for the

decade ending with 1941 we shall have to examine the development
or deterioration of the above factors in as much as they have influenced
the trend of population.

The population problem is not uncouth for India alone. The

solution of its rather irrepressible growth is harassing other countries
as well. Some are dealing with it by appointment of commissions. A
cry needs be raised in India also for the appointment of such com-
missions or for entrusting to sorne society the scientific examina-
tion of this problem. The growth may be a biological phenomena
besides being an act of God. Also the investigation should not be
 12

confined to the question of blYth-control alone but its scope should be

enlarged so as to embrace the consideration of the entire problem of
population including the specific enquiry as to how in the face of in-
creasing figures and limited means of subsistence a naGion can main-
tain its customary (or uEual) standard of life.

Reference to The total population of the State, of various districts and of the
tables.
districts and of the Tehsils by sex, the area of each in sq. miles, the
number of towns and villages in each and the number of occupied houses
in towns and villages separately is shown in Imperial Table No. L
The variation of population from one decade to another by sex and net
variation since 1891 is furnished by Imperial Table II In Table No. I II
towns and villages have been classified according to popUlation. Towns
have bren elassified by population with vanation since 1891 in Table
No IV, whereas in Table No. V towns haye been arranged terri·
torially with population by communities.

In addition to the above the following subsidiary Ta,bles ha,ve

been prepared :--

1. (i) Density, water supply and crops.

(ii) Area and population (000, omitted), actual a,nd percentage,
by taluk density.
(iii) Persons per 1:OOJ houses and houses per 100 sq. miles.

II. (i) Variation and density.

(ii) Population variation according to
(a) Census.
(b) Vital statistics.

III. (i) Distribution of the population between town and

villages.
IV. (i) 'rowns classified by population.
(i~) Oities-Chief figures.

V. (i) N umber per 1,000 of the tota,l population and of each

main community who live in the towns.
Statistics. The population of the territory of Patiala State as recorded on the
1st March, 1941 is 19, 36 259. These figures are free from all sorts of arti-
ficial recording and exuberance, because as a result of the new system of
non-synchronous enumeration gathf'Yings at fairs, Railway passengers,
travellers on roads etc, have been left out of record and the net produce
of this new system is a record of the normal and defacto population of
the State The figures do not include the external population, i. e. those
of His Highness' subjects who have gone out in India or abroad in search
of avocation" or oth.er enterprizes. They are casual or temporary mig-
rants in the places where they have been recorded and cannot form part
of the natural population of the place. The number of such subjects
approximates to 58,383 persons. The figure", have been obtained from
the subordinate census officers and are classified hereunder by districts--
 ]3

Patiala 3,723
Kohistan 453
Bassi 9,010
Karamgarh 8,838
Anahadgarh 10,915
M ahendragarh 25,444

58,383

:Many of the residentR of N arnaul town and Mahendragarh

district, who are respectable and wealthy citizens, live for the mOE,t part
of the year in Oalcutta and other big cities in British India wher ,;} they
neither domicile themselves nor settle permanently as British Indian
subjects. but where they cs,rry on trade etc. Generally their families live
a,t their homes in N arnaul, and even if the families of some of them have
gone to live with their male folk they retu:rn periodically to their homes
to perform their social functions e. g. marriages, nuktas etc" and to renew
their citizenship of their native land.
Similarly this figure does not include the number of soldiers Sikhs, 1471
comprising the Patiala State Oavalry and the two Infantries with their Hindu 91
Mohamma-
followers which have been recorded in British India; there number dans. 522
amounts to 2,084 persons, as classified community-wise in the margin.
2,084
This figure also excludes the number of recruits supplied by the State
for the British Indian Army upto 1st March, 1941 out of its youths, Sikhs. 2,137
which amounts to 3,633 person!';, as cla!';sitied community-wise in the Hindus. 425
Mohamma-
margin. If all these items are added to the main total of 19,36,259 the dans. 1,071
grand total of the population of the Patiala State comes to 20,00,359 3, 633
and indeed it is not wrong and also no latitude if the sons of the soil who
are absent temporarily on different missions are added to the total of
the State.

It would not be out of place to mention here that during the last
Great War about 19,152 recruits were supplied by the Sta.te and their
details community-wise are:-
Hindus 5,143 Sikhs 11,108 Mohs. 2,901.
Out of the total of 19,36,259 persons, ]9';54,872 were recorded as
Floating Po-
permanent dwellers in their houses and 1,387 were recorded on the 1st pulation.
of March, 1941, as "floating population". The figure of the latter class
is not very high and can be added with justification to the total of the
normal population of the State, without affecting the propriety of the
class. According to districts the "floating population" is distributed as
given below:-

Kohistan 18
Patiala 436
Bassi 274
Karamgarh 424
Anahadgarh 235
Mahendargarh

1,387
 14

As distinct from the "floating population" comprIsmg of IIlIgra·

tory tribes, there is another class of population, the total whereof is
included in the grand total of the State population. This consists of
inmates of public institutions, such as prisoners in jails and patients
in hospitals etc. This class stands midway between the two dealt with
above, in that though the number of its members is fairly constant yet
there is a good deal of change and coming and going. Their enumera-
tion was also recorded on the 1st March, 19"11. Their total was not
sorted separately since it was not a large figure to deserve a separate
mention· and comment. Arrangements were made in consultation with
the Conservator of State Forests for the enumeration of persons mostly
belonging to the labouring class who might be inhabiting the Patiala
State Birs in plains and forests·in-hills during the days of enumeration
but it was found that both the Bir and Forests were deplete of inhabi·
tants during the dayR.
The number of emigrants could not be il,scertg,ined because a
majority of Provinces of India have carried out restricted tabulation
only. The number of persons who returned their birth places as
other than Patiala State is 2,76,772. [f we deduct the approximate
number of emigrants ascertained from the district authorities, the
net balance comes to 2,18,989 which could be assessed as a factor of the
justification of increase in the population of the State.
The total of all classes of popula,tion recorded at this census
is 19,36,259 persons, which shows an increase of 3,10,739 persons over
the figures of the last decade. The figures of the last decade included
the number of Railway passengers of the two running trains which were
enumerated, one at Bhatinda, and the other at Rampura on the Rajpura
Bhatinda Section, as also ferry passengers at Doraha and the pedestrians
on roads. The present total is devoid of all such additions and can
safely be considered as the net normal population of the Patiala SLc1te.
By net normal population is me tnt the population inhabiting His
Higbness' territory during Census period excluding those who may
be temporary visitors in their midst but including those temporarily
absent from tJheir housf'tL There have been no increase, changes or
adjustments in the area of the "tate and this increase of population
is, contained within the four corners of the same area which contained
the population of the last decade. Taking all things into consi.deration
one would be inclined to think that the totil.l population of this
decade is so normal as to be ta,ken as actual and that conclusions from
these statistics will be fairly valid.
Adverting to the increase which has taken place in the popnla-
tlOn of the Patiala State and the Capital we find that it is normal and
can be taken as correct. 'rhe increase of 3, to, 739 over a population of
16 125,520 persons in ] 931 works up to a percentage of 191, whi0h is
fair; in the ca::;e of the o:1pital, the population was 55129 in 1931 and
h:1S now risen to 69,850 resulting in an increase of H,721 persons or
:36. 7 pen~ent. To the population of Patiala city has also to be added the
number of soldiers who have been censused outside the State but dejure
constitute a part of the population of the Patiala city. Thus the de facto
population of the city comes to 71,934 persons
Population by The populatio:l of the State distributed by Natural Divi~i0ns
Natural Divi- records the following increase : -
~ion8.
 15
Q) •
bO<D
I POPULATION. ~ rn

N arne of Natural ,i I ...~" ;:::~

1 Variation. I <DO
division i 1941 1931 o ~
6:l .....

--- I-------- _ _ _ _ _ 1_ P-l'O

Himalayan 60,736 55,63t:3 5,098 9

Sub- Himalayan 4,59,752 3,85,536 74,216 19

Indo-Gangetic 14,15,771 1],84,346 2,31,425 19

Similarly the population of the State when distributed over its

administrative divisions works out the following percentage increase:-

POPULATION.
Name of the
District. Percent-
1941 1931 Variation. age
Increase.
-
Kohistan ..... 60,706 55,638 5,098 9
•
Patiala .... 2,97,540 2,45,413 52,127 21

Bassi .... 3,83,675 2,20,164 63,511 19

Karamgarh .,. 4,57,599 ~,84,577 73,022 18

An'1hadgarh .... 5,48,203 4,50,639 92,564 ~O

Mahendragarh .... 1,93,506 1,69,089 24,417 14

Of tho 6 districts, Anahadgarh with a population of 5,48,203

persons tops the list and Kohistan with 60,736, comes last. The average
population of a district comes to 3,22,709 persons against 3,64,108 of the
last decade. This decrease is due to creation of ....Kohistan district.
Excluding it, the average works Qut to 3,75,10'1 as against the average of
about seven lacs in the Punjab. The State average, ho wever compares
favourably with the average population of the district in the North
Western Frontier Province. Compared with similar figures of Nabha
and Jind States, the average population of a disbrict in this State is
thrice a,s much.

'rhe rise in population in the districts of Patiala, Bassi, Karam-

garh and Anrthadgarh is neck to neck. There is a little difference in
the case of Mahendragarh ; this district suffers a good deal from emigra-
tion and is not able to make up for the deficiency either by means of
births or by immigration. The Kohistan District is a permanent sufferer
in the matter of population. Looking at its figures of the past
decades one should wonder at the increase of 5098 persons recorded at
this decade.

The Tehsils have been arranged in the serial order of increase in 1. Barnala..
the margin to show which Tehsil has heen the most fortunate and in 2, Sunam.
3. Patiala.
what order the rest follow it. 4. Dhuri.
 16
5. Mansa. It would appear from the perusal of Table I that 17 towns and
6. Bhawani·
garh. 3488 villages are situate in the total area of 5929 sq. mileR. The seven-
7 Rajpura. teen towns contain a population of :3,48,'203 and 16,88,056 persons live
8. Bhatinda.
~. Sirhind. in 3488 villages. Out of 2,48,203 persons 1,89,019 are males and 1,09,184
10. Narnaul. females; similttrly 9,27,086 males and 7,60,970 femalfls comtitue the
11. Narwana.
12. Kandaghat. rural population of the State. The urban population accommodates
itself in 49,576 houses and the rural popUlation lives in 3,23,080 houses.

Distribution of Out of the total popUlation of 19,36,259 persons inhabiting the

Population State, 16,B9,056 live in 3,488 villages and 2,48,203 persons live in 17
and towns and
villages. towns. rrhis gives an average of a population of 14,600 persons in the
case of a town and 484 persons in the case of a village. Out of 1,000
persons inhabiting tbe State, 128 persons live in towns and 872 live in
Villages. A further classification of everyone thousand persons of each
community who live in towns is given below:-

N arne of Districts.
Community
Kohistan Patiala Bassi Karam- Anahad- Mahen-
garh garb dragarh

Hindus .... .... 387 224 89 317 106

Muslims .... .... 3e9 150 199 148 687
Sikhs .... .... 298 10 333 759 1000
Jains .... 169 19 41 51 8'20
Others .... .... 570 958 137 266 914
... I
.... .... . ... .... ....

• • 1. .... .... .... ....

.... ...... .... . ... lOCO ....

~

I
.... 1000
I
3 . ... 915 ....
I I
It would appear from the aforesaid table that Christians live
wholly in the towns of district Mahendragarh so do the J ains and
j

others. Muslims prepondrate over Hindus in the towns of Karamgarh

and Mahendragarh districts. As regards Karamgarh district this cir-
cumstance may be accounted for by the fact that as many as ] 1034
Muslims have been recorded in Samana town alone against a total popu-
lation of 14912 persons of all communities; and in Sunam town also
they exceed Hindus As regards Mahendragarh District almost all
Muslims (who do not constitute the indigenous population of the district)
live in the towns of Mahendragarh and N arnaul whereas in the villages
there is only a sprmkling of them.

Hindus predominate over Muslims in towns of Patiala, Bassi and

Anahadgarh districts. Very few Sikhs live in towns except Mahendragarh
District where like Muslims all Sikhs who ~.fe really State employees
are to be found in towns.
 17

As regaras rural population about 3,92,864 persons live in 2355

villages with a population of under 500 persons each; about 4,83,053
live in 683 villages with a population of under 1000 person each; about
463667 live in 337 villages with a population oI under 2000 persons each;
and about 340811 persons in 117 villages with a population of under
5000 persons each.
The following table shows 10,000 persons of rural population of
the State classified according to community.

Community
Disricts. Hindus. Muslims. Christians. Sikhs. Jains. Others.
---- - -
Patiala State 2956 2014 6 5007 14 3

Kohistan 8857 754 6 378 5 4

Patiala 2374 3380 20 4220 6 ....

Bassi 1166 2688 16 6120 .... ....

Karamgarh 3686 1803 1 4466 43 .1

~nahadgarh 959 1786 3 7242 8.3 3.0

Mahendragarh 9582 405 .... 20 1.0 10

I
It would appear that Hindus predominate as rural population
Kohistan and Mahendragarh districts. They also predominate over
Muslims in Karamgarh district: Muslims predominate over Hindus in
Patiala, Bassi and Anahadgarh districts Sikhs predominate in four
districts, viz. Patiala Bassi, Karamgarh and Anahadgarh Districts over
Muslims and Hindus both. They also constitute the main rural popu-
lation of the State and represent a proportion of 5007 persons after every
10,000 persons of all communities living in villages.

It would be interesting to cast a summary glance over the move- Comparison

with British
mentof popUlation in British India and Indian Provinces for the last fifty In dia and
years and to compare their increase of population with that in the Patiala Indian Provin-
State. The population of British India has varied since 1891 as ces.
follows :-

British India
in the year . Persons Rate af increase.
. "-'"_ ~--'-"-."-----

1891 28,73,14,671 48.0

1901 '29,43,61,056 33.0
]911 31,51,56,396 7.0

I
1921 31,89,42,480 20.3
1931 35,28,37,778
 18

The population of various Provinces has varied from 1891 as:-

Census
I Rate of Density
Name of I.
I Increase
Province. year. Person. 1941.
\ 1941.

The Punjab 1891 18,652,614

1901 19,942,715 I
1911 19,579,047
1921 20,685,478
1931 23,580,S52
1941 34,309,861 83 248

Madras 1891 35,644,423

1901 38,229,654
1911 41,405,404
1921 42,318,985
1931 46,840,564
1941 49,840,564 I 37 390

The United Provinces 1891 46,501,660

1901 47,312,441
1911 46,806,612
1921 45,370,069
1931 48,408,763
1941 56,346,456 21 527

The population of Indian States for the last threel decades has
increased by 20 percent as would appear from the table given below:-

Census year. Population (in millions) Index.

1901 294 100

1911 315 107

1921 319 109

1931 363 120

Increa,ses i n The population of Patiala State during the last 50 years from
Sta,te's popu- decade to decade has stood as below :-
1 a t ion and
comparIson
with 0 t h er Density.
places.
Census year. Persons, Rate of increase.
- - - _. - - - ----
1891 15,83,521 267
1901 15,96,692 1 :c.69
1911 14,07,659 -12 237
1921 14,99,730 7 253
1931 16,25,520 8.39 274
1941 19,36,259 19 326
 19

It would appear that the population of the State has increased at

a very moderate rate during this decade in keeping with the increase that
has taken place in the population of India as a whole and in that of
various provinces also. The total population of the Punjab and Punjab
States is 34,309,861 as compared with 23,580,852 in 1931. The increase
in the various districts of the Punjab province which are contiguous to
the State is : -

Name of District. 1941 1931 Variation Percent

----
Hissar 1,OO6,~'09 899,475 107,230 11.9
Rohtak 956,399 805,621 150,778 18.7
Kamal 994,175 852,614 141)961 16.7
Ambala 847,745 742,902 104,843 14.1
Ludhiana 818,615 672,494 146,121 21.7
Ferozepore 1,422,427 1,1501732 265,695 22.9

The increase in oertam States as could be ascertained by reference

or from Newspapers is :-

N arne of State 1941 1931 Variation.

Indore State 15,00,000 13,00,000 200,000

Cochin State 2,00,343 ],47,100 15D,243

Baroda State 28,75,010 24,48,283 4,26,727

Al WfLr State 8,32,055 7,49,75l 82,304
Bhopal State 7,85,322 72,99,55 5.'5,367
Kapurthala State 31,78)380
Gwalior State 40,06,159
_ _ ,, _ _ , " 0 , _
---- ------------,
The foreign countries groaning as they have been under the tyranny
of Hitler have had no time to record their censuses of this decade. The
:figures of population and for the matter of that their increase and dec~
'rease are not 3Jvailable, but it would be next best to quote from Dr.
Ruttan's Census Report of India the percent of increase in some foreign
countries. Referring to 10.6 percent accruing to the population of India.,
he observes :-

" These figures may be compared with an increase in England

and Wales since last census of only 5.4 per cent, but of 53.8
percent in the last 50 years, with an incmase in the United
Sta.tes of 16 per cent, since the last census, with an increase of
nearly 18 pel cent in Ceylon and with an increase in Java of
 20

20 per cent since the last census and of as much as '26 percent,
in the outer islands of the Netherland India."

The rate of increase as compared with that of 1931 for the State
is much more modesli than the one in case of the Punjah which is 41
percent. The density for the State has gone as far as 326 persons per
mile, whereas for the province it has not exceeded the figure of 248.
The density in the case of Patiala State is more in keeping with the rate
of increase than in the Province. In fact after once falling to 237 in
the decade ending 1911, it has gradually been rising during the past
thirty years.

Favourable The favourable factors which have avowedly contributed towards

factors. this increase in population and thereby in density are succinctly enumera-
ted below:-

(1) The Patiala State Population has about one half of its total
normal population between the ages of 15 and 50 and this
is a fail' index to the fact that the population is progressIve
and in no way retrogressive.

(2) The Patiala State has taken a big stride in the development
of commerce and industry by means of establishing Mandis
on generous terms and with greatf~r facilities and amenities
of life. This sort of activity on the part of the administra-
tion had a vcry saliburious effect on tho attctinment of
welfare of the population. The progress of Commerce and
Industry in towns eventually supplies means of subsistence
for an increasing population and modifies the rusticating
and deteriorating effect.

The marginal table would substantiate the aforesaid statement to

some extent.
Agricultural Non-Agricultural
Year.
Industry. Industry.

1941 1,189,677 3,14,.581

1931 1,(143,765 2,45,77.5

A reference to Chapter II on towns and villages would show that

during the past decade Mandis and towns have cropped up by leaps and
hounds. The population of Mama Mandi has doubled followed by
rest of the towns. Another town is riFling in the hills in the proximity
of Solon while the Bhllpindra Cement Factory at Surajpore is expected to
greatly influellce the growth of population.

(3) The number of males returned at this decade is 10,66,105 and

that of the females 8,70,154. It gives a proportion of ~ females to o~e
male and for every 1000 males in the Stllte there are 818 females. In
opinion of Principal Karve the mtio of the two sexes to one another
throws an interesting side-light on the population situation. The table
underneath is framed to bring to light this aspect of the movement of
Patiala State population for the last 40 years :--
 21

Census Total Total Percent Percent

year. males. females. males. females.
1901 877197 719495 55 45
1911 792540 615119 56 44
1921 837479 662260 56 44
1931 900597 724923 55 45
1941 ]066105 870154 55 45
(4) On agricul ture is based the national occupational structure
of the Patiala State in as 63% of the population is still dependent on
agriculture. The ratio has risen from 64 percent 19.31 to 68 percent in 1941
and no doubt the urban population has also risen, yet the transcendant
fact is that people. of Patiala State still are overwhelmingly relying on
agriculture.
Principal Karve, on page 54 of his book the" Poverty and Popula-
tion irt India" gives the following table of percentage of agricultural
population in British India and Indian States : -

1901 1911 1921 1931

--_. -----------------
British India 68.5 73.8 74.4 67.0
Indian States 60.0 68.0 68.0 67.0

The rainfall was fairly propitious throughout except in the Bangar

part of the Karamgarh district where it was a little defective during the
last two years of the deGlade, but did not disturb the solidarity of the
agricultural condition of the people.

(6) It would appear from the table of births and deaths that more
boys than girls have been born in the State in the decade, and although
the mortality of males against females is also high, yet the former state
of affairs is always conducive to inorease in population. The greater
mortality among ml'l.Ies is due to their more dangerous occupations and
unregulated life; but, in any case they produce children and may be,
leJ,ve them behind to be supported either by a dutiful widow or by a
philanthropic society.
(7) It would further appear that the birth-rate hilS been higher
than dea,t,h-rate. The total births recorded during the decade mounted
to 571088 persons which give a percentage of :29.4 births whereas the
deaths recorded during the decade mount to 033961 persons which give
a percentage of 17. 2 deaths. The difference between the two rates is
12.2 percent.
(8) The net balance of immigration over emigrantion is in favour
of the former as observed previously in this chapter, and this balance is
an acquisition to figures of the previous population.
The consideration of the factors favourable to incresse brings us
face to face the two aspects of the problem of population, the static and
the dynamic. The consideration of these aspects resolves itself into
the enquiry whether population in Patiala is pressing on the means of
subsistence or whether the State resources are large enough to accommo-
 date this pressure and to go further tow:1rds accommodating anticip'lted.
increase. The sitw"tion can safely be daclared to be that the popuhtion
of Patiala State is well within its mea~s of subsistence; it is capable of
further increase, and provided industri'.Llization goes apace and irrigation
expands, the further increase which mfl)Y accrue would be well covored
by the means uf tmbsistence. Therefore both from the stana point of
the present and the future, there is nothing alarming in the pref-lent
or the future increase in figureR. The present increase is a happy
event. PatiaJa t;tate is suitably equipped both in point of industry
and agriculture. The Jaw rate of deaths, the absenu8 of preventive check
(acts of Inan) and positive checks (acts of Nature), the free working of
social and hygenic reforms and above all expasion of industry guarantee
that for the present there is no pressure on the eansm of subsistence
and the danger is not likely to overtake us for a considerable
time to come. The density which is the pulse of pre"8uru on land is
not high and faRt, [l.nd this fact has been clarified by the eomp3.rativc-J
statistics in tbis eha.pter. The relation between increase in popUlation
and the pressure on means of subsistence is not unfavourable, which
vouchsafes that there is room for further increase. There is one proviso,
however, to these surmises. It is that agriculture and industry should
continue to expand and that the untapped resources of materi~Ll W811lth
be utili8ed conservingly. Agriculture is subject to the law of diminishiug
Returns while industry suffer::> from the v}l,garies of excha.nge, t<1x<},tiol1,
preferentird treatment in exports and imports etc, and therefore unless
the wealth of the State is conserved, a break-down in prosperity of the
people might come attended by dire consequences. Therefore the cry of
time is "Expand your irrigation, agricultural and non-a.gricultural indus-
tries and conserve your wealth, other wise you will suffer from the after-
math, if the increase in popul(Ltion repeats itself." The resources of
the State and for the mFttter of that of its people should be s::deguarded
and consolidated so that the power of resistence of the people be raised
to a pitch where it could stand them in good stead on occa,;ions of famine,
and damage to industries. In short, the causes of economic depression
among which may be put sub'divisions of land holdings dopendt~nce on
one industry, rural indebtedness, lack of cottage industries, lack of
diversity of occupations, and resourclClessness and poverty at people, should
be removed. There is a s.l,ying amongst the economists thal! now-·;,,-days
famines are not food famine,;, but money famines."
Density. The density of the population (i. p number supported pOl' sq.mile
depends on the clim;:>.tin conditions, snCluity of life ae d property) standarJ
1

of c lmfort, economic resources H.nd the stage of economic development.

If the rconomic resources are rich, obviously, other things being
equ3rl, l"1 country will bn fj.hle to snpporu a higher density of population than
if the resources are poor. A :;:mrely a.gricultural popuh,tion will sup~ort
a very much small population. The fact that Patiala is prim::J..rily an
agricultural St::J.te explains the low [l,vemge density of her population
(32m as compf1red vvith highly industri,dil6od a.nd commercial countries
like England and \V ~los (649) and Belgium (654) In the h,st Patla.h
Census Rnport the following obtlervations heLve been llul,de on this point:--
"It will thus be seen that the factor of rainfall is operative in the
determination of density, to a very small degree. Mere fertility of soil is
 also of no avail, if unaided by a steady rainfall and a number of other
physical and economic features. Climate alone, no l"atter how salutary,
will also not attract the people, who first need the IDeans of subsistence"
The iI1stance of the Kandaghat Tehsil is again in point. Thm; none of
these considerations indivicluaHy can account for the density of a parti-
cularr place. The two Tehsils of Bhatinda and Mansa have the largest
prcportion of cultivable to the total area, as also of the net cultivated to
the culturable, but these do not give them a higher density. A
far greater concentration of population exists in the Tehsils
of Hajpma, Sirhind and Pa,tiala, where cultivation is comparatively less
extnnsive. So the extent of cultivation appears also to provide no
index of density. Simibrly climate has also but little connection with
density. It is true tha,t all the thickly populated part of the State are
situated in the Sub-Himalayan division, which has a comparatively
temperate climate. But it will be too much to infer any direct corres-
pondence between the salutary nature of the climate and density. vVhat
should realy contribute towards concentration of population is the health-
iness of the climate, rather than its pleasing nature, and bec'luse healthy
people can follow the pursuits of their life better than the weak and
sickly, it is this }LSpect of climate that should influence density. It is a
truism to say that from this point of view the climate of the jungle tracts
is far superior to the climate of the Sub-Himalayan natural division,
whose copious rainfall makes it subject to severe onsets of malaria, year
In and year out. Epidemics also find a temporate climate more con-
genial to their sprefLd. rrhe hot winds of the jungle tract, though for the
time being not much pleasing, certainly conduce active life and fewer
diseases Climate therefole is ha,rdly a test at all for the growth of
population."
The PatiaJf:L State enjoys a level of fair mean density at least in
the two natural divisions viz. Sub-Himala,yan and the Indo-Gangetic
Plain \Vest. The lowest mean density (178 per square mile) has been
recorded in Tehsil Kandrtghat and the highest (483) in Thehsil Dhuri.
Areas are dense if there are over 500 persons to a sq. mile; "fairly
den.~e" if between 300 and ;500; "average" if between 200 and 303; thin
if over 1"'0 and belDW '200, and sparso if below 100. The density of
Patiala State exc;lusive of Patiala city is 319 and ltccording to the aboye
clas2"ification it fits in the category of "fairly dense". rrhe density ca1-
culabed for the decade !931 WELS 246 which means that Patiala State was,
in 1901, in the "average dense" catagory.
Tlw State can be stLid 0 hav,') taken a stride in the matter of
density, rising from the category of "average" to "fairly dense". The
tables given below show tho density of the State ace-ording to Natural
and Administrative divisions : -
N iLme of N abural division. Density peT sq. mile.
Himalayan 178
Sub-Himalayan 390
Indo-Gangetjc Plain West 310
(ii) Among Natural Divisions, the density per sq. mile is highest
In the Sub Hinnlayan Division-this Division contains a population of

4,59,752 persons within an area of 1129 sq. miles. This can be account-
ed for thus : -
 24
The pressure on the soil is the grestest in Tehsil Dhuri, where 443
petsohs reside in one sq. mile of area, as against the average of 3 t9, for
the whole of the State. The next most densely populated 'rehsils are
Sirhind, Patiala and Rajpllra. The last three together with a portion of
the former (Ilaqa of Payal) are all comprised within the N atllral-Division
Sub-Himalayan. This shows that a salutary climate offers greater attrac-
tion to the population than the Natural Division of Himalaya and Indo-
Gangetic Plain West whose climates are extreme. Next to it in order
of merit is the Indo-Gengetic Plain West which shows a density of 318
persons with a population of 1415771 within an area of 4459 sq. miles.
'I'hus the three Natural Divisions can be arran gad in order of density as
below:-

Dense. Fairly dense. Average thin.

------------------------------- - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - -

Nil. 1. Sub-Himalayan Nil. Himalayan

2. Indo Gangetic
Plain West

The Sub-Himalayan Natural Division consists of the following

Three Tehsils and each has the following density as compared with 1931:-

Density per Sq. Mile.

Name of Tehsil.
1941 19.'31

1. Patiala 391 324

~. Rajpura 3135 319
3. Sirhind 437 383

The Indo-Gangetic Plain West consists of the following eight

Tehsils and each has tbe following density as compared with 1931:-

Density per sq. mile.

Name of 'rehsil.
1941 1931
-.---------.~---- - - - --

I. Bhawanigarh 300 251

2. Sunam 306 254
3. Dhuri 443 368
4. Narwana 263 237
5. Barnala 340 279
6. Bhatinda 264 ~31

7 Mansa 288 247

8. Narnanl 331 293
----
 25

In this traot the Tehsil of Dhuri, Barnala and Sunam have

shown the largest increase in denesty. Without entering into a lengthy
exposition of the aspect of density in this traot, it may be mentioned
ths,t the same faotors viz. soils, rainfall, climate, irrigation, communica-
tion, standard of living exist here as do in the case of the population of
the Sub-Himalayan Division.
The Himalayan Natural Division consists of only one Tehsil
viz. Kandaghat or more strictly the Thanas of Dharmpore, Kandaghat
and Pinjore. It shows the lowest density of 178 persons as compared
with 162 last time. The reason that can account for it is that while
rainfall is most abundant in this Natural Division, the same is not
supported by other factors such as the fertility of the soil and suitablity
of the climate.
The informatian given above has been succinctly brought out by
_._ - - - the classification of Tehsils
Class Density per sq. mile, Tehsil.
according to density in the
map and the marginal ts ble.
I 500- 560
II 400-500 Sirhind, Dhuri

III 300-400 Patiala, Rajpura

Bhawanigarh, I::lunam.
IV 200-300 Narnaul, Barnala.
Narwana, Bhatina,
Mansa

V 100-200 Kandaghat

VI Under 100

The Tehsils arranged in order of density stand as follows ; -

-,.,~-

194.1 1941 1931 1931

-
1. Dhuri 7. Sunam 1. Sirhind 7. Sunam

2. Sirhind 8. Bhawanigarh 2. Dhuri 8. Bhawanigarh

3. Patiala
,
9. Mansa 3. Patiala 9. Mansa

4. Rajpura 10. Bhatinda 4. Rajpura 10. Narwana

5. Barnala 11. Narwana 5. Narnaul 11. Bhatinda

6. Narnaul 12. Kandaghat 6. Barnala 12. Kandaghat.

The Patiala city shows a density of 7639 persons per sq. mile as
compared with 5803 persons per sq. mile of the last decade.
In the Sub-Himalayan and the Indo-Gangetic Plain ,,-est the C a. use s • f
burden of population has been borne by agriculture. J n these two varia.tion.
tracts there still exists room for agriculture to expand and consequently
for the population to increase. The increase has been general in the
urban area also, and with regard to this increase it is said that commerce
& industry have given an appreciable stimulus in the Himalayan Division,
there has been an appreciable increase in the population of the village
Surajpore on account of the establishment of the Bhupindra Cement
Factory. In 1931 its population was 905 persons whereas now It is
 26
2282. The special increase has contributed towards the increase in the
density of Tehsil Kandflghat from 162 to 173 persons per sq. mile The
Tehsils of Sirhind, Naruaul 'and Narwana have been superseded by
Dhuri, Barnala and Bhatinda respectively. The rest of the nine Tehsils
retain their old positions. In the decade8 ending 192 t and 1931
Tehsils Sirhind topped the list with a density of 343 and 383 persons
respectively, but at the present census Dhuri has usurped the place of
Sirhind, its density having risen from 343 in 1921 and 368 in 1931 to
443 in 1941. The reason for this is that Dhuri Mundi has developed
extensively, whereas the population of Tehsil Sirhind ha.s to depend on
the same time-worn means of subsistence, viz agriculture. Besides
irrigation, in Tehsil Sirhind is limited to the same extent as it was in
1931 and therefore there has been no scope for increase. The reason
for BaruaJa Tehsil going ahead of N arnaul rreh8il is more or less the
same; the increase has taken place in the urban population whereas the
population of Narnaul has bRen dormant and liable to the outrages of
emigration. The competition in the rate of increase of population in
the Sub-Himalayan and Indo-Gangetic Plains West is so keen that it
would be no wonder if the latter supersedes the former one day and the
development of commerce and industry in the latter proves a greater
impetm to the rise of population than other physical aspects taken
together e.g. rainfall, soil and irrigation etc. It follows from those
results that commerce and industry are more effective factors in the
rise of popUlation and its density than are rainfall and agriculture-
other contributing factors being equal.

From the above exposition of the increase of population and its

concomitant density, it follows that rainfall, irrigation or even a good
soil do not alone help in the increase of population. Given below are
figures for the Natural Divisions of the State together with divisional
density and rainfall in serial order duly classified in support of the above
point:-

Natural Division. Density. Rainfall. Order Order

accord- accord-
ing to ing to
density rainfall
1. Himalayan 178 5'2.64 III I
2. Sub-Himalayan 309.144 25.15 I II
3. Indo-Gangetic Plain West 278577 16.86 II III

It is clear from this that the Himalayan sub-division holds the

first place in order of rainfall but the last place in order of density;
the Sub-Himalayan and the Indo-Gangetic Plain West though first and
second in order of density are second and third in order of rainfall.
Co-relation From the above f'ltatement it would be fallacious to conclude that
between rain-
fall ann den- rainfall plays no important part in the fluctuations of density. A good
sity.
rainfall raises the level of water in wells and other reservoirs and thus
helps in increasing the area under cultivation. This makes the
popUlation stick to their homes and multiply.
 27

In subsidiary table No.1 the density of various Tehsils has been Density and
Cultivation.
exmamined in its co-relationship with cultivation. The terms
"cultivable" , net cultivated" and "gross cultivated" carry the same mean-
ings as were assigned to them on the occasion of the last Census by the
Census Commissioner for India and are reproduced here for ready
reference.. "Cultivable" area means the net cultivated area together
with follows and wastes available for cultivation but excludes reserved
forest and uucultllrable areas. "Gross cultivated" area means the area.
~own with crops in one year, including double cropping irrespective of
the failure of the crops.

For purposes of Census a 'House' for villages was defined in a

very natural and simple way i.e. every room or suit.e of rooms with one
hearth being a h:1use. In towns, however, the structure usually known
as a house has been treated as a unit even if more than one~commensal
family resided in it provided that they did not live exclusively from
each other. Along with other details the classification of homesteads
was also carried out at the time of house·numbering. Home-steads
could be classified in various ways but here we are concerned with the
accommodation set apart in each house for the living and sleeping
purposes of its inmates and with the kind of the structure of the building.
A house should bave bed rooms, dining room, living room, habitable
attics, Servants rooms kitchen and other habitable spaces, separated
from one another by walls reaching from the floor to the ceiling and of
a size large enough to hold a bed for an adult (approximately four sq.
yards). In addition to the above details it was also to be taken into
considemtion whether the hous? had a thatched, tiled, torrand or an iron
waf. These inquiries though they look frivolous on surface, yet pro·
vided statistics by which could be determined the number of families out
of the population living in a manner generally known as "above comfort"
"in comfort" and "below comfort."

These terms have been explained by the author of the Baroda

Oensus Report 1921 in this manner : -

"A house termed as 'above comfort' should consist of a minimum

of six rooms for a standard family bunglows with comfort being excepted;
"in comfort" wOllld cOllsist of more than one room and less than six
rooms; "below comfort" would consist of one room only.

The enquiries made cannot be said to be scientific and thorough

 28

because the superVIsors while preparIng their houselists made these

enquiries III an
C LAS S I FIe A T ION 0 F HOM EST E ADS,
off-hand man-
Above comfort. In comfort. Bolow comfort. ner and their
record was
City and Tehsils ....
Q)
made im perfect-
..c
ly. However
~
Z the result of
---~~-- -------- -----1-- - - - . - - thefle enquiries,
Patiala 2,594 ;.81 9,&74 679 2,000 140 whatever their
1. Patiala 4930 132 26,107 700 6,277 168 worth are re-
2, Rajpura 152 7 16,320 700 6,842 293 corded below:-
3. Sirhind 1,103 34 22,289 695 8,692 271
The table III
4. Kaildaghat 1,128 76 8,021 542 5,644 382 the margin fur-
5. Bhawanigarh 2.169 70 18,529 599 10,228 331 nishes the gen-
6. Sunam 2,417 78 18,254 590 10,275 383 eral results of
7. Dhuri 2,376 55 26,997 622 14,017 323 the enquiry re-
8. Narwana 3,202 104 20,344 658 v,365 238 garding stand-
9. Barnala 1,395 61 13;982 616 7,325 323 ard of comfort
10. Bhatinda 3,647 84 27,678 638 12,046 278 made for the
11. Mansa 12,449 370 12,631 375
city and for the
8,588 255
Tehsils. In the
12. N arnaul 2,878 89 22701 624 10,748 296
-- T;al----I--33-;9;-I- ~- --;:;,67t- 616-1-~,~2~90- 295- city, of a total
of 14268 hous<o's,

2594 or 18 percent were found to be "above comfort" 9,674 or 68 percent

"in comfort" and 200J or 14 per cent were "below comfort." The 2594
tenements in the first class are supposed to have space allowance
according to the definition of at least two rooms per individual adult or
six for the standard family of three adult persons. The 2,000 teneinents
of the third class would presumeably allow at most one third of a room-
space to (:j, grown up individual.
As regards the State, as a whole, of a total of 3,79,646 tenements
only about 9 per cent are "above comfort" whereas there are apprcxi-
mately 6~ percent "in comfort." The highest proportion of homesteads
of the category "above comfort" is found in Tehsil Mansa and the lowest
in. Tehsil Rajpura. Similarly the highest proportion of homestead "below
comfort" type was recorded in Tehsil Kandaghat and the lowest in
'l_1ehsil Patiala for reasons quite obvious. Generally speaking, it may be
said that a vast llli1,jority of the population of the State is living "in
comfort."
Num ber of In the State as a whole, the number of persons per lOCO houses is
persons per 5,!96 as R,gainst 4,700 in 1931, 4AOO in 1921 4100 in 1911 and i),800
1000 houses,
and of houses in 1901. The present figure, though higher than those of 1931, 1921
per lOO sp
miles.
and 1911, is lower than that of 1901. In respect of Tehsils the highest
figure has been recorded for MansH. (5,575) and the lowest for Tehsil
Kandaghat. The reason for the latter is easily intelligible. As regards
the former a reference to Imperial table II will show that, with the
exception of Teh~il Dhuri and Patiala, Mansa has added the largest
number of person3 (34,280) to itt! last population. The increase in the
number of houses is only 3,871.
 29
The ta.ble in the margin showE'l the order in which the Tehsils
Order according Order according stand according to (a) density,
Order aC30rding to houses per
to density. to persons per (b) persons per 1000 houses
" 100 houses. 100 sq. miles.
and (c) houses per 100 square
1 Dhuri Mansa Sirhind miles. It will be observed
2 Sirhind Sunam Dhuri that order according to person
3 Patiala Bhatinda .l:'atiala per 1000 houses varies almost
4 Rajpura Barnala Rajpura. inversely with density, whereas
fj Barnala Narnaul Barnab in the case of order according
6 Narnanl Narwana Narn.!.ul
to house:{ per 100 sq. miles
7 SunILm Dhuri Bhawanigarh
the 1st and the last categories
conform to each other save
hawanigarh
8 Phawanigarh
I Sunam that Dhuri and Sirhind, Bha-
9 Mansa Sirhind Mansa
wanigarh and Sunam, and
10 Bhatinda Patiala Narwana
N arwana a:q.d Bhatinda, have
11 Narwana Rajpura Bbatinda
interchanged places. Tehsil
]2 Kandaghat Kandaghat Kand!1.ghat.
Kandaghat occupIes the last
position in all three cases.

From the general account of population of P!ltiala State and of Movement of

Popula.tion.
the density as evidenced from the figures of population we come to the
more definite state in the affairs of the population as to how the popu-
lation has changed from time to time, as affected by the conjoint in-
fluence of births and deaths on the one hand and of migration of people
on the other, and as to what portion or places have benefitted by its
movements. The main statistical material for this is contained in the
Imperial Tables I, V and the snap shots of information from these
tables have been mentioned. These tables have been embodied in the
diagram given on page-. For the first 20 years, viz. 1881-1891 and 1891-
1901 the recods of Census in Patiala State are not available but they have
been kept regularly from the decade 1911 and we are concerned with the
r,'cords from the decade 1891 which upto now covers a period of 50 years.

Census Increase or decrease, Variation

year. Population. with 1891
as 1000.
Actual percent.
- - ---- ---- The marginal table gives
1891 15,83,521 ... ... 1000 a bird's eye view of the move-
1901 15,96,692 *13,171 '.8 1008

1911 H,07,f59 -1,89,033 -12 889

ment of population since the
1921 14,99,730 *92,080 *6 947 last 50 years.
19a1 16,25,520 *1,25,731 *8 1026

1911 19,35,259 8,10.739 "19 1223

The"e figures show that the popuhl,tion of the Patiala State at

the end of decade ]891 stood at ]5,83,5:21. In the decade ending 190],
it had a slight increase and rose to 15,96,6::)2; at the end of the' decade
ending 1911 it went down to 14,07,659 and a steep decline in the curve
was noticeable; at the end of 1921 it showed a. slight increase and rose
to 14,99,730. For the last 20 years it is increasing at a fair pace and
after touching the figure of 15:25,520 in 1931 it has now risen to
19,36,259 persons, and the curve now stands highest. When calculated
 30
against the population figure of 1931, the increase comes to 19.1 percent
or an addition of 185 persons after everyone thousand.

Tehsils. I 1941 1931 Variation Percent.

---- ---
Patiala State .. , 19,36,259 16,:25,520 3,10,639 *19.1
Kandaghat ... 60,736 55,638 5,098 *9.0
Rajpura .. , 1,14,234 96,881 17,353 *18.0
This table given
Sirhind ... 1,62,212 1.40,123 22,059 *16.0 in the margin
Patiala .. , 1,83,301) 1,48,532 34,774 *23.41 shows how the
13ha lVanigarh ... 1,48,131 1,23.155 24,976 -20.28 movement of po-
Narwana ... 1,56,306 1,37,826 18,480 18,40 pulation has vari-
SUTlam ... 1,53,162 1,23,596 29,566 *23,99 ed in various Teh-
Dhuri ., . 2,21,463 1,80,041 41,422 *22.0 sils during the last
Barnala .. , 1,21,839 96,474 2.~.366 26.2() decade.
,
Mansa ... 1,87,711 1,53,461 34,260 '12.45

Bhatinda .. , 2,33,653 2,00,704 32,94U I 16.42

Narnaul ... 1,93,506 1,69,089 24,417

I *14.0

"

and how they now stand in the serial order of increase as compared with
the last census year's percentage of increase.

Order in 19:::H. Order in 1941.

1. Barnala 1. Barnala.
2. Dhuti 2. Patia.la.
3. Sirhind 3. Dhuri
4. Bha wanigar h 4. Bhawanigal'h.
5. Narnaul 6. Sunam.
6. Patiala 6. Mansa.
7. Mansa 7. Rajpura.
8. Sunam 8. Sirhind.
9. Bhatinda 9. Bhatinda.
10. Rajpura 10 Narnaul.
11. Narwana II. Narwana.
12. Kandaghat 12. Kandaghat.

It would appear fwm the above table that Barnala, Bhawanigarh,

Bhatinda, Narwana and Kanda~hat stick to their position, Dhuri has
gone down by one place while the case of rest of the Tehsils the change
of the position is very marked. No doubt, ficklene~s and vageries of
population are proverbial.

Economic consequences of increase.

The economic consequences of a normal increase are in the best
interests of a country and its people. An individual is a consumer as
well as a producer and the same could be expected of the increased
people of the State. rfhe ecotlomic, social, physical and agricmltuml condi-
 31
tiODS of the State and yet susceptible of further development and surely
increased population of the State w;:mld work concertedly to develop
them and to live in the best possible condition of life. If more people
are available in the State to devote their time and energy aided by the
improved methods of agriculture and commerce surely the evil effects of
increased population cannot be tellinQ", and the solvency and stability of
the civil conditions of the people of the Patiala State will be maintained.
Whatever may be the Fmbsequent consequences there is no denying the
fact that the present increase is quite wholesome. It can be believed that
in most branches of commerce, the demand remains un-supplied for want
of adequate, efficient and unskilled labour. If the demand is not met
with, it is likely to shift its direction and some industries instead of
growmg might decline. Tha normal experience of eoonomists is like
this.

But while a normal and a modest rate of increase in popUlation is

commendable, a torrential rate of increase is oertainly dangerous. A
modest and steady rate of growth of population facilitates a larger and
more rapid improvement in the standard of living which is not possible
in the case of rapid increase of population.

In short, the increase of population of the Patiala State is a gift

from God and a blessing to the Ruler and the rules Indeed, years of
the security begotton of conditions of public peace and good administra-
tion hfl,ve helped the population to multiply. It can be hopped that with
the development of means of subsistence and of the capacity of the soil
to sustain more pressure, the population of the State is likely to increase
further. So far no signs of outgrowing means of subsistance are
, discernible.

The trend of increase in population, its movement between the

distriots interse and its density have been discussed above and it would
be in the fitness ,of things if all thnt has been said already is summa.rised.
The judging of population situation is a very delicate and difficult task.
There are so many considerations and limitations which hedge the
situation that a direct approach to a correct conclusion is obviously an
impossibility.

Briefly speaking the increase in the populabion of Patiala State is

normal and not unusuaL Its causes are not extraordinary and fantas-
ti~al; the increase is due to the combinatirlll of those factors which
operate everywhere in favour of the increase of population. There is
generally an absence of preventive and positive checks, rainfalls, pro-
gressive irrigation, good hygienic conditions and satisfactory modi.cal
facilities have resulted in the increase of births over deaths. Good
harvests, both food and non food crops; in-effeotive emigration, good and
responsible administration and the benign Master's happy rule ensuring
peace, prosperity aud tranquillity among the people of the State all these
combine together go to declare this decade as normal in all respects.

The increase in the population of the Patiala State is so normal

and is the result of such favourable factors remaining operative during
the whole of'the decade' as to justify Maltbus theory which seeks to
 establish that population invariably increases unless restrained by Man
and Nature or unless the means of subsistence suffer. thus
The less the use of positive The more the means of

and preventive checks. subsistence.

I

the more the population.

Conditions of Life.

'War efforts. Everyone must feel that humanity had never been in such a
plight of suffering as it was at the fag end of this decade. The oppres-
sion on humanity has been heavy, its sanctity has been outraged and
principles violated. Cruelty, passions and selfishness ran wild. In
fact, neither the ancient nor the modern academic history has got a
single instance in its vast space of chronicles which could stand a
comparison to the distress and agonies the war had caused to the nations,
whose progeny even must also continue to groan under its weight till
civilisation and spiritual culture are re-born.
The clash of interests which had become apparent soon after the
Treaty of Versalies, now revealed itself full fledged. The question of
armament or disarmament, as one might call it, instead of settling
eontroversies to the satisfaction of all countries raked up the piled up
differences and arranged countries in logger-head positions to one
another. The League of Nations was unable to assert itself. Its oppo-
nents rose to such strength and fury that it was impossible to reconcile
them by perRuasions, reasons or other peaceful methods. Germany
saturated with the desire to restore her lost power believed only in one
policy in relations with those countries who were its opponents in the
last war viz., "Might is right". The allies were merely 'going and
corning' to Geneva and things were slipping out of their control till they
carne to a pitch where no headway could be made except by force.
On September, 1st 1939, Germany declared war against Poland
and invaded the country. It proved a great shock to Mr. Chamberlain
and other politicians in England. Mr. Chamberlain in a memorable
speeeh dehvered in the House of Commons on the 3rd of Se,ltember,
1939, said:-
" rrhis is a sad day for all f)f us, and to none is it sadder than to
me. All that I have worked for, every thing tha,t I have hoped for,
everything that I luwe believed in during my public life has crashed into
ruins ".
The attack on Poland· was a signal for democratic powers of
Great Britain and France to unite and take tbe cudgel against the
aggressor Consequently both Great Britain and France broke off
diplomatic relations with Germany-for the continuance Whereof they had
striven so much· and took the field for the protection of the smaller
Powers and for the vindication of their plighted word to them.
'rhe history of the true Comradeship of the Patiala State and its
Great Rulers has had one more page fLdded to it and the d~cree in it was
 33

written in letters of gold. His Highness, twe to the glorious tradition

of his Royal House, rose to the occasion like a sincere and true friend
and immediately on the declaration of war against Germany voluntarily
and spontaneously offered to the British Government his personal ser-
ViC8~ and all the resources of the State, which were accepted and
witably acknowledged. The cause of India and the Empire was to be
supported with all the strength of body and spirit at this critical hour,
and His Highness, as was befitting of the illustrious House of Patiala,
underto:)k the task grimly but cheerfully.
III order to lmplement the above offer an organization named Central
Recruiting Board W[l,g established so that recruits for the British Indian
Army may be available without difficulty and in great number; and in
order to safe-guard internal security a force named the Yadavendra Civic
Guards was creRoted under a special Decree known as the Yadavendra
Civic Guards Act. 1984 volunteers have been enlisted as against the
total of 1 i 76 required.
His Highness has been indefatigable in his personal efforts in
asking his subjeets to rally to the British cause. In order that the aims
of war be properly disseminated among8t all-including the Zamindar in
his secluded home, His Highness Shri 108 Maharajadhiraj Mahendra
Bahadur made an extensive ~our throughout his State which was
attended by conspicuouf:; enthusiasm on the part of the State subjects.
His Highness established a Central War Board, with his younger brother
Capt lin Rfl,ja Bhalinder Singh Ji, as its President and others as its
official and non-officla,] members. Later on to make the scheme of recruit-
ment more effective, District and Tehsil War Committees were formed
and affiliated to t,he Central War Board. Extensive and intensive propa-
ganda in favour of war has been carried throughout the length and
breadth of the State and has already resulted in about 5,000 recruits
being enlisted in British Indian Army and Rs. 2,00,000 being collected
as donation to the War Fund, so far. Unremitting efforts in enlisting
recruits and cn1l0cting funds are a feature of the War Board's activities
and it is gratifying to be able to state that a vory satisfactory response
is being mane by the Rtq,te people.
The 1st Rajindra Sikh Infantry conRisting of 7.13 rank and file
was sent b()und for active service on the 16th June, 1940, followed by
the tst Rajindra Lancer:; and the 2nd Yadavendra Infantry consisting
of 650 and 721 soldiers respectively. 3rd ana 4th Patiala Infantry
U nit" have been raised to the full strength of active Battalion. A train-
ing Bn,ttrlojion and an Army School have been set up. No. 56 (Patiala)
G P. Tpt CO' 1 (R. I. A. S. O. \ has been raised on behalf of the Crown
nnd sent abroad. 890 sets of knitted wear (consisting of sweaters,
mufflers, and pairs of socks) prapared by the Ladies' Committee under
the patr;mage of Her Highness Shrimati Maharani Sahiba were des-
patched to a Patiala Infnntry on active service. 'fhe Patiala Durbar
has furnished more than 3000 recruits both for the British Army and for
the Patial:1 Army which is being maintained in full strength at its
head-quarters in British India.
Besides these 5,205 recruits have been registered as follows:-
A. Class 1,011
B. Class 1,600
C. Cla~s 2 1594
 34

The monetary assIstance also l'ender~d so far by His Highness

and his people is mUllificient. His Highness has contributed a sum of
Rs. 2,03,0;)0/- so far and the State servants and the Jagirdars are invest-
ing a sum of Rs. 7,00,000 towards the Government of India free of
interest War Loan, and the State subjects have so far contribut.ed. a sum
of R". 16,000. In addition to these contributions a sum of Rs. 1,90,.j56/-
has been contributed towards H. E. the ViCleroys War Purposes Fund
(St. Dunstan Secbionl. In the shape of material, ehe State has placed
rent free at the disposal of the Government of India the two State house
at Simla viz., the Cedar and the ROQkwood for billeting of Officers.
The rest of the \Var and Patiala's share in helping the Great
Britain and her allies in order to subside evil and to help virtue prevail
is left to historians and Chroniclers to tell. Ours is the universal long-
ing to be delivered from the fe'trs that beset us and return to normal
conditions.

Demise of His The demise of His late Highness Major General Maharaja Sir
late Highness Bhupinder Sil.lgh Bahadur G.O.S I., G.O.I.E , G.0.V.O., G.B.E., A.D.C,
and the aeees·
sion of His LL.D. occured on 23rd March, 1938, and plunged the State and its
Highness 8hri
108 Maharaja-
people in gloom. For His Highnes''l the bereavement was great. The
dhiraj Mahen- only solace to him was that it was shared, like their own sorrow by every
dra Bahadur,
one, from the highest to the commonest of his beloved subjects. His
late Highness had succeeded to the Gaddi in the year 1900 and was
formally invested with powers in 1910 For about 28 ye,1rs His late
Highness ruled the St,ate in a m'1nner which did credit to His late High-
Dess and brought glory to the State. His late Higeness was elected
Chancellor of the Chamber of Princes eight times in the year 1926, 1927,
19'28, 1929, 1930. 1933, 1935 and 1937 and went to Europe in 19'28 in
connect.jon with the presentation of the Princes' case before Indian
States Committee. He attended the IndiiLn Round Table Oonference in
1930 person'111y, but at its resumed sittings held in 1931 ftnd 1~32 deput-
ed his Prime Minister, K. B. Nawab (now Sir) I.Jiagat Hyat Xhan
R.B.E., to represent him. His late Highness watl a politician of the first
water and of international fame. He was a tried and trusted friend
and leader of his brother Princes in the field of politics. His late High-
hess will be long remembered by his devoted subjects as a benevolent
and just Ruler.
The present Ruler His f[ighness Maharajadhiraj Yadavendra S.ingh
Mahendra Bahadur, was born on the 7th January, 1913. He received
his early education from private tutors and then j')ined the AitchisOIl
College, Lahore, under the guardianship of Mr Sell, who had also been
a tutor to His late HighnAss His HIghness succeeded to the nncient
Gaddi of the Ancient House of Patiala on the demise of His late High-
ness and was formally invested with powers on the 7th April, 1938.
Before coming to the Gaddi, His Highness had been tmined for a long
time in the work of administration. We fervently pray' Long to reign
over us '.

Constitutional The work of introducing constitutional reforms in the State was

Reforms. undertaken during the decade and reforms of far reaching effects were
involved. They would h:we been brought into effect by now, had not
War hampered their progress.
 35

The decade hail throughout been immune from epidemics, famines, Hygienic con-
ditions.
etc., culminating in conditions favourable to the increase of populat,ion.
The medical relief was afforded on adequate scale throughout the
Medical Relief.
length and breadth of the State by means of touring dispensaries. The
dispensaries have done a lot of good work in the country. They are
equipped with radio-sets, magic lanterns and other medical accessories.
The doctors incharge also deliver lectures to the villagers during their
itenirary. There are about 42 dispensaries as compared with 37 in 1931
throughout the State where free medicrtl aid is given by the oapable
doctors. The 'Rajendra Hospital at the capital is provided with the
latest equipment and is manned by physi0ians and surgeons of repute.
The State also maintains a Pasteur Institute where research and labora-
tory work is carried out. This institute also provides anti-rabic treat-
ment to State subjects. A Maternity Ward has been added to the Lady
Dufferin Hospital this year which is equipped with modern appliances
and provides in-door accommodation and faJcilities to maternity cases. The
Princess Surendra Kumari Memorial Roentgen Institute calls for special
mention. This institute is considered as one of the dozen or so most
up- to-date and successful instItutions of its kind in the world. The
State is devoting special attention to com hat the fdl disease of tuber-
culosis. In the hills there already exists at Dharampore since a long
time past the Hardinge Hospital and Sanatorium for treatment of tuber-
culosis patients and the construction of another fully equipped hospital
in the plains is under consideration. The medical relief in the State has
expanded considerably during the decade. The number of indoor patients
treated during the year 1939-40 was the highest, being 97208, and
similarly the number of out·door patients was also highest during the
year 19,39-10 being 13,392,36. In the year 19;50-:31, the number of in-door
and out-door patients was 58814 and 78;5480 respectively.

The decade ha3 witnessed a great development of industry Industrial de-

111 uhe State. A separate department of industry was created velopment.
during the decede and a numher of schemes for the exploitation of natural
resources were brought into effect. The main efforts have been directed
towards the exploitation of mineral wealth lying buried in the soil of
Narnaul distlict 'rhere exists a 8eparate portfolio in the constitution of
the State Oabinet for bringing into effect political and beneficial me::..sure
for development w,)rks. A big scale industry in the State is that of
cement. The cement factory which is situate at Surajpore (Railway
Station between Amba.Ia and Kalka) was constructed and commenced
manufacturing during the decade. The factory manufactures Portland
and Rapid Hardening Oements to the British Standard Speoification, has
a capacity of 100,000 tons cement per annum. It employs approximate-
ly 1000 people and provides subsistenance for a population of about
~000 persons. The lime stone quarry is situate in the foot hills of the
Himalayas at MalIa in Patiala State and is connected with the factory
by means of 6t miles of 100 ton per hour aerial rope- way. Ooal
is obtained for the factory from Bengal and U. P. Due to ~he establish-
ment of this factory, the population of the village has increased from 905
persons recorded at the last census to 2282 persons. Pucca houses and
b'lllgallows have cropped up and locality presents an urban outlook.
The industrilisation of population has taken placo through the
 establi,_;hment of Mandies which have attraeted cnpital and flopubtioll
to some extent from outside also. Inspite of this the eottage industries
still occupy a leading position in the economy of the people of the State.
The existence of game preserves was a sonrce of great inconve-
Games preser-
vation. nience to the farmers whose standing crops were often destroyed by wild
beftstR Under His Highness' Shri 108 Maharajadhiraj Mahendra Baha-
dur's special order thpse preserves have been abolished to the great
relief of farmers The department of agriculture is doing very m;eful
work in the field of providing facilities to the agriculturi~ts.

Agriculture.
Agriculture being the mait! accup:l.tion of the population His
Highness has devoted special care and attention to it,:; development and
has provided such facilities to the villagers as would augment their
scanty resourCGs. The department of Agriuulture, which was established
in 1919, is run on lines similar to those in British India with such
changes as are necef'sitated bv local conditions. To COpA with the in-
creasing demand of the farmers for improved agricultural implemen ts.
the department is providing as many facilIties as funds earmarl:ed for
this purpose permit. Trial well-boring is also being carried out in those
tracts where there is scarcity of water.
Live stock. Along with the intensification of activities in the field of agricul-
ture, His Highness' Govrrnment is making special efforts to improve the
quality of tile live stock. High quality bullS of suitable breeds are
reared and given free of charge to the farmers. Numerous cattle f~1irs are
held at short interv"ls in various part~ of the State.
By far the most important branch of village economy on which
Rural uplift.
His Highnes,;' Government is concentrating it3 efforts is "Rural Uplift",
for the proper development of which a separate department was created
early in 1939. A number of measures calculated to improve the ('cono-
mic condition of the peasantry hav~ been brought in force. It should,
however, be recognised that work of this nature which embraces
every aspect of the villager's life, cannot be expected to show remark-
able reiiults in a short time The department, has therefore, formub,-
ted a five year plan during which it hopes to complete its work. In thf';
mean while a number of villages hH,ve been selected where village uplift
committee bave been formed, Panchayats have been created and propnr
steps taken to improve snnitation and drainage. Approach roads
from the villages to the nearest markets have been improved or metalled
pnesbuilt afresh. Attempts have ~ lRO been made to penmade the villa-
gers to reduce thf:'ir expe1,ses on social customs, such as marriages, deaths
and other ceremonies. The Director of Rural Uplift reports that i~l cer-
tain villages these persuasive measures have not only brougilt reliCf to
poverty-stricken farmers bnt have also made them realise the necessity
of discarding such u8eless and unnecessary customs or formalities as
have been a leading cause of chronic indebtedness. Side by side with
this, peoplp: have been made to realise the advantages of consolidation of
holdingf'l. Quite an appreciable amount of work has been done in this
direction and enquiries show that the villagers are not anxious to get
their holdings arranged in one compact whole.
The extension of facilities for the development of agriculture
Famine.
would h~love
received still greater impetus haa they not been impeded by
 37
the failure of rains almost all over the State during the years 1939 and
1940 and by the appearance of famine conditions in certain parts. Tb(~
attention both of the Agricultural and the Reven@ Departments was
directed to providing succour and relief to those who had been hard hit
by these conditions. Relief works were started on an extensive scale.
Remission and suspensions of land revenue aggreg3ting to Rs. 9 Lakhs
approximately were granted and every possible attempt was made to
alleviate the distress of famine stricken people.
The existance of a crushing debt is univers3111y acknowledged as Agricultural
one of the main causes of the utter destitution of the average cultivator indebtedness.
in India. The presence of huge volume of debt, with the usurious rates
of interest constitutes one of the most urgent and serious problem of
human life. In majority of cases a cultivator is born a debtor, lives a
debtor and dies a debtor, leaving a legacy of augmented debt to his
progeny. The crux of the situation is that it is mostly for unproductive
purposes.
No academic enquiry has so far been made in the State in the
Scope of the
matter of agricultural debt and the enquiries made for incorporation enquiry.
in the Oesus Report cannot be said to cover the entire field and all
!),spects of the question; also the figures collected at this occasion cannot
be s!),id to be veracious and any conclusions drawn from these statistics
must either be wide or short of ' the mark.
Nevertheless a summary mention of this condition of the peasante
of the State is (_jaIled for notwithstanding it~ worth and merit. The
enquiry made on such occasions is generally without a scheme. There
is no genesis for it, holdings have not been defined, proprietors and cul-
tivators have not been classified, resources have not been standardised,
debts have not been determined in terms of revenue, benifits of co-ope-
mtive system have not been guaged, and lttstly the enquiries of the
debt have not been considered. In short, nothing has been done on
the occasion of census to make the anquiry deserving of reliance and
utility. This enquiry deals exclusively with proprietors both large and
~mal1. It is a significant fact that large proprietors have more borrow-
ing proclivities than the small ones and the small proprietors more than
the tenants. The reason for this is the simple fact that a large proprie-
tor has more security to offer than a small proprietor and a small prop-
riebor has moro to offer than a tenant and from this a rule is deduced
that "debt follows credit".
The statistics collected regarding rural indebtedness are embodied
in the statement appended at the end of this chapter. The enquiry on
this occasion though not comprehensive has been more extensive than
carried out on the occ=tsion of the previous census. The present enquiry
embrases in its fold 3,20,603 land holders as compared with 51,205 on the
occasion of the last census. The present number is almost six times
than that of I.he previous census and, in deed, all sort of proprietors large
and small and may be a few tenftnts even have been i.ncluded. On the
occasion of the last census the number of proprietors was not properly
:tnd fully ascert:1ined. The enclosed statement shows that 3,20,603
land holders are indebted to tho totftl extent 12.42 Crores. Out of this
loan to the extent of Rs. 7,76,87,581 or 62 percent is secured on :and
whereas 465,16,R80 or 32 percent is unsecured. The land involved in
 38

lnJrtgage against the secured debt is 1296297 Bighas, whereas the total
land involved is 57,60,072 Bighas which is aSRessed to the extent of
Rs. 47,86,969 the rem:1ining land, viz 44,63,77f) represents the area of
land which is held by indebted proprietors but does not cover the loan.
The land involved at the last decade was 2872414 bighas. A sum of
Rs. 23310699 or 18 percent of the total debt has been incurred for pur-
poses of marriages, Rs. 26609482 or 21 percent for domestic expenses;
Rs. 18105:::l85 or 14 percent for purchase of land, Rs. 1,46,29,644 or 11
percent for purchase of agricultural implements. Besides a sum of
Rs. 4,60,49,34 t or 91 percent of the previous debt has been paid towards
its liquidation. In all, a sum of Rs. 7,87,84,280 or 64 percent of the
total debt has ~been spent for productive purposes viz purchase of
land, implement and towards liquidation of previous debts. Deducting
this amount of Rs. 7,87 ,8-1,~8,) from the total debt the net debt which
has been contracted for domestic and marriage purposes comes to
Rs. 45420181 which gives an incidence of Rs. 141/- per person and
Rs. 7/- per bigha of t ,e land. The gross incidences 01 indetedne"ls per
district is given below :-
Indebtedness (Gross)
District. Incidence per person. Incidence per Bigha..
1. Patiala 471/11/3 19/1/11
2. Barnala 358/5/2 21/6/4
3. Sunam 352/12/5 19/2/t
4. Bassi 505/13/5 33/8/-
5. Kohistan 094/7/10 69/12/7
6. Narnaul 196/2/9 8/12/5
The net incidences of indebtedness after deducting the monoy on
purcbases of land and implements and for paying of previous debts comes
to as below.

INDEBTEDNESS (~ET).

District.
Ineidence per person. Incidence per bigha.

Rs. As. Ps. Rs. As. Ps.

---- ----- - - I
1. Patiala 242 7 3 9 13 3

2. Barnala 116 7 3 6 15 6

'-1. Sunam 134 2 7 7 2 11

4. Bassi 200 5 0 13 4 3

5 Kohistan 361 '2 9 6 12 1

6. Narnaul 67 11 1 3 0 ~

The greatest incidence of gross indebtedness lies in Kohistan

District followed by Patiala and Bassi districts. The indebtedness of the
 :·m
Kohistan district is due to the fact that the women folk live in expensive
style and the social customs and marriages among the hill people are also
expensIve. The total debt in Kohistan district is Rs. 58,99,143 out of
which a little less than 50% is due to marriages alone. In Bassi and
Patiala district the agricultural condition is good which lends an impetus
to borrowing because the money lender lends freely in view of the greater
Recurity of realisation of his debt, also in Bassi district the majority of
Zamindars are Mohammadans who are generally not well versed in the
art of saving money. The indehtednesil is small in Narnaul district.
The incurring of debt is man's private 00ncern but in such cases
where a community's action out-grows the limits of propriety, it is cer-
tainly upto the State to intervene to cull the evil and save the com-
munity from ruin. Whereas, stringent laws passed to regulate the
incurring of debt by peasants cOll3titute a positive check, other remedies
such as establishment of co-operative societies go a long way to amelio-
rate the situation. The efforts of the State should be supplimented by
private efforts of rural uplifters. rfhey by their efforts can stop the
incurring of the unproductive debt which is a serious feature And un-
productive debt has a tendency to multiply whereas a productive debt,
with a will to liquidate, is easily paid off because it creates means to pay
it, automatically. The smallness of the average holding and its almost
incredible fra,gmentation together constitutes, in the opinion of Loyal
Darling, one of the basic causes of debt. The recurring loss of cattle
from freqnent draught and disefLse i~ ftnother cause for the incurring of
debts and private efforts are needed to preserve the wealth of the
agriculturist.s.

Decent means of communication are an aid to the growth and Means of eom-
comfort of the population. They aho help industrialization. munieation.

The State has been singularly fortunate for possessing proper

means of communication in the shape of Railways and roads.

The main line of the North Western Railway running between

Delhi and Lahore (Vilt Ambala) enters the State territory ne~r Ambala
City, and the following stations namely, Shambhu, I{ajpura, Sarai
Banjara, Sadhug:uh, Sirhid, Gobindgarh and Doraha are situated in the
State. It runs for over 40 miles, through the State. The Southern
Punjab Railway, similarly, traverses the State territory for over 76 miles
between Bhatinda and Delhi, with fourteen stations in the State terri·
tory. Ludhi~n~ Dhuri Jakhal Railway runs for 90 milies through the
State and links the head-quarter of the Karamgarh district with the rest
of the State.

Ambala Kalk::t. and Kalka Simla line pass through a large part
of the hill territory. rfhe Rajpllra Bhatinda hranch, which takes off at
Rajpura, on the m~in line, and connects the Southern Punjab Railway
at Bhl1tinda, IS the St'1te's own property. I ts length is 100 miles, and
it was constructed in 189:J at a cost of" over a crore of rupees. At a
distance of 16 Miles from Rq,jpura, it p'1.sses through the metropolis of
the 8Gate and then passing through the territory of the N abha State
connect8 the head-Quarters of the Aoahadgarh district at Barnala, after
orossing the Ludhiana Jakhal branch at Dhuri; Kurukshetra Narwana,
 40

.Bhatinda 13ikaner, Bhatinda Samasatta, and Rewari Phillaur are the

other Railway lines that pass through the State territory. The
last named provides access to the distant district of N arnaul, with a
station at the head quarter of the district itself.

Sirhind Ropar Rail way which branches off from Sirhind Junction
on the Lahore Delhi main line, represents the most recent activity of
His Highness' Government, in the development of communications. Its
length is 30 miles and its construction was commenced in 1926 and the
line open8d to traffic in 1928 The project has cost the State over half a
crore of rupees and opened up a large tract of the country, belonging
both to the State and Ropar and Kharar Tehsil of the Ambala District.
The Sardulga.rh Rawari Railway owned by the Bikaner State also travers-
es some dist'l.nces of the State and some seven stations are situated on
this line. rrhis line has opened the most isolated part of the State
territory.
In all, there are 65 Railway stations situated throughout the State
territories and about 355 miles of Railway. Head qnarterrs of all the
six districts are connected by railway.

Patiala is reached by tarred road taking off from the Grand Trunk
Road <Lahore-Delhi) :l,t Rajpura. Patiala-Rajpura road further connects
up Nabha, Jind, and Malerlwtla, capitalR of the adjoining States, and
terminates at Ludhiana. On Sangrur side, another road takes off near
Bhawanigarh and connects Sunam, the headquarters of the district. A
separate tarred road connects Patiala to Samana and runs up to Bhu-
pindersagar, ten miles further. Dhuri is reached from Sangrur. A road-
taking off from the Grand Trunk Road near Sirhind runs through Bassi,
to Rupar and finally joins the Delhi-Kalka road near Ohandigarh.
Motor road froIll Kandaghat on the Kalka-Simla road runs to Ohail ~nd
Kufri.
Total length of the roads maintained by the Public ,,: orks Dopart-
ment of the State is 340.4 miles. Regular programme for conversion of
the water bound macadam roads into tarred ones is already enforced.
100 miles of road surface has already been tarred. Mileage of different
types of roads is as below : -

1. Metalled Roads 187.9 miles.

2. U nmetalled ROads 12.0 miles.
3. Motor Roods Hills 50.0 miles.
4. Bridle Hoads Hilla. 90.5 miles.

Tota,l 340.4 miles.

In addition to the above there is a net work of Kachcha roads

serving villages throughout the State.

Education During the decade great progress has been made in the field of
education and the State has been more than generous in the allocation
of funds for this p~lrpose. The number of high schools has risen from 12
to 21 and two middle schools for bOYR and three for girls h~ve been newly
 41

opened. Besides, two intermediate colleges, one for boys at Bhatinda

and the other for girls at Patiala have been opened during the decade.
A scheme for the education of the children of the depressed classes and of
the agriculturists is ~lso under the consideration of His Highness'
Governmen t.
The Patiala State Bank is one of the instituti0ns in the State Patiala State
Bank.
which have added a lot to tbe prosperity of the both classes of population
rural and urban, of the State and in helping them to acquire h~bits of
economy ~Llld frugality. The Head office of the Bank is at Patiala. It
has five branches at Bhatinda, Barnala, Bassi, Dhuri and Mama, and 8
sub-offices at Rampura, Sunam, Bareta, Maur, Rarr"an, Narwana, Doraha
and Samana. Another sub-office of the Bank has been opened at
Narnaul. All the sub-offices are doing good and useful work. 'fhe Bank
has its correspondents in all the important cities of India and also in
London.
The working capital of the bank as at the close of business on the
30th September, 1940 stood at Rs. 1,12,12,361/11/1. The net profit for
the half year was Rs. 95,099/10/3. The deposits at the end of the year
amounted to Rs. 81,94,377/15/8.
This business has prospered to the great extent during the decade. Co-operative
societies.
The whole state is divided in six circles and 4'20 societies out of these
353 are agricultural and 67 non-agricultuml ones. There are 5992
members. The Patiala Rtate Bank has invested a sum of Rs. 1,92,857,
whereas the working capital is 4,62,498. The societies;~are popular and
the recoveries are satisfactory.
That the people of the State have become more thrifty than they
were ten years ago is apparent from the marginally noted figures which
show a,n increase of deposits worth about 1 lac The largest amount
of deposits are made in the Patiala Post Office and the lowest in
Kandaghat.
--~ ..- - - - - - -
N arne of Head Post Amount of S. B. Deposit
Office. 1931. 1941.
--_--- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Bbatinda 87923 103]41
Kandaghat 24368 35217
Mahendergarh 15719 166989
~arnaul 25740 56'207
Patiala 417075 405939
------
Total 6,70.811 7,67,495
----------
Irrigation has played a very important part in the prosperity of Irrigation.
the Sta,te, and the State is fortunate in having a net work of the cannals
and an abundant number of wells which form the source of perennial
irrigation in the State. Perennial irrigation minimises the liability of
complete loss of crops from the failure of rains with the result that the
population sticks to their homes and multiplies. It is a matter of every
day experience that when rains fail and famine stares the people in the
 42

face irrigation comes to their rescue and saves the population froIn
starvation. The following informrttion pertaining to the decade under
review will be illuminating.

Length Length of Cultivated Average area

of distribution area COlli- irrigated in
canal. In acres. manded In thousands
acres. of acres.

-
1. Sirhind canal .... 1422.98 1213836 485534
2. Sirs a Branch
CW. J. Canal). .... 151 179060 59301
3. Banur Canal
(Ghaggar
river) 33 49 31772 10590
-

Besides these systematic a.nd perennial canals there are Inundation

Cannals also which are useful for irrigation purposes during the rainy
season. They are mostly off shoots of the Ghaggar river. Although
the benefits of canal irrigation are immense and in their face the evil
effects mentioned below may appear quite insignificant, nevertheless it is
not possible to ignore the injury which excessive canal irrigation causes
by (1) depriving the riverain lands of the full benefit of river flooding, (2)
imparing the health of tracts which get soaked with excessive moisture
and (3) causing a deterioration of soil therein *.

* Punjab Census Report, 1911.

 43

eamble.

lysical fea-
res cf villa.-
s.

!___ J ___I_~_~_:___~._' ~___~_~_,___~_: ~-___~_~_~___~_·__~ I__~_i_

I~ ~ l ~ ~ ! I

mation of
.gos.

I~ ~ ~ !g; I ~ I
---·----~-o--------~I~~-'---~-l--- ~ ~ ~ J §3

__---,- ~--:-~--_____-:I.. _~~ ~ ! ____;_:___;_·_:___dj_~ _;I--:-:-=--I

__ __ _
~."Cj 00 I~ ~ ~ ~ I
~ g5
s]~ I~ ~ ~ 6~ ~ ~
=-~
Zo~
~ ro ro
~
~ II
_--- -. ---·--------------_------------+--~-I

I "3 ce ce ~ 2 ,
II ~ ~
-·--------~~~~~~~------------------------------:I-----
l j ~ I
'0 N 1'll~·18S ,~ ~~ Cf"J .;i ~ <:0
 45
CHAPTER II.
TOWNS AND VILLAGES.
Preamble.
With the intention of supplying a framework for the discussions
with which this Chapter is concerned, it seems called for that a few
observations be made about the conditions of towns and villages in the
Patiala State. The main scope of this Chapter is the consideration of
desirability of the movement of population between the rural and the
urban areas·, supplemented by a brief description of the conditions of
life in towns and villages.
In the Patiala State, villages differ in their formation in various Physical fea-
tures cf villa.-
diEltricts. This difference may be due to the varieties of climate and ges.
situation. For instance, in the Kohistan district, a village consists of
a few houses, may-be even one or two ........ sparsely built on the peak of
a hillock. There is a very little space left in front and on sides of houses
as climatic conditions are such that a closed-door-life is led by the
occ1lpants. rrhey have stone-slab roofs and the walls are also made by
fixing rough stones over one another without consideration of symmetry
or cementing of stones except by mud. There are no ramparts to a
village, no pond or well, becam:e there is no fear of robbers, and water for
cattle and for drinking purposes is obtained from small ponds (Bawris)
springs and streams in which percolated water accumulates and is avail-
able for use by Man and Animal both.
Apart from the internal composition of its population, whether
as aggregates of independent householders or as co-sharing bodies a
village in its lay-out and general structure is a self-contained unit. A
village posseRses a tank for watering cattle one or two good wells for
providing drinking water to its inhabitants, defence against enemies and
shelter for cattle. The houses are generally built in compact groups, and
of mud plastered with cow-dung, the roofs are in majority thatched ones
at· of wooden beams. No doubt, here and there a pacca house built by a
Sahukar or a Biswed'1r stands out prominently in the midst of them,
otherwise the entire population is huddled together in low-roofed houses
of baked brick or mud. Invariably a temple, a gurdwara and a mosque
do also exist. In many cases, the village is surrounded by a hedge of
thick cactus. lJifferent communitip,s reside in different localities, especi-
ally sweeper and other low castes who occupy the outskirts and exposed
pa,rts of the village In the village a residential place is ear-marked for
the state officials who happen to put up there in the course of their
tours, as also for cfLsual visitors, may be mendicants, minstrels or other
travellers, who chance to break their journey in the village. This place
is generally situate near the entrance of the village and is called Gora
:8eh. The elders of the village also assemble at one of these places to
smoke huqqa and to talk over the simple topics of their life, They do
nob mind sitting on earthen seats round the stem of an aged tree in order
to while away their time in gossips, etc

The formation of villages and other conditions of life of the

Formation of
peasants of Patiala State are practically the same as those of their villages.
neighbours in the congruous districts of the Punjab. In the State, as in
the Punjab, they are the backbone and the bulwark of the society. The
features of the villages in the State are identical with those of the
 46
Punjab villages both in their formation and local administration. 'rile
villages in Patiah State can be defined in plain terms to be a group of
holdings with a group of families holding together the property in land
III common. This state of affairs is not wholly undisturbed becauRe in
considemble number of villages, there exist Biswedars; in such citses
wh2re the Bisweda,rs have disappeared by the working of the grecLt
leveller "Time" the State or the Ruler is the sole" Lord" of tenants.
In the matter of village, tenure they might be either RO'yatwari or Joint
village (Bhaichara) or Biswedari or it may have belonged to some other
variety of forms, but the distinctive feature of the rural Communities
must be found intact.

Economic life-
The ec()nomic life in villages is both poor and prosperous. The
ir: villages. ploughman (tenant or cultivator) generally lives niggardly and bolow the
most meagre cO:llfort and a little above the nearest ruach of starvation.
His home presents a picture of poverty, want and melancholy ...... pitoous
clusters of mud walls daubed round the sideI'} of a thick pond in the bare
earth. Males females, children and cattle are all huddled together in one
room and one Verandah in a most unhygienic H,nd congested condition.
In times of ordinary prosperity, thE' extreme misery holds the ploughman
in its tight and agonizing grip. 'However, the Biswedars and the land-
lords are . somewbat well off in the matter of tl1.eir ecolJomie wdll-bein 0a
and mode of life etc. A Landlord's house affords clean and comfortable
shelter. He has not much clothing Dut much is not. wanting; in the
winter he suffers less from the inclemency of cold weather. He hn.s
sufficient food of tbe kind he requires and which is the produce of his
own field,;. He can alford to consume Ghee made available to him by
his own cctttie. Sometimes he enjoys savoury dishes and smoking. His
wife and children have amp18 clothes and the womenfolk can e\'on afford
the luxury of ornfLments and jewellry

Social life In
'rhe ploughman hfLS practically n') social life but a mere drudgery.
villages. He las got no idea, of merrymaking or enjoying life. From early morn-
ing ttll late in the evening he works in the fields or does some other
bype of labour in order to make both ends meet. In short, he is shut
out from the outside world and deprived of all the fLmenities and
charms of a civilized life. NOIj only his goode; an,1 ch:1ttei, but his imple-
mellts of agrilJulture also are so primitive as to be da.ted back to the
time of the book of " Genesi" ". In certain ease., he is an embodiment
of misery l1.nd melancholy. It is the tide and not the eddy of reforms
th'1t will a,meliorate the condition of a peasant.

Buu a Land-lord (may be a Biswedar) is not the same sluggish,

docile and innocent b.eing as he used t,) he in the pasb. Much water has
flowa under the bridges since tfwn and they are now humming and
buzzing with all 80rts of activities It m:1Y be said that it is in their
conditions of life th:>~t the p I,st and the present meet. 'rhis ch:wge may
not be pr:rceptib:e out wardly, but the things have changed considerably.
In some cas\~S we may come across a Zamindar who is as good a
mod :rnite and foppish as a d'l,ody in a city. He has enjoyed the
company of lawy,ws) understands the law.,; of the land, attends all sorts
of religious, social and political conferences, comes into contact with
the lelders of the country, organizes agitations, controls demonstrations,
 47

has travelled a lot in his district, had been to the great War himself or
that a son or a brother had gone, has seen so many Sahibs that he is
now an inspired man possesse:l of new spirits, thoughts and notions.
It is time now that the conditions of life of a Zamindar be assayed on
different lilles than those adopted two decades before to ascertain
whether the changed Clrcumstanecs of life have affected him favourably
or otherwise.

The m'1jority of towns in Patirtla State is like country towns which Towns.
have d~veloped industries and only subscrve the function of collecting
the agricultural produce from the surrounding villages for distribution,
and of direct,ing and co-ordina,ting the selle of imported and manuf'wtured
goods. N everthel()ss t hey are shopping and eivic eentres and possess
temple;;. s:;hools and recrec1tioo-grounds; wh(lre there is a Municipality,
there is ~, Town Hall also. It can be s'lid without any debraction to the
towns III the State that physical 11nd social activity is not much manifest
in them. Agriculture and contaet with the land still dominate human
relationships and human intemctiong in these towns. In short, thAY
are nothing more than horner:; of an over-grown rural communities,
which have taken to commArce and industry as a profession of their
hfp. rather than agriculture. rrhe gain-markets in many cases act for
the benefit of towns, the population originally centres round the shopping
areas !::'ut gra,dually shifts to other areas, each' inhabited by a group
of kindred clan, caste or community with its distinctive culture and folk
ways and means of ~ocial control. In the State the transition during
thA deca.de has been much quicker and while several deserving towns
could not be declared as such, not lrss than six places were given the
status of a town, OVM and ab W2 the prlwiolls figure 'rhe centre of the
mOV8m'mt of p )pulation SetHnS to be towns, and one should not be
sorry for this phase because it is at the anvil of town life that the social
economic conditions of people are framed and idea.s are created which
act as safeguard against the inertia and backwardnes3 in the conditions of
life of t,he citIzens of the :-)tate. It can not be denied that by this
process of quick couversion of rural areas into urban ones, the villages
suffer heavily in as mucb as they are deprived of their raw-material,
food, culture, aad energetic youths. In some cases the exploitation is
so great that a vill::tge which cannot stand the havoc of d,'pletion turns
Bechirag or uninhahited. It is, therPiore, necessaxy that the rise of a
town should be by smooth adaptation; they shou ld not be allowed to
{'at at the vitals of villages, should not take the shape of haphazard
pell-mell growth, should not be allowed to be sub-merged in foreign
capital and enterpriz~ but the process of expansion should be so managed
that the town should 'retain the culture of its parent region.

For purposes of Census, the words village Town and City were Definitions
defined as under:-
VilL1ge (Deh) means any area : -
(a) for which a separate record of rights exists, or

(b) which has been sepel'aLely assessed to land revenue, or

would have been so assessed if the land revenue had not
been released, compounded for or redeemed, or
 48

(c) which the Provincial Government may by general rule or

special order, declare to be an estate.
The definition of village is identical with that of Estate (Mauza)
given in Section 3 (1) of the Punjab Land Revenue Act, 1887, and is the
most suitable one for the Punjab where every district is divided into a
specified number of Revenue villages falling under the above definition.
All demarcated areas of uncultivated and forest land by Govern-
ment were declared to be Estates within the meaning of the Punjab
Land Revenue Act, 1887.
Town (Qasba) includes:-
(1) Every Municipality.
('2) All Oivi1 lines not included within Municipal limits.
(3) Every Oantonment.
(4) Every other continuous collection of houses inhabited by
not less than 5,000 persons, which the Provincial Super-
intendent may decide to treat as a town for census pur-
poses. In Indian States where there were no Municipalities
this definition was extensively applied.
(5) The capital of every Indian State except the minor Simla
Hill States.
Oity (Shahr) means :-
(1) Every town containing not less than 100,000 inhabitants;
('2) Any other town which the Provincial Ruperintendent,
with the sanction of the Provincial Government, may decide
to treat as a City for census purposes.

These definitions were virtually the same as adopted in previous

Oensuses. No town including Patiala, the population whereof being
shurt of the limit imposed in clause (1) of the definition of a City, fell
under the category of a Oity in the State.
Declaration of Towns.
In 1931 there were 11 places in the State which were treated :1S
towns, for the matter of that six more were added at this decade and the
nnmber of declared towns now comes to 17. The number of towns had
continued to be 11 since the year 1911 and 6 more were added only this
year with the approval of the Superintendent Census Punjab. The
number of towns, in 1901 was 14 but the thri~e town~, viz., Banur, Sahib-
garh, and Hadyaya were relegated to the category of villages due to their
not having develop8d urban characteristics. The six places recently
added to the category of towns because they had developed urban
characteristics, are :--
1. Rajpura. 4. Longowal.
'2. Mansa. 5. Payal.
3. Dhuri. 6. Narwana.
The number of 11 places enjoying the status of towns in 1931 are
detailed below.
 49
1. Patiala. 7. Barnala.
2. Sanaur. 8. Bhadaur.
3. Sirhind. 9. Bhatinda.
4. Bassi. 10. N arnaul.
5. Samana. 11. Mahendragarh.
6. Sunam
There are a few places more which have outstripped themselves
of the rural characteristics and from this point as also by virtue of their
having a population of about 5,000 persons deserve the status of a town
These names wl"re brought to the notice of the Superintendent Census
Punjab, but he confined the bestowal of the status of a town upon the
above-mentioned six places only. The case of these places may be
considered on the occasion of the nex t census. There is no doubt
places are modernizing silently but at a brisk speed and conditions
of life are changing their characteristics like a chameleon. In the
State towns are developing on account of the establishment of Mandis
which bring in their train humdrum of town life.

Many towns have been converted_into Small. Towns with commit-

tees of elected and nominated mcm bel's to establish local self-government
in th8 place. It would be admitted that (1) establishment of
Mandis and (2) their management by self-governing elected and no-
minated bodiei; are the springs from which emanate far-spreading waves
of thought and feelings to evolve reforms and introduce improvements
and new-fangled ways in the social, and political life of a town. These
Mandi8s are growing in importance as distributing centres; and conse-
quent upon the concentration of population the urba,n civilization is
finding its way amongst the peolpe at a brisk speed.

The standard of population viz., 5,000 persons, fixed for an Indian

town, though apparently high, cannot be said to be an error in the
direction of over-exclusiveness However in Germany 'landsladte' or
pl:wes with a population of '2,000 to 5:000 are included in the urban
category; in America the same category includes all incorporated places
with a population of 2,500 and upwards; and in England all sanitory
districts with 3,000 or '1lOre inhabitants.

ThEl towns have to be distinguished from over-grown villages and

the criterion is that a village, whatever its population is mostly agricul-
turist at its core and a town is industrial even if its population is less
than 5,000. Tn Pati~11a State cases in point are those of Surajpore and
Ohail. The former IS the place of the location of the Bhupender Cement
Factory and while the population of the village prior to the establish-
ment of the Factory was 905 persons it has now developed urban
ChfLr,'l,cteristics and the population has risen to 2,28'2 persons. Sir;nilarly
Chail, the summer resort of His Highness Shri 108 Maharajadhiraj
:Mahendra Bahadur, f1xhibits all urban characteristics during His
Highness' stay. The population of Ohail in winter is 319 and in
summer 2,000 persons.
 nO
The population of these seventeen towns is 2,48,203 which is 12.8
percent of the total populati1n of the State. Out of these 1,39,019 are
males and 1,09,184 are females. This population lives in 49,576 houses
which gives an average of 5 persons per house ........... a fa,ir number of
occupants. At the last decade the total of urban population of 11 towns
was 1,69,339 and the percentage was 10.4. The increase in total popula-
tion is 78,864 and in percentage the increase is 2.4. The popuhtion of
six towns which have been newly created is as quoted below:

Populat.ion Population
N arne of Tehsil. N arne of Town.
in 1941. in1931.

Rajpura Rajpura 4,735 4,033

Dhuri Dhuri 7,649 5,074

Dhuri Payal 4,708 4,013

Sunam Longowal 6,848 5,747

Narwana Narwana 7,066 5,924

Mansa Mansa 11,720 5,439

The total popUlation for this decade of theiie six towns comes to
42,735, le~win:.{ the b>1lance of increase viz., 36,129 to be accounted for
the prosperity of the old oleven towns. In 19.31 the male urban popula-
tion WitS 95,729 and the female population was 73,610. It means t.hat
males to the extent of 43,2BO and females to the extent of 35,574 have been
recorded to live in towns in excess of the population of the last decade.
The differenc8 between the male and female population at this deceLde is
29,835 whicb WLVe a percentage of J1.5; the difference at the last decade
was ~2,1l9 which g:W8 a percentage of 23.2. This shows that only
males heLve increased m towns but the males have called more of their
female folk to live with them in f1 "ettled domestic Jife--a condition
which is indicative of tha p':laceful conditions of town life in tbe Sta,te.
Leaving aside the P.Ltiala town, th'l pnpulation whereof is 71,0:34, the
urban populat,ion of eachdistrict is as given below : -
1. Patiala ]3)61
2. BaSSi 32,580
::3 . Karamgarh = 43,013
4. Anah~1dgarb = 56,765
5 lVlahendragarh 32,257
It would app0:1l' that excluding P}1tiaJa town 13,161 persons live
in towns in Patial:t district; the largest number of persons who live in
towns is 56,76'), ill Anahadgarh district. rr~is is due to the inclusion of
Bhatincla town which by dint of the colony adjoining it has a population
of :24,833 persons. After Aoah:tdgarn comes Karamgarh district with a
population of 4.'),0 i 3 persons :CLnd B.1ssi and Mabendragafh districts
follow with population of 32 ,6t:lO and 32,'21)7 persons respectively. In
BaEsi district, its namesake town is the biggest with a population of
]4,400 persons In Ma,hendragarh district the ancient town of Narnaul
has a population of 23,063 persons.
 5]

The number of towns in each district is shown below:-

Kohistan Nil.

Patiala 3

Bassi 4

Karamgarh 4

Anahadgarh 4

Mahendragarh 1
The variation that has taken place in the population of these
seventeen towns is shown in the following table.

N arne of the Population in Population in Variation.

Town 1941. 1931.

P:-ltiala. 69,t!50 55,129 +14,721

Sanaur. 8,426 6,816 + 1,580

Rajpura 4,735 4,033 + 702

Sirhind 5,823 4,103 + 1,720

Bassi. 14,400 12,979 + 1,421

Dhuri. 7,649 5,074 + 2,575

Payal 4,708 4,043 + 665

Samana,. 14,912 10,563 + 4,349

Runam. 14,187 10,652 + 3,535

Longowal. fi,848 5,547 + 1,301

Narwana. 7,066 5,924 + 1,142

Barnala 12,341 U,915 + 3,426

Bhadaur. '1,862 6,282 + 1,58C

Bhatinda. 24,833 22,771 + 2,062

Mans",. L,729 5,439 + 6,290

Narnaul. 23,063 21,905 + 1,[58

Mahendmgarh. 9,771 9,194 + 577

Arranged~in order of popUlation the towns stand as follows:-

1911 1931.

1. P~1,tiala. 1. Patiala.

2. Bhatinda. 2. Bhatinda.

3. Narnaul. oJ
u. Narnaul.

4. ('I
Damana. 4. Bassi.

5. Bassi. 5. Sunam.
 52
6. 8unam. 6. Samana.

7. Barnala. 7. Mahendragarh.

8. Mansa. 8. Barnala.

9. Mahendragarh. 9. Sanaur.

10. Sanaur. 10. Bhadaur.

11. Bhadaur. 11. Narwana.

12. Dhuri. 12. Longowal.

13. Narwana. 13. Mansa.

14. Longowal. 14. Dhuri.

15. Sirhind. 15. Sirhind.

16. Rajpura. 16. PayaL

17. Payal. 17. Rajpura.

At the last deoade Bhatinda stole a maroh over N amau! and

registered second position relegating N arnaul to third place from the
second. At this census Bhatinda maintains its second position and
Narnaul retains the third. At the last decade Sunam W!1.S a little more
well off than Samana, but at this decaCle Samana supersedes Sunam.
Both these places have shown an appreciable incre~Lse in their
population.
It would 3,ppear that all the towns have expanded in population
and population cannot expand unless favourable factors, namely peaceful
times, hygenic conditions and industrial development exiRt. AR stated
before, establishment of Mandie ana. grant of local Self-Government are
the two great levers which work towards the development and increase
of the population of a place.
The distribution of the population in the large and small towns
for the last 30 years is shown in the following table:--

-----------------------------
Percentage of total urban population lD

Category. 1941 1931 1921

---------------------------.- -------
Large Towns.

50,00C to 1,00,000 88.1 32.56

~O,OOO to 50,000 19.3 26.38 58.2

Small Towns.

10,UOO to 20,000 20.20 7.7

5,000 to 10,000 IbA.4 30.39

Under 5000 2.42 2.7

---,,---- ------
 53

It would appear that about '28.1% of the total urban population

live in Patiala town alone and another 19.3% belongs to the two towns of
Bhatinda and Narnaul, leaving 52.6% for the remaining fourteen towns.
There is one town in the category of 50,uOO to 1,00,000 popula-
tion; 2 towns in that of 20,000-50,000; 5 towns in that of 10,000-20,000;
7 towns in that of 5,000-10,000; two towns have a population of IpSF: th:l,ll
5,000 persons. There is no city of over] ,00,000 populati;m in the
Out of the entire urban population of 2,48,~O(1 pCrS(IJJ" 1:, k,~ 1: ;1:-!
17 towns the number of males if< 1,39,019. TheN' ',re 78~) \\(,1I1!
every 1,000 men. In towns of different catetlOries their popul ,tiOD a, L r
every 1,000 together with the variations for the last two decades is shown
in . he following table :-

B'emales per Variations.

Olass of Towns.
1,000 males. 1931-1941. 1921-1931.
,~~---

Clal. I.

1,00,000 and over Nil.

Class II.

50,000 to 1,00,000 707 +27 +16

Class Ill, \

~o,ooo to 50,000 852 +7 +9

Class IV.

J 0,000 to 20,000 8e2 +39 +16

('Ius V

5,000 to 10,000 807 +24 +9

Class Vl

Under 5,000 820 +17 +1

Patiala, the metropolis of the State is the biggest town and 1941 69.850
cosmopolitan in the composition of its population Its popUlation has ]931 55,129
1921 47,531
been hovering round the figure of 55,0~O save in 19~1 and 1921 ween it 1911 46.974
"hawed signs of decline. This decrease was due to the appearance of 1901 53,545
1891 56,R56
plague and influenza epidemics which exacted a beavy toll of human
life. In 1941 the population took a long stride over the figures of the
last decflde and recorded an increase of 14,721 persons or 26% accounted
for hy thA ::1,11 round plosperity and immunity from epidemics, etc.
The distribution of popula,tion according to community is detailed
Hindus 27,361
III the margin. It would appear that Hindus who constitute some 39% Sikhs 15,894
of the total population of the town have increase by '.::lO.2% only; Muslims Muslims
26.116
who are 37% of the total population have increased by 20.9%; 8ikhs who Christians 169
are only 23% have made a marked increasE' of 52%. This enormous Jains 146
Others 164
increase, however, is in no way incompH.tible with the increases shown
by Sikhs every where in the State. Ohristians have increased by 33%
 54
but Jains have gone down by 37 persons or 20%. As mentioned else-
where J ains have shown signs of general decline during this decade and
if this downward tendency continues to manifest itself for some time to
come, J ains will go out of existence in the State.

Patiala is a beautifully-laid out city with an efficient drainage

system, water-works and light arraDgements The most attractive place
is the open space in front of the Fort where three main and flourishing
bazars converge and lend grandeur to the beauty of the place. 'rhe
Fort is l'ituate in the heart of the city and is a massive and majestic
structme with commanding frontage and superb balconies opening out
into streets. Inside there is a state armoury which is well-known for
its rare and antique collections. There is also a beautifully designed and
magnificient Durbar Hall the equal whereof is ra,rely found in other
Indian States. These two buildings attract a large number of visitors
from all parts of India. Several state offices are also held within the
premises of the Fort. The superannuary ladies of the Royal Family
also reside in a remote part of the 'Fort, where edifice upon edifice is
crowded.

Over fifty miles of first class metalled road runs through the
length and breadth of the city. Every part of the city is, therefore,
easy of access.

Further on is the Mahendra College. It is a Degree College and

has an imposing building of red brickand stone with dignified and lofty
towers.

A t the eastern extremity is situate the Motibagh Palace, thE resi-

dence of the Ruler. It is a specimen of rich architecture and stfwds out
gmcefully amidst well-laid h,wns and fruitful orchards. The open plat-
form which runs adjacent and pitmllel to the Palace gives it a grand
frontage. In the heart of the P~1lace stands glittering a, spacious tank
crossed by a hanging bridge known as Lahchman Jhula,. Toe Light
(or miniature) Railway rum through the Palace with stations in different
parts. During the decade under report a ]a!~e has been dug on the
bosom of which the motor boats may be seen plying hither and thither.

The Mall which starts from the Railway stat,ion <LIld terminates
at this royal residence i" lined on eitber side with gardens and beautiful.
buildings. Bamdari is the beautifully laid 'out gardens spreading over a
large area on the right side of the Mall. In its fold are situate several
offices~ Kotbis of high offici·tls, Rajindra Gymkhana, Club, Zoological
Gardcane, marble statues of Qlleen Victori:1. a~ld Mahaojct R'1jinder Singh
Ji, etc. 'ro the north of it i" situated the Gurdwam Dukh Nivaran,
founded during the dec3.de under report It has turned out to be a place
of pilgrimage and thonaands of pilgrims come to visit it. 'rhe tradition
says that Gilru fregh Bahadur had rested at this spot on his way to
Delhi whither he was going on an invitation from Aurangzeb. This
Gnrudw Ha, iF; the outcome and proof of the religioll., zeal of the Sikhs
who h!.Ve erC'cted such an imposing building on a site hilherto lYlllg
barren. To the l'outh of the Baradal'i G 1rdens are situated LeeIa
Bhawan and the Poor House.
 55
Vis a vis theRe gardens and on the left side of the Mall stand the
Rajindra Hospital and behind it the Lady Dufferin Hospital, the two
institutions whIch provided immense medica'! facilities to the poor. To
the Rajindra Hospital has been added another institute namely" Princess
Surendra Kumari Memorial Rotengen X 'Ray Institute," and to the
Lady Dufferin Hospital the Maternity ward ............ an institution of far-
reaching consquences and a national asset.
Adjoining to the RaJjindra Hospital to the south is a tank in the
midst of which stands enshrined the bronze statute of King Edward VII
Further on are the Kaii Mai's Temple and the Secretariat Buildings.
Then we come to the Malwa Picture Palace, a magnificient Hall specially
ordered to be built by his Highness. The building of Yadvendra Olympic
Stadium is unique and costly and shows that His Highness takes a keen
interest in promoting sports and athletics in the State.
The Roller Flour Mills are situate to the west of the town and
turn out flour etc., for consumption at home as well as for export
purposes.
Patiala is famous for the manufacture of Gata, Kina,ri etc., Silk
AZ'1rbands are also a speciality and are in great demand from outside.
Turbans dyed in multifarious colours and finished into various design~
are also a, speciality.

B hat i n d a (2)
Bhatinda is the second biggest and most important town in the
~tate with a population of 248:B persons. Out of the total urban
populatir)ll of the t)tate, viz. 248203~ about 10 percent live in Bhatinda
town. Th,) incre-tse in population over the population of the last
decRode, viz. 193 t amounts to 2062 persons, which is about 9 percent.
Out of the tot,Li populatIOn Oi' '24833, 13968 are males and 10856 fema1es.
The proportion of females to 1000 males is 776. The proportional
population of the town as recorded at previous Censuses is given in the 1941 24833
1931 22771
margin It would appeal' that the population of the town showed an 1921 20145
upward tendency fro:n the stClort. Since the tuwn has prospered in the 1911 15037
1901 131~5
domain of ino ustrial and economic activitips and thereby in the 1891 8536
matter of its means of subsistence, the increase in population is a
matLer of sa.tisfaction. It can be envisaged that if further expansion
of industrial and economic concerns were to take place the population
would inc.rease further without harm. Bhupindra Flour Mill is one of
the most important mills of the State and iii situate in the west of
Bhatinda Town. It turns out fine flour, Maida, Suji, Besan etc. In the
summe " it :tlRo su pp lies major portion of the demand for ice.
1941 1931
'rhe population of the town according to community is as given Hindus
in thp, margin. It would appear from this that the population of Hindus 9818 11026
Muslims
has gone rlOW~1 by 1209 pers·.ins, that of Christians by 78 and that of 8431 7743
Jail1s by 8; on the other hand Muslims have increased by 688 and Sikhs !3ikhs
5645 3599
by 2047 persnl1t:l. The decrease amongst Hindus seems technical because Christia.ns
a large number of Sikh!', who, by force of time-honoured convention used 15] 229
Jains
to grt themselv8R reoorded as Hindus have as a result of awakening and 52 60
religious zertI did returll themselve~ as Sikhs; ill fact the process has been Others
726 115
 56
of transposition of a certain number of Hindu fold to that of Sikhs.
This explains the increase amongst Sikhs also; the increase amongst
Muslims is ordinary and calls for no remarks; the decrease amongst Chris-
tians is due to the transfer of the District Railways Headquarters from
Bhatinda to Ferozepore during the I1st decennial; the decrease amongst
J aiDs also calls for no Ti'lmarks as this community is invested with the
process of voluntary dwindling. The increase under the catagory 'others'
is due to the inclusion this time of several other sects than Addharmia
alone under this ca.tegory.
rrhe town owes its prosperity to its being a Railway junction, the
second biggest junction in the Punjab, the first being Lahore. The
population of the Railway colony which constitutes a beautifully laid-ont
suburb of the town amounts to 3784 persons. It is the junction of the
Southern Punjab, Jodhpur Bikaner, Rewari-Fazalka, Bhatinda-Rajpura
and Samasatta Railway. It is from here that direct routes penetrate
into the western Rajputana and the deserts of Sind, also it is from here
that direct access can be ga.ined to important places like Delhi, Lahore
Multan, Peshawar, Karachi, Hyderabad (Sind) and to the Bikaner and
Bhawalpur States
Bhatinda is a town of great antiquity and material renown.
Round about it great battles hH.ve heen fought between the two rival
war-like partIes, the Bhatti Rajputs of J aisalmer and their kinsmen the
ancestors of the Rulers of the PatiaJa State. It was a great stronghold
of Bhatti Rajputs and the name of the place as well as that of Bhatner
owe their origin to the name of tbe clan of Bhattis. In the early history
it was called Bikramgg,rh. The town and fort of Bhatinda changed
hands several times before they were finally conquered by Maharaja Ala
Singh Ji in 1754, since then it has remained in the possession of the
Rulers of Patiala State. The fort is called Govindgarh and the forts of
BhatiDda and Hanumangarh are the co-type of each other in as much
as it is said, that they had been designed and constructed by the same
architect. It is a, prized possession of the Rulers of Patiala State. This
massive structure is built of small dressed bricJ:-:s Oll a raised ground on
the north east the perimetf'r measuring 660 square yards in 36 ba-tions
and a rampart 118 feet high.
Outside the Railway Station there is a market place named
Rajendraganj a.fter Maharaja Ra,jendra Singh Ji.
The Town is built on old style with Bazars converging at one
point from 1-1,11 four Rides This style in Hindu architecture is called
"Chcppar" and the square is generally the centre of attraction out of the
whole phce. The town has electricity installation and enjoys the advan-
tn.ges of a bran('h of Sirhind C·wal running to the west of it lending
fertility and green-ness t) the otherwise arid and dusty loc1-l.1ity.
[t is a sub-division of the Barnala District the headquarters of
the Bhatinda Tehsil and the seat of the Court of the District Magistrate,
'rhe High School has been raised during this decade to the standard of
an ] ntermediate College Besides there are two denominational High
Schools and a couple of middle schools. Female education is spread
through the agency of a State Girls school and two denominational
Girls' schools.
 57
There is a hospital in eharge of an Assistant Surgeon and also a
furnished DA,k Bungalow.
Naroaul (3).
This town is high equally in a,ntiguity and in impnl't:I,f1(~(' [11
point of population it occupies third place amongst the towns of the
the population recorded a,t this decade being 23,063 persons. The popu-
lation recorded at the last decade was 21905, Thus there is an increase
of 1158 persons or 5.3 percent over the population of the last decade.
Out of 23,063 persons, the number of males is 11,889 and that of females 1941 23063
1931 2Hl05
is 11,174 i (. there are only 715 males more than females in the City. 192] 20410
This gives a proportion of 9:-39 females to 1000 males. The proportion 1911 21350
1901 19489
of females vis a vis males is high, but this high proportion is explicable. 1891 21159
'fhe people of Narnaul are mostly the Marwari type and they live and
carryon commercial avocations in British India, of course leaving behind
there female folks in their native tOWll to keep the hearth or home warm.
This point has been dealt with at length in the chapter on pOl'ulation.
The popula,tion of this town during the last fifty years stood as shown
in the margin,
It a.ppears from these figures that the populatiun of this town had
considerably gone down in 1901. This fall was due to conditions
of famine prevailing in the Sambat of 1956 This famine was felt
severely all over R.ajputana and Narnaul on account of its being situated
1941 1931
on the borders of Rajputana did not escape its ravages. This deficit was Hindus
amply made up at the next decade when in 1911 the population rose to 13040 12605
Sikhs
21,350. It again went down to 20,410 in the subsequent Census. rrhe 81 52
incrtase at this decade in in vindication of the fluctuating course of the Jains
150 238
population of the town. There are another factors also which are regu- Muslims
larly operative sometimes for the good and sometimes for the loss of the fJ750 9002
Christians
population of the town These factors are immigration and emigration. Yo 8
Whereas immigration adds to the population, emigration detracts from Others

it. The people of the town of N arnaul are enterprising business-men

but they do their business outside the State. The population at this
decade according to community is as given in the margin.
It would appear that at this decade, Hindus have increased only
by 430 persons; increase is insignificant considering the increases in other
communities. Sikhs have incre'Lsed by 29 persons. This increase can
be accounted for by a greater number of Sikh Officers present there in
State Service; l\fuslims have increased by 748 persons. This increase
amongst muslims does not call for any remarks. Comparing this increase
with the increa,s~ amongst Hindus it can be said that Muslims have
faired better than Hindus. As regards Christians it appear:; that fresh
conversions are not frequent. " Others" were not recorded in the town
at this decade.
] t is the headquarters of the Mohindegarh District, with a high
school and separate hospital for males and females. The grain-market
which is situa.te midway betwefm the Railway Station and the town is
exp!1nding briskly. There is considerable trade in cotton, ghee, wool and
other products. N arnaul is famous for Indian shoes which are embroid-
ered a,nd artistic; it is famous for brass-ware gold-plated silver buttons
and wood work. Hinna grown in this place has a great reputation for
its deep colour and is much in demand. The Vaish inhabitants of the
town are well-known for their business acnmen and are carrying on trade
in centres like Bombay, Calcutta, Hyderabad and Delhi.
 58

Prior to the advent of the Railway, Narnaul was cut off from the
outside world and from modern civilization, hut now the Phulera
Chord line of ~. B. and C. I. Railway connects it with the outside world
and Delhi is a few hours journey froID N arnaul and from Delhi Patiala
is reached within a few hours. N arnaul is an old fashioned city and
there are many ancient buildings which are the reminecence of its past
glory. rfhe houses are built of SLone and some of them are quite big and
high, and stand congested, the streets are narrow. Besides these residen-
tial houses, N arnaul possesses many buildings of interest· and antiquity.
The most significient of thf'm is the Serai errected by Rai Mukand Rai
in the time of Shah J ahan. It is so big that the Tehsil, thana, n.nd
other district courts are well contained in it and still there is accomoda-
tion left which is used for the residence of State Officin.lq. Among other
import~nt buildings are Chatta of Rai Mukand Rai, Char Gumbaz, Sobha
Sagar Talab, remains of Takhat of Mirza Ali Jan and Shah Quilla
Khans massoleum. There are other public buildings which philanthropic
people have built for the comfort of the outsiders, tanks for the storage
of water have also been built and they are a great blessing, for water is,
after 111, scarce in Narnaul Town.

Samana: -(4)
(4) It is also an important historic town. The history of the town
is so noteworthy th1:t;t it would interest the readers to know it in the
words of the author of the Imperiai Gazzetter of India as quoted below:-
"Saman[1 is a place of considerable antiquity, and tradition
ascribes its foundation to the fugitives of the Samanid dynasty of Persia,
on the site of a still older N aranjan Khera or Ratangarh. Frequently
mentioned in the Muhn,mdan hi"tories as a fief of Delhi, it surrendered,
with Sarsuti, Khnmm, and Ransi, to Muhammad of Ghor after his
defeat of Prithwi Raj in 1HH A.D, and bec<1me an apa.nage of Kutt:tb-ud-
din Aibak. Under Muhammad bin Tughlak we read that the Lribes
round Samana driven by despair of his exactions, fled to the woods.
But under the beneficient rule of Firoz Shah III the tract recovered its
prosperity, and became the scene of important events in subsequent
reigns. Under J ahangir it possessed-a thriving colony of weavers who
supplied the emperor with fine cloth, and whose deceudants still own
part of the town. Banda Bairagi sacked the place in 1708. It is the
place of the origin of many important Syed families whose members
still occupy important place in the State Service. The town is within
the administrative boundaries of the Karamgarh District with the head·
quarters of which it is connected by a pucca road. It lies o,t a distance
of 16 miles from Pa.tial L with which it is connected by a good metalled
road.
In point of population this town has faired extremely well, because
1941 14912
1931 1:>563 the population recorded at this decade amounts to 14912 persons as
1\:)21 P685 against 10,563 persons recorded at the last decade, the difference being
1911 !-I273
190L 102 4,349 persons or 4 L per cent. The reason for the increase is that the
1891 10035 grain market has developed rapidly, and has attracted a large number of
persons to settle in the town. Out of the total population of 14,912
persons, therA are 7,984 males and 6,9 ~8 females, the difference between
males and females being] ,056, proportion of females to one thousand
males being 866 rfhe population of the town recorded during the last
50 years is given on the margin.
 59
It would appear that the population recorded at this deca.de is
the highest figure and as stated above the increase at the last and at
this decade as well is due to the establishment of a Mandi which has
flourished and brought in its train a lot of persons to settle in the town.
The population according to community is given On the margin.
1941 1931
Hindu 3701 2728
Sikhs 130 39
Muslim 11,037 7561
Jains 41 214
Christians 3 21
It would appear from the above cited figures that Hindus have
increased by 973 persons, Muslims by 3476 persons, Sikhs by 91 persons,
the number of J ains has gone down by 173 persons and Christians by
18 persons. The increase of Hindus can be attributed to the fact that
more and more persons of the trading class who are generally Bindus
have come to carryon their business in the Mandi, they have migrated
from the villages of the District and from otber Districts of the State as
well, and have settled in the Mandi where they find more amenities of life
and security than they could get elsewhere. Muslims make up more
than 74% of the total population of the town and hold on unchallenged
position or preponderence over 3.ll other commuities. The labour class
is mostly com prized of Muslims. The development of the Mandi and
the progress uf the trade activi~ies have helped the Mohammadan
population of the town, to multiply.

At tbe last decade, they constituted 60% of its population. 'fhe

incre~Lse amongst. sikhs calls for no parti,mlM explanation. The decrease
in the population of the Jains (and this is a universal phenomenon) in
the State) is regrettable. 'fhis community is fast dwindling and there
can only be two reasons to account for this state of affairs. They are
that either the J ains are being submerged amongst Hindus or that the
fecundity amongst Jains must be going down by reasons or sedantary and
austere life they lead; it is not credible that they are immigrating outside
the State. As regards Christians it can be said that not finding fresh
converts they might be changing their activities to other unrevealed
avenues thereby reducing the numbers of residents in this place.

A buss service from Patiala R~1ilway Station upto. Samana carry-

ing Imperial Mail and another stJrvice from the city to Samana regularly
works. The M:tndi has a considerable trade in pepper and grain and
the chief industry of the town is the manufacture of the artisan and
agricultural Ir.)n Implements. Samana was once famous for the
manufacture of cloth and Foster in his book "The early Factories in
India "mentions that" aB early as 16m A. D. the East India Company
sent factors to Sa.mana, to purchase oalicoes known by the name of
"Semianos" at the price of from Rs. 2 to Rs. '.} per piece." There is a
high school and a hospital in the charge of an Assistant Surgeon.
There are several "Imambaras, some of them being quite a goodspecimen
of ancient architecture.
 60

Bassi
Bassi.~is the headquarter of the district of identical name created
during the last decade It is a very ancient place and in Moghal times
was known as "Baeti Malak Haider." Historically it formed part of the
old Moghal Province of Sirhind and came to be annexed by the Rulers
of Patiala, after the sack of Sirhind by the Sikhs. It is expanding fairly
rapidly in respect of population which has increased from 12,979 to
14,4:)0 persons resulting in an increase of 1421 persons or 10%. Out of
] 4,400 perRonR, 78J 8 are males and 6582 females, the difference being
1236 persons. In other words there are 1:)41 females to every LOOO males.
The proportion of females vis a vis males is quite fair. rrhe population
of the town for the last fifty years is given below:-

1941 14,400
1931 12,979
1921 1] ,560

1911 11,125
1901 13,738
1891 1:3,810

In 1891 it was 13,810, but for the three following decades it was
deteriorating and thereafter it took upward tendency which is being
maintained
The figures of population according to community are gIven
below:-
1941 1931

Hindus 3978 3456

Sikhs 680 796
Muslims 9760 8690
Christians niH 20
Others 17

On being compared with the figures for] 931, it appears that Hincus
and Muslims have increased by 5'22 and] 0 7 0 persons respectively; the
increase is normal and calls for no explanation. Sikhs have gone down
by 116 persons and Ohristians whwh were 20 at the last decade have
disappeared altogether. Under "Others" 17 personA were reconled as
addharmis at the last decade, but it appears at this decade that they got
themsel ves recorded as Hindus and therefore the entry agfl,in~t Ac1-
dharmis or "others" is nil. As regards decrease amongst Sikhs, it can
be 8aid as a probable explanation that Sikhs are not indigenous inhabit-
ants of Basf-i town and the number recorded comprises of btate servants
etc.-a feature also common to N arnaul. Muslims are the main com-
munity in the town with over 68 per cent of the Lotal population. At
the last decaQe they were calculated a.t 66 per cent. Hindus are 27 per
cent of the total population; at the last decade they were calculated the
same; in this way Mohammadans constitute a proportion twice as much
as all other communities combined.
Bassi has a High School and a dispensary in charge of an Assist-
ant Surgeon; the opening of the Sirhind Rupar Railway with a station
 61

at the place has also contributed towards the welfare of the town. It is
met by the Grand Trunk Road at Sirhind some six miles from it and
from Bassi to Sirhind there exists a first class asphalted road. It has
a mandi also for distributing agricultural produce and artificial silk and
other kinds of country cloth is manufactured considerably and ex-
ported.

Bassi has some buildings worth mentioning, the chief being the
Halim castle, built on the Saracen style by the late K. B. Hafiz Moham-
mad Halim, member of the Council of State, originally a resident of this
place but who carried a very flourishing business in Cawnpore; another
noteworthy building which has arisen during the decade is the residence
of Col. Dr. Ghulam Mohammad; I.M.S., built at a considerable cost near
the railway station with all modern amenities of extensive lawns,
electric light, water pipes, swimming ba,th as also a guest wing.

Sunam
Sunam is the hell.dquarter of Karamgarh District and is situated
at a distance of 40 miles to the south-west of Patiala. It is an anoient
t0W n and though in a state of oblivion it is well-known to the historians

for the Fart played by it in the hist-:>ry of the Punjab after the Moham-
mad1n invasion. Alberuni a historian-mentions it as famous even before
the advent of Mohammadans. A few facts about it are quoted here
from the Imperial Gazetteer of India; "the ancient town, called Surajpore
stood near the Surajkund or a 'pool of the Sun' and traces of it still
remain, Firoze Shah brought a canal to the town. In 1398 A.D. Timur
attacked it, and though it appears again as dependency of Sirhind under
Akbar. it never regained its old imporbnce.

In point of population it has faired well in as much as the popula-

tion recorded at this decade is 14,187 ann this figure has beaten the
record of all previous decades. The highest population viz. 12,223 was
recorded in 188:, Rince then a decline set in and the population went
down to 7"3:l9 persons in 1911 In 1921, the Headquarters of the district
were shiftpd from Bhawanigarh to Sunam and t his lent an impetus to
the population to rise from 7329 in 1911 to 8265 in 1921. In 1931 :1
a further increase was recorded due mainly to the establishment of the
grain market which is now in a flourishiug condition. The population
rc·coraed at various decades is given below:-

1941 14,187
1931 10,()5~
192:i 8,265
1911 7,329
1901 10,069
1891 10,869

The difference between population of the two decades viz. 1941

and 1931 is 35:-35 which gives a percentage of a little more than 33. Out
of the total popUlation of 14,187, there are 7979 males and 6208 females,
the proportion of females per thous~nd males is 777.
 62
19(1 1931 11he population according to community IS as gIVen on the
Hindus
5,166 5,295 margin. It would appear from the comparision of figures of the last
Muslims d9cade with those of this decade that Hindus ha.ve gone down by
5,32~-) 4,016
Sikhs 129 persons, and this decrease on the face of the fact that the
3,439 1,311 population of the other communities has grown by le)1ps and bounds
Christians
17 5 remains in explicable At the last decade they constituted one-half
Jains of the entire population of the town whereas they are now only
326 25
little over one-third. Sikhs have also trebled themselves and have
increased can hardly be explained by any scientific reason except that
the Sikhs which in previous decades were included among Hindus
seperated themselves from the embrace of Hindus and got thomselves
included amongst Sikhs. Muslim have incre'lsed by 900 persons and
this increase t'l,king the total incr8'tse into consideration is normal.
'rhe increase among the J ainR is due to the fact that a large numbers
of Jains have come to be settled in Mandi for carrying business. 'rhe
Christians have also trebled, the increase is due to the usual ref1son of
the acquisition of more converts.
It is a Railway Station on the Dhuri, J akhal Railway. The
gram market adjoins the Railway Station and is in a prospering con-
dition. The famous industry of the town is t.he weaving of th8 country
cloth especially bed spreads and pllgri". There is a high school and
Oivil Hospital uoder ::I,n Assistant Surgeon The Sirhind Choa outskirts
the twon on nlmost all sides.
Barnala:--(6) It enjoYR uni<lue historical importance unrivalled by other towns
of the State. It remained t he capital of the State until the foundation
of the town of Patiala in 1763 A. D It is dear to the Ruler and the
ruled, because it stii I has the hearths of its founder preserved in the
}_1'ort and revered by all with a devdtion due to a deity.

The popUlation of the town recorded at this decade is U341

1941 12341 persons, the population recorded at the last decade being 8915, which
19:31 8U15 gives an increase of 3426 persons over the figures of last decade. The
1921 7714
1911 5341 percentage of increase comes to over 41. This increase cn.n be attribu-
1901 6905 ted to the hygienic conditions prevailing thro~ghout the Jungle tract
1891 6612
and to the commercial prosperity of the town. Out of the total population
of 12341 persons there are 69W males and 5425 femalos which gives a
proportion of 784 females to lOOO males. The population of the town
1941
returned at the various decades during the past fifty years is as given
1941
Hinuus on the margin
4734 4125
Sikhs It would n.ppear that after a lapse in the decade 1911, the popu-
4688 2402
Muslims lation of Barnala town is increasing from decade to decade. The
2S48 2136 present population oannot be c~:msidered as a limit bec:111sc Da,rnala
Jains
66 96 due to its healthy climate, and flourishing Mandi is capa,ble of further
Christians eXpitnSlOn,
6 7
Addharmis
- 151) Its popuiatio!1 according to community stands as given in the
(others) margm.
It would appear from the marginally noted figures that
Hindus have increased by 4609 persons against a previous figure of
4125 and the increase is not proportionate to the Increase recorded by
Sikhs and Muslims; Sikhs were 2402 in the last decade but at this
 63

decade they have risen to 4638 persons which meanE about doubl~
their strength of the last decade. A (;Qnvincin~ explanation of thi!!
increase is far to seek except that resort may be tahn to the same
reason which has been put forth when accounting for the increase under
Sikhs in other towns and villages.
The increase of 713 persons among Muslims over a population of
2135 persons seems unexceptionable: but considering the increase of only
609 persons amongst Hindus over a population of 4125, the increase
among;:.;t Muslims seems phenominal. J ains as every where, have gone
down by 31 persons. The dAcrease in the population of Christians does not
call for any remark. At the last decade Hindus constitut8d 46% of the
whole popouJation, but at this decade they have been reduced to 38%
In 1931 Sikhs were 27.8% of the whole population, at this decade they
are over 38% of the population.
It is the headquarters of the District Anahadgarh and is situate on
the Rajpura Bhatinda Branch of the North-Western Railway at a
distance ot 53 miles from Pati'1h1. It has a high school, a male hospital
under an Assistant Surgeon and a seperate female hospital also.

The gnin market which has been built close to the Railway Sta-
tion is in a very flourishing condition and is doing well to foster develop-
ment of the town to all round prosperity. Beautiful and grand residen-
tial buildings havs risen during this and the previous decade. By public
subscription there has been erected during this decade a stadium for
Olympic games and the building is of modern design and is used by
officers and the public for recreation and games.

Mansa (7)
The town is situated in the Anabadgarh District on the North
Western Rail way main line from Bhatinda to Delhi. The status of a
town was bestowed upon it at this Census.

The population recorded at this Oensus is of 11,729 persons as

compared with 54:39 persons recorded at the last decade, the increase
comes to 6290 persons. This increg,se which is more that cent percent
is due to the fact that the grain market has flourished considerably
during the decade and ha,~ attracted a considerable number of persons
both from the Tehsil villages and from outside. The decade has been
one of health I1nd plenty. Out of the total population of 11729 persons
6786 are males ana. 4943 females; this shows that there are 728 females
after 1000 males rrbe population for the various past decades during 1941
1931
11729
5439
the last fifty years is given in the margin. 1921 4111
1911 2855
1901 2346
It appears that since the year 1891 the popula,tion of the town has 1891 2059
l"isen steadily. In the present Census, however, it made a long stride 1941 1931
and more than doubled itself, for reasons mentioned above. Hindus
5661 2821
According to community the population of the town stands a3 Muslims
detailed in the margin and as compared with the figures of 1931. It 1375 864
Sikhs
appears that Hindus who occupy the first position as far as numerical 4679 1727
strength is concerned have doubled themselves. Sikhs who come next Christians
14 28
haye shown an increase of about 170 percent. Muslims have also (others) -- 4
 64

progressed whereas Christians are showing signs of decline a,nd J ains are
altogether extinct.
There are courts of 1st cl::lSS Magistrate N aib Nazim Dewani and
Faujdari and is also the headquarters of the Tehsil,
Mohindergarh (8)
The di~trict is named after this town which lies /l,t a distance of
eighteen miles from 'N" arnaul, the first town in the district. Originally
it was called Kanaud, but when in the year 1861 it passed into the hands
of the Ruler of Patiala State, both the fort and the town were rechris-
tened as Mohindergarh by Maharaja N arinder Singh Ji in honour of his
son Mahendra Singh. Like several other towns of the state there is
enough hiRtory behind this town. The author of the Imperial Gazetteer
of [ndia says that it was founded by Malik Mahdud Khan, 3J servant of
Babar, and first peopled, it is said, by Brahmanas of the Kanaudia SASAN
or group from whom it takes its name. It remained a PARGANA, of
the SARKAR of Narnaul under the Mughal emperors, and about the
begining of tbe eighteenth century was conquerred by the Thakur of
Jaipur, who was in turn expelled by Nawab Najaf Kuli Khan, the great
Minister of Shah Alam On his death his widow maintained her inde-
pendance in the fortress but in 179~ Sindhia's general De Boigne sent a
force agamst it under Perron. Ismail Beg persuaded its mistress to
resist and marched to her relief but she w:~s killed in the battle which
occmed under the walls of Kanaud and IEmail hg surrendewd to
Perron. Kanaud then became the principal stronghold of Appa Khande
Hao, Sindhia'l' feudatory, who held the Rewari Territory and eventually
became a possession of the British, by whom it was granted to the
Nawab of Jbajjar. By the SANAl) of January 4, 1861 the British
Government granted P ABG N AS Kanaud and Kuddhuana to the Maharaja
of Patiala, with all rights pertaining thereto, in lieu of 19.4 lakhs.
rrhe town has an Anglo Vernacula,r Middle school, a dispemmry and a
Police Station."
The population of the town recorded at this decade is 9771
persons as compared with 9194 recorded at the last C8llSUS, it yields an
increase of 577 persons or 6.2 per cent. This rate of increase is very slow
and does not compare favourably with the rates of increase recorded all
round in the State Out of the total population of 9771 persons thero
are 4995 females and 477 {j males which gives a proportion of 1040 females
to every 1000 males
The populaticn recorded at the vanous decades during tho past
1941 9771
1931 9194 fifty ye ITR iR detailed in the m~l,rgin. It would appear tha.t the popula-
1921 8580 tion of thi8 town was the highest in the decade 1891, and since then,
19]1 ~761
19l)1 9H84 without it hRs vascillated, figure of 1891 Census has never been touched.
1891 10847 No definite reason for this slow rise-rather the deplith one condition of
population can be assigned except that the hygenic conditions of the
town have not been improved and that the town been cut off from the
outside world for want of means of communication has remained stationry
in the matter of its population.
The distribution of ibs population by oommunity is shown in the
margm. As compared with the figures of 1931, it would appear that
 G5
Hindus have increassed nominally by 151 persons, Sikhs have increased 1941 1931
Hindus
by 84 persons, and Muslims by 376 persons and one Christian has been 5180 5029
added to the population; J a,ins have disappeared &'1 together and the fact Sikhs
98 14
is surprising because uhere were 35 J aics at the last decade. The increase Jains
which is insignificant in all communities calls for no special remarks. - 35
Muslims
4492 4116
There are prospects of the expansion of population of the town Christia.ns
1 ~
and of prosperity prevailing in the ensuing decade because a Railway
Station hRs been opened on the Sardulgarh Rewari line owned by the
BikanH State; besides the town has been connected with N arnaul by
means of }1, metalled road and the State have set up a grain market near
the Mohindergarh Railway Station. It is the head quarter of a Sub-
Tehsil and District J'1il is located in the fort.
Sanaur:-(9)
This town is also of some antiquity. The author of the Impe-
rial Gazetter enlightens that in the rei~n of Babar, Malik Baha-ud-din
the Khokhar became the chief of Sanaur with 84 circumjacent villages,
whence the Pargana was known as the Chaurasi. In J 748 it was con-
quered by Baja Ala Singh Ji and since then it forms part of the Patiala
State territory.
The population recorded at this decade amounts to 84:26 persons 1941 8426
against 6846 recorded at the last decade. Out of this 4519 are males and 1931 6846
1921 6532
;)937 are fem:t1es. The increi1se over the last decade population comes to 1911 6307
1580 persons and gives a percentage of over 23 per cent. The proportion 1901 8580
1891 8678
of females to one thousand males comes to 864. The population as
recorded at the varioLls decades during the last fifty years is as given on
the margin.
It would appear from tha marginally noted figures that the popula- 1941 1931
tion of the town was lowest at the decade 1911 after being fairly high in Hindus
241)5 2390
1901. It has now reached a figure which is highest for all the decades Sikhs
during the past fift years. The reason for this increase is that good 1304 607
Muslims
hygenic condition" have prevailed during this decade. The population 4657 3849
according to community is as given on the margin.

Hindus have increased by an insignificant figure of 75 persons;

Sikhs have more than doubled, and Muslims have increased by 808 persons.
The process of Sikhs having doubled themselves is again phenomenal,
whereas the increase of Muslims by 808 persons on a population of 3849
lS no marvel. Muslims are a predominant community in this town.
Sanaur is famous for its productions of Banaur Chillies which
are, in the first stage of exportation, brought to Patiala and from
their exported to all parts of India. The other commodities of agri-
cultural produce are vegetables and sugar-cane which find a ready
market in Patiala which is only four miles away from Sanaur.
~rhe town has a middle school and a Dispensary.

This town lies in the Anahad garh District and is the place of
Bhllodaur: •• (lO)
residence of Chiefs of Bhadaur. It was founded III 1718 by Sardar
Dunna Singh, Brother of Maharaja Ala Singh Ji. It stands some 16
miles to the west of Barnala.
 66
l!"141 7862
1931 6282 The population recorded at this decade is 7862 persons as com-
1921 5577 pared with 6282 persons recorded on the last occasIon which gives
191J 5465
1901 7710 an increase of 1580 persons or 25 per cent. The total population of
1831 7177 7862 persons is comprized of 4250 males and 3612 females which
mea.ns that there are 819 females after every 1000 males The popu-
lation of the town as recorded at various decades during the last fifty
years is given in the margin.

It will appear from the cited figures that ever since 1911 the
population is rising gradually, and the present population has surpassed
the highest figure of 1901.
1941 1!:131 A comparative stUdy of the figures of the past and present
Hindus
1,498 1,252 decades classified according to community is provided in the margin.
Sikhs
3,858 2,897 Sikhs who form the mojor portion of the population have returned
Jains
36 57 increase of 961 or 33 per cent. Muslims who occupy the second, have
Muslims shown an increase of 4:79 persons or 23 per cent Hindus, who !1re not
2,481 2,0112
Christians prominent as the other two communities, are rising slowly. J aim;
79 33 have suffered a, loss of 21 persons or 58 per cent whereas Cristiana have
Addharmis
- 41 more than doubled themselves. Addharmis under whom 41 persons
were returned on the oecasion of the last Census, have now gone out
of existence.
It is a fiourif.hing town witn a small manufacture of brass-ware
and bell-metal utensils. There is an anglo- Vernacular Middle School and
a dispensary run by the 8tate.

Dhuri (II)
Dhuri was deClared as town at this deca:de.
ns tota,l population recorded was 7649 as against 5074 recorded
at the last decade, the increase being of 2575 persons or 50 per cent.
This town has greatly developed commereially and industrially Another
reason for this satisfactory increase is the hygenic and favourable
agriCUltural conditions which have prevailed all the decade round.
Several factories and presses ha.ve sprung up and the Mandi has also
flourished.

Out of the total popoulation of 7649 persons 4500 are males Rond
3059 females which gives an average of 666 females after every 1000 males.

1941 7649 The population recorded during the various decades is given in
19-1 5074 the margin
1921 3766
1911 ]826
19;)1 2558 The popUlation of the town which in 1891 and 1901 was 1,341
1891 13H and 2,558 reepectively, went down to 1826 in 1911. In 19'11, however,
1941 1'13 L
it almost doubled itsdf and rose to 3,766. Since then it has been rising
Hindus at an accelerated speed.
40,77 3031
Muslims Out of the total population of 7619 persons, there an') 4077 Hindus
1,333 861
Sik,hs 1333 Muslims, 2,.nO Sikhs, 6 Christians, 2~ J ains. The popUlation as
2,210 1118 compared with the figures of the last decade stands as given in the
Christians
6 2 margin. It would appflar that Hindus are predominating in this town,
Jains Muslims have increased by 47:l persons ('IUd Sikhs by 1092 persons.
:33 56
 67

Dhuri is the junction st:1tion of the N. W. Railway. There is a

State High School and a state dispensary. It has also a flourishing
grain market: situate near the Railway Station. The town is connected,
by means of a pucca road, with Sangrur, the capital of Jind State. The
Rajbaha Distributory passes through the heart of the town and adds to
the picture squeness of buildings lined on either side of it.
It is the headquarter of the Tehsil of the same uame and a seat
of courts of Naib Nazim Diwani and Faujdari.
N arwana lies in Karamgarh District and is situate on the main
line of N. W. R. (Bhatinda-Delhi) There is a court of Naib Nazim Narwan .. (12)
Fanjdari and Dew:wi besides the headquarter of the Tehsil of the same
name. It was declared a town at this Census.
The population recorded at this decade is 7,066 persons as com- 1941 7066
pared with 5924 persons recorded in i931, the increase being of 1142 1931 5924
1921 5515
persons. Out of the total population of 7066 persons, 3938 are males and 1911 4458
3128 females; this gives a proportion of 794 females after every 1000 1901 4432
1891 3469
males. The population recorded 3,t various decades during the past 50
years is detailed in the margin.
The figures in the margin show that the town is developing gradu-
ally and that its population is increasing steadily decade after decade.
Such an increfJ,se is, as put forth elsewhere, not alarming, since it lays no
abnormal pressure on the land nor is it likely to be pronounced fictitous.
According to communitv, the population of the present decade
1941 1931
can be classified as in the margin. Hindus
4914 479.2
Hindus are the prominent and their numerical strength is greater Muslims
1038 857
than that of all other communities taken together. Sikhs who at the Sikhs
last Oensus inhabited the town in insignificant numbers have now risen 1106 265
Jains
from 265, to 1106. 8 -
'rhere is a Stea,m Ootton Ginning Factory at N arwana-the only
one of its kind There is a principal grain mark0t from where grain is
exported to the adjoining British district. There are also a State High
School and dispensary incharge of as Assistant Surgeon.

Longowal (13).
It is in t.he Kararngarh District and has ben declared a town at
this Oensus.

The population recorded at this decade is 6848 whereas in 1931 it ]941 6848
W)'L" 5547 This gives an increase of 1001 persons or 23% over the figures 1931 5547
1921 4839
of the previous Oensus. The total population of 6848 persons is comp- 1911 5100
rized of 3898 males and 2950 females which shows that there are 756 1901 6057
1891 6948
females after every 100') males. The population record at various decades
during the last fifty years is detailed in the margin.

The town was fairly populated in 1891. But after that it suffered a set-
back and went on diminishing till 19L1. After that it again rose and 1941 1931
Hindus
now points at 6848 though the figure of 1891 has not been touched yet. 1161 181~
Muslims
According to community, the population of the town can be classi- 1070 932
Sikhs
fied :18 shown in the margin .. 4617 2803
 6S

Hindus who were 1812 in 1931 have now been reduced to 11tH
persons; they have recorded decrease of 35 percent. Sikhs on the other
hand show an increase of 1814 persons or 64 pecent, where as Moham-
madons have increased only by 14 percent.

Sirhind (14).
This historically famous town is second in the Bassi District and
behind it a grand histJory which is so nicely narrated by the auth()r of the
Imperial Gazetteer of India that I feel tempted to quote it here : -

", .......... , .... but one tradition assigns its foundation to Sahir Rao, a
ruler of Lahore. .66th in descent from Krishna; and Firishta implies
that it was the eastern limit of the kingdom of J aip9.1 , the Brahman
King of Ohind, but it has been confused by hist()rians with Bhatinda or
Tabarhind [t became a fief of Delhi after the Mohammadan conquest.
Refounded in the reign of FlYOZ Shah 111 at the behest of the Sayed
Jalal-ud-din of Bohara, the pir or spiritual guide of that kind, it became
in 1361 the capital of a new district, formed by dividing the old fief
(Shikk) of Samana, Firoz Shah dug a canal from the Sutlej, and this is
now said to be the channel which flows past the town. Sirhind continued
to be an important stronghold of the Delhi empire. In 1415 Khizr Khan,
the first Saiyid ruler of Delhi nomimted his son, the Malik-ush-Shark,
Malik Mnbarak, governor of Firozpur and Sirhind, with Malik Sadhu
N adira as his deputy. In 1416 the latter was murdered by Tughan Rais
and other Turks, but Zirak Khan, the Governor of Samana, suppressed
the revolt in the following year. In 1420 Kbizr Khan defeated the
insurgent Sarang Khan at Sirhind, than under the Governon;hip of
Malik bultan Shah Lodi, and it was here that malik Bahlol Lodi assumed
the title of Sultan in 1451. Under the Mughal sovereigm Sirhiud was
one of the most flourishing towns of the empire and is said to h~1Ve
contained 36') mosques, tombs, samis, and wells. Its ruins commence
about a mile from the railway station, and extend for several miles, In
1704 Bazid Khan, Governor of Sirhind bricked up alive in the tcwn
Fateh Singh and Zorawar Singh, sons of Guru Gobind Singh, whence
the place is to this day held accused by the Sikhs. In 1708 Banda
Bairagi sacked Sirhind and killed Bazid Khan. Ahmad Shah Durrani
appointed Zain Khan Subhadar of Sirhind in 1761; but in December,
1763, the Sikhs attacked the place and killed Zain Khan at Manhere, a
viliage close by, and the adjacent country fell into ~he hands of Baja Ala
Singh The oldest buildings are two fine double-domed tombs, tradition-
ally known as those of the Master and the Disciple belonging probably to
the fourteenth century. The tomb of Bahlol Lodi's daughter, who died
in 1497, also exists. Shah Zaman of Kabul was buried in the graveyard
of great sanctity near the town.

The population of the town recorded at this decade is 5823

persons. Out of this, 3378 are males and '2445 females. The popula-
tion recorded at the last Census was 4103, the difference, 1720 persons,
yields a percentage increase of over 41. The number of females to one
thousand males comes to 723. The increase in population during the
decades is due to the incres.se in population during the decade is due
to the increase of population in mandi and to favourable hygienic
 69
conditions that prevailed all the decade round. The population recorded
at the various decades during the past fifty years is given in the 1941 5823
margin. 1931 n03
1921 4064
It would appear that ever since the decade ending 1901 the 1911 3843
popUlation of the town was waning until this decade when 5823 persons 1901 5416
1891 5254
were recorded. Now that a stimulus has been given to its tradp. by
the establishment of mandi, the town is likely to maintain its present
population if not exceed it. The population of Sirhind for the last
thirty years was less than 5000, but it had continued to be included in
the category of towns because of the urban charaeteristics existing in
the place and in its population.
AccordinQ" to communities the figures of population of each com- Hindus
munity stand as given in thA margin. 2416 1319
Sikhs
749 524
It would appear that Hindus have increased by 1097 persons, Muslims
Sikhs by 2~5 persons and Muslims by 439 persons; while the 2t)57 2218
Addharmis
rate of increase among Hindus and Sikhs is fair, among the muslims it - 41}
is low. The Addharmis have been included among Hindus. The reason
for the increase of Hindus is that more Hindus have come to settle
in the Mandi and seem proslJering while contrary to this the Mohamme-
dans are not taking part in the commercial avocations and no where
are they; the increase amongst Sikhs does not call for any special
explanation although it iq 50 percent.
Sirhind is a railway station on the Lahore-Delhi main line,
midway between Ambala and Ludhiana. It is a junction station for
the Sirhind Rupar Railway. The Grand Trunk Road also passes by its
outskirts
There are several noteworthy buildings in the precincts of the
town. The dilapiiated fort outside the town is the site of the tragedy
of the bricking alive of two sons of Guru Gobind Singh and the
Gurdwara Fatehgarh Sahib which is now situated in the building stands
there to commemorate their mllrtyrdom Gurdawara Joti Sarup, about
a mile from the main Gurdwn.ra stands on the site where the bodies
of the two martyrs were creruated. The mausoleum of Hazrat
Majadid-i-Alfsani is situate on the south of Gurdwara Fatehgarh Sahib
and is a fine specimEn of saracenic structure. The tradition about
this budding not being damaged by tho Sikhs is that the saint had
heaved a sigh of grief when the news of the outrage committed on
the two sam of Guru Gobind Singh reached him, and prophesied the
downfall of Sirhind which still remains accursed in the eyes of Sikhs.
The Am-o-Khas garden resembles moghal garden in Lahore: Kashmir
and Pinjore.
rrhere is a middle school, a dispensary and over half a dozen
gi[][Iing mills and presses. An extensive trade in grain and cotton and
in chillies is being done in the mandi.

Rajpura (15)
It is the head-quarter of the Tehsil and has been declared as town
III this Jecade Ordinarily it did not merit the status of a town
on account of popul&.tion being short of the minimum of 5000 inhabitants
but in view of the purely urban characteristics that it had developed re-
 70
cently, it could not be left out of the category of towns. It is an im-
portant railway station on the main line of the N. W. Railway running
from Delhi to IJahore. Also the Grand Trunk Road to Lahore passes
Oll the outskirts of the town and both have contributed towards the
prosperity of the town. It has a small mandi at the railway station
which is thriving.

The population of the town recorded comes to 4735 persons. In

19:-n it was 4033. The increase calls for no explanation. Out of
these 4735 persons, 2617 are malesand211t$are femules. Thereare
809 females for everyone thousand males.
1941 4735
1931 4033 The population of the town during the last 50 years stood as
1921 37il7 show'n in the margin.
1911 3440
1~)()1 3316
189l 3293 The population according to communities is as given in the margin.

It appears from the marginally noted table that the population of

the town has been rising slowly but steadily since 1891.
1941 1931
Hindus
1875 2255 The major portion of the population is comprised of Hindus, who
Muslims have, however, gone down in this decade by about 17 percent. Muslims
1640 1373
Sikhil and Sill:hil, on the other hand have increased: Muslims by 19 percent and
120'1 486 Sikhs by 14.8 percent. Christians have also shared the fate of Hindus
Christians
18 HI and have gone down.

PayaJ (16)
Payal has been declared a town III this decade. It is con-
sidered of some antiquity and tradition says that 700 years ago some
Hindu Khattris of the Seoui section settled here at the suggestion
of Shah Hasan, a Muhammedan Fakir. In digging its foundations
they found a pael, or ornament woru by woman on the feet, whence its
name. In 1236 the rebel Malik, Ala-ud·din Jani, was killed at
Nakawan in the district of Pati by the partisans of Sultana Razi::t,
daughter of Altmash. In the time of Akbar the district was a pargana
of Sirhind. The town is an important religious centre, famous for its
tank, the Gang L Saga.r, and a temple of Mahadeo, called the Dasnam ka
Akhara. It also possesses some fine buildings, and its position on an
elevated site gives it an imposing appearance. Its trade is inconsider-
able, but country carts and carved doorways are made in some numbers.

1941 4708 'fhe population recorded at this decade is 4,708; it was 4,043
1931 4043 perilons in t9;)1, the increase comes to 665 persons or 16%. Out of the
1921 3699
1911 ii190 total population of 4,708 there are 2,571 males and 2,137 females, which
1901 ML5 shows that there are 83 L females for every 1,000 males. The popula-
1891 6561
tion recorded at the various decades during the last 50 years is as given
in the margin.
It will appear from the marginally-noted figures that the highest
population recorded was in the year 1891 after which decline set in that
laRted till the year 1921. In 1931 the population rose a little and show-
ed an increase of 0 per cent. But the figures of the year 1891 are stilJ
far to reach, esppcially in view of the small rate of increase.
 71
According to communities, the population is as given in the H~41 1V31
Hindus
m~rgin. 1326 1156
The population is mostly of Muslims who have increased by Muslims
2927 2477
450 person oj in this decade. Hindus occupy the second position and Sikhs
Sikhs the third. Both these communities have not shown a marked 455 407
Christians
inorease and hence no explanation is called for. Amongst Hindus - 3
Khatri.3s are predominant and like Muslims of Samana hold posts in
the State as well as outside.
The town is famous for its wood work especially oarved doorways
and country carts
The town has a high school and a dispensary a.nd some fine old
buildings. It is 27 miles from Bassi and 5 miles from the Chawa Pail
railway station and with both places it is connected by a metalled
road.
 CIIAPTER III.
Birth-Place and Migration.
Preamble. The statistics of birth-place indicate the main current of migration
culminating in the indication of the movement of population of a place
and can, as such, be said to play an important part of their own. ""bile
it is admitted on all hands that immigration influences the growth of
population, it remains to be decided whether migration on a limited scale
from one aistrict of the St:;te to another or for the matter of that from
one district to a contiguous district of the congruous province or st9.te does
or does not diminish pressure of the population and is or is not a true
outlet for the state's surplus popuhtion. As complete tabulation has
not been carried out in British India and some of the Indian States,
it has not been possible to ascertain the number of persons born in
l:'atiab tltate but enumerated elsewhere. In respect of emigration figures
the following observations have been made in the census report of 19:31
which go to show that even on the occasion of the last census these
figures were not available, though for different reasons viz., "in the
interest of economy", whereas at this decade birth-place figures could not
be tabulated due to war:-
"In the interest of economy, the Census authorities in the Punjab,
curtailed their previous pbns, and did not sort birth-places. The
figures, therefore, about those born in Patiala St"te but enumerated
elsewhere are not available. r have been greatly handicapped in
'lompiling the information required for the subsidiary tables on this
account, and any treatment of the subject must perforce remam
imperfect, particularly in respect of emigration and its comparisr)ll with
similar returns of the previous censuses".
Consequently at this decade also the treatment of the subject of
birthplace had, perforce, to remain imperfect. In fact, only one side of
the pidure is presented in this Chapter.
The information rehting to birth-place was collected through
question No 17 of the A I-India Censns Questionnaire.
Tbe question was put under the following three heads : -
(1) Was the person born in t he district of enumeration?
(2) Was he born in the province of enumeration, if outside the
district of enumeration?
(3) Wap, he born outside the province?
In the case of No.3 the na.me of the province. state or country
was to be entered in addition to name of the district of birth. rrhese
three heads were intended to show whethRr the person enumerated was
an immigrant into, or a llfItive of, the place. Ultimately did this infor-
mation reveal as to what exent the population of a place was benefitted
by immigration. Th8 balance of immigrants over emigrants constituted
the addition to the population of a place.
On the occasion of previous synchronous censuses, there were
Accuracy of
Statistics. present in tbe process of enurYH~ration certain elements which led to the
numbers of immigrants swelling unprofitably e.g, p"rsons counted in ruon-
 73
ing trains, in ferries, on roads, in fairs, etc. These factors immensely but
unjustifiably increased the number of immigrants in the district in
which they were enumerated. Similarly marriage parties, etc., heighten~
ed tbis anomaly and the result was that the recorded fi~ures of birth-place
were pronounced to be inaccurate. The enumerator had no authority to
ascerta.in the period and the circumstances under which a certain person
was staying in the district of enumeration and consequently a casual
visitor: a guest, a member of a marriage party or a pilgrim, irrespective
of his birth-place, was recorded in the district of enumeration, thus
increasing the de facto population of the place.

Thanks to the non-synchronous system introduoed this time that

this anomaly has been removed. All persons founi present oasually or
temporarily were not recorded, unless it waR ascertained that they had
not been recorded elsewhere. It can, therefore, be concluded with a cer-
tain amount of correctness that the population of a place recorded under
non >synchronous system approximates to greater accuracy. It also
indicates a somewhat correct trend of movemflnt from place to place.
The Mahendr!lgarh and the Kohistan districts lie apart frem the main
block of the state territory The immigrants from the former into the
the latter C;lll, therefore, be looked upon as permanent dwellers because
under ordinary circllmshnces they would not leave their homes and
settle in anotber distr;ct of the State unlpss the balance of advantages
was strongly in favour of the latter. And hence they can be classed
as true immigrants. The administrative districts in the main block
are so inter-linked with one another that in many cases it would
not be right to call a person born in one district a true immigrant
in another. For instance a child born in Bhawanigarh but
enumerated in Patiala may not be a permanent settler or an
immigrant if he or she had come there to stay with his or her mother
or uncIA for a fortnight or so, but in the census record an immigrant
for all statistical purposes.
These instances prove that migration may be of more tha,n
one kind. It may be:--
(1) Casual-which takes place between adjacent villages of Types of Mig
ration,
different districts. The cases of females born in one
village and married into another and their return in
(Jrder' to visit their parents are often relegated to this
type. frhe only way in which such movements can
represent the casual type is when the woman goes to visit
her parents i~l company with her children born at her
husband's home. Men usually have their hands full of
work, and, besides, have few chances of changing residenoe
casually. Females, therefore, preponderate in migration
of this type.
(2) Temporary-people going from one place to another
temporarily for such purposes as business, pilgrimages,
marriages, deaths, etc., or the temporary demand for
labour on public works., etc., are instances of temporary
migration. Business mainly affects the towns. This
typo of migration embraces far more males than females.
 74
(3) Periodic Under this head should be classed, the periodic
movements of labourers for harvesting operations, of
graziers accompa.nying their flocks or herds, of Pirs and
and Mahants on their tours to vi3it their disciples, and of
the inhabitants of hilly regions, during the winter, for the
purposes of trade or earning their livelihood. In years of
droughts, large bodies of labourers from Tahsil N arwana
and others thus affected move on to other fertile parts
of the State. I'he proportion of females cannot be large
in this type of migration.
(4) Semi-permanen t__.:. When inhabitants of one place take up
their abode in- another place for earning their livelihood
etc., though they still leave their families behind at their
homes to which they return occasionally; this type of
immigrants in the State is represented by Govt. servants
of all kinds; servants of firms and other private concerllS,
domestic servants, persons following sueh prof{c)ssions as
law or medicine, and stwlents. This class of migration is
most evident in the Patiala city and in other big towns.
Females are also affected, but necessarily to a less degree.
{5) Permanent-Permanent migration occurs either owing
to the attractions of a place other than that of one's
birth in connection with trade, industries, or professions,
or in consequence of facilities of life, as in the newly
created malldis, establishment of large scale industries,
etc. In this type of migration, a fair proportion of
females accompanies the males, but the number of the
latter is usually in excess of the former.
Migration in the real sense of the word takes place only when
persons move from one place to another with their families and
settle in the new place for good in order to earn their livelihood.
S~lCh adoptions of l'e;e;idence generally take place in the case of
establishment of new colonies and mandis. 'rhese settlers bring in
their train foreign capital and labour and while immigrants add to
the population, their capital and labour add to the means of flUS-
tenance of the population.
Since census does noL take cognizance of the distinction between
various classes of irregularities, it would not serve any practical
purpose to go deep into this classification. There is also no set
criterion ill the Manual of Instructions for Charge Superintendents
and Supervisors to distinguish one class of migration from the other
except on inductive method under which every case of migration
should be judged individually and its category determined.
Table No. VI deals with the records of birthplace of
Reference to
Htatistics. persons born in various provinces, districts or States of India, but
enumerated in this State.
Besides the Imperial Table VI four subsidiary tables were to
be prepared. Out of them only the first two could be compiled.
The preparation of the last two had perforce to be given up for want
 75
of figures of emigration in consequence of the partial tabulation
sanctioned by the Government of India.

Subsidiary Table I. This table was designed to show the

figures of na~ural population (the difference of immigrants and
emigrants being added to or subtracted from the recorded popula-
tion, as the case may be) and its variation since the last decade.
This table, however, could not serve the purpose for which it wa~
designed, for emigration figures were not available.

Subsidiary Table II. This Table shows figures of immigration

(000 omitted) and presented in a nutshell the information of Imperial
rable VI.
The total population of tho Patiala State recorded at this M a i n figures
decade amounts to 1936259 persons out of which 1659487 are born of Immigra-
tion.
within the State and· 276772 outside it, or in other words 857 per
mile were born within the State and 143 outside it. Out of 1659487
born in the State 11598970 were enumerated in the districts of their
birth and 60517 were bOfn in one district but enumerated in other
districts within the State. Out of those born outside the State
158480 persons belong to the contiguous districts of British India
and 72752 belong to the contignous Indian States. The residue of
immigrants viz., 45560 belong to non-contiguous places.

Proportion per Enumerated in

mile of actual
population born State Patiala Kohis- Su- Bar- Bassi Nar-
in .District tan nam nala naul

I. District of enu-
meration. 825 789 814 853 821 816 857
II. Othor parts of
the State. 32 47 25 33 31 37 1
III. Contiguous
areas of other pro-
vinces and States. 135 148 136 III 142 140 144
IV. Nun-conti-
guous areas. 7 15 24 3 5 6 4
V. Outside India. 1 1 1 1 1 1
----
The table given above shows the respective proportion in the
State as a whole and in each District separately of the persons born
in the district of enumeration, of those born in other districts of the
State, of those born in other contiguous districts of other provinces
and states, of those born in non-contiguous areas, and of those born
outside India.
As stated above the number of persons born outside the
Si:ate is 276772 which gives a percentage of 14 against the total
 76
population of the State. The percentage' of persons recorded as
immigrants in various districts of the State as against the population
of that district is : -

Name of the district. Population. Immigrants.

KohiAtan. 60,736 10,363

Patiala. 2,97540 48,752

Bassi. 13,83,675 56,035

Karamgdrh. 4,57,599 5~,4~7

Anahadgarh. 5,41l,~03 80,538

Mahendragarh. 1,93,506 28,657

It would appear from the aforesaid that the districts which

have gained more than others are Anahadgarh and Bassi. 'rhe
reason for this is that many of the important towns and flourish-
ing trading centres· of the State are situate in them and offer
attractions for immigrants.

Inter-migra- It will appear from the following table that Bassi district
tion within the is the greatest gainer in inter-statal migration. It receives 14,384
State.
persons from other districts but gives only 11,183 in return. This
district is situated partly in the Sub-Himalayan Natural Division
and partly in Indo-Gangetic Plain West; and the benefits of
both the Divisions have co-mingled to attract people from other
districts of the State. Next to Bassi comes Pdtiala District con-
taining the capital of the State. Patiala City is the headquarters
of all offices of the. State, as well as a flourishing trade centre. The
number of semi-permanent immigrants into it is immense.
On the other hand, Bun am district is tIle biggest loser, follow-
ed by the Mahendragarh District. Whereas the former, though
situated in the Indo-Gangetic Plain West, is not as fertile as other
districts of the main block and has hence little or no attractions
to offer to the immigrants; the latter is practically cut off from the
main block, and though the people from Mahendragarh do immi-
grate into the districts of the main block, tho emigration to the
former from the latter is not resorted to unda ordinary circum-
stances.
Receives from Gi ves to other
Narne of the district other Variation
districts districtH.
Kohistan. 1,505 319 + 1,186
Patiala. 14,044 11,072 +2,922

Bassi. 14,384 11,133 +3,251

Karamgarh. 15,027 22,440 -7,413

Anahadgarh. 16,818 15,600 + 1,218

.M ahendragarh. 214 1,428 -1/U4

 77
Proportion of I Immieration
from conti-
Immigration. females per 100
. males. guous .distric-
ts of British
India. Bond In-
dia.n Sta.tes.
1941 1931 1941 1931

+5,125 245 190

72,318 +434 257 257

Patiala State is surrounded on all sides by the States of

Nabha, Jind, Maler-kotla, Nahan, and Loharu which are in political re-
lationship with the Government of India, Alwar and Jaipur states
of Rajputana States Agency, and the Hissar, Karnal, Ambala,
Simla, Ludhiana, and Ferozepore districts of the Punjab. It is
the immigration from these states and districts that constitutes the
bulk of immigrants. Out of the total number of 2,76,772 immigra.nts,
. 2,31,212 persons or 83% come from contiguous states and British
districts. The immigration from these contiguous areas is mainly
of the nature of marriage migration. As observed elsewhere the
propensity of the people is to get their wives from districts other than
those of their birth. There is a frequent interchange of wives between .
Patiala State and the states of Nabha, Jind and the British districts
of Hissar, Ambala, Ludhiana and Ferozepore. Ambala Division as
a whole has contributed as many as 1,16,228 immigrants out of which
33,687 are males and 82,541 females. The reason for the larger
number of immigrants is that all the districts of Ambala Division
are congruous with the districts of Patiala State and naturally
there must be a lot of intercourse between the population of the two.
It will also be seen from the table over-leaf that the sex-ratio shows
that this immigration is more or less permanent or at least semi-
permanent. The increase in the number of immigrants from the
British districts is sufficient, whereas that from the Indian States
is insignificant. Also, the sex-ratio in case of the former has increas-
ed considerably, whereas in respect of the latter it is more or less
stationery. It can thus be presumed that Patiala State people
prefer to have wives from British districts. To conclude, the
increase in the number of immigrants of contiguous areas is 5,559
persons or 2% ,
 78

Immigra,tion Name of district Immigrants. A study of the

'from non-con
tiguous areas. or province. 1941 1931 Variation. table in the margin
will reveal that the
Lahore 1,425 653 +77~ largest number of
Amritsar 1,415 1,109 +306 immigrants is sup-
plied by the U. P.,
Sheikhupura. 201 1{6 +155 next to which comes
Del h i Province.
Rawalpindi. 21 166 -145 Lahore and Amrit-
sal' districts also
Montgomery. 487 217 +270
send in a large
Lyal1pur. 1,586 911 +672 number of immi-
grants. The nature
Bahawalpur. 490 176 +314 of immigrants from
Lahore and Amrit-
N.W.F.P. 356
saris of the nature
D.P. 8,050 of semi-permanent
as males preponde-
,Bengal. 379 rate over females,
whereas from D.P.
Bombay. 289 and Delhi Province
Baluchistan. 141 it is marriage mig-
ration since females
C.P. & Bihar 377 preponderate over
males. Whereas
Delhi. 2,041 the immigrants
from Lahore, Shei-
'khupura, Montgomery, Lyallpur and Bahawalpore have increased
enormously in number since the last decade, those from Rawalpindi
District have gone down from 166 to 21 only.

Nall},e of the country 1941 1£\31

In the margin
where born. P. M. F. Persons. al.'e given figures of
Extra statal
(foreign) Mig. foreign born persons
ration. Asia.. 585 351 234 313 enumerated in the
NepaL 192 97 95 26 Patiala State. The
total figures of these
Europe. 19 3 16 12 persons have dou-
'. I,
. ':"
bled as compared
England. ~ : 99 50 49 20 with the last cens-
Africa. 43 25 18 19
us, while s 0 m e
, countries consider-
America 14 9 n 12 ed individually
show even a larger
Australia. 2 2 4 increase. ]~or inst-
anee, the immigrants from Nepal have increased seven times and
those from Asia have increased by 272 persons. The largest number
of immigrants come from Asia and the smallest from Australia. The
immigration is of permanent type and there is not much difference
between the number of males and females.

The number of persons who have not returned their birth-

place is comprised of 113 persons, 65 males and 48 females. All
these have been recorded in Karamgarh District.
 79

Number of district Number of Variation in

or state where Immigrants. Immigra.tion.
born. 1941 19tH Variation.

.Malerkotla 6,969 7,216 -247

Bilaspur. 297 333 -36

Sirmur. 403 703 -300

. Nalagarh. 112 1,167 -1055

Ralsia. 1,459 1,545 -86

Baghat. 31 554 -473

Kuthar. 49 65 -16

Reonthal. 53 340 -287

The falling in
the number of im-
Bhajji. 15 206 -191
migrants has occur-
Roti. 8 120 . 112 red in the districts
and states enume-
Dhami. 8 392 -384
rated in the margin;
Mahlog. 65 354 -289 the more notice-
able decrease has
Rohtak. 2,883 3,~22 -339 taken place in the
Punjab States of
Rarnal. 26,7~4 27,197 -403
Malerkotla and
Gujrat. 167 223 -56 Sir m u I (Nahan).
Then there is a
Alwar. 5,964 6,338 -374 general falling off
Jaipur. 165 286 -121 in the total number
of immigrants from
Jodhpur. 15,710 16,763 -1053 the Simla Hill
States as well as in each of them separately. There is such a marked
decrease in the number of immigrants from some of the hill states,
for instance N alagarh, Baghat, Keonthal, Bhajji, Koti, Dhami and
1fahlog, and if this rate of decrease continues for another decade,
these states will cease to contribute to our population.
t'"

Similarly the total number of imm£grants from the Rajputan;:t

States Agency, as a whole, as well as from the States of Alwar and
Jaipur also have decreased significantly. Similarly a few of the
British Punjah districts have sent in less numbers of immigrants than
they did on the occasion oithe last census. It can be said, without
being. gainsaid, that this loss in the number of immigrants is not due
to any circumstances making this state less inviting to immigrants.

Province or Stat,e. Immigrants from Immigrants to

p ... M. F. P. M. F.
M:ysore. 21 iO 11 5 ~ 3 Pa.rtial figures
for emigration.
Nabha. 27843 7580 20203 39002 9353 29649
Indore: 35 8 27 400 284 116
 80
Province or State. Immigrants from Immigrants to

Malwa Agency. 1 1 o 43 32 11

Charkhari. 1 1

Chhatarpur. 3 3

Datia. 4 4

Maiher 4 4

Orchha. 3 2 1

Jigni. 1 1

Bhopal. 8 4 4 38 28 10

Gwalior. 444 255 189

The figures obtained from the States proceeding with full
tabulation. are shown in the above table. It will be Heen that
the bulk of emigrants was enumerated in N abha, one of the
contiguous States. The preponderance of females over males shows
that it is marriage migration. The number of persons born in
Nabha State but enumerated in this state is 27,843 (7,580 males and
20,203 females.) Thus Patiala State is the loser by 11,150 persons
(1,773 males and 9,386 females.) The excess of females over males
goes to strengthen the presumption that these migrants are of per-
manent 91' quasi-permanent type and that their families seem to
have changed residences and settled in new places. Similarly in
respect of Indore, Gwalior and Bhopal States the balance of migra-
tion is against our state. It is only from Mysore state that we have
larger number of immigrants than emigrants, the figures being for
immigrants 21 persons (10 males and 11 females) and for emi-
grants 5 persons (2 males and 3 females \.

Causes of les- Adam Smith has rightly put in that Man "is of all sortH of
ser migration. luggage the most difficult to move.". Not only the people of this
country alone but even the advanced westerners are averse to break
the ties of early associations and take up their abode in a new pla,ce
unless they are convinced that they will get there which will more
than replace all that they could get and enjoy in their native land.
Hence the stay-at-home habits of Indians, and for the matter of that
those of the inhabitants of this state need no comment. The gene-
ral immobility of the population can be accounted for by two r,easons
viz., social and economic. The first represented by caste system
binds a person down to the calling of his fore-fathers while i he
second means the dependence on one calling viz., agriculture. Agri-
culture is an occupation which needs very little amount of hired or
skilled labour, which fact diminishes the scope of migration of
labour. Th9 agriculturists all over the world in general and in India
in particular, have proved to ue conservative and loathe to leave
agriculture to undertake some other calling, or to introduce improve-
ments in the methods and implements of husbandry.
That thero is no abstract justification for a country in relying
 81
upon emigration as an outlet for its surplus population IS put for-
ward by Mr. P. K. Wattal thus: "The ordinary rule of private life
is that you go to another man's house only if. he invites you, and
wants you·, and not when you are neither invited nor wanted, inspite
of the fact that he may have many more rooms tban he needs for
his own use. What holds good for individuals holds good between
one country and anot her".
In the at-sence of statistical data, it is well nigh impossible to
Effect on
comment on the effects of migration on fertility. Quite a large fertility.
number of jnhabitants of Kohistan District come to earn their liveli-
hood as domestic servants in the plains and return home only after
long intervals and that also for short time. This fact can be taken
as one of the causes of the low population of the Paharis and a smal-
ler birth rate and consequently smaller increase in their population.
The effect, however, depends, to a large extent, on the nature of
luigration, on whether the migration is wholesale or of only male
members. If it is of the former sort, that is if the whole families
migrate, the effects are generally beneficial Where predominantly
males migrate and the period of their absence extends to two or
three years, the effect on fertility is detrimental. The former kind of
migration is almost nowhere to be found in the State. As regards
the latter, the migration of Paharis from their native land to work as
domestic servants in the plains, etc., is the example.
 82
CHAPTER IV.
Age.
rreamble. The collection of the statistics of age in the domain of Census
is a useful item because it throws light on the physical and civil
condition of the population. It is through those statistics, supple-
mented by vital statistics, that we can ascertain how the various
stages of human life, viz, boyhood, manhood and old age are faring
and whether or not the growth of population in each age group is
smooth and progressive. With the help of these statistics does an
actuary determine a country's rates of births and deaths and is
able to discuss the various social customs and practices prevalent
in a country and their effects on the prosperity and welfare or
otherwise of the people living therein.
The principal economic significance of the age composition of a
population is the proportion of workers (effective population) to the
total population. The comm')nly accepted limits for the productive
or the working population are between the ages of 15 and 40. rrhe
effective or working population of the Rtate in this sense is only
about 4·5 percent of the total popUlation. In Franue it is 50 percent
and in England 60 percent.
Merits of sta. To fulfil all these purposes the l'tlcording of age is a necessity.
tilitics.
The people are, however, not apt to give correct answers and the
enumerators lack the perseverance an~. tact to extract the desired
information from the ignorant and apathetic. Some people, espe-
cially in rural areas, do not really know their age and it is with the
help of certain land marks and outstanding events of their lives that
their age could approximately be determined. For instance an
oldman in a village on being questioned about his age would tell
you that although he could not say exactly how old he was but he
remem_bered that his father (who was th(~n no more) used to tell him
in a fireside chat that when the rail way line was constructed
and taken through his village, he (the person questioned) could
easily tread from his house to the field where his mother worked.
Now this answer requires a good deal of time, fact and perseverance
on the part of thA enumerator to calculate and determine the old
man's age. Not only this, but answers of similar ingenuity and
perplexity are given in cases of other questions also. l'he enume-
rators who are as a class unpaid and not very enthusiastic about
their work do not have the mettle to sift correct answers from such
rigmarole replies and hence record fictitious ages, unaware of the
fact that their action~ wouIr! stultify the work of an actuary and a
statistician. When one reflects all this state of things, the task of
discu Ising the statistics seems but vain and useless.

The redeeming feature, however, is that the age of the child is

not generally inaccurate and wide-of-the-mark. The mother, if not
the father, usually remembers the time and date of the birth of her
child and can state tho child's age with some accuracy.
Young women do not, out of modesty and in some cases
vanity, give correct a_sre; it is a proverb amrmg [ndians that a'lcetics
 83

give out excessive age and the ladies of charm give out lower age,
thus none gives the exact age, not due to any apathy towards
census but as a matter of routine and custom and the village com-
munity in giving their exact age suffer superstition to creep in. The
educated class on the other hand, generally selects an age which
helps them to appear in the University Examinations and to enter in
Government serviee as in both casps age limit puts a great hindrance
in the way of the candidates making attempts to get over the restric-
tion imposed. These persons even after gaining their object with
an artificial age for obvious reasons stick to that age for the rest
of life. Also the unmarried of both sexes in order to secure a
desirable match try to minimise their age pretending themselves still
young to be married. Owing to the obloquy incurred by Hindu
parents who have unmarried daughters already pubescent there is a
strong inclination to understate the ag6 of ulllllarried girls which
affects the age-period 10 to 15 and even earlier. Hence it is that
there is plumping in the figures of age-groupR 5-10 and 10-15. On the
other hand, marriage and motherhood appear to convey an impres-
~ion of age, and the age of your married "women is usually overstated.
Hence in the case of girls, the age is given as 10 to 12 years till
marriage, even though the spinster may be 16 or even 18 years old.
But one seldom hears of an unmarried girl of over 16. As soon as
a grown-up girl is married, her age jumps straight upto 20 years.
The boy's age is usually overstated particularly in work classes.
Every working boy: however young he may be, will claim to be
between 15 and 20 in order to demand full wages.

Among the Hindus generally, all(i'JI{)tll:ammedans upto a cer-

tain age, there are various reasons for a deliberate misstatement of
age, First of all there is an idRa that telling oue'l'! correct age tends
to reduce the span of one's life, and makes one susceptih*"to the prac-
tice hy others of black art. In Hitopadesha, it is laid down that
"age, wealth, theft in one's house, counseL sexual intercourse, medicine,
austerity, :~harity and disgrace, these nine must be carefully concealed.
An orthodox Hindu will therefore very often give his age as a few
years more or less than what it is. This objection is, however, dying
out now.
One redeeming factor that provides recompense for these errors,
is the natural limit attached to the possibility of an error. It has
been observed, in most cases that the error does not exceed a limit
of five years. Since the age distribution of the population has been
recorded by qui"!'lquennial period after 5 upto 70 and over, the possi-
ble age must thus submerge in each gIOUp, and the statistics obtained
from grouping of these age-periods are, to a large extent, free
from errors.
'ro state their ages in round figures or in multiples of some
Pa.rtiality for
popular digits, e. g., 5 or 10, is also a tendency and practice amongst round figures,
the people. At this Census it has received a set-back because both
years and months wore to be r(.corded. In this way the evil of round
figures and also chances of heaping of ages at those multiples had
minimized as a result of entry of months along with years as practis-
od in this Consm,.
 84
The custoni of keeping horoscopes and renewing its entries
year to year has to a great extent disappeared from Hindus as a result
of new fangled ways of life and thus the best means of knowing correct
age have receded into back-ground. However, when exact age
was ascertained by the combined efforts of the enumerator and the
'person enquired, to which the other villagers also joined hands, it was
a matter of satisfaction to "the villager that his exact age was dis-
covered and a victory to the enumerator. The scope of this enquiry
has undoubtedly widened as compared with the past census, but
owing to the inac('uracy of returns and the incompleteness of
vital statistic~, not only in the State, but evidently throughout India,
it has not been possible to handle the figures with confidence, in a
more detailed manner and through all its interesting co-relative
phases. In this chapter, therefore, the discussion has been confined
to a consideration of the conclusions from the ahsolute statistics of
age distribution of the population contained in the Tables combined
with such of the vita] statistics as are being recorded in the State.
Also the recording of age by religion has been avoided in this census
as was done in previous censuses, hut it has been recorded commu-
nity-wise.
Reference to The statistics of birth place are capable of two-fold use. In the
statistics. first place they enable a calculation to be made of vital statistics and
the expected span of life at diffl.'rent ages. In the second place by
combination with other statistics, they throw light on certain social
practices, such as early marriage and enforced widowhood. For the
second or indireut use of age statistics, reference should be made
to chapters on sex, civil conditions and literacy. The present chapter
is concerned only with the direct results that can be deduced from
age distribution. 'rhe table VII contains absolute figures, and
subsidiary tables which are as lllany as eleven in number deal with
age and civil conditions and corelative phases of the question.

In the imperial table the age distribution of the population is

given for each year upto the age 5, and thereafter by quinquennial
periods upto age 70. Persons of 70 years or above have been classed
together.
The following 4 subsidiary tables bring out prominently the
important features of age returns.
Subsidiary Table 1. Age distribution of 10,000 of each sex in
the State and each natural division.
Subsidiary Table II. Age distribution of 10,000 of each sex by
main commnnity.
Subsidiary Table III. Proportion of
(a) Children under 10 and of persons over 60 to those aged
15-40.
(b) Married females aged 15-40 per 100 females
for total population and in certain communities.
Subsidiary Table IV. Percentage variation in population by
age.
 85

Previous practice had been to record the age on the last Instructions.
birthday, and the change was made at the request of Government of
India's actuary. The instructions to the enumerators at this census
were to enter the age in years and months on the 1st day of March,
1941. Jf precise date of birth was unknown the approximate age in
years only was to be recorded. In the case of infants of less than
one year, the zero was to be written for years, but the number of
months was to be ascertained and recorded. But the actual pro-
cedure adopted appears to have introduced at least five classes of
the persons questioned. They were-
(1 \ cases in which the person enumerated gave his age at a
figure which appeared reasonable to the enumerator and which he
recorded at its face;
(2) cases in which the given age seemed improbable and the
enumerator then put down the age estimated by himself or ques-
tioned some of the by-standel's.
(3) cases in which the person questioned gave two alternative
ages, almost always differing by an even number (e. g. 20 or 22
yea:rs, 60 or 70 years) and the enumerator was left to make his own
choice between them;
(4) cases in which the enumerators questioned a person other
than the one enumerated, usually the head of the family and where
often the enumerators had no means of applying even the roughest
check to the replies given.
(5) cases in which neither the person questioned nor the
enumerator could determine the age and the latter left the column
blank. These omissions when found were supplied by the sorting
office but in no case with anything amounting to accuracy with
reference to literacy, occupation and civil conditions in accor-
dance with the instructions laid down in the sorting and compilation
instructions, which ran:-
" If the question relating to age is blank, persons who are
literate should be aSl-lumed to be of some age over twelve and for
those shown with a means of livelihood against question 14 put some
age over 15".
In the last census the instructions were that for children below
six months the age entIy was to be zero. In cases, where the state-
ments appeared absurd on the face of them, the enumerators were
to exercise their own discretion and record what to them appeared
to be the correct age. It would therefore appear that the recording
of exact age WDS the question of calculation based on 1st March 1941
and it can be better imagined than stated that few persons would
have done thif! sort of calculation and the age of manhood can be
taken to he generally appJ'oximate in the case of months if not
years. In the case of infants and children of tender age accuracy in
the recording of age can be vouchsafed to some extent. The record-
ing qf age at the census day was a change from past years and an
improvement to the mode of enquiry what it was at the last year,
and it is a maLter of opinion whether this improvement had actually
 86
tended to bring about the recording of exact ages in terms or years
and months on the day of final enumeration because neither the
person recorded can be said to have a proper appreciation for the
enquiry; nor the unpaid enumerator has the zeal and perseverance
and patience to calculate for himself the exact years and months of
the persons recorded if the former had failed to give correct and
exact information about his age. Persoverance brings us to the
keynote of good enumeration of age in India. "Patience and a
mulberry leaf will make a ~ilk gown" says the Chinese proverb, and
certainly patience in an enumerator is the most precious of virtues
and can be regarded with remarkable ret-mlts.
The total dejacto population of the State is 1936259, out of
which 1066105 are males and 870154 are females. Out of the total
males 573206 are unmarried, 414081 are married and 78818 are
widowed. Out of the total females 362069 are unmarried, 418G23
are married and 89462 are widowed. The further classification
and sifting of these statistics is given below in order to show how
each community and eaeh age-group is affected, but broadly
speaking a little less than half of the population, of course including
infants, is unmarried; about 48 percent are married and about 8
percent are widowed. According to age, 265889 are infants and
children upto the age of 5; out of these 133864 are male children
and 132025 are female children. Beyond these the population has
been recorded by quinquennial periods.
The total population in the adult group, viz. in the groups
ranging between the periods of 10-15 has also been included in
the reproductive group, because on account of early marriages
among Hindus a social evil which is still lingering in that com-
munity, the birth of children starts from that period of age. It
would appear that more than fifty per cent of the population of the
State constitutes its manhood which if strong and healthy generally
contributes towards the natural growth of the population of a country.
'rhis average is very satisfactory and affords a correct cause for the
increase of popUlation of the State at this census and augurs well
for the future. The number of males in this proup is higher than
females and this increase is visible in all periods of age. The
figures below substantiate the above statement.
Age. Population. Males. Females.
10-15. 227617 125017 102600
15-20_ 182460 101109 8H~51

20-25. 177010 98483 78527

25-30. 161433 88:248 73185
30-35. 127838 71149 56fJ89

35~40. 108827 61281 47546

40-45. 90025 51864 38161
45-50. 86694 50748 35946
Total ... 1161904 647899 514005
 8'1
The early adults in the period of age 5-10 are 282777 i.e.
about 1/7th of the total population and about 1/4th of the population
in the adult group. Out of these 150405 are males and 132372 are
females. The disparity between the males and females is not very
marked. It is a matter of hope that these early adults will pass
into the gruup of adults by the next decade and will help the
growth of population.

The total number of infants and children is 265889, out of

which t33864 are malts and 132,025 are females. The children are
a little less than 1/7th of the total population of the State and are
neck to neck to the number of early adults in the group of 5-10,
they are a little less than 1/4th of the population in the adult group.
The number of male and female children is at par.

Tho population in the last group of age, viz. 50-55 upto 70

and over is 225689; out of which 133937 are males and 9J752 are
females. The population in this group is 1j9th of the population of
th8 State and 1/5th of the manhood group; the number is less than
those in the early adult group and in the group of infants and
children.
The statistics make one believe that the condition of popu-
lation in the Stat,e is sound for the future. The State has tnjoyed
uniform time of peace and prosperity except the last two years of
the decade which were to some extent lean in some districts and
therefore the age constitution had developed undisturbed in its
natural course. Practically there had been no famine and pesti-
lenc~ III the State during the decade.

According to natural divisions, the distribution of population Age distribu-

in the various age-groups and per 10,000 of each sex is as given ral tion by natu·
divisions.
below:-

Age. Himalyan Sub-Himalyan Indo-Gangetic N arnaul

Males. Females. Males. Females. M. F. M. F.
0·-5 829 111 1260 1565 1267 1530 1313 1456
5-10 1112 1~67 1402 1542 1388 1515 1684 1586
10·15 1014 LO i8 115L 1159 1168 1197 1314 1165
15·20 830 990 944 946 953 926 946 949
20-30 1874 1859 1791 1808 1762 1719 1536 1713
30-40 1519 ]450 1229 1171 1252 1190 1121 1227
40·50 1146 1008 991 850 954 843 883 863
50·60 840 782 674 533 686 587 675 605
60&
over. 776 615 558 426 570 493 528 436
It would appear from the above-cited figures that the disparity
between the male and female figures is not very glaring. With the
exception of Himalayan in the age period 0-5, the number of females
is higher in every natural division in the first four periods, but the
 number of males predominates in the latter periods of the age. No
absolute equality can be claimed, but lesser the disparity the more
Ratisfactory the results.
It would also appear from the aforesaid figures that the
average of population in the group 0-5 is almost double of the popu-
lation in the age period of 50 and over. This state of affairs ac-
cording to Sundbarg as quoted by Mr. Wattal can be considered as
"progressive." The population, therefore, is progreslSive, and the
increase justifiahle. It would further appear from the aforesaid
figures that the number of female infants is greater than male infants
in all natural divisions of the State except Himalayan where male
infants predolTIinate. Community-wise also the number of female
infants per 10,000 is greater than male infants, but in some periods
of age in other groups females are greater than males ahd in some
groups males are greater than females. Why it is so, or why it may
be otherwise has not been possible for the biologists of the day to
determine, so far the determination of sex has escaped solution at
the hands of scientists. May be, one day it may be resolved into
an open secret.
The comparative study of the statistics of age community-wise
Age distrihu-
tion by com-
reveals the following facts.
munity.
SiKhs.
The total population of this community is 896021, out of which
501301 are males and 394720 are females. The total number of
males and females in the reproductive age and that of unmarried
ones in tha,t group are cited in the margin:
Total of reproductive group. Total unmarried in those groups.
10-15 Males. Females. Males. Females.
upto 295435 ~30912. 139887. 4938G.
45-50
It would appear from the figures in the margin that the
average of adults among the Sikh community is about 1/3rd of the
total population of that community, tile females are about 2/3rd of
the male population of·the community. 'rhe population in the infant
group is 121485 with 61740 males and 59745 femalm;. The total popu-
l&,tion in the early adult periods viz 5-10 and 10-15 who would pass
into the adult periods by the next decade is ~31875 with 126295 maleEl
and 105580 females. This shows that the females are les:3 than
males by about 20715. There are 139887 maleti in the reproductive
group who are without females and the number of unmarried females
in thi:, group is only 49386 which means that about 90501 men lack
the companions of their lives in the age of puberty. rhis dearth of
females is really unfortunate. The number of widows in the repro-
Age. Number. ductive age is 13201 and since widow marriage among the Sikh
~-3 3 community is admissible, therefore the total number of females
3-4 4
4-~ 3 which arc available for marriage is 62587 which too is short of
actual requirements. The mlmber of infant widows among the Sikh
COl~lI11unity is as gi"en in the margin.

'rhe total population of the community is 597488, ont of which

Hirldus
there are 324486 males and 27300~ females The males are more
 89
than half of the population of the community and the females are
little lesH than half. The population in the infant group is 79921
with 39~43 male infants and 39978 females ones. The total popula-
tion in the early adult periods, viz 5-10 and 10-15 who would pass into
the adult periods by the next decade is 158248 with 84678 males and
73570 females. This shows that the females are less than males by
about 111()8.
The total population in the reproductive age group is 362076, Total of rep-
roductive
out of which 198343 are males and 163733 are females. The total group (1O-15
number of males and female:;; in the reproductive age and that of the up to 46-50)
Males- -198343
unmarried ones in that group are cited in the margin. Females·163733.

'Vhen a sufficient number of males are available for marriage, Total of un-
the fact th.at 29486 female,,; have remained unmarried calls for marri e d in
these groups.
attention. The number of wido'Ks in the reproductive age is 14536, Males-80'&07
that is after every twel ve adult women, one is widow which again is Females---29486.

an unfavourable feature in the condition of life of Hindu women.

The number of infant widows among the Hindu community is 13 as Age. Number.
1-2 1
given in the margin. It is a pity that this dreadful social evil which 2-3 ~

has brought untold misery on this community is still lingering and 3-4 7
4-5 3
could not be eradicated in its entirety.
The total population of this comlllunity is 436539 out of Mohammedans.
which 236973 are males and 199566 are females, the males are
more than half of the population of the community and the females
are more than 1/i:Srd The populatlOn in the infant group is 63581
with 31730 male infants and 3185 t female ones. The total population
in the early adult periods, viz 5-10 and LO-15 who would pass into the
adult periods by the next decade is ] 18584 with 63539 males and 55045
females. This shows that thwe are 8494 females less than males.
The total population in the repro ductive age group is 259725, Total of repro-
out of whieh 142103 are males and 117622 are females. The number ductive groups
(10-15 upto
of unmarried males and females of this group against its population is 40-50).
as given in the margin. Males--142103
Females-117622.
Total of unma·
It would appear that notwithstanding the fact that 56034 rried in these
males have been due for marriage, the number of unmarried females groups.
Males--56034
remained 24384. The number of widows in this group is 7112 which Females -- 24384.
means one widow after every sevonteen married women. If the
number of widows he added to the number of unmarried women, the
total number of WOlnen of the reproductive age available for marriage
comes to 31496.
The number of infant widows among the Mohammedans is 8
Number.
as given in the Dwrgin. 1
3
The total population of Christians in the State is 1592 persons, 4
Christians.
out of which 849 are males and 743 females, the males are nlOre than
half of the population and the females are little less than half, the
equilibrium is better balanced in this than in any other community.
The population in the infant group is 24J with 119 males and 122
females. 'rhe total population in the early adult period viz 5-10 and
10-15 who would pass into the adult period by the next deoade is
41:31 persons out of which 231 are males and 200 are fomales.
 gO

The total population in the reproductive group age viz 10-15

upto 45-50 is 937 with 508 males and 4 ~9 females; the number of
unmarried males and females in this group is 190 and 92 respectively.
It would appear that the number of unmarried males is remarkably
greater than females. The rise and faJl in the population of this
community depends upon the degree of conversions which may be
carried out during the decade and generally young persons who may
be single fall an easy prey to cOllversions as compared with whole
families consisting of mRles, female"! and children. The number of
widows in this community is 25. There are no infant widows in this
community and this reflects great credit on the community.
The total population of this commnmty as recorded at this
~ensus is 3101, out of which 1651 are males and 1450 are females;
the males are little more than half of the total population of the
community and the females are a little less than half. r:L'he popula-
tion in the infant group is 434 with 221 males and 213 females. r:L'he
total population in tho adult poriods viz I) -10 who would pass into
the adult age by the next decade is 8:23, out of which 436 are males
and 387 are f81nales.
The total population in the reproductive group viz in the
periods 10-15 to 45-50 is 1880 out of which 981 are males and 899
are fema1es. The number of unmarried males and females in this
group is 4L8 and 2;}0 ret-;pectively. It would appear that the number
of unmarried males is about the double of unmarried women, while
so many males should remain unmarried is inexpli~able except on
the ground that generally boys of poor family among this community
are not offered girls in marriage.
The number of widows in this comm.unity is 78, they are
mostly of advnnced age; there are no infant \vidows whieh reflects
great credit on this community, which is so far conservative in its
outlook.
rmis The population of the communit.v as reconled at this cenSUA is
·131 ont of which 246 i'tre males and 18i') arc, females. The males ari~
more than half of the population of the comumnity while females
are a little less than half The population in the infant group is 56,
out of which 26 are males and 50 are females. The popnlation in
the early auult group viz 0-10 and 10-15 who would pass into the
adlllt ago by the next decade is 124. out of which 71 are male., and
53 are females.
Tho total population in the reproductive group viz 10-15 upto
45-00 periods of age is 262, out of which 150 are males and 112 are
felllal(~H. The number of llnmalTied males and females is 69 and 19
respectively. It would appear that the number of unmarried mon
is auout three times that of the women and the community therefore
lacks females of adul t age.
The number of widows in thii'l community it-; G only and they
are mostly of advanced ages. There are no infa.nt widows in this
community.
The total population of perflonH m the State classified as
 91
"others" is 1087, out of which 599 are males and 488 are females;
the males are a little more and the females a little less than half
of the total population. The population in the infant group is 171, out
of 85 are male infants and 86 are female ones. The population in
the early adult group is 309 persons out of which 172 are males and
137 are females.
The total popUlation in the reproductive group, viz 10-15 up to
45.50 periods is 1J77 out of which 379 are males and 298 are females.
The number of unmarried males and females is 122 and 52 respective-
ly. The nurn ber of unmarried men is more than double of the
unmarried women.
The number of widows in this community is 13; the number
of infant widows is 1 which occurs in the age period of 4-5 years.

1'he general conclm;ion is that the lower strata of the com-

munity have a higher proportion in the younger age periods and
that longevity is the privilege of the higher castes. But the indivi-
dual figures display puzzling inconsistencies.
The following table shows the age distribution community- Age distribu·
wise per 10,000 of each sex: tion commu-
nity·wise per
---------------"""":""----:----~-------10,OOO.

r:i r:i
.......
....S
~
r:i ctl
.......
00
~ S
.......
....... 00
...j.J
00 r:i
ctl
..0 ....r:i
'\j ....... (])
cD >=l 00 ..0 .... ~ '\j
..0
~
on .......
~ ~
~ ,..!d
......
UJ
..0
0
'a
I-j
'\j
~
...j.J
0
I
0-5 1231 1339 1232 1402 1339 1057 1419
5 -II) 1437 1476 1362 1602 1472 1626 1603
10-15 1173 1205 1157 1119 1169 1262 1269
]5-20 947 959 944 989 945 852 868
20-;)0 1-,-45 1749 1758 1555 1557 1626 1719
-ifJ-40 I 1269 1179 1~55 1'237 1~35 1382 1553
I
40-50 978 I 905 979 1083 1036 976 9J8
I
5u· 60 6Sg I 648 704 I 577 684 528 467
I
!

1'0 and 501 I

540 I
1)09 436 563 691 184
over. I

It would appeu that the average of children in the first period is

greater among Christians, Addharmis and others; Hindm-;, Muslims, Sikhs and
other,,; show higher average in the 20-30 period of age. Further on in the
period of 30-.:tO period of age, Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs and others are neck to
neck. The figures in the last three periods of age show that Sikhs live to a
longer age than members of other communities. These figures give a general
impreRsion that there is a great decline in the population of old age groups
when descending from the adult period of 20-30 age. This shows that the
average duration of life is HmaU. But this is not a case exclusively in the
 92

State~ but thisstate of abbreviated existence is traceable in the population

of India every where. It may he low level of health and comforts because
Indians do not much prize the health and invariably live a life of penance
otherwise of excessive luxury which affects their health. It cannot be
presumed he,re that the State lacks means of suusistence and that the
population has outgrown th08fl means.

0-1£) 15-50 50 & over'

1941 101 115

1931 400 493 110

I '
~----'-~O~(-)-----4C->O------6~OO------8-UO~----~lOOO

ptopor-
The mfLrginal diagram Rhows the age proportions of the State at the past
or the and the present censuses. It appears from t[le diagram, tlVLt the population of
the State is progressive and not retrogressive. There has been a slight increase
in the proportion of juveniles and the aged, whereas that of the person:'; of
reproduction nges has gone down. This state has slowed down the incroase
in population which would, otherwise, have resutte(l in a much larger increase
than the one now recorded.

Male:-:;

Female,,,.

U-5 ~O-40 HI-fiO (\0 & oycr

pl'opor- Above IS gl"cn a diagram showing the nge proportion

sexes,
in the State by ;o,;(~X(,R. This affords matel'ial fOI' 801111' ill-
terHting compm·iHOllH. 'rhe figureR at 0-0 are Lll'g(W in cast'
of females who maintain this eAceSR of nUllluet·s upto i)-20.
After which they al'e superseded by males who continue to
exceed over their oPPo1'lite sex in the rest of the age-period;.;.
'1'he s111aller proportion of the aged shows the smallncs,.; of
the longevity in thp State, the longevity of m::11(,s \JPing
lliglwr than that of the fair sex.
 93

1'he above curves show the composition of the sexes by age periods. Sexes by a.ge
In each the curve record is one of constant fall, the earliest ages make the periods.
greatest 'contribution. The internal behaviour of the curves differs however.
In,each the downward tendency lessens after 10-20 but the tendency is more
marked in the case of females and short lived for the steep decline recom-
mences after 20-30 and continues till 4:0-50 when there is a slight check
with a further check after 50-60. In the male curve the downward tendency
is comparatively less. The apparent check appears only after 50-60. The
curves show child-hood as the period in which most deaths occur. A smaller
number of women reach the prime of life and even smaller number reach
advanced years.
The diagram in the margin shows age distribution according to main :Cistribution by
communities. The most interesting point which reveals itself is that the religion.
Mohammedans quota
Hindus Sikhs Muslims at the lower age
groups remains regu-
1000 larly above that of
the other communi-
ties and that sikhs
at ages 0-15 are stea·
dily below the other
800 o to 15 two communities. It
is also interesting
11) to 50
that though the
Mohammedans have
1)0 & over
a large number of
, children they have a
smaller number of
600 old men, or in other
words, the longevity
between them is low
almost lower than
400 the other two com-
munities. The Sikhs
on the other
hand, have the larg-
est proportion of
200 people above 50 or
they have a high
longevity. The lon-
gevity among Hindus
though less than
Sikhs is greater than
Muslims. --~ ,-

SUbsidiary table iii shows that the proportion of children to persons Proportion of
children by
in thc,prime of life has varied considerably over the last. 40 years. While regions.
the te~de~cy seems to be for the proportion to diminish in 1921, it shows
signs of rising in :the districts· and natural divisions except in Himalayan
natural divisions, Mahendragarh District and N arwana Tehsil. The figures
showing the proportion of 'children to married women aged 15-40 tell a
different tale. As for the State is concerned the proportion showed an increase .
in 1911 and 1921 but had a fall in 1931, and though an increase'was recorded
in'l 941, the figure of 19~ 1 has not been reached. This is almost the common
tendency in all the natural divisions, districts and tehsils except the
above mentioned regions which 'show a constant down'ward tendency.
Apparently the Indo-Gangetic Plain West, Bassi District and Bhatinda
Tehsil are more fertile than other regions of the State. It should be" remem-
 94
bered, however, that women of these regions rarely emigrate, they remain at
home with the children and this assumption may have some effect in swelling
the ratio. The figure~ of petsons over 60 per 100 aged 15-40, and those of
married women of reproductive age per 100 women of all ages show little
variation during the last 40 years.
By community Subsidiary table iii/i is of more interest. The proportion of
children to other sections of the population has oscillated between
1921 aIiq. 1941, with a minimum in 1931 for every community but one.
The exception is the Hindus, for whom the rate is lower now than in
1931 All other communities show a rise over 1931, most marked in
the case of Muslims. This tendency also holds good in propor-
tion of natural divisions.

Religion. Percentage of persons over 60 to total

population age 15-40.
Longevity by
religion
!941 1931 1941 1931
------- - - - ----------
All religions 2.5 26
Hindus 5 25
Sikhs 55 29

Mohammedans 5 28

In the IDfI.rginal table the proportion of persons over 60 to

total population and persons aged 15-40 is given. From this table
it would appear that Sikh is the most long lived community in the
State, followed by Hindus and Muslims, who are at par with each
other. The Sikhs who are mainly' agriculturists live to a long life
owing to their sturdy habits.

Variation percent in population (incease + and - )

Variation by
age perio:is
Period. All ages. o- lD. 10-15. 15-40. 40-60. 60 and over.
Natural Divi-
sion. ----- _._-- -. --,---
Patiala State.
1941-31 +19 +21 +14 +17 +20 +29

1931-21 +8 +7.6 +11 +15 +1 -26

1921-11 +7 +18 + 19 -5 +5 +23

191!-01 +12 -4 -4 -7 -19 -19

I
Variation in population at certain age periods given in subsi-
diary table VII is note::l in the margin in greater detail. Age distribu-
tion varies from time to time. To some extent, this is due to migration.
Where whole families migrate, the age distribution is not so much
affected, but the case is otherwise, where only adults and particularly
male adults, migrate, as usually happens, when the migration is of
 temporary type. Where this type of migration takes place on a
considerably large scale the proportion of persons between the ages
of 20 and 45 greatly fall.
Variation in the age distribution are also due sometimes to
epidemics and famines, which also increase the volume of migra-
tion to a great I..lxtent. All sections of the population, however,
are not equally affected. The very old and very young suffer the
least, while the mortality is comparatively great among those in the
prime of life in the case of scarcit} whereas reverse is the case from
the effect of plague. The number of younger children, moreover,
is not only directly reduced by high mortality but also by a greater
diminished birth rate.

The decreasp. of 12 percent population in 1911 was due to severe

ravages of plague. The population of the State as now constituted has
grown by 37 percent since 1911.
There can be no gainsaying the advantage of instituting a comparison
between the number of persons in the prime of life. who are generally least
liable to be affected by the changing conditions of health and food supply
(This is not always the case. Plague attacks persons at these ages more than
those at the extremes of life) and those at the two extremes. '1'he propor-
tion of children shows whether the population is progressing or not, while
that of the old persons is some index to its longevity and where the propor-
tion of people III the prime of life is relatively high, a comparatively
rapid growth of population in the near future may conveniently be
anticipated.

The increase in the child population points to a higher birth rate.

There is an increase of 21 percent in the age period (0-10) in the State.
We may now pass on from these considerations to SPe how far the Sundba.rg's
age constitution of the State fits in with the scheme of Sundbarg's types of types popula-
population which he propounded in an address before the International tion.

Statistical Institute in 1899. According to this Swedish stati3tician, in all

Western countries the number of population and such variation as occur do
";0 mostly in the other two age-groups, namely, 0-15 and 50 and over.

Sundbarg distinguishes 3 types of population-progressive where the first

group (0-15) preponderates over the last (50 and over); stationery where the
first group is about 1/3rd of the total population and regressive where the
last group preponderatos over the first~
The age constitution constructed on the basis of these age groups is
given ill the margin. According to Sundbarg, this age constitution reveals Age Ra.tio
group
that the population of the State is of the progresRive type. But having All·a.ges 100
regard to high birth rate in this country owing to universality of marriage, all 0-15 4.0
15-50 48
Indian population even the most truly decadent will seem progressive by 50 & over 12
Sundbarg's theory.

The Indian figureR are the result of factors which differ essentially
from those operating in Western countries, viz, a higher birth rate tampered
by high infant mortality, a lower expectation of life and greater fluctuation in
the adult categories owing to famine and epidemics.
 96

I
60
1
50
I
40
. I
00
\
20
I
15
I
10 )
5 f

The principal economic Elignificance of the age composition of a

Effective po-
pulation population is the proportion of workers (effective population) to total popula-
tion. The age distribution of the population of every country can be exhibi-
ted in the form of a pyramid., In the case of Patiala State it is not actually
a pyramid the base not being the broadest of all-and it does not taper to an
end. The largest proportion is that of the age group 20-30 which indicates
that the proportion of effective population to total population is greater ~han
that of lower age groups.
Vital Statistics!
Preamble. At this stage in the series of our argument:;;, we turn to the vital
Atatistics of the State to ascertain their capacity to prove as reasonable and
valid the increase in State population. The registeration of vital statistics
is establIshed throughout British India (and some Indian States also) except
in the more remote and backward tracts. Roughly speaking it may be said
that about three fourths of the population of India is s(lbject to registra~
tion.

Consideration of vital statistics for the detm'mination of the causes of

increase or decrease in the population of a .collntry is imperative, because in
the words. of. Sargant Florance, "Excluding emigration and immigl'~tion,
variations in population must be determined by variati@ns in the birth and
death rates, for there is no other way of adding to population thltn by birth,
L\ . ~\ or of substl'acting from population than by death." Obviously a popubtion
L(\ , j
ca~ grow in two ways, by births and immigration-only '-ly means of qne of
l" .. tbese two ways can fresh numbel's be added to the existing populace. Simi-
larly, there are only two ways in which a population can rlecrease ; people
can be lost to a population either by death or by emigration. Every year
there are a certain number of additions by births and a certain number of
deductions by deaths. If the total births exceed the total deaths we call the
snrplus the "natural increase."
ImportA.nce of Mr. Wattal in his book "The population problem in India"· emphasizes
vital statistics. the importance of the fact that accurate vital statistics are indispensable for
the Heientific investigation of population problems, such as differential birth-
 97
tate, Iecnndity versus longevity, class correlation between the rate of infant
mortality and the size of the family, the correlation between immature mater·
nity and high female mortality at the reproductive ages, the comparative
rate 3 of survival among the various communitie;;;, etc. Vital statistics, if
correctly and properly recorded help not only in the matter of the investigation
of the population problem of a country, but also in that of the conditions
of life of a n:ltion and in prognasticating the result of ensuing census.
rl'he vital stati-ties provide information about the ailments which
exact a heavy toll of hum:m lifl~. If accurate death records are made avail-
ablr~ such losses could be prevent.ed.

In the absenee of compulsory registration of births, deaths or

marriages, the social legislation snch as the Sarda Act has been set at naught
to a great extent. Much of the ineffectiveUl~ss of the Act is due to the fact
that it is very difficult to prove in a judicial court that the party concerned
is below the age preRcribed by law.

But the question of correct and proper recording of vital statistics is Suggestions for
improvement
by itself a problem which administrations both in British India and the of the vital
Indian StateR have not been so far able to solve. The system of regi~tration statistics.
of births and deaths is very defective and unprotected by legal measures in
order to ensure accuracy, In-accurate and defective figures are bound to
lead to conclusion which may be wide of the mark and as such, instead of
proving useful, may be detrimental in the course of investigation carried out
on their basiR.

Mr. Wattal has suggested some improvements to be introduced in the

system of regist.ration of Vital Statistics in order to bring them upto the
mark of efficiency achieved by countries like England. Nothing would be
better than quoting them in extenso here.

"In the first place there should be greater uniformity of registration

laws in the Provinces and an attempt should be made to deal with the subject
so far as possible by Central legislation, leaving administration in the hands
of t.he Provinces.

"rhe birth registl'f should contain" the following particulars, to be

filled in from declarations which parents and guardians should be required
tD make within prescribed period:-

date of birth.
sex.
(iii) name of child.
(iv) names of parents.
(v) ages of parents.
( vi) religion 'Lnd caste of parents.
( vii) year of marriage of parents.
(viii) order of birth of child.
(ix) number of children born and surviving, of the marriage.
(x) occupation of the bread winner.
 98

"The death register should contain the following particulars : -

(i) name.
(ii) sex.

(iii) date of death.

(iv) religion.
(v) age.
(vi) cause of death.
(In respect of deaths associated with pregnancy or child birth the
number of pr~gnan('.y should be' recorded).
(vii) marital condition.
(viii) number of children born and survlvmg 1Il ease of death of a
married person.
(ix) occupation"

Mr. M. W. M. Yeatts, Census Commissioner for rndia, in the course

of his newel continuity scheme has expatiated a good deal on vital statistics.
For the value and obvious practi()ability of his suggestions, I quote him in
extenso here:-
"If in every birth or death certificate the community were mentioned
yon would have in the course of quite a few years a valid community rpcord
extracted without the fuss and attention of a periodica,l cemms. If in the
birth certificate were entered the ages of the parent s and the nUl}} bel' of
births you would have all the material required for forecasting a population;
and if also were entered in these statisties the means of livelihood of the
parent or of the person deeea-sed one might bn able to deri ve in a few yean~ a
good deal of infol'Jnlltion on this nspf~ct also on the community's life.
The whole point about vital statistics is that. they represent ittJllS
which happen from day to day or for tlwt matter from hour to hour and
therefore would lend themselv('s ,to throwing up perfect statistics us a uy-
product, something which comes out rt~glliarly and unnoticed as the result of a
recurring type of ineident,..;.
This in iblelf sums up the gellel'al aim I have in Illind namely to lead
as far as possi hIe towards a continuing system which will th I'OW lip all the
information required without ('onvulsiom:;.
Genf'I'ally speaking there is little inte1'('8t hlken in vital stntis'i(~s by
the people of the country and we w'tnt to develop a full system we should try
to get the Indian householder to want a birth certificate for his son or to
realis(\ that he ought to have 1), death certificate for any death that ocenrs in
his honi'.('. Once we get the Indian father wanting a hirth certifieate he will
give the various sirkars no peace at all till he gets it-in other w()J'(ls our
ohjectivf' is secured.

'Ve ha Vf> to ma ke it easy hownvel' for him to get this and one idea,
that oceurreo tf) me was we might have honl)rary registrarR in varions areas
fl.g., retired officials 01' men of some position. To these men all reports of
births and deaths in a partielliar area should he made and the person report-
ing could be given a foil with the subRtance of the report entered in it; the
eounterfoil WOllld remain with the honomry l·egistrar.
 99
This is merely one possible line; you and Patiala might be able to
think of another and so on. But the principle is the same i.e., to make it easy
for people to get the certificates; until we do that you will never erect the
country wide full system which should be the possession of every advanced
country.

In the suggestion above, you will notice that the foil given to the
parflnt or reporter would act as a kind of birth certificate in itself. The
counterfoil book could be examined by visiting public health, medical
offienrs, etc., and birth" and deaths ch~cked, <1nd the whole thing brought into
accord with other needs and purposes of the general administrative system of
thp State. E.g., regular reports of birth etc., would within a short time
produce most valuable information about children of school-going age etc.

Names of course are not generally given to Indian children sometimes

after birth but it might be possible later on to develop a system whereby a
father reporting say within two weeks the name given to a child whose birth
had heen rep,)l'ted would thereupon be given a definite birth certificate includ-
ing the name. ThiR perhaps is rather in the future but it shows how flexible
the SjlRtem would be and to what developments it would lead.

While I was in Kashmir I suggested that the village panchayats

being developed they could usefully be the agents to receive these reports
and give out the fnih; ptc., and the head of at least one panchayat I saw
remarked that this would be quite feasible. I mention this to indicate the
need for flexibility. In our census as I have emphasised so often, we seek
to use every existing agency; apply the same principle to vital statistics."

The chief requirement for any reform is the bringing home to the
masses the necessity of their co-operation, in the interest of public good.
'fhe Patwaris and School teachers can contribute a lot in this direction.

But the vital statistics of this country arc far from being accurate. Accuracy of
In the cases of the statistics of urban areas their accuracy naturally depends the vital sta-
tistics.
on the amonnt of interest taken by the recording officials. Owing chiefly to
carplrssness in administration the standard of accuracy is probably not as
high in the towm; as in the rural areas In the case of the villages, however,
the reporting of birth" and deaths is a troubJesome duty which a village
IJradman or chauki(lar is apt to neglrct"

"Obviously in the case of births he is likely to wait and see whether

a child will live and so save himself in many cases the necessity of making a
s('cond report for its death, while he no doubt hesitates to report deaths
which would give any excuse for the unwelcome visits of the unduly suspi-
cious police officers. Taken on the whole the defect in vital statistics is
probably to b(_~ estimahld at about 20 percent though it is much higher at its
maximum."

F('ot Nott:-ICensus Report of In'lia, 1931, para 76) Generally

speaking the record of births is less accurate than the record of deaths and
particularly the omission of births is greater than the omission of deaths.
The occurrences of death as a rule are attended with enough pub1icity to justify
the responsibility of their registration being placed on the headmen of the
village.
 H'O

The inaocuracy of the statistics is al~o manifested in the causes of

death. It is asking too much of a layman to distinguish between various
kinds of fever but he ought to know the difterence between fever and diarrhoea.
'l'he 'fever' is reported to be the cause of almost every death that occurs.
In some of the EUl'ope~n countries they have achieved the greatest
amount of accuracy in the record of vital statistics. So much so that in
England the Registrar-Gpneml take" legitimate pride ill the fact that his
intercensal e"titllates published in each year's Statistical Rnview are absolutely
justified by the eenslis ennmemtion. In 1n(1ia, however, the illiteracy of the
masses and the aimenee of a statistical sense in the people generally, render
the attilinment of a high stan,i:tr(l of efficiency r.ot very f~asy to realise within
a short time.
The system of The present Rystem of the registration of births and deaths in Patiala
registration in 8tate was introduced in HH [) when a revised scheme was drawn up by repeal-
the State.
ing the rules of HW 1, the year in which the registration of births and deaths
was originally introduced. Under the new system the control of the activity
rests with the Inspector General of Police. The initial duty, in rural areas,
lies with the chaukidars who are ~upplied with printed books, separately for
births and deaths, and they are required to p.nter in these occurences of
either nature, taking place within their beat. These books are presented at
the police stations, by the Chaukidars, on their weekly visits, and there the
Moharrir posts the entries in a register. The registers are submitted to the
Director of Medical Services, Patiala, in whose office, monthly and annual
returns are prepared. In towns where special sanitary officers are posteJ,
this work is entrusted to them.
In the case of Patiala proper, this duty IS entrusted to the Municipal
Committee, which has framed a set of bye-laws on the subject. According to
these" Dais" who hold licences from the Committee, are required to report all
bil'ths. Occurrence of deaths are registered at the different Octroi posts. Besides,
relations of the deceased also are under pain of fine, req uireJ to report all
deaths. Besides Patiala city, there are about 26 sanitary towns where births
and deaths are recorded by the sanitary Daroghas. Informants are responsi-
ble for the correctness of the entries. The information includes particulars
of births, including still births and deaths, by sex and religion and the classifi-
cation of deaths under certftin categories of age and disease. The records
both in thc villages and in Octroi post:; etc. are cheeked by the touring officers
nf various departments.
It would therefore appear that the State Government have done,
whatever could be possible in the circumstances to regulate the recording of
births and deatlu; statistics but if the vital statistics are not correct and
aloe deficient, this state of affairs can be attributed to want of interest on
the part of publie in having them recorded properly and correctly. The
advantages of the system of recording of vital statistics have to be gradually
impressed upon the public mind by means of educative measures and
safeguarded by legislative measures.
Bi-rths a. n d In 1931 the annual birth rate for British India was 34.3 and the annual
deaths. death rate for the same decade was 24.9 for the Punjab the birth rate was 42.7
and the death rate was 26.9 for the same declde for the Patiala State the
birth rate was 27.0 and the death rate was 21.6. At this decade the birth
rate for Patiala i" ~~.t hidy high indeed ·ttl 1 deaJh t'ate is 17.2 the differenee
 101
between the two being 12.2. Mr. Wattal in his book "The population
Problem in India" considers that the ideal to be borne in mind in regard to
the reduction of the birth rate and the death rate for India as a whole is birth
rate of 20 and a df'ath rate of 16. According to Mr. Wattal's authority the
birth and death rates viz 29.4 and 17.2 of Patiala State and the effective
balance viz 12.2 are problematic, if the registration, collection and presenta-
tion of vital statisttcs is correct and reliable.
As regards both birth and death rates Patiala State fares better than
British India and some of the Indian States. In Travancore, the most envi-
able State in this respect, the death rate stands at 16 whereas in Patiala State
it is 17.2-a difference of only 1.2. The minimum d"Jath rate laid down by
the economists for a normal population is 15 per thousand. The death rate
in our state is not very far from that minimum. The excess of births over
deaths haR yielded an increase of 237127 persons the total births during the
decade being 571088 and the total deaths being 3339t) 1. Now the population
of Patiala State in the last decade was rec()rded as 1625520 and if the balance
of 2R7127 is added to this figure the calculated population would come to
1862(3 -I: 7, but the defacto population of the State as recorded at this decade
has reachE'd the figure, 1936259, leaving a difference of 73612 persons between
the calculated population and the defacto population. This can be accounteo
for by the excess of immigration over emigration plus the allowance for the
inaccuracies and omissions in the reporting of vital statistics. The number of
births and deaths for male!'! and females, the excess of births over deaths, are
given below for each year since 1987 B to 1996 B inclusive.

---
MALES. FEMALES.
Year. ------------- -------
Births. Deaths. Increase + Births. Deaths. Increase +
decrease. decrease.

1987. 23988 15434 8554 20240 12244 7996

1988. 29154 16455 12699 24886 13690 11166

1989. 28057 17768 10289 24488 14622 9896

1990. 22376 15702 6674 19466 12282 7184

1991. 26212 19574 6638 22247 15394 6853

1992. 31812 19679 12133 28535 17192 11343

1993 35Ra9 17716 18153 30781 14923 15858
1994 33952 16426 17526 29634 13557 16077
1995 38330 21441 16889 34142 17742 16400
1996 36100 22422 13678 30369 19498 10871
Total. 306300 182817 123483 264788 151144 113644
 102

The reported figures of the vital statistics of the State for the decade
under report are given in the margin.

Males. Females. Total.

Births 306HOO 264788 571088
Deaths 182817 151144 333961
The total number of births in Patiala city during the decade
has been 21478 out of which 11310 are maIeR and )0168 females,
as opposed to this the total number of deaths is 18039 out of
which 9281 are males and 8758 are females. The difference between
the births and deaths in the population of the city during the
decade comes to 34.)9. If we add this to the population of the City at
the last decade viz 55129 the calculated population of the City would
come to 58568. The actual population of the City during this decade
has been recordfd as 69850, this gives a balance of 11282 persons which
can be accounted for as observed elsewhere by the exC\ess of immigration
over emigration plus the allowance for the inaccuracies and omissions
in the recording of vital statistics. The percentage increase in the
population of the City comes to 14721 which is 25.7 per cent ftnd is
better than the total percentage of the State which is 19.1.
The two statements given below show yearly births and deaths
in the Patiala City according to sex during the past decade : -
A-Births.

Name of the year. Males. Females. Total.

1931 948 805 1753

1932 998 923 1921
1933 1055 888 1943
1934 100 7 898 1935
1935 1211 1152 2363
1936 1177 1111 ~2t38

]937 1200 1091 2291

1938 )280 1089 2369
1939 1223 1108 2331
1940 1181 1103 2284
rotal. 11310 10168 21478

B-Death•.
1931 799 755 1554
1932 846 797 1643
1933 961 921 1882
1934 1010 936 1946
1935 933 860 1793
1936 866 811 1577
19.~7 906 873 1779
 103

N arne cf the year. Males. Females. Total.

1938 941 832 1773
1939 981 957 1938
1940 1038 1016 2054
Total. 9281 8758 18039
In 1987 Bk. birth and death rates approximated more to normal Variation in
birth and
than in any other year, thfl birth rate being 26.69 and death rate 16.77. dea.th rates.
In 1988Bk. the birth rate rose. The death rate also followed suit but not
to the same degree In 1989 Bk. the birth rate fell but the death rate
maintained its upward tendency. The next year viz. 1990 Bk. wit-
nessed a very steep decline so much so that it touched the lowest point,
recorded during the decade. The death rate also proved sympathetic
and fell very low. During the next two years viz 1991 Bk. and 1992 Bk.
both the birth and the death rates rose, though the ascent of the former
during the second year was steeper than that of the latter. In the next
year though the birth rate kept on rising the death rate had a steep fall
which continued during the next year as well and resulted in the record
of the lowest death rate of the decade. The birth rate also fell almost
to the level of the year 1992 Bk. In the next year viz. 1995 Bk. the
birth rate rose considefd.bly and recorded the highest birth rate of the
decade 38.03 the death rate rising in the same proportion. N ext year
the birth rate fell but the de3.th rate kept on rising and recorded the
highest death rate of the decade viz. 21.74.
In the Sta,te the birth rate ha.s varied during the past decade from
38.03 to 23.91 per mile of population (see diagram printed in the m&.rgin
of para supra. The figures are reproduced in tbe margin for facility of
reference.
Year. Birth rate per mile.
1~87 Bikrami 2669
1988 32.02
"
1989 30.82
"
1990 23.91
"
1991 27.21
"
1992 3330
"
1993 36.19
"
1994 33.9~
"
UJ95 38.03
"
1996 34.42
"
The statement at the end of the Chapter shows yearly births and
deaths by cert·tin diseases recorded inr the decade under review.
After infant mortality the second cause of our high death rate is the
high female mortality ht the reproductive ages. Not only is the infantile High Female
mortality very high but the number of female deaths at the child bearing mortality at
the reproduc-
ages is quite as serious due to the same caUSbS, viz early marriage, insanitary tive ages.
surroundings at confinement, un skilful midwifery., etc. Hence for the age (To fo llow
period 15-40 years, female death rates are generally higher than for males, infant morta-
lity) .
whereas in the age period 0-10 years, female death rates are generally lower
 104

than for mal(!s. It can, therefore, be a!"sumed without fear of being gainsaid
that the cause of higher female mortality at the reproductive ages is malnutri-
tion and complications resulting therefrom. The expuience has also shown
that the maternal delth rate in urban a,feas is higher than that in rural ones.
"The Officers of the Public Health Department of the Madras Pre:o;idency
made a special survey in 1930 in 16 Municipalities distributed throughout the
province and their conclusion was that in the confinements investigated thl.'
maternal morta lity r~lte was 15.4 per 1,000 births. Of these deaths, mort'
than half were due to sapsis-a prf'ventible cause of death. Further, they
concluded that the mortality was at its maximum in the earliest ages. In
rfllation to the order of confinement, maternal mortality rate was highest in
the first confinement then it decreased and again increased in the seventh and
later confinements." P. K. Wattal, Population Problem in India.
'I'he condition of maternal mortality in India and for the matter of
that in our State is so grave that an (lxpert investigation needs being instituted
:-;oon.

Average expec- The exprrience has shown that in the countries with a high birth rate
tatioD of life. the average expectation of life is low. One generation is pushed out of exist-
once before its appointed time to make room for the next. Conversely in
countries with a low birth ra~e the expectation of life would be higher.
Among the European and Asiatic countries India occupies the lowest position.
"Also that while the average expectation of life of a male in England is 55.6:!
years, it is only 26.91 in India, or less than half. In the case of females the
figures are 26.56 for India and 59.5~ for England, or even less than half."
P. K Wattal Population Problem in India. It is also apparent from the
above that expectation of life of It female in England is higher than It male
whereas in India reverse is the case. The English have improved upon their
already high figures of expectation of life whereas in case of India the pro-
gress made is infinitesimal.
Within India longevity is greater in Burma than any other province,
and Bengal and the U. P. occupy the lowest position in this respect The
absence of early marriage in Burma and its extreme prevalence in Bengal and
U. P. explains the appreciable difference.

The low vitality of the Indian people explains that at most ages the
expectation of life is lower than in the European countries, as can be gathered
from the f()llowing table.
 105

0
r--
<:0
ci
c:
.....,
,....,
<:0
ci
M
0.......
00
00
C\)
0
-'
~
00
<:0
0:
......,
ci
<:0
~ ~
~ r--
~ -
ci
<:0
0:
~
r--
~
00
C\)
ci 0
......,
.....,

O
<:0
c:o
10
.......
r--
r--
--'
r--
~
,.....;
-
~
,....,
t-
~
.....,
r--
~
.....,
00
cr5
.....,
~
10
.....,
.....,
LC5
.....,
.....,
~
,....,
M
0.....,
00
0
.....,
C\)
LC5
.....,
.....,
<:0
.....,
C\)
C\i
.....,
r--
~
.....,
r--
~
.....,
~
~
.....,

,...., Iq
r--
-
OC! 10 ~ OC! ~ ~ ~ 10 0':> M 10 t-: ~
,...., 0':> ~
.....,
0
10
C\l
cq
....":i
c\1
00
..... ci
....... c\1
~
C\l
0
C\l
ro
C\J
C\i
='1
cr5
C\l
~
......, ~
....., C\l
C\l
~
C\l
00
,...., C\l C\l
M
C\l

-----------

0
-t
I ,.....,

I
.......
M
0
~
ro
0
ro
G\J
to
~
C'l
00
ci
1.'1
Xi
C\l
M
~
r--
C\l
~
.....,
M
00
0
M
~
C\l
~
<:0
r:I_)
.....,
C"
00
......, 0
~

~
-
1:'1
~
r--
LC5
C'l
c:
0':>
C\l
~
ci
C\l
C\)
C\i
~

-~
--._- -----

.....,
O':l 00 0 0 IQ
OC! ~ 1.0 t.q <:0 ~ <:0 ~ ~ c: 0: 00
=
"'.."
0
0
ro ci
ro
c-j
~
00
~'l
0
M
00
ro
C\l
CI";
10
~
ci
~
0':>
M
.....,
~
ro
C'J
(.'1
C',]
ro
M
0
~
cr5
~
<:0
M
r--
~
0
""i<

=e ro t- O 0 C'\J <:0 C'i.

.. _ ~ C\l OC! ~ ....... \L 10 C\) ....., <:0 c:o
0 (fj ....... cr5 ,..,:,
OO ~ ~
J C\)
~ ro
1:\-5
cr.
t-
-t
,.....; t-
~ ""i<
0':> O':l t-
Cq ~
00
~
0
~
C'l
-t
ci
~
•CI
t(") ~ "i'
"'" C'1
"'"
till

,••
-~-------

...... ,...., r--:

ro c:
,.....; ~ t.q
0
,...., ~
,....,
G\l CI"; 0 ~ <:0 C'\J 0: C\l 0':>
0 0
,...., '1) ~ 0: G\l r..D r-- 05 ~ cr5 M r-- r-- ci 10 00
·C 10 c:o ro -t 10 IQ 10 10 t.o 1.0 CI"; ~ l~ 1.0 ~ ~ 10 10

..
•;:.
III
--.------- --

,...., ,....,
.....•.
10 t- O':> ...... <:0 1.0 ~ ~ t- 10 r-- ~ C\l 10
CI ,...., LC5 00 C'\i ~ W
to
c-j -.:t1 <:0 -.:t1 ro ci ....., ,...., :::-.:i cr5 ~

,
C
--
c:o c:o c:o <:0 <:0 c:o c:o ~ ~ LC c:o LO 1.0 c:o c:o

-
8 -------.-----~--------

.
.;C
~
0
10
ro
C
,....;
t-
..0
c:
......
ro
0
~
ro
r--
ci
1.0
c:o
cr5
<:0
~
~
1.0
0
ci
10
0':>
O':l
10
00
C'\i
<:0
O':l
~
C\l
c:o
~
C\l
ro c:
00
10
-.0
I~
00
~
~
....~
~
~
r--
0
<:0
r--
...,;.
c:o
U
...c:
....-
~ ~ ::;.;, ~ ;,;S ~ ~ ~ ~
Q;'
00 ~ ~ ~ )j ~ ~ ~ ~ :E ~ ~
0

....c
.2
<G
U
CI
Co
....00
"
(.&J ~
<l)
p..,
"'I"
M
l'-
C\l
I
10
cr.
I
M
M
I
~
M
I
,....,
~
1:'1
~

I
0
~

I 10
M
C\l t-
.......
ro '1) G\l O':l
.......
0 c:o 0':>
ro ,_ CI"; '::-'J ro ro C\) ,....;
0':> O':l 0':> O':l 0':>
,....,
O':l
...- ........ ,.....; ,....; ,....,

--~----~---~~ - .. ----~-----_ .. --- -~--- -----~- -----.. -"~~---.------

rL
().)
........
~ 00
~
-...
~

...=:
>-.
I-<
~
... "'CI ~
;;....
§ ......ee ;;.... =:
~

0
~
0 11
.~
I
~
~
~
=:
~

'"'0
=:
~
........
~
.
~
~
I-<
c;
~
<;1.l
"'CI
~
~ ...
.......
---!
~
ft
~
~
00
~
<l)
.....=:
p
M
c::
~
 106
The expectation of life in European countries has been showing a
decided increase owing to bette!' conditions of life and greater control over the
preventible causes of dea~b, whereas in India economically speaking, the
country has been practically at a stand-still and the improvement noted in the
case of European countries has failed to appear. In fact, it is possible to make
out a plausible case to show that a positive deterioration has set in.

The longevity of a people is determined by the number of persons aged

60 and over per 100 aged 15-40. The statement in the margin wjll reveal as
to how the different parts of the state fare in this respect:-

Name of Tehsil or district. No. of persons aged no and

over per 100 aged 15-40.
Patiala State 26 24- 33
Himalayan ;~2 34 48
Kohistan District 3'2 34- 48
Kandaghat Tehsil 32 84 48
Sub-Himalayan 25 80 3'2
Patiala District 99
'-'...i 21 34
Patiala Tehsil 21 22 28
Rajpura Tehsil 23 24- HO
Sirhind Tehsif 81 28 39
Indo-Gangetic plain west 27 23 33
Bassi District 32 29
Dhuri Tehsil 33 30 37
District Karamgarh 24 21

Tehsil Bhawanigarh 27 24
Tehsil N arwana 1() 17

Tehpil Sunam 27 2;)

District Barnal:ll 28 22 :32
Tehs;] Barnala 34 29
Tehsil Mansa 29 24- H2

Tehsil Bhatinda 26 2() 29

District Mahendragarh 26 20 38
Tehsil Narnanl 26 20 38

It will appear from the above that the highest longevity has been
recorded in District Bassi and Tehsil Dhuri. Himalayan tract and for the
matter of that District Kohistan is almost equally fortunate. 'Vhereas
the former having once recorded a decrease in 1931 has again risen, the latter
has been declining since 1921. The one or the other of the two tendencies is
manifest in almost all the districts and Tehsil. The that occupies the lowest
position is N I1rwana in District Kararngarh.
 107

The question of population and age necessarily involves some Infantile mor-
tality.
reference to the question of infant mortality that is to the number of infants,
(To precede
per mille. born who die during the first year of life. A great deal of attention maternal mor-
has been given in recent years to the study of this question in India where out tality)
of every 1,000 children born as many as 179 die within the first year of life.
The subject is one which can be touched only briefly in an essay of this kind
but it is so intimately and undetachably connected with the population pro-
blem in a country that some discussion of it is inevitable in the course of the
consideration of the growth of population. The death rate of infants (i.e.
children below one year of age) is usually calculated per 1,000 births in the
yea I'.
,. Studies of the statistics of countries of the world show that there is a
close co-relation between the rate of infant mortality and the size of the family
owing to two distinct sets of tlCtOl'S, physical and economic. On the One hand the
vitality of the mother and through her the life of the child appear to be effec-
ted by the age at which child bearing begins, the number of births (or pregnan-
cie:;) and especially the spacing of births; on the other hand the health ot the
infant iH closely allied with the circumstances frequently associated with large
families, VIZ poverty, congestion, mal· nutrition, insanitary surroundings
and thl') impl'Ovidence and ingnorance of the parent8. Large families and
a con-comitant wastage of infant life seem to be the special characteristies
0: a backward pflople ami of people in the less economically favoured classes".

It is obvious that the fewer the children the more the interval between
one child birth and the next. E~ch child would start with a fair vitality,. as
the mothel' would have had time to recover from the effects of a previous
child birth and would after birth receive more attelltion.
Owing to the highly insanitary conditions prevalent in the bigger cities,
infant mortality is especially heavy there; for instance in Bombay it is 556
per mille of ('hildren as against Homething like 60 in London, Experience has
also shown that mortality among female infants i~ lower than among male.
The normal expel·ience in all countries is that male infants are more delicate
and difficult to 1)1'ing up than female ones, In my opinion, the meticuloUf:
care bestow('d upon male infantt-l to the utter di~regard of female ones makes
t.he fonnel' very delieah~ al1<l highly sn-w::lptible to the attacks of the Rlightest
ailment whereas the lattm' left, more or less, to their· own resources, become
hardier and phYRically fit to make headway against rliseases.
rnfant mortality is gencl'ftlly high in those countricH where birth rate
is high, that is high bil-th rate and infantile martality go hand in hand and
that the latter cannot he reduced until the former is rw\twed.
Causes of the high infantile mortality arc almost identical with those Causes of the
of the mortality of females at the reproductive agps, as given elsewhere. They higher infan·
tile mortality.
are, however, summarised below fo]' facility of reference.
(1) F:arly marriage: Owing to the enstom of early marriage co-habi-
tation and child hearing generally commence before the g'rl is physically
matlll'P and the infantile debility and malformations including premature
births aC(~O\lnt for by far the greater number of infantile deaths. The evil of
('arly mal'riage can only be eradicated by the spread of education and no
amount of inrlividual effort8 can bear fruit. unless mass-consciollsnesR IS
awakened.
- - - - ------------ ---
*CenSTIS Report of India of 1\-121 Pftra 109.
 108

" That there is a close connection between early marriage and infant
mortality in India will be clear from the following figures (based on the
1921 census) given in Appendix VU·C of the Report of the Age of Consent
Committee ;-

No. of M. girls Infantile mortality Average of

Province. below 15 per decade 1911-20 excluding 1918.
1000 girls.

"'l'his table sho iVS that infant mortality increases with the increase lU

the number of married girlR below 15.

"The same report contains remarkable evidence regarding the poor
vitality of children born of very young mother..... " >1'
(il:) Primiti ve and insanitary methods of midwifery: In rural arem~
the methods of midwifery are so crude and insanitary that quite a large
number of infantile deaths as well a,., of the mother are occasioned for want
of proper help. Deathil which are caused by tetanus are entirely preventible.
Even a little ordinary cleanlinesR and a little common knowledge of hygienp
would rednee the death rate by one half.
(iii: Drugging the chi ld with opium when thf mother wants to be
disengaged for wOI·k and also the growing difficulty of obtaining milk in
plenty-factors which are present in an especially acute form in large
towns and citips though by no means altogether absent in the villageg-
are important contributory CaUR€S
(iv) To crown them all and la,rgely explainiug these causes is in-
fluence of the grinding poverty of tbe masses which makes the people
peculiarly non-resistent to diseases like malarIa, plague '1Ild mtluenza.
If the child survivE'S the pre-natal and natal chances of congenital
debility and the risks of child birth it is exposed to the dangers of deaths
in the early months of iife from Bronchitis aLd respiratory diseases,
convulsions, diarrhrea (or dyseotry) and enteritis.
I n the cities the three principal causes of infant mortality are
congenital debility, premature birth and tetanus neonator:llm, syplilis
being largely responsible for the second of these. 'The infantile mor-
tality in Ba.roda State is said to be chiefly caused by "child marriages,
faulty breeding, contamination of the milk supply, ignorant management
of children, frequency of motherhood and insanitary condition." A
high m.te uf infantile morta.lity among muslims is to be ascribed in the
mHin to the strict purdah observed by them.
*P. K. Wattal Population Problem in India.
 109

The faots and figures disoussed in the preoeding ,pages present the Conclusion.
following problems of great magnitude, no doubt to be properly dealt
with :-
(1,) Vitn.l statistics in India and for the matter of that in t.he States
are far from being perfect and need to be improved urgently for a really
accurate indication of the demographic condition of the population.
(ii) Tbe death rate is still very high, far higher than in most
civilised countries of the world, Eastern or Western.
(iii) Infant mortality is also very high, it is, in fact, much higher
than the recorded figures show.
(iv) Maternal mortality is so acute as to call for urgent inveBti~
gation
(t') The average expectation of life is about half of what it ought
to be and shows no signs of improvement.
(vi) The life that people lead is one of low vitality. The heaoah
of the people is very unsatisfactory and their nutrition i~ very poor.
 110

'SllJBwaa I'~ I
o
·sasn'Bo•.ralfJO 00 00
,...-I ....-
CIJ

~ CIJ ro _ ~ 0 ~ ~ CIJ ~Io

_____.a_l_!q__ a_~_'B_U_S___L_~ ~~-----ro----~----------~----GO-----~----ro-----GO____

__ CIJ
__ f ~____

rol~
~I~
------------------
CIJ
C\l

I~
o

-
00
C\]

·A.rluasAp
puu U90q.U'B!G

I~!~
l~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~l~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~I~
I i~ ~ ~ CIJ C\] CIJ C\] C\] ro ro ~
-----------------~----~.----------------------------------------_---------~------

!~ I I I I ;g ~ I I I I I~
1

_ - - - _ - - - . ---------'---------

00 ~ 0 =...... = 0
=
C\]

I 00
.... I I""""""" ......
I ~
~
_
~1
-
C\l
ro
......

I------------------I----~----------------------------------------.----~- -------
I 1~ ~ gro ~ ~ ~7J ~::.0 ~ @ ~II;
·I'r.~o,L I
::.0
I ~
........
0
1'-
C'5 r-.= ;.;. .~ ~
-< .....
0;:
C\J ro,-
C\]
0;:
= 0;:

:
I i i C\]
i
I
-----~-, --------------g
I!
~
ro :f:l

~
~

~
:f:l

6ro
ro

~
:"':

~
-~.- --_. - - .- - - I -----
C\]

~~
ro

~
~

~
I ~

~
II 'S9I1HU;:), ,T ::.0 '1 ::.0 ~ c\1 ...... 0;: leo r-- -j'

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~I§
1------------;------'----- .-.--~--- --~-------- - - - I
!...,..
~
leo
~
ex;;
::.0
C\]
0
~
~
e:
~
::.0
,......
~
CIJ
......
-
C\]
CIJ
~
......
""i" ""i"
= ""i" ""i" ""i" GO

-
Ie f'- f'- lC ~ ~
e:
. . . r, ..-
~ ::.0 f'-
....
~
.... ... ... ...
f'- 0 ......
C\I
CIJ
C\J
~
7J

C\l GO

-
['- GO
~ o
C\l
~ ~
It::
 111

571088 66814 308485 11535 td

~
""
e.
333961 36324 180554 18936 tj

Z t:j ~ I:C Z
1:0:>
~
..... S
~
S
g ~
S; (t)

-
~
~

>-
(6
>-
~
1:0:>
(t)

>-
..,
~
5"
..-
0 So
Go
(t)

l
1:0:>

44288 4676 13293 25137 1122 td ....

~
00
-l
27678 2319 8669 16057 633 tj

54040 6834 16960 29165 1081 to ....

~
00
t:j 00
30145 4013 921)4 ]5636 1242

52995 7086 16898 28248 763 b:1 ....

co
00
32390 792 t1 co
3a98 10552 17048

41842 5093 14561 21058 1130 to ....

~
co
0
27984 3195 7442 15801 1546 t:1

48459 5268 14232 27744 1215 td ....co

co
......
34968 2692 9987 21305 984 t1

60347 6463 18412 34222 1250 td ......

co
co
t..:>
36871 4194 12802 18785 1090 1::1

66650 8388 31666 35197 1399 td ......

co
co
32639 17408 1122 1::1 w
3679 10430

1343 ttl
63586 7729 22439 32075 .-
co
co
~
29983 3745 8567 16604 1067 1::1

7:.?472 8134 23542 39563 1233 tc .-

co
co
39183 4226 13860 19972 1125 1::1 Ol

ttl
(i6469 7143 22151 36076 1099 .....
co
co
42120 4863 1-1584 21508- 1335 1::1 ~
 112
CHAprrER V.
Part I.

Sex
General Re- The prosperity of a community depends more or less on the sex-ratio
marks. of that community. A great disparity is decidedly an evil notwithstanding
the fact that equality in the numbers of sex is a rarity. With regard
to disparity hetwpen males and females of a community, the scientists differ
Mr. Watt ai, a great authority on Census statistics, considers that the caste
system with its insistence on endogamy, is responsible for the exceRR of males
in India and that masculinity is a 8ign of declining population, but these are
the opinionlS which require to he established by concrete proofs and by
scientific and logical expositions.

Referenc(' to The Btatistics rfllating to sex are contained in the Imperial Tables 1 to
statistics. V and VII. The former give the distribution of the population by sexes and
the latter presents it by civil condition and age. The subsidiary table:-: noted
below deal with other co-relative phases of the sex question.
Subsidiary Tahle (VI) Proportion of sexes by natural divisions and
(listrictR.
Subsidiary Table (VTT) Fpmall'H per 1,000 males hy mam ~om­
Illn nitip:-; and age.

Sllhsid-iwry Table (VIr!) Females per l,OOO males by mam com-

111llniti(>~, age and natural rtivision.

'rhe information in respect of sex wa:;; collecte(l through question No:

Instructions to
enumerators. ~ of the enumeration sli p. The instructions were :;;imple inasmuch as the
Rex of a person enumerateo was to be entered as given by him or her-male or
f('male as the case may be. Ennuehs and hermaphrodites were to hi' inclu-
ded :nnongt mnlf'R.

Accuracy of The chances of inaccurate recording of the information relating to sex

stA.tistics. are not so frequent as in the case of age etc. The caSl3 of males is out of the
question, but it might have come to pass that in Rome cases purdah system
might have rendered the enumerator unable to verify the information regard-
ing the number of females returned. In the first instance no concealment was
practised as regards the recording of females also and secondly the enumerator
and Rupervisors who invariably belonged to the loeality in which they earried
enumeration knew to n large extent the female members of the family which
t.hey enumel'ated.
The total population of the State recorded at. this census is 19,36,259
persons; 1°,66,10;') are males and 8,70,1:")4 are females, giving a proportion
of 817 females to every 1000 males, or of 81 females per 100 males. In
other words 5;') percent of the population of the State is male and 41 percent
is female. This proportion iR a great improvement over the figure reeorded
a.t the bst decade which was 805, and certainly fl, still greater improvement
over the figures of the decades of 1921 nnd 1911 which were 781 and 77() reR-
peetively. The highest fignre was 821 recorded in 11)01 and the identical pro-
portion was had in 1881 which was 818 almost tantamount to the figure of
the present decade. It would appear from the ahove cited figures that the rise
in the proportion of females is heing steadily maintained for the last 30 years
 113
and the present proportion viz. 8t 7 is a justified figure. There is nothing in
this excess to invite criticism or impugn the accuracy of the statistics. If
there was any inaccuracy in the past in the recording of females, it is now
gradually disappearing at each succei'sive census on account of the improve,
ment in the outlook of the masses in respect of their women as also to the
increasing accuracy in enumeration. No instances of difficulty have come to
notice in the recording of females. Notwithstanding this increase, the propor-
tion of women in the State is lower than that found in the Provinces of
British India in 19;3 1 -the figures for Hl41 being not available. The figures
for three decades are cited in the margin to show that in order to be at
par with the pro-
-----------------------------------------------, portion of women in
Number of females per British India the
1000 males. proportio n of
women in the State
has further scope to
I
1911. 1921. 19B1. rise. In short mas-

BomlJa--Y-(-in-c-,l-ll-d-in-g-S-in-d-)-. I, --93--0- ---9-.-1\-) --9-0-1- ~~~in ~~:!~

Bengal. 950 932 924 how, the proportion
Bihar and Oris::;a.
Central Provinces and
I 1,040 1,029 1,005 of women in British
India is showing a
Hera!'. 1,010 1,002 998 tendency to decline
Madras. 1,0;32 1,028 I 1,025 instead of rising but
Punjab. 820 828 I 831 still it is much hi-
United Provinces. 917 912 902 I gher than the pro-
Assam. 940 926 900 ' portion in the State.
North West Ft'ontier The comparison of
Province. 850 8;H 843 sex-ratio with Euro-
· t an.
Ba Inch lS 790 730 717 pe and other fore-
BunTIn. 9;')9 9f)5 958 ign countrieR may
be a n academic
hobby but is redun-
dant to do so be-
All India 9?)4 945 940 cause of difference
In ci rcumstances,
social customs, locality, climate etc.

With regard to these proportions Mr. Wattal observes that "in the
regions in which the Mongolian and Dravidian race element is strongest, that
is, in Burma and the southern and central tracts of India, there is a higher
proportion of females than in the areas of North and North-West India in
which tho Aryan and Semitic strains prevail". Patiala State has a popula-
tion with a strain of Aryan and Semitic races. The chances of mixture are
alfio well nigh nil because migration from or to those parts of India where
people of different ethnical strains live is not systematic and great.

It may be inferred from the high proportion of females in the Himala- Effects of
yan natural division that the cold climate of the hills is more suited to a eli m a t.& O-D
proportion of
preponderance of females compared with the dry or wet heat of the plains. It sexes.
is however doubtful whether the statistics bear testimony to this inference.
The pr')portion of females is even larger than that of Himalayan tract in the
T(lhsils of Rajpura and N arwana and in lUahendragarh district. The propor-
tion of females fro111 place to place varies so little in the these natural divi-
siom; that the establishment of any relationship between the slight differences
in climate and the nriation in the proportion of females will not be justifiable.
 114

Proportion of rrhe relative position df communities in this respect is (1) J ains (2)
sexes by com-
munity. Christians (3) Muslims (4) Hindus (5) Sikhs. The Sikhs have the lowest
number of females. The Hindus, Sikhs Muslims and Christians have been
j

gaining since 1921, but the Jains have suffered a heavy loss with regard to
. the proportions of females, just as they have declined in total population. The
Mohammedans have suffered a slight loss. The proportion of females among
Mohammedans, is higher than both the Hindus and Sikhs. But the pro-
portion at birth is lower among the former with Hindus 954 and Moham-
medam; 950, The reasons that can count for their advantage over the
Hindus is that they do not neglect their female children so much as the
HinduB do, the cURtom of eharging a bride priee being more common amongst
them.

The deficiency of females is greater among the Hindus and still greater
among thE: Sikhs. Similar i'easons can be given in repect of both the com-
munities. The desire to have a male oft-spring, the undesirability of having a
girl and other eonsiderations affect the Hindus and Sikhs more than the
Mohammedans. The perRistent desire to have a son for the continuance of
the male line of descent is perhaps the most important cause of the paucity of
females amongst the Hindus and Sikhs. So far, therefore, as the Hindus and
Sikhs are concerned, nature doeR not appeal' to be unjustified in keeping the
population of females low. The comparative abundance of femalES in the
Himalayan tract which is mainly Hindu is an exception.

Sexes by age. The proportion of females at different age-periods is given by main

communities in the subsidiary table below.

---_----- -.--------- ----

Age-period. All religions. Hindus. Sikhs. Muslims.

---
0-5 n86 1001 968 1004

;")-10 880 893 864 894

10-15 8~1 839 8o;~ 833

15-20 804 847 769 8i~

20-30 813 852 767 852

:30-4 t 787 825 744 828

40-50 723 741 694 759

50-60 689 704 681 683

60 and over 681 691 687 652

--
 115
The figures in the margin show that the proportion of females in the
I State is highest at the age period 0-5 in all communities. In the total
population the proportion of female children under 1 year is g51 and in the
case of children of 1-2 it rises to 1033. The teething time is the most
critical period for children all the world over and the canine teeth
which are most troublesome generally begin to appear in the second
year. It is known that the girls combat the crisis more successfully
than male children. Clearly, this is due to the rougher upbringing
of female infants, which makes them hardier than males. The propor-
tion of female children of 2-3 years dropR again to 989. This can
perhaps be accounted for by the fact that the mothers neglect female
children at this particular age period for they, desirious of getting a male
issue after the birth of a girl, stop feeding the baby girl on breast as soon as
. she is deemed fit to live on other diet, the idea being that suckling hampers
conception. This happens when she is less than a year old. Tht effect of
premature withholding of this natural diet renders the baby girl susceptible
to atttacks of illnf'ss and the effects usually appear in the third year of her
life. The proportion of females in the next annual age-period viz 3-4 again
rises to 1026 but that at 4-5 falls to 935. Between the ages of 5 and 10 the
proportion of females suddenly falls to 880. This may be partly due to the
fact that the ages of girls over 5 are generally understated, although it would
be counterbalanced to some extent by the similar understatement of ages
under 10. Secondly the liberties of female children begin to be restricted
about the age of 7, which coupled with tht=' effects of their earlier neglect thin
. down the ranks of females. In the next age-period viz., 10-15, we find
a still lower proportion of females (822). The reason of this fall are three
fold. Firstly the ages of unmarried girls above 10 are usually returned to
be under 10, because of the social upbraiding to which the parents are
exposed who happen to own an unmarried daughter of marriageable age.
Secondly married girls under 15 are more often than not, stated to be over
that age in order to ensur(~ immunity from such legislation as the Sarda
Act etc. Thirdly the death rate in females of this age period is very
high as a result of the dangers attending consummation of marriage at
immature ages, parturition, sceptic poisoning, etc. At 15-20 the proportion
of females rises a little higher amongst the Hindus and Mohammedans but
among the Sikhs, the proportion of this age-period is very low, 759 to every
1000 males. 'fhis illustrates the tendency of understating the age of
unmarried girls over 15 and in most cases giving the age of a married girl
as 20, and is consistent with the practice am0ngst the Sikhs, of marrying
girl:;; usually between the ages of 15-2P. 'rhe figures of the age period 20-30
rise in all religions as well as in total population. Mohammedans are
stationary. The deaths occurring as a result of parturition and un skilful
midwifery methods affect this age period leBs; the highest increase is recorded
 116
. by Mohammedans and the lowest by Hindus. In the next age period viz,
.ao 40 the proportion falls, the loss beingthe greatest in case of Hindus and
lowest in case of Sikhs. The effects of the consummation of marriage at an
early age and exces8ive child bearing manifest themselves with their full
force. The Sikhs, who are mostly agriculturists, and whose females lean a
more outdoor life, stand the ordeal better. The Hindus who have a large
percentage of widows have the highest proportion (691) of femaleR living to a
highly advanced ages. The SikhR and Mohammedans who go in for widow
marriage have a comparatively small number of females above tiO i.e. 687
and 65:1 respectively per thousand male;;. This appeal'S to bear testimony
to the belief that unrestricted widow marriage reduces the longevity of
females by 1'e exposing them to the risks of parturition etc.

Variation in The proportion of femaleR at the different decennial censuses 11-1

sex proportion. indicated below ..

Total. Himalayan. Stl b- Himalayan. rndo-Gangetie.

---------~-----------

1921. 718 851 7(i0 81A

i~)B1. 805 8R4 797

1941. 817 818 790 824..

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - ----- --------

Variation by The relative strength of females rose steadily from 718 per 1000 III
community at 1921 to 805 in 1931, and to 817 at this census.
different age-
periods.
The proportion of females to every 1000 males in 1921, Hla j and
------- 1941 is shown in the
Religion. 1921 1931 1941 margin by community.
-------- With the exception of
,J ainR all religions
Hindus 806 824 341 have a greater propor-
Sikhs 749 772 787 tion of females now
than they had 10 years
Mnslims 824 829 H42 ago, the Jains, who live
Jaim! 873 908 878 mainly m towns and.
now possess the largest
Christians. 779 798 875 proportion, having suf-
fered the most. The
strength of females haR grown remarkably among Christians ever 8ince 1921,
owing to conversions.

The J ains have declined although the proportion of females amongst

them is still higher than in any other community.

'raking the ages upto 5 years together, the proportion of female child-
ren has steadily increased from 930 in 1911, 960 in 1921 and 963 in t 9:n
to ,986 in 1941. All communitit's except Mohammedans have increased
8teadily since H) ll, the former having declined in 1921. They have, how-
ever, now regained lost ground and stand where they stood in 1921.
 117

The improvement during the past ten years' has been very marked-a sign of
the increasing vitality of the people. In the age period 5-10 there is a gene-
ral decrease and at the ages 10-15 and 15-20 all religions appear to have suf-
fered with the exception of Hindus and Mohammedans. The Hindus,
Mohammedans and Sikhs show a decrease in all the higher age-periods, rang-
ing from no years.

The Patiala State like ~lll other provinces of India shows an excess of Compa.rison
of vital sta.-
males. [f birthR and deaths during this decade are calculated, the results tistics.
show aR under:-
Births. MaleR. Females.
Births. 306300 264788

Deaths. 182817 151154

Excess of births over
deaths. 1'23483 113644
Sexes according to
1941 census. 1066100 870154
Actual vital statistics 1083414 876067

The fignres show a slight increase over the census figures. This
(]ifference my be in my opinion due to migration.

- - - - ----_- ---- - - - - - - - -
Birth:;:. Deaths.

Males.
Females. 'rotal. Males. FemalelS Total.
----------_ .. _-.----_._- _.
1921-31. 239655 200351 440006 196568 155455 352023.
1931-41. 306300 264788 571088 182817 151144 333961.

The total births and deaths during the past two decades are indicated
above. It will be seen that the present decade 'Yas favourable as far
as births were concerned which exceeded those in 1921-31 by 66645 and, al-
though female births are still low, yet during the present decade 864
females were born to every 1000 males compared with 836 in the preceding
1() years. AR regards deaths also the dncade 19:11-41 was more or less
favourable, particularly for females. The number of deaths declined from
3G'2023 in 1921-31 to :13:1961 in 1931-41, showing a decrease of 18062 or 5
pereent. But females suffered more than males, and the proportion of female
to male deaths went up from 790 in 1921-31 to 8~6 per 1000 males in
l!H '-41. On the whole the total bil'ths exceeded total deaths by 237127
d2:HR3 males, 113344 femalf's) during the decade resulting in an increase
in t he total population, and particularly in that of females. The highest pro-
portion of females at birth is shown by the Himalayan tract (962).

As noted above, the vital statistics show a net increase of 123483

males and 113644 females during the past decade. But the census figures
show an increase of 165508 males and 145231 females. The difference in
two sets of figures is not large if we take into account the effects of migration
 118·

and although it cannot be denied that here and there omlSlOns, mostly unin·
tentional, are made in reportjng births and deaths, yet the system now in
force in the State is a definite improvement over the previous ones. In any
case there is not much veracity in the contention that births or deaths of
females are concealed more than those of males.
Caules of disparity of sexes.

General re- It is believed that in breeding definitely tends towards preponderance

marks. of masculinity, the marriage within the caste will ultimately, at any rate, in-
crease the proportion of male to female children. Bnt statistics however point
ont that this belief is not infallible,
As is the case in other countries mOrA males than females are
born in this State. The proportion of males born per every] 00 females
is 105 which is identical with thp, figure of most European countries
(including England).
Causes of High Female Mortality.
The high mortality of femaleR in the State can be accounted for
by two sets of causes. The one includes natural causes, such as lower
birth rate and higher death rate in the case of females. The other in-
cludes of artificial or social, religious or economic causes sucb as
marriage system, universality of IJJarriagt', early marriage, etc These
causes may be summarised as below:-
1 Female infanticide.
2. Neglect of female infant life.
3. Changes in the life of females at certain stages.
4 Infant marrill,ge and premature sexual intercourse and child
bearing.
5. UnRkilful midwifery.
6. Hard life of widows
'7. Abortions
8. Confinempnt and bad feeding of women at puberty a,nd :lfter
cbild- birth,
9. The hard labour which low ciaRS females have to perforrr..
l~)' Treatment of sterility.
Infanticide mea,ns the uelibera,te murder of a child at its birth.
1. Female in-
fanticide The ffmale infantIcide was practised among higher classes of Hindus in
the olden times but the pra.ctice has now dwindled down to insignificance.
The origin of female infantICide can be traced to the Mohammedan
invasion of India and was baRed on the following grounds.
1. Thl' del warrior classes particularly Rajputs, when at war with
Mcbammedans, cODRidered nothing so humiliating af.' to allow to pass
their sisters and daughters into ~he hands of enemies, and therefore put
an end to their lives before the termination of the fight. So high was
the sense of honour of RHjpnt ladies that in cases of imminent defeat
they performed .Tauhar ceremony. A~ huge fire was lit and hnndreds of
 119
women threw themselves into the flames and smilingly burnt themselves
to death rather than to be insulted by the enemy.
2. There waS much difficulty among high castes to find a suit-
able match for girls in the high society. If a match was to be
found, there were privations to be suffered by the girl in the house of her
husband.
3. The heavy marriage cost WillS another cause of female infan-
ticide. It involved enormous expenses on the father of the bride in the
shape of dowries and other things. He therefore preferred to kill a fe-
male child rather than to expose himself to the ridicule of society for not
being able to offer a handsome dowry.
The neglect of female infants has been the general rule save in 2. Neglect ot
tracts and communities where bride-price is charged. Even there the force fema.le infa.nf
life.
of custom is unitble to prevent ensuring the equality of treatment of
boys and girls The birth of a female is usually considered to be an
occasion for condolence rather than a cause for congratulation. Conse-
quently all in attendance become unmindful of the requirements of the
girl ana the feeding bathing etc. of the newly born babe are sadly
neglected. In latter stages a distinction is made except in well-to-do
families between the food given to girls and that prepared for
boys. This neglect of female infants usually results in a large number
of female infantile deaths and has probably been the most important
cause of the disparity of sexes. The things are, however, improving
appreciably with the spread of education and with the changes in
customs.
That the neglect of female life is decreasing is supported by the
figures for the age periods 0-5, The proportion of females to 1000 males
upto 5 years WitS 960 in 1921. It rose to 963 in 1931 and haq now
risen to 986.

Although neglected, the girl infants move a.bout unrestricted like

3. Cha.nges iu
boys upto ttJe age of 5 or 7 and become hardier despite their earlier ~he life of t.
neglect. At this age restrictions gradually begin to bfj placed on their males of cer·
tain ages.
movements and they are confined more or less to the house. The want
of necessary exercite obviously injures their different organs and they
become so weak as to fall an (Jasy prey to diseases and epidemics. The
proportion of females at the age period 10-15 when the second change in
the life of au IndilLll girl takes place viz., when she shows signs of
puberty i.e. the transition period from girlhood to womanhood, is very
low i.e. 821. 'rhe change from a healthy outdoor to an indoor life is
detrimental to her health and by the time she is 10 or 1:3 she becomes in
some cases wreck. This is consequently the most risky part of an Indian
girl'~ life.

Next to this, the period of life most fatal for women is from 20 to
40 years, which is the regular reproductive period. The high mortality
at this stage is only natural owing to parturiti~n, crude midwifery
methods, etc. After 40 the deitth rate among females falls down consider-
ably even lower than males.

Early ma.rriage or to be precise, early, consummation of marriage 4. Early mar-

has undoubtedly serious effects on females survival. The wife being riage.
 120·

invariably younger than the husband the union naturally tells more
heavily upon her health. Where the marriage of young people is consu-
mmated at an early age, say, when the boy is not more than 16 years and
the girl is 12 or 13, a fairly large percentage of wives die of pthisis or
somA other disease of respiratory organs or from some ovarian complica-
tion, withm J 0 years of the consummation ·of marriage. The general
tendency of the educ>l,ted classes is, however, to discourage early m<trriage
or, at a.ll events, e:uly commmmati0n and most of the rEformed religious
societies, particularly among the ·Hindus and Sikhs, are conducting a
regular cru'lade against this custom. .But the reformist movement has
so far not beell able to mend matters to such an extent Ad to efipct the
proportion of females.

5. Deaths from
p:irturition & Deaths at the time of parturition from want of skilled midwifery
mid wifery me- occur of a quite a large number of women as a result of praiperal fever
thods
ana other uterine troubli~s. Crude midwifery among the masses is in no
small measure rei"ponsible for the high dea.th rate of females at the ages
2')-40. By the establishment of the Patiala Maternity Hospital a great
deal has been done in the matter of placing trained midwifes within the
reach of the people, but, in the ·face of the demand, the supply is so inade-
quate that only a part of the urb:1n pOPlllation can benefit by their services
and the poorer classes in towns, and villages generally have to depend
solely on unskillfld dais whose knowledge iN based upon nothing but perso-
nal experience, and who attend many cases of delivery in a day without
properly cleaning their handR. People who lead an outdoor life such as
agriculturists and field labourers propably need no skilled help. Some cases
have corne to the notice of the author in which a robust jat woman took
ill on a journey which she wad performing all by herself, rested under
a shady tree on the roadside, where she was delivered of a child, and after
a little while resumed her journey with the baby, her confinement not
laRting more then a few hours altogether. Bnt such cases which \o\er0
common half a century ago are now rare.

6. Tr~atment After delivery the mother',is given a food which is more or less
of females after too rich and nndigestible by the weaker mothers of the present day.
child-birth
Du ing the 11 or ] 3 days she is confined in a dark, ill-ventila.tei room ill
which a fire generally keflps smouldering for the purpose of burning
incense, etc. In Ruch a stq,te of affairs she gets anything but fresh air to
breathe and ea~ily dige.;tible food to e:l.t and all these things tell heavily
upon :18[, he dth Uld sometimes even cause death.

7. Enforced Complll"ory widow hood is a cllstom peculiar to Hindus. 'rhe

widowhood.
lower classes allow the remarriage of widows but w/en amongst them a
widow does not al ways rem Irry. Muslims, who generally have no reli-
gious prohibition to widow remarriage and do not enjoin enforced widow-
hood have their a~titude tingpd by Hindu associatiol1s. Many of them
have in their defeoca the couplet of the Persian poet S'adi. "Rahe rast
hirao aqarche dwr ast, Zane hewah makun a_qarche hur Wit'

rrread the str:light path safe, although it more distant be,

So take not to wife a widow, E'en if she a Houri be").
 121

Among the Sikhs, too, the higher castes alone do not have widow
remarriages. The baneful effects of the custom are therefore experienced
by the Hindu society alone.

The enhanced death rate among widows reduces the proportion of

females. A large number of widows are Reriously affected by the shock
of hearing of or witnessing the death of their husband and shorten their
span of life by deliberate exposure to privations of all kinds and sometimes
owing to unbearable grid destroy themselves immediately by poison or
in any other way. So whether from deliberate neglect of themselves or
from illtreatment which they receive at the hands of the parents of their
deceatied husband the life of the younger widows is usually cut short.
Hence when accounting for the pa.ucity of females amongst the Hindus
this factor should not be lost sight of.

8. Fema,jes are, as a rule, responsible for all household work, and 8. Modes of
living and cer·
those of th9m wh<;l cannot afford to engage domestic servants have to tain oU8~oms.
do by themselves all the sweeping and cleaning work. The cooking
when done indoors, within badly ventilated rooms, necessitates the in-
halation of a good deal of smoke. In addition to the above the following
habits of females account for abnormal excess in their mortality.

(1) It being assumed that the germs of pestilence shelter in the

floors of infected houses the females whose work is confined to household
functions and have little chance to live a,nd take exercise in open air,
expose them to the disease.

(2) The assemblage of a large number of women in a sick room

to a greater extent than is customary among men and their nursing the
sick with0ut tq,king necessary precautions, insufficient food, exercise
and ~leep bring about the samE' result.
(3) 'Vhen a death occurs in a house, still larger number of
females assemble for the purpose of mourning and sit round and near the
CClrpse. In mourning parties (siapa\, too, in which females join in a
greater number as compared with men, they sit inside the house generally
badly ventilated on the ground sometimes all day long, crying and
beating their breasts while on such occasions men sit outside. Most of
the females of the deceased, moreover, sleep on the ground floor
during the first week or IO days of mourning. The custom is also pre-
valent that the nearest female relatives take food very indifferently and
irregularly during these days, that too in early part of the morning.
(4) The females 1)£ pourer classess who sweep the inside of the
house, where sweeper for caste reason is not; permitted to enter
roofed dwellings enhale dust of the infected house floor and expose
themselves to every ch!Lnce of contncting the epidemic prevailing in
the locality.

5. "\V umen generally remain in the house bare-footed and some-

times do not wear shoes at all, they catch the infection through
their feet, The kacha houses even some of the pacca house floors
instead of driving their moisture and killing the germs by disinfection
due to religious scruples are smeared with cowdung which is un-
digested animal food with certain amount of animal secretion mixed
 122

with it in its passage through the animal system and is liable to de-
composition emanating putrid gaRes contaminating the air of the room,
and it being animal matter also makes a favourable bed for the
disease germs to multiply and flourish The females who pass their 24
hours in such houses are expected to fall an easy prey to the epidemic
than males.
Abortions are common among widows of loose morals in all
communities and also in some cases among married women of similar
habits who happen to conceive during the absence of their husbands.
Excessive haemorrhage often causes injury to the patient particularly
in the abdominal region, and there is always the risk of sceptic poisoning
and of consequent death.
A woman believed to be sterile will run filly risks if assured of the
10. Treatment
for sterility. birth of a son. Ordinal'lly the worship of the family god, Vishnu,
Shiva or the Godde;;s is resorted to. But many women have recourse to
Fakirs, Sanyasis. Mohammcd::t.n saintR, etc., for medicines or charms to
cure sterility All sorts of unknown medicines mostly metallic compounds,
are freely given by the quacks and eaten with absolute faith. They
often prove injurious to health, but cases in which the treatment of
sterility might have resulted fatally Rcl60m come to notice and must be
very rare indeed.
The use of charms is most common and is least injurious to health.
Black magicinns have been known to advise desperate remedies, such as
bathing in a cremation ground over a burning pyre, the sacrifice of a
boy and hathing in his blood, etc., but theRP are things of the Pftst Other
psychic practices are, however, still adopted. A sterile woman is asked
to bathe on a cro..;sing of roads or streets, or to armnge to throw her
sh,tdow on a boy after bathing.

Causes of Low Female Birth-rate.

Causation of
Sex determination is beyond the capability of human beings and
Sex biologists lack its solution. A class of scientists consider that the sex
of the offspring is decided at the time of fertilizatiou, and cannot be in-
fluenced by wishes and witcherafts. The author of the last Oensus
Report of Patiala State ha~ presumed 'that if the potency of thought and
will has anything to do with the causation of sex, which in some
quarter8 is recognised to possess a great influence, surely the mascu·
linity of our population is due to this cause more than anything else.
However, thlS problem is academic and can better be left to the future
biologists to solve. We are at present concerned with the number of
each sex returned nt the census and how this number affects the
prospects and welfare of the populabon of the State.
The general desire to have a son in preference to a daughter is
probably an important cause of the higher birth rate of males than
fem::lles. Sons are everywhere desired, not only among Hindus, where
a son iA llPcessary to his father's salvation, but equally so among other
communities as well; daughters in many parts of India mean great
expense in providing for their marna,ges, which moreover,
ftmong the majority of Hindus must be arranged by the time
they reach puberty. So strong indeed is the prejudice against the birth
 123
of daughter that abortion is reported to be sometimes practised if the
child in the womb is foretold to be a girl.
Hence the potency of will and thought has come to be recognized
a material fHctor in the causation of sex.
A few of the numerous theories on the causation of sex are given
below:-
(1) The sex of the child follows that of the stronger parent.
(2) Conception in the bright fortnights results in a male and
that in the dark in a female, a belief common among both Hindus and
Muslims.
(3), Conception within 1] days of menstruation results in a. boy
aud thereafter in a girl.
(4) If after intercourse. the man sleeps on his left and the
woman on her right side, the consequence is that in case of concep~
tion the seed settles down in the right side of the womb and a male child
is the result and vive vena.
The use of charms for securing a male issue is very common Measures taken
to secure a
amongst all religions except Christians. Many a faqir is believed to male hirth.
ha.ve the power of rE'gulating the sex of childre::l by means of charms.
Besides the medicines given by the faqirs, certain prescritpions are
known to be used by the laymen themselves, e. g.,
(a) the use of hemp seed within 40 days of conception is sup-
posed to ensure the development of the embryo into a male child,
I.b genuine pearls eaten within the menstrual period are sup-
posed to have the same effect,
(0) use of heating drugs after 40 days of pregnancy is supposed
to re!'lult in a maJa offspring,
(d) if the woman cohabits with her husband 28 days after the
commencement of menses, or, in other words, two dlYs before she is at the
height of passion, she will surely get :1 male child. After the Great War
this method wa; put into practice in order to raise the number of males
:t,ud 99 out of every 100 women gave birth to sons.

In oODllection with the divination of sex the fol!owing tests have Divination of
he en put fort" in the Punjab Census Report, 19 ~ 1. : - Sex.

A pregnant woman is expected to get a male child if

1. she is Rlow to miRe her right foot and if the heels are of
natural colour (in the case of a female child they grow red);
2. she loses the colour of her complexion and becomes languid;
3 her right breast is fuller than the left;
4. the foetu!> is prominent on the right side;
5. she likes sweet articles of food;
6. she invariably puts her right foot forward when starting on
walk
 124

.7. she does not desire sexual intercourse;

8. milk flows out of her breasts;
9. the milk from her breasts is thick, heavier than water and
yellow in colour (if the milk is thin, light and white in colour the child
will be a female) ;

10. the abdominal regions remain unusually warm and also the
palms and soles;

11. the nipples are red with an areola round them;

12. ~he desires to eat good food (if she is inclined to eat clay or
other inferior substances she will bring forth a girl) ;
13. in the advanced stage of pregnancy, the discharge (from valve)
is of bright yellow colour;
14. the breasts get full of milk in the sixth month (instead of the
fourth in case of female child) ;
15. the fcetus moves in the sixth month (instead of the fourth in
the case of a female child) ;
16. the abdomen is not unuFmally enlarged;
17. the right side of the pubes fwd the vaginal canal are hard and
she grows lean;
18. a boy is usually born in the ninth month after pregnancy and
a girl in the tenth. 'rhe sex of a child is also divined by astrologers with
reference to the time of impregnation; and various omens, which need
not be detailed, are supposed to give fl,n indication of the sex of the child
in the womb.
There are a few other theories also which it will be interestiUlg to
note.
L. The woman carrying a male child is said t;) be cheerful, fond
of delicious fruits, remains happy in the discllarge of her household duties
during pregnancy and dreams of m'~.ngoes, lotus, etc., and the woman
carrying the female fcetus becomes hot-tempered and irritable.
2. If the louse thrown in the milk of a pregn:tnt wom lon d~es not
die but begins to crawl the pregnancy is said to bd of a male child, and
if it dies instantaneously the inference is for the female child.
 PART II

FERTILITY.
 127
CHAPTER V-PART II.
Fertility.
The phenomenal increase in the population of India during the Preambl•.
last fifty years and the high birth and death rates clearly point out the
importance of a careful study of the fertility question. For a careful
formulation of population policy the study of the question is a bare
necessity. The decline in the birth rate of western countries has
proved that a high living leads to unfertility. This tendency has also
been observed in India. Those of the classes which live a life of high
standard have much fower children, while aborigines and low caste people
multiply much rapidly. Further, fertility and longevity have also some
sort of inverse correlation. 'l'he study of fertility question is interesting
Dot only from biological but also from social and economical point of
view. It was only from the 1911 census that collection and analysis of
statistics of female fertility began. Mr. J. T. Martin attempted to
obtain, during the census of 1911 some statistic!:! on the subject in Central
Provinoe. In 1921, when Mr. Martin became Census Commissioner for
India enquiries were conducted in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, the Oentral
Provinces, the Punjab and in the States of Travancore and Baroda.
In 1931 the enquiry was extended to all the provinces and States Previous en·
with the exception of the United Provinces. The results, obtained with- quiries
out much difficulty, were very interesting In 1931 in Patiala State
111so the enquiry into fertility was made and the reRults are included in
the report of that decade under the caption 'family statiRtics'. The
enquiry, however, did not cover the entire State but was confined to
certain ,elected areas in each 'rehsi!. It was purely voluntary and in
all L6,877 families were examined. The purpose of the enquiry was to
obtain data regarding average size of a. family, the duration of married
hfe and the sex of children born. Six tables were prepared and they
related to sex of children born, families according to occupation, propor-
tion of children born and surviving, number of married females at
different ages, proportion of fertile and sterile marriages, the number of
women with different durations of marriages and children born in each
case for families according to religion and class.
This time no separate schedules were issued; the censns question- Present en-
naire itself included the following two questions which were to be asked quiry.
in case of married * females only.
1. Number of children born and surviving.
~. Age at birth of firat child.
From the combination of answers to the questions regarding
age at birth of first child and the present age of married women were to
he derived statistics concerning approximate duration of married life.

On the suggestion of the Superintendent, Census Operations:

Punjab, attempts were made to set up suita}; Ie agency to make more

* At first it was contemplated that lhese questions should be asked about a ma.rried
woman or a widow or ~ divorced woman. But on reflection it waF decided that they
would be restricted only to married women with the idea of concentrating on results in
respect of continuing. and completed fertility.
 128

detailed enquiry into the fertility question in specially selected areas. It

was decided to obtain information regarding the age at the time of first
conception. It was also deemed necessary to have figures regl1.rding the
:werage period intervening between cohabitation and the birth of the
first child, the sex of the first and of each successive child, the period
elapsing between births, the use of contraceptive, other delibemte
restrictions of families and similar details. This was, however, aban-
doned for want of suitable agency and at the recommendation~ of local
subordinate census officers and of the Director of Medical Services
who considered such an enquiry in the State inadvisible. No general
tables were prepitred because the analysing of results of the qUf'stions
involved complications, sorting and tabulation.
The Census Commissioner in his circlular No. 14-Camp dated
Localities to
be examined. 12-4-41 suggested that the results should be analysed for definite social
units and with some differentiation. The social units to be determined
were left to the discretion of the Superintendents. The units selected
were to be distinct from one another. The scrutiny of fertility data was
not to be made in respect of every social unit, only those of an appreci-
able size were to be dealt with. Accordingly the following four units
WCrt~ selected for collection of fertility data.

(i) Kohistan District (All religions).

Since the rate of birth and the increase of population in this district
is the lowest of all in the State, it was considered a.dvisable to examine
the fertility d<1ta 80 that reasons for the small increase could be
:1.scertained. In Kohist:1.n district there has been :1.n increase of 9% over
the population of 1931 as compared with 19.1 % in the total popUlation of
the State. The study of fertility data in this Tehsil promised to be
interesting from the medical p1int of view also due to the wide prevalence
of venereal disen,sns.
(ii) Na.rnaul 'rehsil (Hin(lns .
'
The Hindu population of the State IS on the decline and it was
therefore felt that the examination of their fertility in a Tehsil the popu-
la,tion of which Was predominantly Hindu would be of great sooial
interest and would throw a flood of light on the cau"es of their decrease.
Sunam Tehsil (Sikhs).
Sunam is situated in the Indo-Gangetic tract where the popUlation is
predominantly of Sikh J ats. The steady increase of the Sikh population
in this area makes the examination of their fertility a study of special
interest. Sun am Tehsil was selected on account of its typical conditions.
(iv) Sirhind Tehsil (Muslims).
The largest proportion of the Mllslim popuhLtion is found in the
Sub-Himalayan Tehsils of Rajpura, Patiala and Sirhind. rrhe proportion
of Muslims to total population has been surprisingly constant during the
last fifty years, and, therefore, the study of fertility data in their case also
in one of those Tehsils in which they are in majority was expected to be
very illuminating. In 8irhind the greater portion of Muslims are 'Aria/ns'
who are consid8red to be very fertile. Therf'lfore it was considered advis-
able to analyse fertility data in their case in Sirhini rrehsiL
 129

The following tables were compiled in each case.

1 Size of family and present age of married woman.
2. Size of family by age of mother at birth of first child.
3. Age of mother at birth of first child and number of children
born.
4. Age of mother at birth of first child and number of children
surviving.
5. Number of children born and surviving.
6. Age at birth of first child according to means of livelihood of
husband.
7. Size of family according to means of livelihood of husband.
Tables Nos 3 and 4. were to be prepared only for women aged 45
and above.
The total population of Kohistan District is 60,736. In 1931 and
1921 it was 55,638 and 54,705 respectively. In the past thirty years
there has been an increase of 6,031 persons or 11% only, the increase
during the correspondmg period in the whole State is 29%.
The following table shows the percentage, variation of population in
various tohsils of the State during the past fifty years:-
 130
Percentage variation of population in various Tehsils of the State during
the past fifty years :-

N atnral Division Percentage Variation 1901-1911 1901-1911

1911-21
and Districts. t931-H 1931-41

Patiala State + 19.1 +8.~9 +7

I -12 +21.2
I
I
Kohistan Distt, +90 +1.71 -4 ,
+3 +8.9
I

Kandaghat Tehf'il +9.0 + 1 71 -4 -+3 +8.9

I
:
Patiala Distt. +~1.0 +5.85 +3 -20 +6.0
I
Patiala TehsiI + 23.41 -+ 8.8 +2
I
-20 +10.0
I

Rajpura Tehsil +18.0 +3.94: +4 -20 +2.0

I

Bassi District +19,8 +113 -+ 8.4 I

t
- 27.4 i +4.9
i I
Sirhind rrehsil + 16.0 +11.0 +7.0 I -29 i
i
-1.3
,
Dhuri Tehsil +22.0 + 11.65 +90 -27 , + 10.1
II
I i
Karamgarh Distt. +18.9 +6.30 -t 10.0 -18 + '20.G
I i
I
I
Bhl1wanigarh Teh +20.28 +977 I
+10.0 I -27 +5.3
I' I
Sunam Tehsil + 23.m) I +8.35 ,
I
+9 I -14 I
+26.8

N arwana Tehsil + 1340 +1.71 +12.0 I +3 +32.B

Anahadgarh Dist +20.5 +9.38 +8.0 I +1 +43.4

! I

! I
Mansa Tehsil +22.43 +8.70 +5.0 +4 +45.5

Barnala Tehsil +26.29 + 13.28 +8.0 -25 +14.9

Bhatillda Tehsil + 16.42 +8.11 +12.0 +17 +64.0

Mahendragarh Dial.\ +140 +9.76 +1.0 +10 +37.8

Narnaul Tehsil I +14.0 +9.76 + 1.0 +10 +37.8

I
It appears from the above table that the increase In population In Tehsil
Kandaghat is the lowest of all.
 131

<:.C
t-I
.-t "tl 00
,...., "tl
,...., 10 t-I Ii,)
,...., ciJ
....;
b ~
,...., lb c/)
,....,
~ C'I I-f 1"""1 t-I c:l ~

,.....(
C'l
0':>
,.....(

l:- t:- ...... c.o ~ c.o c.o

~
t-I C'l
'"
t-I C'I
~
-; ...... ,.....( T"""I
0':>
rl
0':>
...... ,...., "<tt
,...., 0
C'l

,.....( 10 C'1 0':) t-I C'l t- ~ 0':) "<tt cq

t-I ,...., t-I ,...., t-I ~
t-I C'l
R t-I ,.....( ~ ,.....( 1""'t ~

......
co
0':>
,.....;
,
.:t:) C':> ,..., 0
.- ,.....;
C'1
-;
10 ,...., C'l
,...,
C'1 I:-
...... 10 c:l 10
,...., CI)
~
,.....( ,.....( 1""'1 I"""'i 1""'1

_.--- - - -
I
I ~
C'l
...... "<tt
,...., 0
.....
0':)
,.....(
0
~
c:l
,...., t- O':)
,...., 10
...... c.o
,...., 10
rl
0':)
,....,
,....,
,....,
,...,
"<tt
0':>
I -
......
~
,...., 00
......
~
,...., Cf)
,...., -; Ie
,...., 0:> "'ti
,...., 00
,...., Cf)
,...., ~
,...., cc
,...., ,....,
lC
1""'4
~

00

- "<tt 00 co 0':>
Cf':l I:- Cf) c:l 10 0':> "'ti 0':>
~
..... 0;,
...... C'l
,...,
'T) 0':>
,....; ...,
t- ...... 0 0 0':> 0 ,...., ,...., 0':>
C'l C'l C'l C'1 ...-I C'l r>l C'I rl

I
10
~
-
0':>

rc ---
(l)
OJ) I ~ c.o 10 ,...., 10 00 0':>
~
ct! ,...., ~
@ 0 10 10
CI) C'l C'l Cf) c:- CI) Cf)
,...., Q) 00 0':> OJ
r:n
(l)
co rl rl rl ,....; ...... ...-I ...... ,....; ~ ...... ~ ......
0':>
C6 ......
S
.....
<J)

roo ,....,
<J)
,...., c.o C'l c.o ~ 0':> ...... 00 00 0 l:- t:- 0':>
'C
,_, C1)
,...., C'l
...... 00
,...., 0':> I:- 0':>
,...... co 00
,...., 0':> 0':>
,...., C'l 0':> t-
C'd
~ rl rl ...... ...... rl M rl
0':>
:s ,...;

,...... 0':> c.o 00 C'l 0 cc 0:> 10 ~ 00 cc t-

..... cc
,...... 0':> C'I
,...., C'l
...... 0 co 10 C'l C'I
,...., C.;J cc
,...... cc <:.0
C'l ,...; ...... ,...; 1""'1 ...... ~ ,...;
0':>
0 ......
"::1

l.Q
I
,...;
,...., 0 ~ t- C'l . 0':> c:. c.o 00 0':> O':l t- O C'l
""d t- to :.0 I:- 10 <:0 t- <:0 c.o ~ c.o t- O':>
(l)
OJ)
co
0':>
ct! ,.....(

r:n
~
0
rn I
'"'
(l)
C'l 0 10 Cf) t- 10 0 C'l ~ C'l C'l C't ,....,
~ ,...., I:- 10 t- t- c.o l:- t- t- t- t- t- t- oo
"'ti
Ci:
,......

i
!

...,
(j) ,.0
::...
''-;
w ct! ...." ct!

-
...." cO
A \JJ ..cOJ) .....OJ) C:l ~
eel
...:::::C:l
-
(l)
i
rc ~ ;:::: eel I:'
E-<
i
ct! c.tI
......::
ctl cil ct! S .t:: ~ eel .....
r:l ct!
~
.......
...."
cil
roo
~
ctl
......
~
ct! .....
..c
,_,
C:l
.......
...."
ctl
is:
ce
..c
...e:cil ct!
~
::l ..c
::::: ~
'cil"'
r:n
~
ce
...."

A
ce ~
'ce"'
,
~ ~ p:; \JJ ~ P=l Z W A cq ~ ~ Z
 13'2

The table on the prepage shows that the proportion of children

born per 100 males aged 15-40 and married females aged 15-40 is the
lowest in Tehsil Kandaghat. Another interesting feature is that while
in other parts of the State the proportion of children is either steady, or
after a fall in 193 t again shows an upward tendency in the present
decade, in 'rehsil Kandaghat it is steadily declining. The number of
children per 100 married jemales in 19:21, 1931 and 1941 was
168, 18~ and 186 respectivelY whereas in Tehsil Kandagh:1t the corres-
ponding figures were 123, I ~4 and 122
This is ohviously due to low and declining birth rate in Tehsil
Kandaghat, the low birth rate n itself is not an unhealthy sign, rather
it is coveted if it is followed by longevity and comparatively sIImller
death-rate. A very high birth rate is usually accompanied by a corres-
ponding high death· rate and comparatively lower expectation of lif8.
'The measure of longevity in the ceusus figures is the proportion of
persons aged 60 and over Lo those aw~d 15-4\", There are 14 males and
12 females aged 60 and over per 10J aged 15-40 in the whole State,
while in Tehsil Kandaghat there are 18 males and 14 females per 100
aged 15-'10. In none of the other Tehsils of the State are there so many
persons of advanced age. The low oirth rate, therefore, in itself is not
an unmitigated evil or entirely undesirable in Kohistao or for the matter
of that in any other part of thd State.
However, viewing the statistics of the last thirty years we find
that not only is the proportion of Ghildren to persons aged 15-40 steadily
on th;:) decrease but also the number of persons aged 60 per 100 aged
15-40 is also declining, as will be evident from the following figures :--

- - - - -------_.-
1941. 1 D31. 1921.

-._--_-----

Males. Female.;. Males. Females. .Males. Femrtles.

- - - - _.... ---- - ---- ---

lK 14 19 1'2 '27 21

This decline on both the ends however is not desirable and calls
for a very detailed study and survey. Attempts will be made here to
discuss this point so far as is possible from the d~ta :wailable. Tht-
population of Kohistan is predominantly Hindu and therefore the study
of the problem of fertility of that district is necessarily a stmdy of ferti-
lity of the Hindus of that district 'rherefore fertility of Hindus has
been discussed in greater detail since that of other commnnities for
comparative value only.
In Kohistan there are in all 14098 Hindu married females to
N urn her of whom 30984 children were born. This gives an average of slightly more
children horn.
than '2. Out of these 19'203 or 619 per thous:·wa children were surviving
at the time of enumeration.
Table I shows the number of married women, total number of
children born,average total number of children surviving and propor-
tion of survivors to 1000 born. According to this table the size of a
family varies according to the present age of married women. Since,
however. it is not uncustom3Jry in hills to have more than one wife,
correct idea of the size of family CRnnot be formed from this table.
except in case of ages where o~ly two or three children were born and
surviving. The rate of survival per 1000 children horn varies between
490 and 860. The highest proportion being in case of age 34 a.nd the
lowest in case of age 60. The highest average of children born is 5
in the ages 35-40 but the proportion of tmrvival in case of age 40 is 56!)
per 1000 and in case of latter ages it is only 491.
 133
It would, therefore, not be incorrect to deduce that iii a lamil)i'
in which compartively large number of children are born the proportion
of survival is smaller than that where fewer children are born. The
reason is simple, the larger the family, harder it is to support it and vice
versa.
Table II shows the age at birth of first child, number of
married women. total number of children born, average per married
woman for that ~ge, total number of children surviving and proportion of
survivors to 1000 born. A perusal of this table shows that no definite
results can be deduced with regard either to the rate of birth or of
survival from the Ilge at which the birth of the first child took place.
From this table we C'ln however form a fairly accurate estimate of,
the age at which marriage becomes effective. That there is an inter-
vening period between the formal marriage and when it becomes effective
is evident by the comparison of two tables I and n; Table I shows the
number of married women, their present age, number of children born,
number of children surviving and proportion of children surviving to 1000
children born. Table II shows similar information according to age
of married women at birth of first child. It can be presumed that the
marriage wa:; effective probably one year before the age at which the
first child was born. In only two case~ the first child was returned to
have been born at the age of 11.
There are however 524 married women whose present ages are
between 1-11 and as stated above in only two cases children were born at
the age of 11. It is, therefore, apparent that though marriage.s might
take place at ages less tban 11, they ar l not effective till the girl is older
thltn this age In a discussion of the physical results of early marriages
it is the :1ge at which they become effective which is of vital importance.
Table II shows that t)36.3 married women had children and out
of them 605~ or !1bout 80 %had their first child between the ages 14 to 21.
Out of the total 30981 children born, 25463 children were born to them
a.nd out of 19203 children surviving 16319 are their children. The
women who had their first child born during the age 14-21, had on an
lweragA 4 children, while all other women being put together had on au
average 3 children only. The rate of survival per lOlO of children born
in the first O'1se is 64l and in the second case it is only 522. From the
above it can, therefore, be concluded that marriages are most fertila if
they are consummated between the age 14-:H. Not only larger number of
children tend to be born, but also a larger proportion survives. In case
marriage is consummated after a woman is older than 21 or younger than
14, not only lesser number of children are born but much larger pro-
portion of them dies. It can be s'1fely presumed that marri::lges consnm-
ma,ted between 14-21 are mostly fertile.
That actually most of the marriages are effective during this age
will be apparent by the perusal of tables III and IV. TheBe tables are
f0r women aged 45 and above. There are 2215 snch women while those
who had children are 1468 or 66% of the total. However in case of
women below 45 out of 11071 married women, 6t)9.5 or 62% had children.
Most of those who arc now 45 or above had all their children ten years
before or still earliet". Therefore it is a,pparent that larger number of
 131

marriages ar~ becoming unproductive and the proportion of childless

marriages is increasing. 1t is beyond the scope 'of this essay to &.Ccount
for such a state of affairs or to ascertain whether' it is due to the defect
or disease amongst the males or amongst the females. It would be
fairly correct to assume that this is one of the causes of comparatively
sma.ller increase in the population. The discussion as to how far it can
be apportioned to the physical condition of the two sexes is beyond the
scope of this essay. It can j however, be stated that this increase in
childlpss marriage, is not due to any voluntary birth-control.
Proportion of The number of children born and surviving has also an important
survival to the
Dumber of bearing on the increase of population. The co-rela,tlon between the
children born. number of children born to a woman and the number of children
surviving is till indefinite and on the basil': of the datn. avail!t.ble it would
be unscientific to deduce results. The highest number of children born
is 16; two women had 16 children born to them and out of them one
has only eight children surviving and the other only five. There are
five women who had fifteen children each, two of them have no child
surviving the other three also have only one, three and five children
surviving respectively. Fourteen women had fourteen children each
and from amongst them also two do not have a.ny surviving children,
r_}_ his tendeucy of having no child surviving is manifest in all the cases.

Particularly, when a woman begot more than eight children, it is seldom

that all her children are alive. 76% women had eight or more children
born to them out of which only 36 women or only 5% had all their
children alIve. Those women who gave birth to five or more tha.n five
but less than eight children are 1964, out of them only 443 have been
fortunate enough to have all their children alive. This gives a percen-
tage of 22.6. Women who had 4 or less than 4 children are 5632; out of
them 2946 or 52% had all their children alive.
It would be quite safe to conclude from the above that the
number of children born has an inverse co-relation to the number of
those surviving. ffhe following is the tfLble of survival of the different
number of children bo~n.

No of children Total No. of Children Proportion per

born. children born. survrvmg. 1000 to children
survivors.
1 to 4 12160 8383 ()88

5 to 7 11657 7219 61H

l-l and mure ()167 X544 57;)

From the nbove it is clear that the proportion of survival decreases

with increase in the number of children born.
Effect of Agriculture is the main Occup1ttion of the population. Out of t>863
children born
and surviving women who had children, 7486 have agriculture as their means of liveli-
on the means hood and had on an a,verage 5.5 children each; the rate of survival in
of livelihood of
the husband, their case being the lowest. I t is but naturai, as they are economically
backward as compared with those who have commercia,i, or professional
means of livelihoJd. The popUlation of Kohistan is mainly Hindu; the
Sikhs and Mllslims Ii ve there t,emporarily and mostly in connection with
State service or labour, They constitute a very small proportion of tho
 135
total population. There ate only 9 Christian married women; a study
of their fertility can therefore serve no useful purpose. In case of Sikhs
there are only 495 women and in case of Muslims 977. The women who
had children in ca se of both the communities are 338 and 638 only. There-
fore a detailed study in their case is also not warranted. The following
table shows the average number of children born in each community and
the proportion of their survival.
Average No. Proportibh
Women. of children of
born. survival.

Hindus 14098 2 619

Muslims 977 3 687

Sikhs 495 716

From this table it would be c1ear that tbe conditions of life of Sikhs
in Kohistan is quite different. It is quite natural as most of them are
only temporary residents. Among Muslims of Kohistan the great majori-
ty are those who have migrated from other mountainous areas to this
district in search of employment as labourers, for instance Tibetan and
Kashmiri labourers. The rate of survival in their case though higher
than Hindus is lower than that of Sikhs, average number of children
born in their ca.se being same as that of Sikhs. In respect of Sikhs and
Muslims it can be correctly assumed that most of the children were born
outside the district of enumeration.
Narnaul District.
The other predominantly Hindu District is Narnaul. Out of the Narnaul di ••
total popuh,tion of 5,97,488 Hindus in the State 2, 26, 022 reside in these trict.
two districts. The Sikhs and Muslims in the other districts are 8,93,509,
and 4,10,216 respectively. Thus in the rest of the State they are even
fnwer than Muslims. Therefore as stated in the beginning of this essay,
the study of the tendency of their increase in these two districts can
enable us to formulate a fairly accurate idea of the general tendency of
Hindu population in the whole. State. The ratio of their increase
in these two districts is likely to reflect their increase all over the
State.

The total population of N arnaul during the last forty years is as

follows : -
1941. 1931. 1921. 1911.
1,93,506 169,089 1,54,047 1,53,912.

The increase over rest of the State during the period was 39%.
rrhu8 in N arnaul also the rate of increase is not in keeping with the rest
of the State.

From the table on page 7 it is evident that the proportion of

children per 100 married females aged 15-40 is gradually on decrease
since 1921. In 1921, there were 192 in 1931, 189 and in 1941, 179, while
over whole of the State similar figures for the years 19'21, 1931, 1941 are
198, 182, and 186 respectively. The perusal of the table referred to above
shows that in mOdt of the tehsils the number of children decreased in
19;31 as compared with 1921. In 1941 it again rose though the figure
 136

b£ 1921 could not be reached. Contrary to this, their number has

continuously been declining siq.ce 1921.

The number of persons aged 60 and over also decreased in the

State in 1931 but in 1941 it rose &gain. In case of Narnaul particularly,
the variation is howevel very sharp. In 1921 there were 20 males and
18 females over 60 per 100 persons aged 15-40, in 1931 there were 8
males and 12 females, in 1941 there are 15 males and 11 females. In
this case longevity has decreased along with fecundity. This tendency
is comrary to the generally accepted tendencies observed in other coun-
tries or in the rest of India. In case of Kohistan District it was found
that low fecundity resulted in longevity but in N aruaul and in some
other tehsi 1s of the State reverse is the case and in N arna.ul rrehsil there-
fore ~t decrease in birth rate is not necessarily acccmpanied by an increase
in longevity.

There are 33, 3E3 married females who had 1,04,680 children out
of. which 78,889 survived. The proportion of surviving children to 1000
born is 754 In case of Hindus of Kohistan the proportion of survi ving
children to 1000 born is 619 only. For these reasons the rate of increase
in Kohistan is lower than in 'til arnaul.
Out of 33,383 married female~, 32,439 had children and only 9944
had no children at all, or, in other words, 70 %of the married females
begot children.
Table No 1 shows the age of married females. rrhe lowest age is
12 years whereas the ea,rliest age at which rrmrried females had children
in Kohistan is 11 ye1l.rs.

In case of HindU!:; in Narnaul early marriagefl are much less

common. Out of 23439 married females who had children only 900 had
their first children at 14 or before th;-l,t.

The following table shows the different age-periods at which

married females had children.

--- --- _------_.

Proportion Proportion Proportion
per 100 mar- per 100 of per 100 of Proportion
Age at birth of ried females total children of
first child. who hadcbild- children surviving. survival
ren in this age born. chIldren.
period.
._------
14 and less 4 3.6 3 377

15-20 76 77.7 77.7 754

21-25 16 15.7 15.7 756

25 and over 4 '3 3.6

rrhe above table shows that while the rate of survival IS slightly
higher in case of women who had their first child between 21-25 it is
fairly proportionate according to that of married women of that age-
group. It is however evident that in 76% cases marriages become
effective during 15-20 ftud the averllge number of children born is ftlso
higher for this age-period,
 137
The rate of survival also in their case is the highest. These tables
do not show any different tendencies to table I and II. Any separate
discussion therefore is unncessary.
To one woman as many as twenty children were born though
only five survived. However it is seldom that a woman should beget
more than six children.

Out of the total number of children born 66119 were born of

those females who had six or less than six children; and out of them
5U14 children survived. The proportion of survival in case of these
children per 1000 children born is also higher than in case of other number
of children. The rate in case of the first is 785 and in the latter it is
699. 1'h rate of survival rises with the lesser number of children born.
No. of Children Proportion of survivors to
born. 1000 children born.

1 834
2 864

3 837
4 772

5 774
6 739
The above shows that proportion of children surviving is genera.lly
higher in ca'les where lesser number of children are born. It is seldom
for a woman who had four or more than four children to have all her
children alive.

The correlation between the profession and the age a.t which the
first child IS born is a very complex one and requires a more detailed
study. Thfl conclusions formed on the basis of figures now available
cannot be of much value, since only broad classifications of agricultural,
commercial and professional avocations have been adopted. These are
very wide terms and as such are of little scientific value. Agriculture is
the means of livelihood of more than seven-tenth of the popUlation.
Na~urally larger number of children are born to the females of this class.
Out of 23430 married females who had children 19560 belong to this
class. The following table shows the average number of children born to
each married female
Means of Average. Proportion of survival
livelihood. to 100 children born.

Agricultural. 5 758
Commercial. 5 732
Professional. 5.5 737

To sum up the results of fertility satistics of Hindus of Tehsil

Narnaul it may be stated that while the most common age period during
which marriages become effective is 15-20, the number of children born
and Aurviving is .however approximately proportionate to the number of
women of the age in which marriages become effective. The proportion
 138

of survival to children born is highest during the age-period 20·25. In

other age-periods it is les8 than the average for all the ages. It is not
possible to form any conclusion with regard to the influence the means of
livelihood exercise over the age at which the first child is born. Though
in case of agriculturist, the number of children born on all average is
less and the rate of survival is higher.
Sunam Tehsil.
Of Sikhs enquiry was made in Sunam Tehsil.
The population of Sikhs in this Tehsil in 1941 was 93,197 and in
1931 it was 61,814. There has been an increase of 31,383 persons or 51 %
during the past decrtde. Therefore the study of fertility is of parti-
cular interest.
Child marri'1ge is quite common here and girls are married as
early as three years. There are 438 married females whose present age is
10 or lesl'l. But such mftrriaget! are not consummated earlier than 12
years. The earliest age at waich child-bearing begins in this tehsil is
13. The total number of married females is 20,007. out of wbich 9~;-) are
leFls than 13 year!'; the earliest age at which a female has been returned to
have given birth to her first child. Out of them 14870 women begot
children and 4214 unions were unproductive. 'rhis means that out of
every hundred unions 22 % are un fertile. The rate of survival for all
ages is 738 per 1000 which is incidently lower than that of Hindua of
Narnaul.
Marriages are mostly efiecti"\'e during 15-20-years, out of 14870
married females who had children 10915 females had their first child
during 15-20, 2983 during the age 20-25, 317 before fifteen and only
655 had their first child after 25. If a woman does not get a child by
the time she is 25 it is seldom that she gets any. The highest age at
which a woman was returned to have given birth to first child is 40 and
17 women had their first child at this age. Though more than two
thirds of the marriages become effective during the 15-20 age, the rate of
survival per 1000 children born is, however, much less than the rate in
case of those who had their first child during 21-25. In the former case
it is 731 and in latter it is 772. The highest rate of survival in the
individual ages is 877 at the age of 20.
TablAs III and IV show the number of children born and surviv-
ing of ma.rried females whose present age is 45 or more. Most of these
women had their children from twenty to twenty five years earlier. The
rate of survival of children in their case can be taken to be a fairly
accurate index of the conditions prevailing twenty years back. The
comparison of the two figures will give some idea of the change. The
ra.te of survival in CR,se of women who are at present 45 or more is 689, as
against 753 per 1000 for other women. Thus there has been an increase
in the rate of survival of 136 per WOO which is very gratifying. This is
no doubt one of the chief causes of the remarkable increase in population
()f Sikhs in this tehsil. J Qst like the tables of married females of all ages,
these tables also show that marriages become effective in predominantly
large number of cases during 15-dO. Out of 21339, 16233 children were
born of such marriages and out of 14701 children surviving 11897 come
of these women The rate of survival is 733 per 1000 children born in
 139

ca.se of women who had their first child between 15-20; for the rest it is
749. As compared with the past rate of survival it has now slightly
decreased, but for the rest of the ages it has considerably increased.
The largest number of children born to a women is four~een and
five women had fourteen children each, hut all the children survived in
none of the cases. The largest number of surviving children is 13 and
3912 females have 13 children surviving, each 53 have 11 eaoh and 99
have ten each. The rate of survival, however, varies accordingly to the
number of children born. The larger the number of children born, the
leilser the rate of survival. Except in case of groups this theory is not
infallible. The rate of survival for different numbers of ohildren born is
given below:-
No. of children born Rate of survival per 1000 born.

l. 832

2. 765

3 788
4. 796
5. 798
6. 788

7. 730

The highest rate of survival is in case of only one child born.

It falls in the C3.se of 2 children and rises till 5 children but falls steeply
after that. Taken together the rate of survival for five or less children
(794) is higher than all the rest put together (691). It is seldom that a
woman who had seven or more children should have all her children
alive. 7469 married females had more than eight children, out of them
ouly 420 had ali their children alive. The 8ikhs of Sunam are predo-
mina.ntly an agricultural class. Out of 14870 females agriculture is the
means of livelihood of the husbands of 12949. Other means of livelihood
are of only 1921 women. The rate of survival also is the highest in the
case of agriculture.
rfo sum up, in case of Sikhs of Sunam the rate of survival of
children is rising, the proportion of women having children is also on the
Increa.se.
Tahsil Sfrhind.
rrhe population of Muslims in Tehsil Sirhind is 62175 persons, in Muslims,
19,H it was 52599. rfhis shows an increase of 18.2% over the figure of
the last census decade. The general increase in the State is 19.1% and
in Tehsil Sirhind it is 16%. Therefore the increase is in keeping with
tbe general increase. The greater portion of Muslim popUlation lives in
the submountainous area. The rate of increase is not much at variance
with this tract. Therefore a study of fertility of Muslims in this part
can enable us to form a general idea of the fertility of the rest of the
population of this trace also.
The figures of children per 100 ma.rried females aged 15-40 are
given in the margin.
 140
All communities. 1H6
Muslims. 191
Thus there is a difference of only five children per 100 married
females.

There are 28675 females in this Tehsil out of which 13838 or 48%
are married and 52% are unmarried. They ha,ve in all 47,212 children,
out of which 34,g45 survived. The proportion of the surviving to 1000
children born is 741.

Ohild marriage is still quite common. 'rable I shows females

married as early of as 2 years. There are 3J2 married females of ten
years of a~e and younger. Out of 13,838 married females, 10115 females
had ehildren while 37'33 women were unfertile.
The commonest age period during which marriages become effective
is 15-20 The number of women belonging to tbis age group is 7229
and the number of those whose marriages became effective even eartier is
272. During the age period 20-25 m'l,rnages became effective in case of
'.>.025 women while those who started child bearing after 25 years of age
are 589 in number. Even when a reference is made to the figures of
women who are 45 or above it appears that the most effective age period
during which marriages are consummated is 15-20.
The rate of survival for these age periods is as follows :-
11-14 725
15-20 757
21-25 719
26 and over. 635

The above figures show that the rate of survival among Muslims
does not vary much according to the age at which marriage becomes
effective.
Oomparison with tables II and III shows that the age of effective
marriage has not varied much during the past twenty years or so.
Obviously the Muslims of Tehsil Sirhind are more conservative, rather in
the matter of all social reforms the Muslim community is conservative
and backward.
It is not possible to form any exact conclusion regarding the age
at which the first child is born and the number of children born. From
a perusal of table HI and I V however it will be quitB correct to assert
that a female who gets her first child before 16 it is seldom that more than
two or three children survive. Similarly it is usually the case if the
first child is born after 3·5. The most fertile age period is between 23
and 28.
The proportion of surviving children to the number of those born
is also variable. It is the highest in case if the number of children
born is less than five. The rate of survival of five or less children per
1000 born is 819; in case if six ~r more than six children are born it
is only 680. Indeed very few women have more than five children and
the number of such women also apfreciably affects the growth of popu-
 HI

lation. rrhat the means of livelihood of the husband have some effect
on the ferbility of women cannot be denied) but it is impossible to form
any reasonable accurate conclusion on their basi3 The Muslims of
Sirhind are predominantly agriculturists N ext to agricultura,l occu-
pation are artisans or professional men.
The rate of survival and average number of chIldren born among
the professionals and agricultural classes are the same but are leI's in
case of commercial classes.
rrhe following table presents in a nut-shell the fe-..tility question Summary.
of different communities examined in this essay.

Average No: Proportion of !mrvi val

Community. Area. of children to 1000 children
born. born.
Hindus. Kohistan J fH9

Muslims. Kobistan. 3 687

Sikhs. Kohistan. 3 716
Hindus. Narnaul. ;-) 754
Sikhs. 811na,m. 3 73a
MURlims. Sirhind. 3 740
The above table shows that with the exception of Kohisban the
average number of children born is constant in all the areas. The rate
of survival also does not vary much, thongh it is the highest in CR,se
of Hindus
 142

TABLE VII-B. Fertility.

(i) Sitae of family Ilnd ptesent age of married 'WoMan.
TRHSIL SIRHIND.
MUlhms .

.No. of married Total No. of Total No. of Proportion of

Age. Average. children survivors to
women. children born. surviving. 1,000 born.
------~-----------------------
1 2 3 4 5 6
----------------------------------------
2 1

3 4

4 2

5 4

6 3

"
8
98

55

9 75
10 80

11 90

12: 2DO

1:i 201 3 '2 668

14 371
]5, i84 92 89 967

lB, 373 197 168 853

17 46& 71 69 972

18- 424 304 1 298 980

j9 457 459 1 381 830

20 49'7 1,030 2 803 774

21 31t). 300 1 276 920

22: 558· i r 167 2 8'29 711

23~ 299 1 :col 873

241 417 1,409 3 1,1l~ 789

25 1,134 3,519 3 2,511 714

26 260 822 3 630 766

27 208; 8~2 1 721 877

 143
-. ... -~--.~.

1 2 3 4 5 6
-----
28 472 1,881 4 1,321 70~

~9 72 349 5 299 857

30 1,135 5,365 5 ~,623 675

31 53 327 6 211 ()45

32 284 1,506 5 1,109 136

3::1 151 '1.75 2 208 '15&

34 104 554 5 3]2 ,568

35 6'/9 4,126 6 3,622 ,878

36 182 617 3 5ll ;828

37 128 194 1 168 ,a66

38 127 804 6 612 761

::39 166 430 i$ 381 886

40 781 5,]84 '1 3,395 '656

41 31 155 5 111 716

4'2 101 699 7 408 084

43 114 7R 1 68 ·872

44 59 175 2 153 874

45 517 3,654 7 '2,781 '761

46 52 172 3 149 .'866

47 23 155 7 138 890

48 98 457 15 317 ,691

49 47 341 7 278 ·806

50 496 3,555 '1 2,38S ,6'71

51 166 367 2 307 ,837

52 33 248 :8 :201 8U')

50 3 16 J5 l~ 756

54 40 228 6 190 833

55 174 1,309 S 911 690

56 59 360 6 299 83~

57 J3 87 6 76 874

58 16 121 '7 '96 193

--_.
 144
---
I 2 3 ' 4 5 6

59 6 50 8 38 760
60 241 1,582 7 1,060 663
61 94 13 11 846
6Z 8 44 5 33 750
63 8 6 1 4 666
64 9 28 3 ~1 750
65 53 354 7 29f) 844
66 12 10 1 7 700
67 4 7 2 5 714
68, 12 77 6 67 870
69' 3
'It} 64 424 6 311 73;;
71 3
12: '2 13 f) 9 693
73: 1 9 9 8 889
74
75 15 157 10 133 847
76: 2 9 4 7 777
77 1 8 8 6 750
78: ,--

7,9' 1 5 5 4 800
80' 16 118 7 11:-3 058

81
82'

83
84' r- e - ••
1 3 3 '2 666
,
85, ...t 7 7 .5 714
86
87
88
89'
gO' 1 5 .5 4 800

TOTAL .. " 13,838 47,219 3 34,945 741

----, - ----

RUKHDEV SINGH,
Lt. Col.,
Superintendent,
Census Orerations, Patiala.
 145

TABLE VJI.-B. Fertility.

(iii) Size 01 tamily by age of mother at birth of first child.

TEHSfL SIRHIND.

--
Age at
birth No. of Total No. Total No. of Proportion
of married of chIldren Average children of survivors
first women. born. survlvmg. to 1,000 born.
Clhild.

_.------ ------- -- -------

1 2 3 4 5 6
- .. --_._,--- --
11 3 13 4 9 692
12 13 47 4 38 809
13 39 145 4 120 798
14 217 1,074 ,5 761 709
15 841 3,971 5 3,020 761
16 1,224 5,311 4 4,079 '768
17 1,056 4,694 () 3,287 701
18 1,751 7,91:3 5 6,116 773
19 770 3,360 5 2,558 761
20 1,587 7,622 fj 5,81'9 '765
21 429 ~,281 5 i,505 ·660
22 880 4,215 [) 3,205 760

23 193 811 4: 652 '803

24 184 851 4 570 670
25 339 1,66~ 5 1,140 :687
26 92 533 6 370 '694

27 106 6()1 6 520 .787

28 82 399 5 26(1) 778
29 55 291 6 186 639
30 62 271 4 1'60 ·59C
31 56 311 6 159 :511
32 54 4',{2 8 '200 468
33 1 8 8 5 '625
34 3 11 4: 7 '(l3B
 146
_-
.....
1 2 3 4 5 6
----- --
35 9 40 4 24 600
36 3 16 5 10 625

37 3 8 3 6 750

381 I 3 3 2 666

39 1 3 3 1 333

40 16 43 3 33 765
41

42.

43
44
45
46,

47
48
49 1 3 3 1 333

·50 44 219 5 116 529

--
\ ---- ---
Total 1:",115 47,219 5 34,945 741
----
SUKHDEV SINGH,
Lt. Col.
Superintendent,
Census Operations, Patiala.
 148

1 2 3 1 5 6 7 8 8 10 11 12 13 14 ]5 16 Total.
-
I
-
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
----
14 15
-------------------
39 1 1 .... " . 9
40 .... ...
41
42 1 1 1 12
43 , .. . ...

44
45
46 .... .... ... .... .., ....

47
48
49 1 ... .... 3
50 3 6 6 8 4 7 5 5 ... .... 219
Total 72 18S 199 323 241 2154 150 382 257 86 67 74 1 1 2,295

SUKHDEV SINGH,
Lt. Col.,
Superintendent,
Census Operations, Patiala.,
 149
TABLE VU-B. FERTILITY.
(iv) Age of mother at birth of first child and. number of children surviving.

Tehsil Sirhind.

--
..... rod
---
.po:::: N umber of Ohildren Surviving.
ce ...c:::
<D -:; 0 Total.
-<.,...
00 ... ...,
00
..0 ...
~ 1 2 ;) 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
- -1 -2 - -- - - - - - - - - -]6-
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
11
------------_._----------...----
4 .... ... 4

12 4 4

13 8 8 12 60

14 2 3 .... ... 8

15 2 12 9 .... ... 53

16 '2 6 1 17
17 12 8 7 ;) 64

18 1 15 3 48 232
19 2 7 5 63 283

20 2 10 3 1 1 18 202
21 2 15 22 19 '2 37 18 9 18 ~56

22 4 18 52 65 11 6 48 17 12 11 1237
23 21 15 22 18 30 77 32 38 11 155 6 6 1 1730
24 5 8 12 19 137 5 8 1 99 1803
25 1 7 1 19 69 65 .... 155 15 19 2 2437
26 2 1 19 22 13 25 523

27 '2 '2 1 6 22 8 295

28 1 1 7 7 5 1 103
29 1 3 1 1 1 39

30 .... I 9 1 12 174
31 1 4

32 2 .... 4

33 1 1 1 15

34 1 1 1 20

35
86
 150

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
37
38
39 ....

40 ... .... .~ ..
41
42
43 . ... ....
44
45
46
47
48
19 1 1
50 1 4 5 5 2 4 2 3 116
Total. 78 143 15.7 275 313 222 106 248 174 48 43 16 .... 1 10283

SUKHDEV SINGH,
Lt. Col.,
Superintendent,
• Census Operations, Patiala..
 151-
TABLE VII-B. FERTILITY.
(v) Number of childreh born and lurviving.

TEHSIL SIRHIND. MOBAMMADAN.

Number of children surviving.

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 -
13 2o
8
------~-

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
----------------- --------------
1 1617 1569 1569
'2 ~918 185 1230 2645
3 3654 116 359 722 3000
4 5916 60 323 414 636 4492
5 5530 17 HI 216 293 521 4480
6 5796 12 32 95 242 218 337 4441
7 6041 7 34 167 97 129 193 206 4209
8 5344 6 9 65 15 101 193 164 94 3892
9 4203 3 3 28 48 77 31 37 84 94 2933
10 3180 4 10 37 92 33 35 20 47 14 15 1670
11 1672 1 2 15 28 32 17 13 21 7 9 3 869
12 984 1 12 5 6 9 5 22 8 7 5 2 574
13 247 2 1 2 4 3 4 1 g6

14 4~ 1 1 1 19
15 75 1 2 2 56
----,----------------, -----
Tl. 47219 1982 2023 1724 1510 1121 869 445 268 125 02 11 4 1 34945

-------------------------------------------

SUKHDEV SINGH, Lt. CoL.

Superintendent,
Census Operations, Patiala.
 1·52
TABLE VII B. FERTILITY.
Age at birth of first child according to mil of husband.
TEHSIL SIRHIN D. SIKHS.
Age at mil of husband
birth of
first child. Agricultural. Commercial. Professional. Others.
--.
11 2 1
12 8 2 3
13 16 5 5 13
14 118 11 30 58
15 475 27 126 213
16 562 52 212 398
17 520 25 154 357
lS 1031 292 428
19 447 ]30 193
2() 869 L99 519
2] 253 13 54 109
22: 645 1]0 225
23 96 4 28 65
24 109 1 27 47
25- 207 44 88
2& 49 12 31
27,' 55 2 17 32
28; 47 14 21
29' 32 4 8 11
3t) 34 2 11 15
31 29 R 19
32: 28 8 18
33- 1
34. 1 1 1
36, 4 2 3
~6. 3
31 2 1
88 1
3!J 1
40 8 2 3 3
49 1
50 33 11
- --
Tota.l 5587 153 1504 2871
--- SUKHDEV SINGH,
Lt. Col., Superintendent,
Census Operations, Patiala.
 153

tABLE VII. B. FEl{td..Ity.

(ii) Size of family according to mil of husbBnd.

TEHSIL SlRHIND. MOHAMMADA~S.

---------.-----.---------~

No. of Total number Total No. of Proportion of

mil of husband. married of children Average. children survivors to
women. born. surviving. 1,000 born.

------------------------.----------
1 3 4 5 6

----~---------.---------------'-----------.-------------.,_---

Agricultural 7,750 25,752 4 19,056 740

Commercial 216 725 3 529 714

Professional 5,872 20,742 4 15,360 740

--------,--------
Total 13,838 47,'J19 3 34,945 740

SUKHDEV SINGH,
Lt. Col.,
Superintendent,
Census Operations, Patiala.
 154

TABLE VII-B. FERTILITY.

(1) Size of family and present age of married woman.

TEHSIL NARNAUL. HINDUS,

-- ----
No. of Total No. of Total No. of Proportion of
Age. married children Average. children survivors to
women' born. surviving. 1,000 born.

I 2 3
--
4
-----
5 6
--
----
12 389 6 5 833

13 439 2 1 500

14 643 11 8 7'1.7

15 1,013 55 40 727

16 1,333 135 109 807

17 1,305 178 143 803

18 1,129 560 454 811
19 939 245 184 751
20 1,953 2,558 1 2,147 839

21 516 464 1 343 739

22 1,27~ 2,048 2 1,761 860
23 662 799 1 611 765
24 769 I,048 1 793 757
25 2,278 6,899 3 5,394 782
26 937 1,832 2 1,441 787
27 668 1,241 2 972 791
28 840 2,447 3 2,065 844
29 452 787 2 635 807
30 2,832 13,527 5 10,971 811
31 348 633 2 497 785
32 550 2,360 4 1,970 831
33 337 833 2 668 802
34 344 1,147 3 767 669
35 1,817 10,956 6 8,612 786
36 484 1,596 4 1,287 806
 i55
.__ . "

1 2 3 4 5 6
~
--
37 244 635 3 459 723
38 389 1,588 4 1,153 720
39 306 961 3 796 8'28
40 1,9:-34 14)486 8 10,799 745
41 401 626 2 442 706
42 255 1)302 5 982 754
43 169 415 2 303 730
44 186 498 3 346 695
45 992 8,131 8 6,124 753
46 235 737 3 483 655
47 185 599 3 351 586
48 224 1,048 5 6~7 665
49 171 494 3 303 650
50 1,155 8,088 8 6,498 748
51 160 482 3 285 591
52 128 706 6 325 461
53 70 218 3 125 573
54 73 218 3 151 692
55 488 3,359 7 2,060 61&

56 110 522 5 319 611

57 65 228 4 134 588

58 86 382 4 222 581
59 66 198 '2 93 727
6:) 529 3,485 7 2,239 642
fi1 51 104 2 67 644
62 49 229 5 t26 550
63 15 85 '6 34 40Q
64 47 208 4 11-2 538
65 123 '632 .5 404 638

66 11 46 4 15 326
67 14 45 3 28 522
 156
~--. .---
1 2 3 4 5 6

68 17 205 1'2 120 585

69 36 181 5 102 564
70 79 357 5 177 496
71 13 10 1 2 200
72 12 44 4 21 477

73 4 12 3 6 500
74 1 10 10 3 300
75 24 110 5 51 464

76 2 9 4 8 889
77 1

78
79
80 7 49 7 24 490
81
82 1 1 1 1 1,000
83 1 9 9 3 333
84 ....
8& 2 10 5 8 800
86
87 ....
88
89 ....
90 3 21 7 10 476

Total 33,383 1,04,680 3 78,889

- - 754 -
SUKHDEV SINGH, Lt. Col.,
Superintendent,
Census Operations, Patiala.
 ]57

TABLE VU-B. FERTILITY.

(ii) Size of family according to mIl bf husband

TEHSIL NARNAUL. HINDUS.

-------
Proportion
No. of Total number Total No. of survivors
m/1 of husband. married of children Average. of children
to 1,000
women. born. sur Vlvmg. born.

-------- ----------_._---------
1 2 3 4 5 6

Agricul tura.l 28,011 84,460 4 64,006 758

Commercial. 822 3,026 5 2,215 732

Professional 4,550 17,19~ 4 12,668 737

.... ' - -

Total. 33,383 1,C4,680 3 78,889 754

--
SUKHDEV SINGH,
I .. t. Col.,
Superintendent,
Census Operations, Patiala..
 158
T ABLE VII - B. FERTILITY ~
Age at birth of first child accordinlr to mil of husband.
T:EHSIL NARN A.UL. HINDUS.
Age at m/1 of husband.
birth of
first child. Agricultural. Commercial. Professional.
1J '2
12 23 1 4
13 216 8 39
14 485 11 111
15 1665 86 290
IS 2084 96 437
17 2162 77 341
18 3735 98 628
19 1547 41 252
20 3700 82 562
21 801 6 103
22 981 21 168
23 417 4 47
24 388 14 49
25 679 11 164
26 121 '2 26
27 108 4 16
28 126 3 19
29- 33 5
3o. 157 1 25
31 20 1 3
32: 38 2 5
33:: 12 2
34, 13 1
35 26 2 6
3(:); 4 2
37 3
58 4 1 2
391 1
4'0 11 1
41 1
4Z 1
44 1
50 2
Total 19560 572 2307
 159

TABLE VUe'B. Fertility.

(ii) Size of family by age of mother at birth of Grst child.

TEHSIL NARNAUL. HINDUS.

Age at
birth of No. of Total No. Totai No. of· Proportion of
first married of children Average. children survi vors to
child. women. born. survlVlllg. 1,000 born.

1 2 3 4 5 6
---------
11 '2 '2 1 2 1,000

12 28 130 5 92 708

13 263 825 3 584 708

14 607 2,855 5 2,127 745

15 2,041 9,152 4 6,908 755

16 2,617 12,008 5 9,643 804

17 2,580 11,811 5 8,786 744

18 4,461 20,987 5 14,669 699

19 1,840 7,666 4 5,459 709

20 4,344 19,713 5 1,349 806

21 910 4,105 5 2,82~ 689

22 1,170 4,922 4 4,001 813

23 468 1,915 4 1,403 733

24 451 1,864 4 1,;)61 730

25 854 3,720 4 2,912 783

26 149 486 3 BiB li)63

27 127 498 4 375 753

28 148 629 4 473 752

29 38 128 3 ~15 74'!

30 183 790 -1 593 751

31 24 84 4 61 72G

32 38 116 3 110 !'H8

33 14 32 '2 24 "750

34 14 32 2 26 813

35 34 135 4 91 674
 160

1 2 3
----4
5
-6
36 6 9 2 9 1,000
37 3 9 3 6 667
38 7 18 3 13 72~

39 1 1 1 1 1,000

40 12 27 2 23 852
41 1 4 4 3 750
42 1 44 4 1 250
43
44 1 1 1 1 1,000
45

46
47
48
49
50 2 2 1 2 1,000

TOlal 23,439 1,04,680 4 78,889 754

SUKHDEV SINGH,
Lt. Col.,
Superintendent, Census Operations~
Patiala..
 161
u5 ~ I:- 00 ~ 10 O':l O':l ~ ~ -.:j1 ~ ~ cq
p .-. 0 ~ ~ <:0
r-I
~
'Of!
00
0
~
~
<:0
~
~
0)
00
<C
cq
0) ~
~ ~
<C
0)
<C
A ~ ~ cq cq ~ cq 00 ~ ~

Z
..,;3
0 .....
~ 8
~
~ 0
~ ~

00 ~ ~
~ ~

t- oo
~
.....
~

<:0 t- 1'"""1 1'"""1

~ ~ !

10 <:0 ~ ~ 1'"""1 C'I 1'"""1 0,

..
C
0
.ll
~ ~ 0'

~ ~ ~ .....
.
~
~ ~
~
10
~
~ "':t1 t- ~
f

-.:a
."

.....
...
u ~
~
~
~
-I eo 10 10 10 t- ~ <:0 Ct:\

.
0
u
.ll ..... eo <:0 ~ 10 10 10 C'I ~

> C'I ::1:) C'l

E!~ ....-t ~ ....-t 1'"""1 """'4

--
~
.J
~

-
."

"" .,c::
~
~
T"""I
~ C'I ~ <:0
r-I
10
T"""I
t-
....-t
t-
Cl
....-t
...... 1'"""1
Cl
~ <:0 eo

"" -:.....au
~ ."

0 ...... 10 ::1:) t- eo Cf) 00 ro 1'"""1 ~ r:q

!Xi
I . • T"""I ~
C'I
10 C'I co co ~ C'I
cq
00 ~

- .
;>
...
f.C
0
0 ~ ~ 00 10 <:0 ~ <:0 ~ 00 0 Cb 00
~ co eo ~ 00 C'I 0 1'"""1 C'1
-=
~ :s
= ....., I ....-t

....
r-I

< ..
~
..c: ..
~ I O':l N 1'"""1
~
co
10
~
~
cq
~ ......
t-
10
t-
0
C'I
0
C'I
t-
co
t-
.....
0
I
- oo t- ~ ....-t ~ 00 ~ ~ 10
E t- "i'I
cq
<:0
10
<:0
~ 00 <:0 0 cq co C'I
0
~ I C'I

I
till
co cq 0
-< t- ~ <:0 "i'I
"1i
0
"1i <:0 0
"i'I
t:-
<:0 ~
co
10
~ ~

--
......
.....
......
t .<:0 ..;t 0
ro ~
~
00
CI::J
1'"""1

~
00
0':1
"1i
C'I

0
..... 10
...-1
'..;t
Cf:)
lO
~

I cq

I
II
10 cq ,...;
- t-
~
~
C'l
~
C'I
r-
<:0
-:c
"<1'
ro
<:0
r-I
<:0
C'I
t-
C'l
o
...-1

I ~ ~ O':l co
..... C'1
~
t-
et:I
10
..... 00
(J)
-.14
~
<:0
co
C'I

~
P
<
I
co ~
_, cr. 0
..-I
-
0 00
..-I
00 <:0
"1i - 0
~
lO

Z
~
<
Z
H
C'I

......
- C'I "1i "d'1 "1i
..-I
..-I
..-I
(J)
"<:tI
C'I

......
C'l
..-I
10

H ~-
~O..,;3.-d
C'I co "<:tI
..... 10 <:0 t- ~ O':l 0 C'I ."
cq
rJ2 ..-I ~ T""'I ~ ~ ....-t T""'I C'( Ol ~
co,...t:l ~:-;:::
P::I oc"C ~ ,...t:l
~ < .....
,.Q
0
F-i
 162

o
rl

t-4 ro

'I'-i C'I C'I .

tr.) 0 en C'I ...-I
...-I C'I ...-I

ttl) t- C'I 0: cc C'I 10 ...-I

C'I

0) 00 ro, 10 :f:i 00 1""4 cc

et:l

10 00 -.:Ii en ~ cq ...-I 'I""'i

...-I -.:Ii ...-I

lO 10 cq 0 cq ,_.
C'I
10
00 C'I
...-I cq
...-I
""'"

0) ._ eo "'q1 -.:Ii 0:> ...-I 00 ...-I ~ co cq ...-I

10 ...-I

co 10
eo
eo t- ..... cq en
cq
...-I ro ro ....-I cq 'I""'i cq
....-I

t-

00
C'I
-.:Ii

co
cq
C'I

.....
eo ....-I
....-I

~
.....
-
ro

~
...-I

~
, .....

10
C'I ro

...-I
ro

10 cq
....-I

.....
.....;

,_.
...-I

..... Cl:I cq _ro .....; .....; -.:Ii ro ...-I cq cq eo ,_.

.....; ...-I

-.:Ii ,Je ,co t- oo 0:> 0 .....; cq ro -.:Ii 10

ro
eo t- oo ~
co
0 'I""'i C'I ro
C'I "C'I ..'-I C'l C'l -C'l ro et:l et:l co CC et:l et:l et:l ~ ~ ~ -.:Ii
 163

t-
o
C'l
 164

-~
..p
0
8
<:0
,-t
C'I
,.....j
- ---
0 t-
t-
C'I
eo
,.....j
co
~
co
co
<:0
0
t-
C'I
t-
o
Cf.l
~
,.....j
0
C'I
<:0
Cf.l
(J)
10
@
t-

I I
t
~
,-t
I ,
10
,...;

rJ5
II I
~
~
z
~

~
i
co
r-t
I
I
-
~ ': ,.....j
!

C\l
,-t
co
,-t
C'I ~

J
I

118 I ,-t
,-t
I cq
,-t
,.....j C'I co ,.....j

.'
~
~

I
I
C
.....;;:
t
::s
til
c 0 I ,-t
,-t
r-t ~ 1.0 co (J) ~ co r-f

I
I) 1"""1

-.:a""
"tI

...
(J

0 0:> I 0
,-t
cq co co
C'I
(J) C'I
,.....j
C'I
,.....j
~ co
co
C'I

~
""
I)
,.Q
S
00
s::
......
>
......
I
-
==1::
:I
s:: ;:-
'"' (J) O':l C\I
,;
co t- <:0 Cf) co ~ t-
.: "tI
C
lIS
~
rn
C\I C\I co C\I "'1i co

,..d
- ..
a:IJ -
"tI
.:au -
CD
'TI

-
...... t- oo ~ 1"""1 cq 0 <:0 t- . ,.....j t- ~
> ...d ~ -.:t' -.:t' C'I co eo Cf.l Cl
til
....
0

~
...J....~0 0

a:I 'CD"'
..0
< -= S <:0 t- eo C'1 10 10 co t- t- o t-
I- ;S""
..'" Z
~
-.:t' 10 10 0;, 10 0
Cl
,...;

..""
0
..r::
0
S
C\1 ~ lC 00
-.:t'
co
10
0
10
..
r-t
C\I
~
t-
r:-
t-
et:'>
M
C\I
co
....0
0
til)
0 00 ~ 0:> 0 0:> co
< 10 00

-
....;..
1"""1 -.:t' 1.0 10 co
.-1
(J) 10
cq
co

"-' H
p
<
Z
~
<
- ~ t-
cq
10
O":l
-
~
0
0
.-1
(1J
co
C\I
C\I
C'I
co
<:'1

Z
~ 10 ....-I C\I 0;, r:- CO 10 O":l
~ C'I O":l O":l CO 10 <:0
-.oj
C'I
H
r:/1
tI1
~
8 C'I co ~ 0
,.....j
<:0
rl
-
co
t-
~
t-
C'I
t-
t-
o
,.....j

.,. .... rd
__
d! 0 ....
..Cl
Q.)..Cl 0
<bOt:
.... ...,.rn
..0'"
M Cl
M
cc
,.....j
~
,......., ,....
10 <:0
-.oj
t-
~
oo
r-i
-
0:> 0
C'I
.....
C'l

<:+:l
 165

I ~
,...;
0
C'l'
M
to
0:>
"<:1'1
t-
00
C'I
o
...-t
10
...-t
t:-
o·
M
~
....
10
~
"<:1'1
C't
0
"<:1'1
I::-
et:l
"<:1'1
00
C'I
C'l
t-
t-
...-t
O)
,...; g <:0 C'I

J
M

to
,..-t. '"'" . !

C'I -I
M

l
...-t
...-t
I .-i CC

I
0 et:l ~ M "<:1'1 '1""'1
...-t

I
!
0:>
I et:l
...-t
:10 C'I et:l
""'"
""'" C'I C'l ,...; ...... ,...; C'l

t
00
I ~
...... ~ 1.0 .-4
C'I
C'I et:l .-4 ~ ...-t

I I
I t-
I et:l
et:l
...-t
C'l ....
0 10
"<:1'1
.0 I::- 0
...-t
0:> cq C'l

I I
I ~.

I I::-
"<:1'1
10
C'l ""'.-4" '00
10
C'l 10 0:> cq 0:>
I'""'i
.. ,..., et:l '!"'"'i M

I
to I W
et:l
C'l
'1""4
0:> 0:>
10
0 I::- cq
'1""4
C'l et:l
C'l
,..., :et:l et:l

I
M

-.tI I <:0
to
C'l
'1""4
0:> et:l
t-
"<:1'1 <:0 ,...,
et:l C'I 10
C'l ""'" et:l et:) 10

I
I et:l et:l ' I::- ~ C'l
~
et:l to ~ I::-
C'l
"<:1'1 '<:t1
,..... ~ C'I ,...,

I
"<:1'1 '1""4

I C'l I, 00
C'I 'M
0 et:l CC
-.tI
..-I at';) to ...-t 00 et:l <:0 et:l 1-4 "<:1'1 C'l

I
I '1""'1 I C'l et:l "<:1'1 10 co t- oo 0:>
~
.....
~
C'l CC ~
et:l
to
et:l
co
et:l
l:-
et:l

I
C'l C'I C'I ~ C'I C'l C'I C'I ~ et:l

I
I I
 186

....
.-4 CQ
cq
C'r.) 10 1'""'1 ~ ....
~
t-
1'""'1
cq
I ~
~
- d
......cS
........cS

....
oo:tt
I :'~ P-t
'0
II:-0 -~ 0~
~ Ul~

o .,; .S '.r;
ZH1i)~
I-t 0. <l)
00 0 0.-
000
>
. . et:l
r-t ~
A
Ul
0
Ul
I!l
~ 0
<01

~
p
co 00
et:l

I
. r-t
C'1
I
r-t

I
0
0
I
ro
I
.....
l:-
0
r-t
I,
cq
ro
C'I
cq I
I
I ~
0
ro
I
I 00
~

~
I to
1'""'1 1'""'1

I t-
to
ro
I
1'""'1 .-4
I CI)
co
..".
et:l

....
I
1'""'1 1'""'1
I ....t-
C'1
C'1

.-4 C'r.)
I C'1
0
C'1
1'""'1

1
1'""'1 to ,...4 ..... cq 00
to
et:l
,
I
oo
I
ct:) 0". 0 1'""'1 c<l C'r.) ~ to co t- 0) 0
CQ co oo:tt oo:tt ~ oo:tt -q1 oo:tt oo:tt oo:tt oo:tt I.Q
""" ~....0
E-t
I
 167

8
~
...,.
0
~
I'"""f ~
~
C'I
~
1.0
to
t- ~
!J:)
0

l""'4
...-4
t-
~
o
.-t
!J:)
r.<t
~
1"""'1
l""'4
00
~
00
t-
t:-
cq
CI)
!J:)
~
1.0
t-
co
~
C'I
"<t1
-00
......
eo
to
...-4
~
...-4
cq
~
l""'4
~
~

eo
...-4
10
...-t :•

~ t- eo co 0 cJ:)
~ 1.0 to eo ...-t

.........c::bi ........ 0 C(.)

a:i 0 t- C'I ...-t 0
~ eo
l""'4 ~ C'I 00 1"""i
II: C'I ...-t
•
b c:: M
~

:: ." 00
.......,
.. c::
,:2 III

~ ..
"'i1 00 l""'4 ~ co 0
0 H
~
t-
C'I
8eq ~
1"""'1
t- eo l""'4 r-1
.Il P
z-<
Ai a
...I ;a.a" P=i to
ffi cq 00 co 10 co .q4
>
rd
U
-<
Z
00
1.0
to eo "'i1
eo
00 t- eq 1"""i

.J ~
H
= II 1-1

~ -6
00 ~ t- t- oo 00
~ 0 ""1'1 ~
o:l co 00 0 C'I 0 -.::II C'I
a ~
00 "'i1 1.0 eq ..-4
Z 8

~ lco co t- oo co co
0
~ to 00
l""'4
0 t- "'i1 1.0 r:t:) eo ,...-j
co co 1.0 eo l""'4
...-t ...-4

1.0 t- ~ 00 -.:fI ~ t- t- o t- ,...-j ~

C'I 1.0 0 0 co co 1.0 C'I ...-t ...-t
1.0 0 c- C'I
C'I ...-t

~ cq t- o ...-4 0 l:- to C'l 0 co 10 co

co 0:> a::; ~ ,...-j 1.0 ~ C'I 1"""'1
co 0 1.0 1"""'1
co

!
~

II g
~
C'I
m
~
00
0
co
"'i1
~
co
C'I
C'l
"'i1
t-
1.0
o
co
~
1"""i
co r:t:) co co cq

• l:l
OQ;)
Zrt; d
cq
I co cq "<ti 0
8 ~
...-t C'I t- o "<ti 0 C'I

-
00 a::; C'I C'I I:- ~ 0 ~ 10 ~ I:-
,_.::::~ 1.0 t- eo 0:> C'lJ .-4 1.0 to 1.0 t- eo 1.0 1.0
cil...o 0 co 00 C'1 co
..... 1.0 C'I 0 co "<ti C'I ...-t
~o,.Q ...-t l""'4 1"""'1 ...-t
'"""
E-t ....
0

- Qr::::1; ) . co
o• rO
!-< r::::1 l""'4 ...-t C'I co ~ 10 co t- ct) ~ 0
..... 1"""'1
1"""'1
C'I
...-t 1"""'1
,_.
0 ...... 0
Z:E,.Q
0
 168

o
1"""1

.- t-
...

I..' -..:Ii" t-
oo :
o
~.

10'

1"""1 . t-
ot-
-..:Ii
 169

TABLE vn 8. FERTILITY.

(i) Size of family and present age of married women.

1'fEHSIL SUNAM. SIKHS ..

--- -----------_,
No. of Total Total number Proportion of
Age. married number of Average. of children survivors to
women. children born, surviving. 1000 born.

1 2 3 4
---
5
- - - 6-
_...---~._-----------

3 15

4 12

5 36

6 2~

7 54
8 60 ....
9 135

10 103

11 163

12 32'2

13 200

14 472

15 469

16 462 77 59 76{)

17 382 102 95 931

18 456 100 152 788-
I

19 481 264 1 216 814

20 1027 1111 1 HOI 811'

21 485 413 1 362 877:

22 795 1201 1 1046' 87-1

23 464 586 1 514 870;

24 373 820 '2 708 863;,

25 1655 4863 ,)
d 421)9 916,

2f) 482 1693' Ll IG4H 915"

27 304 1049 3 956 91L

 170

1 '2 3 4 5 6
~-- ---
28 574 2077 4 179() 865

'29 319 152 1 124 815

30 1940 8632 4 6924 802
:31 54 250 5 207 828
32 616 3103 '2 2167 700
33 45 158 4 107 678
34 106 680 6 369 560
,:35 1358 9074 6 6469 713
;36 161 955 () 488 509
37 152 261 1 209 801
38 143 325 1 224 689
39 120 214 '2 113 528
40 1337 8311 6 4929 593
47 14 90 6 52 578
42 ll3 176 1 131 744
43 109 58 1 41 707
44 113 77 1 49 636
·45 625 5070 7 3225 636

46 44 300 7 236 787"

47 60 71 1 64 901
48 53 181 4 147 812
49, 60 64 1 41 641
50 964 6,596 7 5223 775
51 13 90 7 65 722
52 64 73 1 54 740
.58 54 ;-31 1 11 355
54 53 26 1 21 808
55 266 2094 6 1414 675
56 13 Sf) 1 68 791

-i57 37 58 7 37 638

·458 19 119 8 90 756

 171
---
1 '2
.--
3
-----------
,j 5 6
-
59 3:) 16 1 15 938
60 465 3168 ., 1769 559
6t 10 8 1 8 1000
62 6 35 0 15 429
63 8 58 7 37 638
64 12 110 n 68 618
65 166 1533 7 1047 683
66 ;) 22 7 10 455
67 3 19 6 12 632
{)8 5 36 7 22 611
{)9
70 107 701} (j 533 755
JH 10 75 tl 48 640
72 ·17 110 0 90 818
73 .5 40 8 21 525
74 4 29 7 24 828
15 28 401 1 210 524
'76
77
7tl

79

80 12 114 9 79 693

.Total 200:)7 68123 49fJ50 733

--------
SUKHDEV SINGH,
Lt. Col.,
Superintendent,
Census Operations, Patiala.
 172
TABLE, VII B. FERTILITY.,
(ti) Size of family by age of mother at birth of first child.
TEHSIL SUNAM. SIKHS.
-----------
Age at No. of married Total No. Total No. Proportion
birth of of children Average. of children of survivors
first child women born. survlvmg to 1000 born.
- -1 - - - - - 2 3
-----------_._--
4 5 6
---,--,---------,-----------
13 7:.a 463 6 214 462
14 255 1313 5 700 533
15 @~ 5182 5 3520 679
16 1552 7652 5 5293 692
17 1545 6319 4 5015 794
18 2740 11889 4 8905 755
19 1619 6563 4 5421 ,S26
20 2506 12580 5 852'2 877
21 817 3339 4 2713 812
22 856 3877 5 2677 690
23 397 1606 4 1354 843
24 823 1462 5 1174 80;~

25 590 2914 5 2277 7tH

~ 133 594 4 4Z'.3 710
27 106 435 4 340 782-
28 102 494 4 368 747
29 10 1'2 2 15 833·
30 -213 1069 5 783 732.
31
32 36 142 4 98 6
33 10 40 4 27 675
34 a5 15 3 9 fiDO
35 11 64 6 39 HOg
36 2 7 4 4 571
37
3B .. ,.
39
40 17 66 5 61 709
_'-----___,.;------
Total. 14870 6812,~ 783
5
----~----,----------,-------------

SUKHDBV SINGH,
Lt. Col.,
Superintendent,
Census Operations; Patiala.
 173
TABLE VII-B. FERTILITY
(iii) Age of mother at birth of first child and number of children born
TERSIL SUNAM. SIKHS•.

-
--------------,---
o

~~ NUMBER OF OHILDREN BORN .

.c,..c
.,0
ee ~ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Total •.
Q) !-<
o.o~
-<tl
._-------_
13 ....
14 1 3 1 3 2 1 2 55
15 ~ 4 15 16 19 38 30 25 24 14 6 2 1 1312
16 11 14 17 15 21 33 25 33 33 23 25 17 10 2028,
17 17 14 28 2G 23 28 38 25 42 29 27 13 15 10 9 2629·
18 16 15 26 34 33 57 54 55 45 31 27 24 q 7 6 3190,
19 5 2 18 15 22 39 34 41 31 19 40 17 7 7 2335
20 6 3 38 53 55 105 89 91 71 38 28 31 l2 10 10 4739;
21 2 9 13 8 12 41 29 8 9 5 1 G 1 861
22 .... 1 6 9 13 34 28 26 25 20 7 2 1285
23 10 2 4 15 8 5 6 15 10 3 1 53:J
24 .... 1 2 5 11 20 21 18 1 3 5 3 713
25 1 2 2 3 4 23 19 15 14 16 1 1 771
26 ... 2 1 1 10 5 5 2 1 8 2 263.
27 .... 1 4 '2 4 1 1 811
28 '" 1 1 2 2 5 5 4 14&
2!) l:3 3
30 3 2 5 5 4 10 2 4 9 3 2 1 313.
31
32 •••. 3 1 1 80
33 .... 1 .. ,.-.
- 5·
34 .... 1 1.1. .1. 6,
35.... .. .. 1 1 15.
36 ...
37 ....
38 ....
39 ••••
.
-

40 .... 2 1 2 '27

78 75 173 194 249 449 388 360 338 203 192 123 60 34 25 21339

SUKHDEV SINGH, Lt. Col.,

Superintendent Uellsus 0pHatlOue, Patiala....
 174
TABLE VII-B. Fertility.
(iv) Age at birth of first child and the number of children aurrivi ...
'TEHSIL SUNAM. Sikhs.

-...:o-_
ro
rd
0· .... N UNBER OF CHIL OREN SURVIVING.
,.......cI
_Q;)~
tl£l ....
0 Tot 'Ll.
e 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 H 9 10 11 12 10
'<:..0
..p

_._------------------_._-----
13
14 1 1 2 u" 5 1 ;)~

15 44 39 3f) 22 23 31 21 15 3 9 1 1,014
16 12 18 1~ 31 ~5 24 4'7 12 18 1'2 4 1 l"~UO
17 20 18 20 38 58 59 56 12 28 5 21 4 1 1,H94
18 97 17 15 30 69 71 52 57 32 14 9 '2 1 2,451
19 2R 24 13 29 ~6 58 54 49 25 12 8 8 2,003
20 99 10 19 ;j8 80 108 98 66 32 17 9 1 3,195
21 10 8 11 12 23 24 31 10 1 3 3 2 759
'22 3 13 13 14 20 15 23 9 3 4 '2 1 (j48
~3 2 5 3 3 6 4 3 8 '2 '2 1 1 :23U
~4 13 9 7 G 5 6 4 6 2 2 '251
'25 '24 13 11 '2J 10 8 5 3 1 1 1 3ti6
26 1 4 7 4 4 1 72
'27 4 1 '2 1 '2 2 1 45
28 '2 2 4 '2 2 1 3 2 1 8~)

29 3 :i
30 '2 4 5 12 8 5 3 4 2 1 224
Sl -
32 2 1 1 21
30 1 4
34
35
1
1 1
- 2
11
36
37
38
.'39
Ll0 1 1 1 1 24

Total' 360 187 184 271 368 418 401

- -252-152 83 58 21: 3 ]4,704

SUKHDEV SINGH, Lt. Col.,

Superintendent,
Census Operations, Patiala.
 175

,~ (f) -t< t- 1""'1

"i' <:j'I Cl c>I
..-;

CQ

-!
:;
.~
..J
CQ

l.CC'lt-l.C ...... O ....... C/Jcq-.:ti

c- 0 1""'1 c- C'~ l- 1.'J ,....; ,....;
CtjCtjC'1C'l .....
1""'1

f"""tC'!CO-.:titC)COt-T)DO ..... cqCQ-.:ti

""';1""'1>--'11""'11""'1

!
 176

TABLE VII-B. FERTILITY.

(ii) Size of family according to mil of husband.

TEHSIL SUN AM. SIKHS.

No. of 'rotal Total number Proportion of

Mil of husband. married number of Average. of children surviYors to
women. children SUrVIVIng. 1,000 born
born.

1 2 3 4 G 6

Agricultural 16,810 .")R,g05 4 43,805 744

Commercial. 7m) 2,877 4 1,870 ()50

Professional. 2,42R 6,341 3 4,275 674

Total 20,007 Gt;,12B 3 733

-----
SUKHDEV SINGH,I~t. Col.,
Superintendent,
Census Operations, Patiala ..
 177'
TABLE VII-B. ' FtRTILlTY~
__ A.ge: at b,irth of first clJild according to mIl •..'

__-
TEHSIL SUNAM.I . . t
BIKHS~;'

Age ~t. birth-~ - --"-~~- ,. ~.. '. -mIl of- trushand.

fir.3t child. , , Professiona.l.
Agricultural. Commercial.
, ,
'. ,
I' ,

~~~ _...10 31 - 31-

14 170 31 54
15 844 39 19.
_',,, .. -._-".-.

Hr' 1298 70 184

" 17 1353 56 136
18 2460 68 212;
19 1409 59 151
20 2216 85 205,
21 732 33 5Z,
2~
c
759 37 60
23 349 ]'2 36,
24 260 31 32.
25 520 19 51
:26 113 8 12;
27 97 4 5
28 89 8 5
29 10 .....
30 186 21
31
32 33_
33 10
34 5
"'35'" 1 1
3u
37
38
39
40 1 1 1

Total 13249 13::l2

SUKHDEV SINGH, Lt. CoL,

Superintendent,
Census Operations, Patiala...
 17B
TABLE VII B. FERTILITY.
(i) Size of family..and present age of ~arried women.

TEHSIL K!NDAGHAT. CHRISTIANS.

------.-------------------------------.------~-~--------------
No. of married Total No. of Total No. of child- Proportion of
_A ge Average. survivors to
women. children born. ren surviving. 1,000 born.
----~-----,---,

1 3 4 5 6

24 1 2 1 2 1000

'~5 1 1 1 1 1000

'35 1 1 1 1 1COO

40 1 2 .3 2 1000

-44 1 3 3 3 1000

-45 1 2 2 2 ICOO

48 1 1 1 1 1000

54 1 1 1 1 1000

56 1 1 1 1 1000
~".-.__...---

Total. 9 14 2 12 875

---
SUKHDEV SINGH,
Lt. Col.,
Superintendent,
Census Operations, Patiala.
 17!J

TABLE VII-B. FERTILITY.

(ii) Size of family by age of mother at birth of (tnt child.

TEHSIL KANDAGHAT. CHRISTIANS.

-- --------
Age a.t No. of Total No. of To~al ~o. of Proportion.
birth of married children Ayerage. children of Burvi vors
first child. women. born. survlvmg. to 1000. born..

--
17 1 2 2 2 1000

18 4 6 1 6 1000

19

20 2 4 2 2 500

25 1 1 ] 1 1000

30 1 1 1 1 1000
--
Total. 9 14 2 12 888

-
SUKHDEV SINGH,
Lt. Col.,
Superintendent,
Census Operations, Pa.tia.la..
 180

TABLE VII B. FERTILITY.

(iii) Age of mother at birth of first child and number of children born.

TEHSIL KANDAGHAT. CHRISTIANS.

N umber of ohildren born.

Age at birth
of first ohild. 1 2

- .................. ~ --..--------_._----------------_.

19

20 1
----,-----------,_'--..------------_._
Total 1

--...-------_._._----------------
SUKHDEV SINGH,
Lt. Col.,
. 8uperintimdent,
Census Operations, Patiala ..
 181
TABL£ VII-B. FERTilITY.
(iv) Age of Ibother at birth of &rat child and number of c:hildren lurviving.

TEHSIL KANDAGHAT. CHRISTI ANS.

-
Number of children surviving.
Age at birth
of first child. 1 3
- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _' _ _ _ _ _ _ • _ _ _ _ _ _ h _ _ _ _ _ _ _

18 2

19

20 1

---~---------,----------,-------------.-------------------------
Tota.l. 3

SUKHDEV SINGH,
Lt. Col.,
Superintendent,
Census Operations, Patiala.
 182

TABLE VII-B. fertility.

(v) Number of children born and surviving.

TEHSIL KANDAGHAT. '. CHRISTIANS.

Number of N umber of children surviving.

Total No. of
children born. children born. 1 2 3

1 5 5

2 3

3 1 1

,------------------------.---------------
Total 9 5 2 1

------

SUKHDEV SINGH,
Lt. Co].,
Superintendent,
Census Operations, Patiala.
 183
TABLE VII-B. Fertility.
Age at birth of first child according to mil of husband.

TEHSIL KANDAGHAT. CHRISTIANS.

Age at birth of mIl of husband.

first child.
Agricultural. Commercial. Professional. Others.

17 1

18 4

20 2

25 1

30 1

--- _.-
Total 9
.--.--..--

SUKHDEV SINGH,
Lt. Col.,
Superintendent,
Census Operations, Patiala..
 184
TABLE VII-B. FERTILITY.
(ii) Size of family according to mil of husband.

TERSIL KANDAGHAT. CHRISTIANS

-----_.--------_._--_._----_ ....----.-_......_ -"'
Total Total Proportion
No. of married number of number of of survivors
MIl of husband. chiloren
Average. children to 1000
women. born. surviving. born.
--- -
Agricultural

Commercial

Professional 9 14 2 12 857

-----.-------------.-----------.--.--_------------------------.----------
Total ,9 14 12 857

-----__.-----------.--_.._-----------------.__,.----------~----

SUKHDEV SINGH,
Lt. Col.,
Superintendent,
Census Operations, Patiala.
 185
TABLEVll B. FERTILITY.
(i) Size of family and present ase of married woman.

TEHSIL KANDAGHAT. MUSLIMS.

----
No. of Total No. Total No. Proportion
Age married of children Average. of children of survivors
women. born. surviving. to 1000 born.

.-------
I 2 3
-4 - 5 6
--
5
6
1

6
-
7 8

8 11

9 15

10 15

11 14

12 23
13 22
14 32 16 12 750

15 32 14 10 114

16 22 28 1 19 '679

17 56 98 2 80 816
18 26 68 8 53 779

19 28 58 2 43 141

20 ~5 72 3 53 736

21 15 30 2 21 7100

22 41 103 3 :80 '177

23 32 105 3 35 333

24 28 84 3 70 833

25 41 134 3 .38 43.3

26 61 202 3 49 24~

27 17 67 "4 30 448
~8 29 60 2 48 800

29 49 91 '2 'J3 ,802

 186
;0&0_-

1 2 3 4 5 6
---___....._
30 21 61 3 49 0803
;H 17 38 2 28 727

3~ 19 67 4. 54 B06
33 23 76 3 63 830
34 29 68 2 54 765

35. 13 36 4 .47 840

fE) 12 56 5 42 750
~T 16 72 5 58 80t)

38; 17 48 3 35 729
39' .. ,.
40' 12 38 3 26 684
411: )7 69 4 55 797
4.Z:. 12 60 5 52 867
~; l7 88 5 67 761
4~ 26 1Q4 ,4. 85 817

4:& 4 30 7 24 800
4Q' 13 66 5 44 667
49- 12 57 5 39 684
50t 17 95 6 69 726
5:2 16 92 6 68 739
5& 1 4 4 :2 500

{,)S', S 15 () 12 800

6),; 4 16 4 12 750
6f!. 3, 16 5 14 8.5
'10; ,3 16 5 12 750
85 , 1 5 5 4 800

--
, Tota.l 977 2543 1747

--
SUKHDEV SINGH,
Lt. Col.,
Superintendent,
Census Operations, Patiala.
 187

TABLE VII-'B. Fertiiity.

(ii) Size of family by age (If mother at birth of first child.
TEHSIL KANDAG HAT ,MU8IaMS.
------ _.--._-
1e --
0
..c~
"'0
:E
<0 ...... ...."
Number of
married
Total 'No.
of children Average.
Total No
of children
Proportion of
survivors to
bO 1'0< a;, women. born. survIvmg. 1,000 born.
<:B¢l

·1 2 3 4 5 U
--- --- ----
13 4 20 0 11 550
14 13 28 2 21 750
15 35 97 3 74 763
16 50 161 3 122 758
17 71 232 3 207 892
18 81 302 4 149 493
19 91 210 2 171 814
20 77 426 6 137 322
21 37 157 4 98 624
22 b9 172 3 139 808
23 40 190 5 149 684
24 18 129 7 116 89g
25 15 90 6 78 867
26 9 65 7 58 89~

27 6 56 9 48 851
28 5 36 7 25 694
29 5 29 6 21 827
30 7 42 6 37 880
31 2 15 8 12 800
'::12 3 21 7 17 809
33
34 5 28 6 25 893
35 2 13 7 11 846
36
37
38 -
.39 3 ~6 5 13 ._ . 813
40
41
42 1 6 6 4 667
43 1 2 2 l 500
--
Total 638 2543 1,7-17

SUKHDEV SINGH,
Lt. 001.,
!::iuperintendent,
Census Opera.tions, Patiala..
 188
TABLE VlI;;_B. FERTILITY.
(iii) Age of mother at birth of first child and number of children born.

TEHSIL KANDAGHAT. MUSLIMS.

----. ------------- --
Age at Number of children born.
birth of Total.
first child. 1 2 B 4- 5 6 7 8 n 10 11 12 IB
------- -- --------
1:3 .l ... .... ]4
15 1 2 ...
')
;H
J(j 1 1 1 11

17 1 1 1 1 B3

18 2 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 Gf)
19 1 1 ... .... 13

20 ;3 2 3 6 2 3 2 2 2 lG3
21 1 2

22 1 1 1 20
24 1 1 10
25 1 1 1 1 25
26 .... 1 ::3

28 1 1 10
30 1 1 1 ]0
42 1 3

-- -------
Total. 4 4 12 10 6 9 3 5 4 5 [) 1 2 409

-- -- ----------------

SUKHDEV SINGH,
Lt. Col.,
Ruperintendent,
Census Operations, Patiala.
 18t1

TABLE VII B. FERTILITY;

(iv) Age of mother at birth of fi~st child and number of children iurviving.

T'EHSIL KANDAGHAT. MUSLIMS.

----
Age at birth N umber of children surviving.
of first child Total.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
---- -- ----
13 1 .... .... 3
15' .... I 2 1 _..... 1 29
16 I 1 1 14

17 1 1 1 1 6

18 2 1 .2 1 1 1 -1 1 43
19 1 1 13

20 3 3 4 4 3 2 2 1 130
21 1 3
22 2 .1 1 .... 14
24 1 ... .. ..
, - 1
25 2 1 .... 13
26 1 4
28 1 2

30 1 1 3
42 1 2
----_-
Total. 5 5 10 9 10 6 5 4 4 2 .... .... .... 290

SUKHDEV SINGH, Lt. Col.,

Superintendent,
Census Operations, Patiala.
 190

tABLE VII 8--FERTILITY.

(v) Number of children born and surviving.

TEHSIL KANDAGHAT. MUSLIMS.

s:::J
Q) -ci
0 .....
.--... ..-.
--
..... 0
"'='
...... .0
-..... o~ Number of children Surviving.
....cl
<:;) ZQ)
..... Total.
.-0 7 10
-s:::J
o ..... -.~
...... 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9
0 til....cl
0,;.0 bO
Z E-f
~-

1 151 92 92

2 160 24 54 ]32

3 282 44 32 47 219

4 320 6 24 2H 24 2'28

5 325 '2 6 15 22 16 227

6 312 1 5 9 15 9 13 221
7 252 2 2 7 13 8 3 17S~

8 264 1 1 2 4 6 9 6 3 175
9 162 3 3 7 3 1 115

10 140 1 5 1 2 1 '2 2 77
11 88 1 1 2 1 3 54
12 48 1 1 2 26
13 39 3 9

-- --...,_.---.----
Total 2543 140 125 111 72 49 37 29 10 4 2 1747

SUDHDEV SINGH, Lt. Col.,

Superintendent,
Census Operations, Patiala..
 191
TABLE VII-B. FERTILITY.
Age of motber at birth of firlt child according to mil of husband.
TEHSIL KANDAGHA'r. MUSLIMS.
----_,.__--'----~---,---~-- ---'--

SUKHDEV SINGH,
Lt. Col.,
Superintendent,
Census Operations, Patiala..
 192

TABLE VJI. B. FERTILItY.

(ii) Size of fami1y according to mil of husband,

TEHSIL KANDAGHT. MUSLIMS.

M/r,. of No of TOLal number Total number Proportion of

husband. married of children Average. of children survi vors to
women. '"
born~ survlvlllg. 1000 born.

---
Agricultural 509 1432 3 947 661

Commercial 57 148 3 110 743

Professional 411 963 3 690 716

,- --- --
Total 977 2543 3 1747 716

SUKHDEV SINGH,
, , "" Lt. Col.,
, Superintendent, Census Operations, J1atiala,
 193
TABLE VII-B. FERTILITY.
(i) Size of family and present age of married women.

TEHSIL KANDAGHAT. SIKHS~

----
No. of Total No. Total No. of Proportion of
Age. married of children Average. children survivors to
women. horn. survlvmg. 1,000 born.

----
1.L 2 3 4 5 6
--- ~--.

~ 1 ....
4 1
5 1
7 1

8 2
10 6

11 5

12 5
13 8

14 S

15 19 10 1 1 100
16 20 ~ 2 1,000
17 5 1 1 1,000
18 25 8 4 500
19 2 ~ 1 '1 1,000
20 33 24 1 19 792:
21 4 1 1 1,('00'
22 28 32 1 2~ 688
23 5 7 1 (, 857

24 7 HJ 3 15 789
25 ,(4 118 3 71 602
26 ]2 37 3 ~2 595
27 9 22 2 20 909
:38 !l0 59 3 5:a 881
29
.,
5 12 2 10 833·
 194
---~.~------"-----.-.-
---
I 2 B 4 5 ()

--
30 39 116 3 86 741
.31 1 6 6 5 833
32 15 71 5 57 803
33 3 13 4 8 615
34 6 23 4 14 (l09
35 36 180 5 136 756
36 1 6 6 5 833
37 2 14 7 11 786
38 2 15 8 10 667
39 ....
40 26 118 5 93 788
43 1 2 2 '2 1,000
44 2 6 3 6 1,000
45 23 144 6 93 646
46 2 10 5 6 600
48 7 30 4 21 700
.50 20 126 6 95 754

52 1 10 10 8 800

55 8 37 5 23 622

60 14 lOt 7 63 624

61 1

,62 1 8 8 5 625

64 1 4 4 4 1,000

65 1 7 7 3 286
70 5 23 4 20 870
92 1 8 8 6 750

Total 495 L,432 1,028

- ------- -----

SUKHDEV SINGH Lt. Col.,

Superintendent,
Census Operations, Patiala..
 195
TABLE VII-B. FERTILITY.

{iii} Aee of mother at birth of fir.t child and number of children born.

TEHSIL KANDAGHAT. SIKHS.

-- ~-~~----
---
N umber of children born.
Age a.t birth
of first child.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Total.
-- -- -- _-.

16 1 1 1 26
17 1 1 1 15

18 3 3 3 :2 1 1 "
i.) ... .... 116

19 2 1 22
20 1 2 1 6 3 3 G ~ ;J 1 1RH
2t 1 7

22 1 2 2 1 41
23 1 1 1 24

24 2 1 1 27
25 1 2 1 25
28 1 3

30 1 1

02 1 4

---
40

Tota.l
_._
4 .,.' 3 8 12 6
-12-11
1

6 7 0 1 2 508
8

SUKHDEV SINGH,

Lt. Col.,
Superintendent,

CemllS OperatIOns, PatiaJa..

 196

TABLE VII-B. FERTILITY.

(ii) Size of family by age of mother at birth of first child.

TEHSIL KANDAGHA'f. SIKHS.

,----
Age at birth No. of Total No. Total No. Proportion of
of married of Average. of children survivors: to
first child. women. children born. survIvmg. 1000 born;

1 (J 3 4 G 6
----
13 3 10 0 10 1000

14 4 13 4 8 615

15 26 136 5 77 566

16 '27 120 4 77 643

17 16 45 3 3~ 711

18 80 367 4 285 777

19 17 48 3 40 833

20 87 398 .5 274 688

21 If) 50 3 37 740

22 22 94 4 72 766

23 13 55 4 44 800

24 6 27 5 24 889

~5 9 43 5 32 744

26 2 3 1 3 1000

27 1 1 1 1 1000

28 3 6 2 2 333

29 1 1 1

30 '2 4 2 '2 500

32 1 4 4 3 750
35 1 1 1 1 1000

36 1 5 5 3 600

40 1 1 1 1 1000

Total 338 1432 1028

-
-------_.
SUKHDEV SINGH,
Lt. Col..
Superintendent,
Census Operations, Patiala.
 I!)7

TABLE VIl- B. FERTILITY.

(iv) Age of mother at birth of first child and number of children sur.i.inl.

'TEHSIL KANDAGHAT. SIKHS.

----
Age at birth Number of children surviving.
of
first child
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Total.
----- ---- ~.- .. - . __ ..--.-
'

16 1 1 10
17 1 1 1 15
18 1 3 3 1 3 1 2 84
19 1 1 1 16
:l0 1 1 1 6 2 3 5 2 .J
-J 125
:Jl 1 5
22 1 2 1 1 32

23 1 1 12
24 2 1 18
25 1 1 1 ....
,,'
18
28
~O ...,
32 1 4
40 1 8
---
Total 4 2 9 12 8 9 6 4 7 .... ..'J 347

SUKHDEV SINGH,
Lt. Col.,
Superintendent,

Census Operations, Patiala.

 19b

TABLE VII B. F£RTILITY.

(Y) Number of children born and surviving.

TEHSIL KANDAGHAT. SIKHS.

0 _ _ _ _ _

----.- -----
No. Total
of No. of
child- 1 2 3 4 r; G 7 8 9 10 11 Total.
children
ren born.
born.
---- -- - - ~- - ---- -----
1 56 45 45

2 118 13 3\l 91

3 93 8 12 9 59

4 232 4 9 14 31 188
5 225 1 4 12 17 11 H;S

6 168 1 0 8 11 5 127
7 126 1 2 1 (j 7 1 90

8 128 3 7 4 2 101
9 45 .j
.-)
2 29'
10 100 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 72

11 55 1 2 1 1 34

12 60 1 13
13 26 1 1 11

----.- -----
Tota.l 1,432 73 64 41 5H 3fl 20 12 7 2 1 1,028

SUKHDEV SINGH,
Lt. Col.
Superintendent,
Census Operations, Patiala.
 19H
TABLE VII. B. FERTILITY.

Age at birth of 6rst child according to mil of husband.

rEHSIL KANDAGHAT. SIKHS.

-_. _. --.-_._- -._-
Age at birth m/l of husband.
()f first child. Agricultural. Corn rn ercifll. Professional. Others.

13 1 1 1
14 3 1
15 16 d 2 5
16 18 1 1 7

17 11 1 4
18 52 2 1 25
19 Ie 1 6

20 47 4 2 34
21 8 1 6

22 12 10
23 1:3 1 4

24 4 2

25 6 3
'26 2

27 1

28 2 1

29 1

30 1 1

3~ 1
35 1

3~ 1 ....
40 1 . ...__
Total 207 1";) 9 109

SUKHDEV SINGH,
Lt. Col.
Superintendent,
Census Operations, Patiala.
 '200

TABLE VU. B. FERTILITY.

(ii) Size of family according to mIl of husband.

TEHSIL KANDAGHAT. SIKHS.

-------
'l'otal
Proportion
No. of number of T o t anum
I ber .
Mil of husband. married children Average. of children of :~~';-I~8rs
women. born. survlvmg. born.

Agricultural. 307 923 3 645 699

Commercial. 17 69 4 42 677

Professional. In 447 341 763

------.-------------------------_.
Total. 495 1,432 3 1,028 7lti

SUKHDEV SINGH,
Lt. Col.
Superintendent;
Census Department, Patiala.
 201
TABLE VII-B. FERTILITY.

(i) Size of family and pre.ent age of married women.

TEHSIL KANDAG HAT. HINDUS.

No. of Total No. ~rotal No. of Proportion of

Age. ma.rried of Average children survivors to
women. children born. survlvmg. 1,000 born.
-.....--. -"-
1 2 3 4 5 6

I 4
--
2 ~

3 3

5 12

6 14

7 36

8 44

9 ]34

10 134

11 141

E~ ~88

B 261 2 2 1,000

14 447 4

15 3:22 20 18 900

16 4R2 84 62 7;-3t)

17 435 120 GO 500

18 532 410 ] 284 693

19 374 216 1 178 824

20 538 745 1 411 552'

21 313 246 1 168 683

22 464 959 2 610 637

23 348 704 2 3M 517

24 40{) 646 1 130 666

25 654 1,751 3 g:?5 523

26 521 745 1 518 6S2

27 230 5'0 2 356 6fJ8

 202
__
_ _ _ _ . ?__ m_~

---
I 2 './
d 4 5 (j
~----------

28 450 911 2 756 830

2g 14(1 306 3 224 732

30 1,048 2,~)8(; 2 1,723 577
31 ~)5 146 2 100 61G
32 X:22 771 2 545 7J7
33 ] ')!'"
-',) 217 2 158 7:29
3-4: 159 315 2 271 860
;j5 830 3,911 5 2,595 664
36 174 588 3 476 e09
37 112 315 3 236 749
3H 149 563 4 411 727
39 ·18 161 4 88 5,'16
40 BIt.> 4,'201 5 2,441 5(;9
M 47 140 3 102 728
4~ 137 314 3 230 7~~

43 54 165 3 115 ~96

44 32 118 4 79 e89

45 482 1,791 4 945 533

46 66 175 3 121 691
47 51 132 3 95 719

4H 13'2 381 3 '227 686

49 27 49 2 34 694
50 1526 1,820 3 1,006 553
51 22 32 1 26 813
52 63 149 ~ 99 e64

53 16 42 3 24 571
54 61. 122 2 84 689
55 178 694 4 377 543
56 17 34 2 25 735
57 11 25 '2 18 720
58 32 125 4 89 712
59 '2D 52 2 34 654
 204

TABLE VII B FERTILITY.

(ii) Size of family by age of mother at birth of first child.

TEHSIL KANDAGHAT. HINDUS.

-----

Age at birth No. of Total No. Total No. Proportion of

of married of children Average. of children survivors to
first child. women. born. survlVmg. 1,000 born.

----- ' ..... -..:: ...... ...........,.

,

1 2 3 4 5 6

--
11 :J 10 5 10 1,000

L2 16 102 6 54 5-29

13 101 285 3 230 800

14 575 1,811 4 1,315 727

15 998 5,3'21 6 4,592 863

16 1,098 4,791 5 3,047 6::36

17 975 2,691 3 1,716 638

18 1;095 5,211 5 2,024 388

19 515 1,411 3 985 627

20 1,185 3,442 3 2,147 6~4

21 '211 785 3 493 628

22 581 1,615 3 715 443

23 119 545 5 311 572

24 135 517 4 225 435

25 288 1,095 0 511 467

26 75 208 3 165 793

27 55 1'25 2 97 776

28 69 395 5 166 445

29 21 49 2 27 551

30 129 271 '2 195 723

31 17 56 3 27 482

32 16 56 3 24 428

33 11 22 2 16 727

34 5 11 2 9 818
 205
-----_._
1 :2 :-3 4 f5 6
--
3[j ~9 55 2 2!J 526

36 11 41 3 28 683

37 17 35 2 27 771

38 7 15 :2 9 600

39 4 6 ::l 4 667

40 3 7 '2 5 714

Total 8,363 30,984 19,'203

--_._-------_._----- ---------- -------

SUKHDEV SINGH Lt, Col.

Superintenden',
Census Operations Pa.tiala.
 2Ot;

TABLE VII B. FERTILITY.

(iii) Age of mother at birth of first child and number of children born.

TEHSIL KANDAGHAT.

Age at N umber of children born.

birth
of 1 ~ 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Total.
first
child,

---------------
1

IB 4 B 3 2 1 2 11()

14 5 5 757 R 9 ~ 3 542 1 1 39~

15 8 11 27 11 20 19 13 10 11 7 0 4 3 2 1

16 14 14 19 13 13 23 23 5 20 8 6 ~ 2 3
17 5 10 7 5 6 8 12 7 4 5 4 7 1 2
18 16 21 11 14 18 23 22 8 20 7 7 13 2 3 2

19 4 3 2 9 6 8 532 1 1 5 2

20 56 24 29 22 32 34 23 H 14 8 7 5

21 1 243 3 4 3 :2 1 1 3

22 18 14 6 9 7 13 9 6 8 3 1 2 1

23 5 4 3 4 4 2 1 1 2

24 17 8 3 5 10 5 1 2

25 17 10 12 12 8 15 18 2 8 1 1

26 3 1 3 3 4 2 2

27 232 :3 1

28 5 6 5 4 2 1 1

29 2 4 ]

30 15 12 9 5 7 G 3 1 1 1

31 1 2 2 2 1 1

32 4 2

33 2 1 3 1 1
34 1 1 1
35 7 4 2 2

36 1 2 3
 207

-------------------_._-_.._-------
1 g 3 4 5 6 7 H 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Total.
----_-_
37 1

38 1 1
39 '2

40 3

---------------
Total

SUKHDEV SINGH
Lt. Col.,
S u perintenden t,
Census Department, Patiala.
 208
TABLF VII ~B. FERTILITY.

(iY) Age of mother at birth of first child and number of children surviving.

TEHSIL KANDAGHNf.

---- _._-_.
Agfl at
birth of Number of children surviving. rfotal.
first
ehild. 1 2 3 4 {j 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
------

12 1

13 3 3 '& 2 1

14 5 5 6 4 7 1 7 6 2 '2 :& 1 1

15 8 11 23 9 15 16 9 7 4 3 1

16 8 14 17 12 15 19 11 2 14 3 2 1

17 4 9 5 3 5 5 3 2 4 '2 3
1H 11 16 8 13 14 13 12 4 16 6 3 1 ~

1H 3 3 1 7 4 6 4 ~

20 33 0 14 10 10 1 15 8 8 3 '& :J 1
21 1 1 4 2 3 2 1 1 2

22 15 11 4 7 5 10 6 5 5 3 1

23 4 2 2 4 2 1 1 1
24 15 7 2 3 8 3 1 1

25 15 8 10 10 7 12 15 1 6 1

~ 3 2 2 2 1 2 2

27 1 2 3 1 1

28 4 4 3 '2 1 1
29 1 3 1

30 10 11 7 3 5 2 1 1

31 1 2 1 2

:-32 2 2
33 2 2 1 1 .... ...
04

35
1
5
1
3
1
1 1
-
36 1 1 2

37 1
 209

1 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

38 1
39 ~

40 2

Total 159 125 120 93 110 94 89 39 63 26 16 8 6

SUKHDEV SINGH,
Lt. Col.,
Superintendent,
Census Operations, Patiala..
 ~to

TABLE VJI-B. FERTILITY.

(vI Number of children born and surviving,

TEHSn.J KANDAGHAT. HINDUS.

• 0
0 o Q.l
-Q.l'
o I-< >=l
Z I-<
"O>=l
•

. ro ~
..............
~ .... 0
I-<
1 3 4 5 6 7 8 !) 10 11 12 ];) Total.
0:-;:::1 ,..c ""...c,..c
Z...r:4 o ~
<:) E-t ......
0
---_..-. -.~ ---- --
I 2244 15Bl 1581
2 2510 615 457 1529
3 3378 318 296 497 2401
4 4028 145 105 291 411 2872
5 3575 55 81 107 218 251 2665
6 3966 107 185 195 95 77 1827
7 41Hi 58 47 47 71 155 95 115 2727
8 2400 29 11 :35 71 65 4,5 35 18 .... 1374
9 1791 34 15 15 17 22 29 41 14 12 968
10 I1nJ 18 18 16 18 6 10 12 11 S 2 5'28
11 GH3 4 16 15 4 1 3 '2 5 !) 2 '2 297
12 660 4 6 5 4 12 5 7 3 6 1 1 1 297

13 130 1 1 1 '2 '2 2 1 58

14 196 '2 3 3 '2 1 1 57
15 75 1 1 1 .... .... g

16 32 1 1 13

rrotal 309S4 2970 1240 1127 913 583 191 212 54 36 5 4 1 1 19203
---- -----

SUKHDEV SINGH,
Lt. 001.,
Superintendent,
Census Operations, Patiala..
 2L1
TABLE VII B. FERTILITY.
Age at birth of first child according to mil of husband.
TEHSIL KANDAGHAT. HINDUS.

Age at birth Mil of husband.

of Professional. Others.
first child. Agricultural .• Commercial.

11 2
12 10 3 1 2
13 53 28 13 7
14 487 25 19 44
15 903 22 25 48
16 1,013 16 29 4O·
17 851 18 19 87
18 986 9 5 fJ&
19 477 4 8 26
20 1,147 5 5 28
21 191 4 4 1'2
22 558 5 2 16
23 98 10 7 4
24 120 2 2 11
25 173 33 2 80
26 69 1 {)

27 48 1 (3

28 54 1 2 12
29 17 1 3
30 111 ~ 1 15
31 17
32 16
33 11
34 5
35 28 1
36 11
37 17
38 7
39 3 1
40 3 •••• ••••
Total
-- 7,486 189 146 542
-- _._---
SUKHDEV SINGH Lt. Col.,
Superintendent, .
Sensus Operations, Patiala.,
 212

TABLE VI-B. FERTILITY.

(ii) Size of family according to mil of husband.

TEHSIL KANDAGHAT. HINDUS.

----------.-------------------------------------
MIL of No. of Total number Total number Proportion of
married of Average. of children survivors
husband. women. children born. surviving. 1000 born.

1 3 4 5 6

Agricultural. 12,611 28,517 2 17,521 615

Commercial. 321 627 2 419 667

Professional. 1,166 1,84i 2 1,263 686

Total. 14,098 30,984 2 619

------------------------.----~---------~------------------~--~

SUKHDEV SINGH Lt. Co].,

Superintendent,
Census Operations, Patia.la.
 213
Preamble.-In India great importance is attached to the marriage
conditions, a problem to which Patiala State is no exception, and the
present chapter deals with the life of the people as it stands in relation
to matrimony. The important problem of procreation which in its
turn governs the increase and decrease of population rests on this stage
of life. If the course of human life at this stage is not judiciously
regulated and based on sound basis, it is visited by a number of
. cq.lamities which hinder the healthy development and growth of popu-
lation. Rightly speaking, marriage should take place when both the
boy and the girl have attained full maturity and when every part of their
bodies has fully developed. Early marriage, besides ruining the health
. of parents, begets weaklings physically and morally wrecks, who can
neither help themselves nor be of any use to the nation. The preserva-
tion of weaklings due to the progress of medical science for the sake of
heredity is by itself a curse. It is rightly said that today medical care
does everything possible to see that the week survives. They marry
and have children, to whom in some measure, they hand down their
.disabilities. Before medicine and surgery had reached their present
pitch of efficiency weaklings tended to die-thus leaving the society to
perpetuate, for the most part, by its most virile members.

Nature and Scope of Enquiry.-The statistics of Oivil condition

were collected through question No.5 of the Questionaire. Marriage is
purely a civil contract between a man and a woman of living together as
husband and wife for producing the future generation of a country.
The criterion of marriage, for the purpose of our enquiry was, the per-
formance of customary rites or some other way of showing the intention
to live as husband and wife. The statistiCl::I prepared are well worth
relying upon for the instructions to enumerators were definite. More-
over, there was neither any reason for the enumerator to make incorrect
entries nor was there any motive for the person enumerated to give
fa.lse replies.

In order to understand clearly the meaning of statistics, it is

necessary to have some knowledge of the customs which govern the
institution of marriage in India. Some of them are peculiar to certain
parts of this sub-continent, but some are of general application. In this
·essay we are concerned with only such marriage customs as are in vogue
in Patiala State. In Patiala State such types of marriages-polyandry
and hypergamy are very rare: the former can be said to exist in name
only in the upper region of His Highness' hill territory and hypergamy
does not exist in a manner as to justify a separate detailed mention;
polyga.my and monogamy are the two main classes of marriages in
vogue and the other feature which equalIy play their part in determin-
ing the civil condition of the people in the spheres of these main
..classes are infant and early marriages.

Instruction. to Enumerators.-The instructions issued to enumera-

tors were to record for each individual whether he or she was unmarried,
married, widowed, or divorced-(Before this census divorced persons
were included among and entered as widowers.)

Reference to statistics. - The Imperial Table VII glVes the total

 '214

num'ber of unmarried, married and widowed persous ill different age

groups a.nd all communities.
'Ibe following subsidiary tables have also been preparpd:-
1. Subsidiary 'rable (ix) Distribution, by ciyil condition,
of 1000 of each sex and age.
2. Subsid.i,uy Table (:r) Distribution, by civil condition,
of 1000 of each sex and age by
natural division and community.

3. Subsidiary 'rable (xi) Sex-ratio, by civil condition age

community and natural division.
Value of returns.-It is probable that tbo figures of married among
femtIJl85 may be greater than is actually the case, for many concubines,
kept women, dancing girls and so on) try to pass themselves off to the
ennmerators under the guise of 'married'. However, a certain publicity
attaches to the census enquiry in a village 15 a considerable safeguard
against such in:-;tl1Ilces. The fact that enumerators aTe almost invariably
persons of local knowledge acts as a further safeguard. rhe uncertainty
introducE:d is probably therefore nominal and woula tend, ~()n the whole,
to increase the tale of marriage. Among men the figures ar'8 not subject
to this element of variation.

• ,'Main types (i) Polygamy.-The Hindu Law places no restriction~ on the

.of marrh.geR. number of wives a man may have, and some times polygamy is a regular
practice. In fact every Hindu marriage is in posse polygamous, though
tIll' grpat majority of Hindus are monogamous. But most (;astes (')bject
to their members hitving more than one wife, except for special rea, sons,
such as the failure of the first wife to bear a son or her affliction ,yith
some incurable diseaQ9 or infirmity or if she proves quarrelsome. So(~i:1.1
reformer,q have continued to agitate against the practice, :Lnd pub\lic
opinion has been partialJy influenced, but old. conditions still preva ii.
There has been very little betterment, except in the Samajes. Som\~­
times a seuond wife ma,y be taken with the consent of the first, and iJ n
some cases the latt(~r manifests her spirit of self-abnegation by urginf:_ ';
her husband to re-nmrry if she fails to beget a male child. In some'
of such cases the second wife is younger sister of the first, but her elder
sister can, on no account' be married.

A Muhammadan may have four wives, but he also is generally

monogamous. As a rule, it is only comparatively rich who indulge in
the luxury of a second wife, if at all it proves to be so.
Cii) Monogamy.-Monogamy is a Latin word derived from 'moll( )'
meaning one and 'gamy' female, i. e. the custom of having only 0' ne
wife. A regular form of marriage makes it binding on both parties tr) be
monogamous, so much so that among the higher ca.stes thme is st- rang
prejudice Rgainst a man marrying a second time in tlH~ life time I J£ his.
first wife. Generally speaking, the Hindus have a strong pre,' judice
against giving their daughters in marriage to a vyiuower eVCll if the
prospective husband be of good social status. Thus in some cast JOS the
boy's hand or his horoscope is shown to a Brahman before 1) .larriage
a.nd if it is revealed tha~ he is fated to have a second ,vife b Ie is first
marrie.d with a pot full of water and than with the bride.
 215
(iii) Karewa.-This is the most prevalent form of marriage, by
which widows are mated again with the grace and sanctity of a mar-
riage. 'rhis class of marriage is without norituals, and is universal
amongst Sikh agriculturists; it is very simple and in·expensive and the
exa,mple of Sikh agriculturists is abundantly followed by several other
castes.
(iv) Widow remarriage.-The rigidity of the theory that marriage
is a religious sacrament and when a couple is once wedded, it can never
be s8parated by any temporal moans has brought many miseries on the
communities in which it is enforced-especially when the healthy and the
concomitant features of thd theory are ignored-vil';., the deprecation-
rather prohibition of early lIla,rriage. The consequences of early mar-
riages·c1iscemination of evil of widowhood being one-have loomed large
for some centuries past on the civil conditions of Hindus, Sikhs and
Jains who follow the theory of marriage being a religions sacrament, but
now with the advent of new culture and civilization this evil has heen
remedied by the adoption of widow marriages as a legal custom.

('0) Cousin marriages.-:\hrriages of this class are common

amongst Muhammadans-these being of the category of Endogamous
marriages. Among the Mohamllladans all forms of cousin marriages are
permitted, and indeed no marriage is more common than that of the
children of two brothers.
Other features.-'rhe aJlied feature which act in t.he sphere of
marriages are infant and early marriages, widow marriage, the large
proportion of widows ~1nd duration of widow-hood, exogamous and endo-
gamous practice and divorce, age of married parties, pardah system,
universality of any of the above mentioned main classes of marriage.
In the State, infant and early marriages still exist though few socia'!
reformers have appealed powerfully against these unwise customs and
modern education has tended to restrict the practice. Economists and
scientists who think the other way are also not wanting and Mr. P. K.
Wattal-a great authority on Census statistics observes in his book The
population problem in India;-

" Other things being equal, the earlier physically mature persons
marry the better for morality and for the race. Western_people are
beginning to realise that the postponement of the age of marriage is one
of the major disharmonies of civilization, and eugenists are emphatically
of the opinion that children of young parents are the best physically
endowed, and therefore the most desirable from the racial point of view".

Widow marriage among Hindus is resorted to, not as a rule but

rathor as an exception. Among Mohammadans it IS permissible by
Shariat but high class people do not remarry wi(lows.

Divorce is permissible among Moharnmadans but IS resorted to

when extremes have reached in the domestic affairs of husband and 'wife,
in Hindus it is not allowed but is practised among lew castes and to
some extent among agriculturists al&o.
Marriages among Mohammadans continue to be endogamous
because enjoined by Shal'iat, but exogamous marriages are not forbidden.
 216

Hindus as a rule marry women who are not of their hindred, Sikh and
J ains also follow this custom. Caste and sub-caste limits in the matter
of marriages though rigid sometime back are now giving way, but so far
it is only right to say that a Hindu is exogamous as regards his family
group and endogamous as regards his caste or sub-caste-Exogamy is
considered to be more ancient than endogamy and possibly in Hinduism
it ia a survival from the earlier culture. Among Mohammadans, on the
other hand, marriages of persons more nearly related are forbidden, but
of first cousins whether the children of two brothers or two sisters or of
a brother and a sister is considered very suitable. It is also a fa.ct that
among local converts to Islam belonging to functional groups or ll10re
exactly to low castes e. g. J ulahas, Dhuniyas, chamars etc. marriage
must ordinarily be confined within the limits of the group which in this
respect is just as close a corporation as a Hindu caste. The suitable age
for marriage is when the signs of youthfulness begin to manifest them-
selves both in the boy and the girl. The time at which these si~ns
appear, however, varies according to society, company, standard of living
and climate. In any case, the most healthy age of marriage for a boy
and a girl is ~5 and 16 years respectively. Marriage is natural for men
and women and leads happiest state of human life, it i:; generally regard-
ed as conducive to longevity in men, whereas celibacy puts too great a
strain on individuals. To quote from the Indian Census Report of 1921.

"It·is generally held that the married have a longer expectation

of We than the $~gle, and statistics collected in the United States prove
this fa,irly conclusively for the population there dealt with. The advant-
age, according to these figures, is greatest in middle life, and between 40
and 50 the death rate of married men and bachelors are 9.5 and 19.5 res-
pectively. Betw.~J1 50 and 60 the difference in the rates is slightly higher
and increases"~7ith increasing age. Some allowance has to be made for
the fact that married men are to some exten t 'selected lives'. It is
however, fairly certain that the regular life of the married man, the extra
care and comfort which he receives and his avoidance of unnecessary
risks are all factors which tend in the western countries to lessen the
chances of death".

The statistics collected from some 13 European countries with the

object of investigating and determining the question as to how to increase
the birth rate of a country and published sometime ago by the Italian
Government go to show that the average death rate is 27.5 per 1000
among unmarried people 30.5 per 1000 among widows and widowers and
16.7 per 1000 among married people. So marriage for healthy and
physically mature persons-at about the age of 24 f<;>r the male and 20
for the female in India conduces to longevity. The vedic age for
marriage is 24 for the male and 18 for the female.

Pardah system has played a. great pact in the conditions of life of

women from the time of Mohammadan rule in India and has left its
mark. Royal and wealthy famalies observe pardah as a rule, but during
th! fiE~ (hy~ of advancement, Hindus as a result of vedic and Brahmo
Sa tiiJ tt':', i:ings and the other masses as a result of Christian teachings
an,: d iilJpn,et with modern ideas are giving it up. As a note uf caution,.
one ,·!j'l,:uhises with the fear lest sudden change should do more harm
 217
than good, but progress in this direction mi~h~ with safety be a good
deal accelerated.
Main Statistics.-Of the total population of 19,36,259 persons,
5,73,206 (or 30 per cent) males and 3,62,069 (or 18 per cent) females are
unmarried 4,14,081 (or 21 per cent) males and 4,18,623 (or 22 per cent)
females are married, while the rest viz. 78,818 (or 4 per cent) males and
89,462 (or 5 per cent) females are widowed.
Of the 30 per cent of the total male population which is unmarried,.
slightly Illore than 69 is under the age of 15, while 92 per cent of the
total female unmarried popUlation is below that age. At the re-productive
age 15-45 the proportion falls to 7 per cent for the unmarried females
population where as it is 36 per cent in Enland and Wales.
Distribution by Communitles.-(Hindus).-The figures so far dealt
with were for the State as a whole, but when ,Ye come to examine statis-
tics both by community and locality we find great variation. As Hindus
include within their fold "Scheduled castes" their proportion does not
differ much from those for all religions taken together. The proportion
it will appear from the subsidiary table X of the unmarried is somewhat
smaller and that of the married and widowed somewhat larger.
The difference is least in respect of females, of whom 40 in every
hundred are unmarried, 4~ married and 12 widowed as compared with
42, 48 :md 10 in the general population. The difference is greatest in
respect of females where it is 53, 40 and 7 as against and 54, 39 and 7
respectively in the general population. A large number of married and
widowed amongst Hindus can be accounted for by the prevalence of
early m:trriage. For instFLnce, at the age-period 10-15, 9 per cent of
Hindu females are married as against 7, 9, and 4 amongst Sikhs,
Muslims and .J ains respectively.
t\.t higher ages the proportion of Hindus of both sexes who are
married is somewh'l,t smaller i:;han that in the total population. The
proportion of widows is higher at every age period. Thus the three main
features of statistics, viz, the universality of marriage, early age at
which people marry and the proportion of widows, are more marked in
case of Hindus than in the total population.
Sikhs.-The Sikhs ha ve much lower proportion of married amongst
them than the Hindus. Most of them are unmarried and fewer widowed.
In respect of females the difference is much more marked. Of everyone
.hundred 42 are spinsters a;; compared with 40 in the case of Hindus,
while 48 are married and 10 widowed against 48 and 12 respectively.
The difference can be attributed to the higher age at which Sikhs enter
in to matrimony. At the age period of 10-15 only 7 percent of their
females are married against 9 of Hindus.
Mohammadans.-The proportion of Mohammadans is considerably
different. The proportion of unmarried males is larger and of married
and widowed smaller. Of everyone hundred males 52 are unmarried 41
maried and 7 widowed, while of the same number of females 4:3 are unmar-
ried, 48 married and ~ widowed The Mohammadans have fewer widows
at all ages, but the difference is most marked at the prime of life. This
is due to the fact that Muslim females who become widowed but are still
 218

capable of producing children feel no difficulty III securing a second

husband, except among higher castes.
Jains.-The J ains Ii ve mostly in urban areas and marry later than
Hindus. Infant marriage is almost unknown among them. Under the
age 15 there is not munh perceptible increase in the number of married
but afterward it increases so rapidly that at 40 and over only a few of
them remain single. The high proportion of widows at all ages is due
to the absence of widow marriage among J ains.
Christians,-In considering the statistics of the civil condition of
Christians the fact that most of them are converts who were married
before they embraced Christianity must not be lost sight of. It is there-
fore, due to this that the proportion of the married amongst them is
higher than ~my other religion. The proportion of widows also is low
because Christian women have no scruples in taking a second husband if
the first dies, and sometimes after obtaining divorce even in his life time
if they feel that they cannot pull on together. After the age of 40 an
increase in the proportion of widows is perceptible, because if 11 woman
losses her husband as late as 40 she encounters much difficulty in getting
a second husband.
The state of affairs with regard to civil conditions in the State is
Oonolusion. far from satisfactory. We find the evil of early marriage and the absence
of widow re-marriage. An enactment similar to the Sarda Act needs be-
ing passed, prohibiting the marriage of persons below a certain age, and
steps should be taken to educate public opinion in favour of widow
re-marriage.
Efforts may 11180 be made to prevent ill· assorted marri&.ges, viz.~
marriages of old men with young girls, or of young boys with elderly
women. Such marriages are dysgenic and should not, on any account,
be permitted. From time to time cases are reported of old men marrying
girls young enough to be their grand-daughters.
Steps should also be taken (though this is an uphill task) of pre-
venting the marriages of persons suffering from insanity and infectious dis-
eases like tuberculosis, epilepsy, heart diseases, venereal diseases, etc. One
should follow the advice which though so common-place, is not always
borne in mind;
" In seeking a husband (for your daughter) remember that racially
a man who is healthy and can help you to provide the state with a
healthy stock is to be preferred to a jolly, good-natured weakling."
 919
.. .
';"

INFIRMITIES.
The experience of the Census of 1931 and of the previous censuses Prea.mble.
had shown th.at the return of infirmities was defeotive and of little statis-
tical value. The Government of India, therefore, decided that enquiries
on the eubject would not be made this time. The Census questionnaire
accordingly did not include any enquiry on the subjec.t. The attempt to
record physical disabilities through the medium of census was abandoned
in England and Wales twenty years ago as a failure and earlier still in
the United States of America. Local exhaustive surveys have proved
that the return of infirmities through census is incorrect. This is
primarily due to the fact that a vast majority of persons try to conceal
their infirmities on account of their conservatism. It is also difficult for
the enumerator to diagnose and record all the infirmities correctly in
the short time at his disposal. There is likelihood of a bias on the part
of some to exaggerate an infirmity and on the part of others to overlouk
it. It is, however, possible that the bias of one may be offset by the
bias of the other in the opposite direction.
Although it has been admitted that the return of infirmities has
never been satisfactory yet the proportion of infirms to the rest of the
population at successive ages do show that however inaccurate the actual
figures may be this return has some sort of comparative value at least.
It was for this reason that information on the subject was collected
though it was abandoned in provinces and other states at the time of the
preparation of house-lists.
The infirmities about which survey was made were the same as on
the occasion of the Oensus of 1921 and 1931 viz., insanity, deaf-mutism,
blindness and leprosy. Statistics were also collected with regard to
persons afflicted with dual infirmities.
The actual figures now presented are not claimed to be accurate.
This information was collected through the local revenue officials,
in the course of the preparation of house-lists in which connection they
had to visit every house whether inhabited or uninhabited. At that.
time they had much more leisure at their disposal than at the time of
enumeration when this information would have been collected in a, great.
hurry and as such would have been less accurate. In view of the fact,
,that this information was collected independent of census operations, it
has not been found possible to sort it out into age-groups.
The main statistics are incorporated in tables I, II and III. Reference to,
Table III shows the proportion of the afflicted persons per hundred statistics.
tho~sand of the total popUlation.

Infirmity Number afflicted per 100,000 of population

1941 1931 1921 1911 1901
M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F.
Insanity 45 23 24 11 25 12 19 11 11 5
Deaf-mutism 119 44 49 25 78 48 52 34 39 28;

Blindness 382 429 325 327 328 315 206 239 189 135·
8 ,..
Leprosy 3 6 3 12 4 14 ;) 6 4
 220

The table shows the number of persons affiicted per hundred thousand by
each infirmity during 1941 as also the figures for the last fifty years. It
reveals that there has been an all-round increas~. It is very marked in
the case of women affiicted with insanity and deaf-mutism. There seems
to be no other reason for this marked increase except that present infir-
mities were recorded at a time when surveyors had ~1n opportunity to
make more detailed inquiries and in their enthusiasm to make accurate
entries they included amongst the insane even those persons who were
suffering from some ordin:uy mental disorder or nervous break-down.
The general increase in the number of persons affiicted with other
infirmities is also probably due to the same causes.
A glance at the table will show that with the exception of 1931
figures all other infirmities except leprosy have shown a tendency to
increase. In the present decade it is very sharp. Leprosy which had
consistently shown a tendency to decrease since 1911 shows an increase
of 25 persons over the figures of 1931. The total number of persons
suffering from all infirmities this time is 10,227 as against 6, 288 in 1931
and 6,200 in 1921. The total number of persons affiicted with all infir-
mities per J00,000 of. population in 1931 was 387 as against 528 at
this census which shows an increase of 41 per hundred thousand over
the figures of 1931.

Belativa pre- Out of the total number of 10,227 persons affiicted with all the
[valence of diffe- imfirmities 7793 or 76 % suffer from blindness. In 1931 and 1921 the
rent infirmities.
corresponding proportion was however 82 % and 76 % respectively.
Insanity accounts for 7 %,deaf-mutism for 16 % and leprosy fortunately
accounts for 1 %of the total number of afflicted persons. rrhe following
table shows the relative proportions of different infirmities.
Percentage of persons afflicted with

Year. Insanity. Deaf-mutism. Blindness. Leprosy.

1941 7 16 76 1

1931 4.8 10 82 1.2

1921 4.9 15.5 76.7 19

The proportion of lepers to the total sufferers has been constantly on

the decrease. This point has been dealt with at length under the head
leprosy. Beggar-lepers subsist mostly on charity and are a migratory
class.
BLINDNESS.

Year Actual figure Proportion per 1,00,000 Variation per hundred

thousand.

M. F. M. F. M. F.

1901 4gS 135 -232 +106

<'

1911 2G6 239 + 62 + 70

';~~-'+. 19:21 328 315 3 + 12

1931 2992 2370 325 327 + 57 +102

]9"11 4;~()7 3726 382 429 + 57 +102

 221

Blindness accounts for more than three-fourths of total infirms.

The above table shows the actual numher of blind persons and propor-
tion per hundred thousand of population since 1901.
It also shows that blindness has increased both absolutely as well
as proportionately. It cannot however, be stated definitely as to how
far this represents actual increase, or it is merely an excess in record.
The figures of blindness are generally believed to be much more accurate
on the ground that thero is no particular motive for concealment except
in case of girls of marriageable age. There is, however, a danger of the
figures being swelled up by the inclusion of short-sighted and one-eyed
persons. But this error is not peculiar to this decade alone. The
previous figures are also likely to have been affected by this error.
According to the principles of statistics a constant error can be disregar-
ded and is no error. Therefore this increase in the absolute and
relative number of blind persons requires detailed study. Another
regrettable and unfortunatCl feature is the very sharp and steady increase
of blindness among females. As compa.red with 1901 the proportion of
female blind has' increased about three times. This increase of 300 %
per hundred thousand persons is very disquieting upto 1921 the number
of blind women per hundred thousand was less than those of men, but
since 1931 the number of blind women per hundred thousand is larger
than that of men. This is the only infirmity in which females are
more afflicted. This can be ascribed to a comparatively greater longevity
among 'women after puberty than amongst men. Old women being more
numerous than old men they would make a greater contribution to
blindness. Another possible reason may be that women have to spend
much of their time in smoky inlets and ill-ventilated houses; which are
injurious to the eyes. They being more conservative are likely to
neglect treatment in the early stageR or even if they undergo a treatment
at all it will more often be some obsolete and ineffective one which
does more harm than good. .Men on the other hand spend more time
out of doors and are more ready to seek treatment and alleviation.

Number of afflicted per] ,oo,oeo.

Local Dis
1921 1931 1941 tribution.
District and Tehsil. M. F. 1\1. F. 11. F.
State 3'28 315 325 327 382 429
Ko histan District 328 315 188 103 117 51
Kandaghat 328 315 188 103 117 51
Patiala District 321 294 285 207 330 ;)09
Patiala 288 200 287 273
Rajpura 333 209 397 363
Bassi District 363 335 434 456
:Sirhind 341 333 433 373
Dhuri 380 336 435 517
, Sunam District 365 360 324 320 403 463
.Sunam 367 341 5').6 645
.Bhft wanigarh 347 3~)3 4211 563
,N'Hnvana 250 234 252 202
 222
1921 1931 1941
Barnah District 321 312 348 443 380 523·
Barnala 358 411 344 474
Bhatinda 30'2 435 345 477
Mansa. 402 473 456 612
Mahendragarh District 239 229 261 236 392 329'
Narnaul 239 229 261 236 392 329
A glance at the above table shows that Tehsil Sunam has the
largest number of blind persons, there being 526 blind males and 645
blind females per hundred thousand of the population. During the last
decA,de Tehsil Mansa had the largest proportion, now it occupies second
position, the figures for males and females being 456 and 61'2 respectively.

Tehsils Kandaghat, Patiala and Narwana show a decrease in the

proportionate number of afflicted persons, both males and females. In
Barnala Tehsil there is a slight proportionate decrease in case of blind
males and an incre~se of 63 in case of blind females.

The possible cause of decrease in Tehsil Patiala is easier :wcess to

the Rajindra Hospital of Patiala City where during the decade 955
successful cataract operations were carried out. People in the Patiala
city and the neighbourhood are much more careful than the residents of
distant villages and towns. They now realise the importance of nipping
an ailment in the bud instead of allowing it to get chronic and uneurable.
Due to easy accessibilty to modern scientific medical treatment, the'y do
not resort to q llacks.
The climatic conditions of Kandaghat are most favourable for
eyes. There is no dust, or heat there. Whatever blindness exists there
is due either to the venereal diseases of the parents or neglect of every
day eye-ailments. By the spread of education large numbers of people
have learnt means and methods of avoiding diseases and still LHger
number of people have learnt to adopt preventive methods.

Effect of fa- The caS6 of Narwana is, however, different. The climate is hot,
mine on blind- dry and dusty which is very injurious to eyes. To crown this all, there
.ness.
has been a complete failure or scarcity of rains in this area for the last
four or five yean!. Actually these circumstances ought to have resulted
in a very sharp incrpase in the number of blind, but there has been a
great decrease. Though it ma,y seem a par;),dox, famine has been the
chief caUi'e of this clecrc:1se. Most of the blind subsist on charity, and
. when those who gave them charity had themsel ves to depend upon
relief, could hardly support their afflicted neighbours. The hlind, there-
fore, were either starved to death or migrated to a better place. Famine
forced the blind to leave the area and go to places where they could get.
alms. Possibly one of the reasons of sharp increase of blind in 1"'ehsils
Sun am and Bhwanigarh, both of -which were much less effected by
famine, is the migration of blind persons of N arwana to these adjacent.
Tehsils ..
Prevalence of famine conditions in Sunam and Barnala Districts
BU re.ly
has been one of the causes of increase in the number of blind.
Som(~ other c~uses such as drinking water of ponds may be at work, but
 223
",bese require a detailed survey by an expert. N arnaul district which
was the worse affected area by famine also shows an increase of about 50
per hundred thousand. As all the neighbourhood was very severely
affected by famine, blind persons of this area did not have any other
comparatively less affected are9J to which they could migrate.
According to the extAnt of prevalence, deaf-mutism comes next. Deal Mutism't
16% of the total afflicted suffer from it. The proportion of deaf-mutes to
the total population has increased in case of males by nearly two times
and a half and in case of females it has almost doubled. It seems
improbable that the number of deaf-mutes should increase so much
.during the decade. This sharp increase is possibly due to the conceal-
ment of infirmity at the time of the census of 1931 in many cases. The
following quotation from the Patiala Census Report of 1931 bears
testimony to it:-
" About the return of deaf-mutes and lepers also I do llot vouch-
safe much certainty. While the former permits of ea,sy concealment,
due to absence of any signs of ailment being perceptible to the eye ........ "
While dealing specifically with deaf-mutism it remarks. "I have
observed above that this infirmity being quite ea,sy to conceal, it may be
that some cases escaped mention, particularly among women and
younger folk, information about whom had to be obtained from the head
of the family".
This time, however, since the survey was carried out mostly by
patwaris who had personal knowledge of their circle there was not much
scope for concealment.
Another possible cause of the sharp increase in figures may be
that at the time of the last census the instructions were to record only
those persons who had congenital want of sense of hea.ring. Real deaf-
mutes are only those who have no sense of hearing from birth. This
time no such instructions were issued and therefore those persons also
who became deaf later on or who were partially deaf were entered.

Year. N umber of P
ropor
t' Variation per
IOn 1 00000 SInce
.
The table m the
. SlOWS
1
deaf-mutes. t 00 000 " margIn t 1Ie ac- Local Distri-
per , , . 1~1."1.
~V I b
tua num ers, propor- hution.
M. F. M. F. M. F. tion per 1,00,000 and
1901 39 28 variation III this
1911 52 34 + 13 + 6 proportion since 1901.
1921 78 48 + 26 + 14 This table shows that
1931 439 183 49 25 - 29 - 23 deaf-mutism has had
1941 1268 381 119 44 +70 +19 a tendency to increase
with the exception of the decade 1921-31. Whatever decrease there
was during the last decade, the decade under report has broken all
previous records. Another surprising feature of this infirmity during the
. decade has been with regard to local distribution. It has generally been
admitted that this decrease is more pnwalent amongst the Hill area,
sub-mountaineous area and at the confluence of the rivers and also in
such areas as are prone to floods during the rainy season. But this is no
definite conclusion, as in some of the cases actually the conditions are
vastly different. 'fhe late Raja Hari· Kishan Kaul in his Punjab Census
Report of 1911 while discussing local distribution of tho affliction in the
Punjab, says:- .

•
 ~24

"The proportion of deaf-mutism is highest in the Himalayan

Natural Division, where 285 males and 226 females out of every 1,00,000
persons were afflicted. In this tract the Mandi and Suket States are the
only units which have comparatively few deaf-mutes the former having
less than 50 and the latter less than a hundred sufferers for every 1,00,000
of the popnla,tion. The Sub-Himalayan tract comes next with 115 males
and ti3 females per 1,00,000. All the districts in this Division have a
proportion of 100 to 150 except Gurdaspur, Sialkot and Gujrat which are
removed from the higher Himalayas and adjoin only the lower hills of
Kangra, Jammu and Kashmir. The proportion is lowest in the Indo-
Gangetic Plain, 58 males and 38 females per 1,00,000 and the North-
"-e:"t Dry Area occnpies an intermediate position with the concsponding
figures of 94 and 6G respectively."

TIli" viev\' is fmther supported by the results of 1921 and 1931

Gell~US 1U Patiala State.

In 1981 the highest number of deaf-mutes both of males and

females was H9 and 39 in Tehsil Kandaghat. The next highest affiictl'J
Tehsils were of the Sub-Himalayan tract viz., Rajpnm, Sirhind cHld
PatiELla.
This time, ho\vever, the tables have been turned. rrhe Tehsils of
Jndo-Gangetic area viz., Sunam, Dhuri, Mansa, Barnala and Bhawani-
garb have the highest proportion. Tehsil Kandaghat is second from tlw
bottom.
The census returns of infirmities have been very unsatisfactory in
the past. Therefore the correctness of statistics of this decade cannot
be questioned on the ground of their being not in confirmity with tho
figures of previous censuses. It has, however, been stated in the very
beginning of the discllssion on infirmities that the figures have been to
some extent swelled up by the inclusion of persons who are <leaf or even
partially deaf.

rrhe table given below shows the number of affiicted persons per
1,00,000 for tho last three decades for each Tehsil and District.
---__ ..

1921. 1931. 1911.

District and TehsiL
1\1. Ii. ~I. F. M. F.
-- -- -_ -------------- ._----_.
Kohistan District .... 84 19 84 19

Kandaghat 84 19 84 19
Patiah District 103 80 5;1 35 118 37
Rajpura 59 32 112 18

Patiala 49 34 121 51
Bassi Distri~t 114 32 114 32-
Sirhind 50 24 103 31

Dhuri 52 18 131 3H;

 :425

Sunam Di~trict 36 37 22 133 5:&

Bhawanigarh 32 13 132 45
Sunam 36 33 169 ROO
Narwana 43 15 97 :-)~

BJ.rnala Di::>triot 77 34 46 '27 121 46

Barnala 45 2~ 145 46
Bhatinda 47 31 155 56

'Yansa 47 19 80 39

Mahendergarh Distt. 63 38 59 51 99 51

Narnaul 63 88 59 !)1 99 51
----~--- ~--- ---_.----------------_
Ariother very .revealing fact emerging from comparison of fignres
of the last three decades is the Vtry unstable and irreguLlr tendency of
the figures. In 1981 there w'u;:; a sh~llp decline. vVhether th:lt reprEsent-
ed actu:t1 deCre(-lRe or was it merely due to gross mistakes or omissions
cannot now be definitely stated. \Ve cannot summarily reject the Rtatis-
tics collected this time as incorrect merely on the ground of their being
so widely different from those of 1931.
The prevalence or increase can be ascribed to various causes.
This may be due to famine conditions in all districts of the State during
the last four or five years. The scarcity of rains was very serious in the
Tehsils of Sunam, Barnala, N arwana, Bhawanigarh and Mansa. Where
the increase has been so sharp the failure of rain affected very adversely
on the resources of already bad means of drinking water. It is generally
believed that this infirmity is can sed by infected drinking water which
results in affliction of thyroid glands. But failure of rains alone cannot
be tbe cause of such unusual increase. Another possible cause is believed
to be consangeneous a,nd first cousin marriages. But this reason cannot
hold water in Tehsils of 8unam, Barnala, N arwana, Bhwanigarh and
Mansa as more than 90% of the population is non-Muslim and as such
marriagl's are allowed.
Year P. M. F. The ta ble in the margm shows the actual
Insani~.
1931 297 216 81 number of insane persons during the decades
1941 6H4 485 199 ending 1931 and 1941, and the other table
bt--I(lw gives the proportion of insancs to total
190L .11 5 populatiOn since 1901.
1911 19 11 The causes of general increase of infirms
1921 25 12 have llIt-cady been explained It was only in
19.-31 24 lL I~}:-{ 1 that alt infirmities sho,'.ed a. tnndency
lU41 45 23 to decline otherwifle in all previous decades
there baR been a tendency tow" rdK increase. The increase during this
de~ d(' is~ however, very shal But this does not mean that there has
a,~tuiill I' h(1en such an illert '~e in the· number of insane persons. It is
'nlerely (lIje to correction ill 1L·· r1'ror of the last decade when due to the
'fev(,I\,h il~'~teol enumeratiOl !t waR quite possible for an enumerator to
 2~6

pass over ~hi8 malady in some cases over. Modern life, with its great rush,.
speed and maehinery, causes a very early nervous breakdown whioh is
only an elementary stage of insanity. Another possible reason can be
deterioration in the nutritive element of the diet, particularly due to
vegetable or vanaspati ghee. There is, no doubt that the number of
insane is OIl the increase.

For the purpose of this survey, however, the insane include those
who suffer from complete mental derangement. It is easy of dcte0tion in
case of active or turbulent form. In its quiet or mild form it can be con-
cealed and termed week-mindedness or imbecility. The more obvious
caUlle:"; of this are s<1id to be (II,) local usages, (b) local condition, (0) men-
tal stf';\.in, (d) use of intoxicants, and (e) leading of a very loose life. It
iR, howt;ver, very difficult to connect any particular s')cial custom such
as cons lnge01]S marriages or particular climatic conditions of a tract.
The brain, when worked upto a very high pitch of excitement either by
one's own mistakes or by the intrigu~s of others is apt to be deranged.
Sudden shocks of misfortune have also caused this dise3.se. Very exces-
sive consumption of intoxicants and liquors usually predisposes people
to insanity. Another obscure but none the less real factor of insanity is
mental strain.

Loeal m.tri. In Patiala Tehsil there is the largest number of insane persons
but-ion. per 100,OUO. This is probably due to Patiala the biggest town of the
State, being in it. City life involves greater strain on the brain than
rural. rrhe hardships of city life easily lead to mental derangements.
Duriug the last decade Tehsil Kandaghat wa,s the most afflicted. During
this decad~ other heavily affected Tehsils are Bhatinda, Mamlla and
Bhwanigal h.
The climate of these Tebsils is extremely hot and dry in summer,
the inhabitants are Jats who unfortunately are heavily addicted to the
use of liqnors and otber intoxicants. Both these causes are responsi-
ble for large number of insane persons.

lnsaniiy by
Fortunately females are not so much affected by this infirmity.
Sex. Men n,re lUore prone to it a;; they are dependent on their male folk and
as such have much less mental strain and worry.
It is very unfortunate that the number of persons affiicted by this
Leprol'lY.
loathsome infirmity has a.lso increased. However it is gratifying to note
that this is tho most uncommon disease.

Leprosy is a wasting disease caused by a germ which especially

affects the skin and the nerves and results in mutilation ann. deformity.
It is infectious and is found in many countries. 'rhe ordinary citizen's
acquaintance with it is limited to deformed and ulcerated beggars seen by
the roadside in large towns or in festivals Actually these are burnt-out
cases and are no more dangerous. However hideous these may bp, they
are a !"oubject of pity and for the sa.kf' of s:tiegu:l.rding of public heahh
their insolation has no object.
Fortunately there are only 101 leperA, 77 males and 24 females in
~he wh Ie State. In 1931 there were only 76, 57 males and 19 fema.les.
Tnl$; ~h(lws an increase of 25. The"e Me 'burnt-out' cases which H,re no
more da.ngerous. Active cases are not included in these. As long as
possible, people coneeal the disea,se. 'Burntout' cases which commonly
oome to notice subsist mostly on charity and move from place to place.
In view of their migratory oharacter the numbpr in different Loo&! Dili!m-
tehsils varies from time to time. Since the present survey was not butioD.
made on synchrcnous dates it is possible that some of the lepers might
ha.ve been counted twice. The largest numbpr has been recorded at
Narnaul, viz., 34 which means tbat Narnaul accounts for more than one
third of the total lepers of the State. Tehsil Patia.la accounts for 24 or
25 % of the total leper populatiun. Next to Tehsil Pa,tiala is Kandaghat
Tehl:'il where there are 16 lepers. Thus the three Tehsils of Narnaul,
Patiala and Kandaghat have 76% of total lepers. 'Ihere are some
lepers in Tehsils Sunam and N arwana.
The most frequent combination of infirmities is of deaf-mutism an.d T.b.. i.fir·
imanity. Persons suffering from both are 50. Those suffering from mities.
deaf-mtism and blindness are 59 males and 6:& females. Thus more than
62% double of the afflicted persons suffer from deaf-mutism. Statistics
of doublo infirmities are not so relieable since partly affiicted persons
might havp. been included in thfm. It is just possible that among deaf
a.nd blind are included such blind persons who due to old age are hard of
hearing. Lpprosy ig not associable with any other infirmity except in-
sanity. Possibly insanity might hlltve been the later infirmity, the brain
being not able to endure the strains of being out-casted. Of all the per-
sons suffering from double infirmities more than 160% suffer from blind-
ness and deaf-mutism. This lot definitely includes blind persons hard of
hearing or deaf-mutes with short eye-sights. The other most common
double infirmities are insanity and deaf-mutism. These two diseases
have indeed some tendency to co-exist.
There are 19 persons who have with blindness insanity also.
During the last census this combination accounted for 33% of the persons
a.ffiicted with double infirmities, now this percentage is 9%.
 :2~8

--
District Insane. Dea,'f-IDute .., . Blind. 'Leper. Total.
a.nd
Tehsils. M F M F M F .M F M F
: ..,

State 485 109 ]268 381 4J67 3726 77 21 5897 4330

Patiala 96 41 197 49 551 409 13 12 8·j7 507
District.

Patiala. 73 ::34 127 40 303 217 13 11 516 30'.:1

Rajpura. 23 7 70 9 2:18 189 1 341 205
KohiRtan 13 6 29 5 39 14 13 3 94 28
District.

K9ndaghat. 13 6 29 5 39 14 13 3 94 28
Ba"lSi 83 37 244 60 926 7i7 9 1 1262 875
District.

8uhind 39 21 93 22 390 269 2 624 3b!

Dhuri. 44 16 151 38 536 508 7 1 73H c63
Sunam 94 40 H35 107 1018 949 5 1452 1096
District.

Suna,m. 33 18 145 54 452 433 630 505

Narwana. 16 6 82 23 214 144 312 173
Bhawani- 45 Hi 108 30 352 372 5 510 418
ga.rh.

Narnaul 160 fj-i :163 113 1139 1275 10 1 1672 1453

District.

Barnala. 30 14 !i8 25 232 259 1 361 298

Bhatinda. 65 25 103 41 434 502 7 1 609 5fl9
Mansa. 65 ::l5 ](52 47 473 514 '2 702 5B6
Barnala 39 11 100 47 394 306 27 7 660 371
District.

Narnaul. 39 11 100 47 394 306 27 7 560 371

SUKIJDEV ~lNGH,
Lt. Col,
Superintel,dp.nt,
Census Operatiollf;, PatiaJa..
....o o t-

-
1.-
o U oo
t-
00
t-
t-

,.....,

o
o
t-

([) L- tn e.o
(.0 ,....., C-l 1(")
q Xl ~
.-I -;

00
-<
o
'0

Ie o lQ o::-1 ''''' o
-< co
I
o
-
I
o
I
I
l.C
I
10
10
 230

oI:-
~

--
""" ..... <:0 I:-
cq ~ ~ Cf:)
OO~ C1:> cq~ ~

.,...;
I :-
.......
C1:>

-al
CD
c6
.~
l:-
I:-
I:-

I:-
cq
lO

<:0
..... o",1
.,...; CC
 231
III.
Numher of afflicated per 100,000 of population.

Insane. Deaf-MutE. Blilld. Leper.

Distriot and
Tehsil. M F M F 1VI F M F M F.

State 45 23 119 44 382 429 8 3 653 498

Patiala 57 31 118 37 330 309 7 9 544 387
Patiala 70 43 12t 51 287 273 12 14 495 396
Rajpura .... 37 13 112 18 397 363 1 545 396
Kohistan 39 22 84 19 117 51 39 11 284 102
Kandaghat 39 22 84 19 117 51 39 11 284 102
Bassi 39 32 114 32 434 456 4 1 592 643
Sirhind 43 29 103 31 433 373 2 582 432
Dhuri 36 16 131 38 435 517 6 1 599 573
Karamgarh 37 19 133 52 403 463 2 574 535
Sunam 38 27 169 80 526 645 733 751
Bhawanigarh .... 54 24 132 45 426 563 6 622 632
Narwana 18 8 97 32 252 202 36H 241
Anahadgarh 54 26 121 46 380 5~3 4 55H 594
Barnala 44 25 145 46 044 474 1 537 546
Bhatinda 59 24 ~O 39 345 477 6 1 !i5$) ·34}

Mansa. 62 29 156 56 456 612 2 1,77 ti98

Mahendragarh .. 37 12 99 51 392 329 26 7 557 399
Narnaul 38 12 99 51 392 3~9 26 7 ;j!)7 :399

-.- --

Sll]\.HDEV SINGH,

Lt. Col.,

Superintenilent,

Census Operations, Pa.tiala..

 CI) co
CI) o...-I

'llU'eM.I'llN
,...
t{l'E:~
-!U'll.M.'lll1a

IU'llU.l'll N·

t-
,.....

t- 0";.
UI'3UUS r-1

10

..
."
~.

C G'I

'llU'IUU'llN Cl o
C'I

t{l'B.a o
-!U'llM'lll1a '<:t1

IU'llu.l'UN
-......

o
,....,

!Jnl1n to

m'lluns I '<::!1
'Bll1d C'B'IT -:v:>
. a. I

cq

.....I
I
o
 ~33

<0 co ex> 0) ~ 1.0 0)

..-4 -4 ~ ~ ~ 10 0
cq
<0 ~ ~ et:)

•
i
"CI
....
et:l
c::
CI

iu
Q
I:-

~ I:- 0) 1.0 0 ~ 1.0 t-

C'l ~ ~ ...... C'l C'l et:)
......
o et:) I:- ~ ::-c OJ 1.0
C'l C'I ~ ~ C'I ~ ~
~

CO C'I ..... et:) ,......, C'I m

C'l cq ~ C'I et:l et:) OJ
......

~ ...... r:q 00 ...... ~

~ C'I C'I ...... 0 Cl.J
~ -.::t1
..... I:- c:o ..... 0:> ..... ~ ~
~ ~ C'I ..... C'I et:)
...... <>II
et:) CO ...... ~ 0:> 0 1.0 Ct":l
..... C'I ~ C'I ...... C'l et:l (')
C'l 1.0
I:- 1.0 ...... et:) 1.0 ~ ~ 1.0
et:l ..... C'I C'I C'I C'I m
..... ~
1.0
~ 00 et:) ~ ...... 0 0 C'I
~ ..... C'I C'I C'I ~ 0:> 1.0
..... -.::t1
~ c:o ~ 1.0 C'I
..... ....-4 ..... OJ 00
, ~

et:l
~
et:)

g
I
10
10
o
~
I i
C'I
 234

··

I
I•
a
lIS
•a
-
cq 00 to 00
- .-t ..... o
.-t

o
~

,-- ......

ot - o
Cl)
··
·
:

o t~ o

I
C'I lCI lCI .-II cql <:r:)
I
to o
I I
lCI
I
() o .-t
J,
"'0
.-I l.Q to :0
 235

c:o
.....,

.....

'1':\
c:o
,
I
.
:
o
cr;:,

~ 00 1.0
c:o

o 1.0 o
10 ~ 1.0 c:o 1
I
"I:tt
I
10 o
I I
1.0 o
I
10 10 c:c
\
 236

1
II t-
~
.-I ,-4 .-I ., ~ ~

~
I co
~

10
cq : I .
-11
cq
I
I Cf.)
C'1
I ....
CCI .-I

C'I
C'1

~
I ....
C'I

0
C'I

~
.-I

....00
t-
.-I

:0
-I

. ~
,.....
.-I ,-4 ..... .... ....
III ..•
CI ..... .-I 0) .-I t:- ao 0
,.... ao

I """"
.-I
a.
CI
...J

Cf.)
.-I

~
C'I
.-I

.-I
.-I
.... ..... ....
r::t) ~ IC
0
.-I

. 00 .-I .-I .-I ~ CCI CCI

....
I t-

co .-I

'I l.Q
I

I """"
1 Cf.)

C'l .-I __. -.:tI ~

II .-I C'l CI':I to ~

0
..... to
..... ~ 10
C'1
0
Cf.)
10
Cf.)
0 ~
'<:It
0
l.Q
.-I
0
I ,.....I I
r,q
""""I
et:)
I
"1'i 8
..."
0 I I I
10
I I I """"I
10
I I
10 0 0 10 0 0 10
--' ,....; CCI CCI ro Cf.) -.:tI

J """"
 237

ee
r:'~ CIO 0" -.::tt ~ ~
~ e;! :;:;
cij
""">=1
Q;) O-!
r-o CI'J
'0 @ >=1
(.) """>=1 .....0
.....
...,;
"' """'c;>"'
cij
tIl H 'c..
Q;)

r-4 ...; e;! C'\I tt) c..

::l
~
00
00 0
~
<iE
> >:I
cu
~ ~ l:- t:- ~ (.)
H=!
~
~
p
ct2
~ C'Q C'Q

.-t ...; C'Q (0 co

CQ 10 10

c<f ...; 00 l:- t-

e;! ~

,...., 1"""1 C"I ~

,..... C'Q cq C'Q

~ ~

'.• ~
,.....

,...., CI1 cq

,...., ta ~ ~
~ ~

,lr."
,
Ii';!
0
CO
, I
-
ca
.p
0
'"d~
>:I 0
-
0 10
I,a
0 E-I flE-l
~ c
ttl
 238

C HAPTE R, VIII.
( Introductory).

In the field of Oensus Operations enquiry regarding occupation of

the people is important. It shows the nature of subsistence of the
population recorded, its quantitative measure and standard, and its
scope for further expansion or decline. Subsistence plays an equally
important p1rt in the determination of the movement of population,
though from ~ standpoint contrary to that of physic::tl aspects of the
popUlation problem, viz., its manifcstatiollR ill bit ths, deaths and
migration. Occupation of )I, man is no longer n::Jw identical with his
caste and confined within iL as it used to be in the past. For instance a.
Vaish is no Ion gAr n, tradesman, aDd a Bmh mall not necessarily a priest.
They may be Governmen t, servants, non-arti~;ans, motor drivers, etc.
In short the shaclde" of Varna Ashram by birth have been broken to !\
great, fx~,ent and a man is now known by the occupation he follows. It
is a grell,t cha.nge for which Hindu Society is striving.

Information about occupation was first tabulated in It,Sl whm

11lstrnotions.
the 8ubtle distinction between an occupation and [t means of subdistence,
a worker and dependent did not exist and a man's OCCllp,ltion whicb he
was exercising was :-done recorded. Tlj(' iJresent practiee ill of sifting
nature of romuueration, wbether in catih or in kind. To supp:ement this
it was also ascertained as to how IDany members of the household regu-
larly assisted in a. person's occupation.

Under cover of question No. 12 enquiry was made whether or not

the penmn censused was employed and this enquiry was further
supplemented by ascertaining whether the person cen::msed W;:IS in search
of employment, For those who were returned to bo in search of employ-
ment, the pN'iod for which they 1: ad been in search of it was enten:u in
months. What hao been kept in view in asking the"e questicns was
generally the remunerated employment i. e. an activity which would
produce an individual means of livelihood. Married women werking
at home were however, not shown as unemployed unless tbey specifically
said they were looking for remunerated employment. SImilarly students
in Rchools or ('olleges, or employed people on leu,ve or on holid}l.y, were
not sbown as unemployed. IntprrnitLant or seasonal lack of occupation
was llOt treated as the same thing as real employment of which we had
tried to seeul e a record in qne,;tion : 2. 'Unemployment' for our purpose
W}l[l not the same thing as activity at the actual moment. Byern!Jloy-
ment was meant, broadly, the existence of an indlvidual means of
livelihood and by un-emplo) mont its absence.

Further on, under qupstion No. 14 means of livelihood of the

per'ons censusecl were ascertained and tbey were entered in the order
in which they contributed to the livelihood of a person. Such vague
tel illS as 'service' or 'trade' or 'bb.lur' were avoidt'd and the fxact
occnpation was entered e. g., clerk iu bank, railway traffic clerk, etc.

In th(\ case of 'labourer' the distinction was lIHl.de whether the

la11 ur wag in the fields or in a mine or factory, or cotton mill or lao
fa,; ; Ill'y or tlarth work, etc. In tbe case of agriculture a distinction was
IDa 113 between plOlrSOllS who did nut cultivate personally, who cultivated
 239
~heir own land, who cultivated rented land and who were hired labourers:
A distinction was also made in regard to persons who worked land on
batai. If a person made the articles, he sold, he was shown as 'maker:
and seller' of those articles. In the case of persons conneeted with
banks or doing rrioney lending, it was definitely stated as to which of
~he following categories they belonged to :-

(a) officers, employees, etc.: of joint stock compames and

co-operative banks;

(b) munims, agentR or employees of indigenous banking

firms, and

(0) Individual money-lenders.

The scope of enquiry was further widened by ascertaining the
proportion of year in which means of livelihood were exercised. But
this question was only to be asked in regard to means of livelihood of a.
pers:m shown as partly dependent or any subsidiary mell,ns of livelihood
returned by other persons in answer to question of moans of livelihood.
If the means of livelihood were not exercised throughout the year, the
period in each year during which they were exercised was rec.orded.
Agricultural means of livelihood were treated as regular. When the
proportion of the year, in which a particular means of livelihood was
exercised, varied from year to year, the answer was related to the 12'
mrmths preceding enumeration.

The loral enquiry of the series envisaged the nature of employers'

business and only those persons were entered who were employed by .
others and who receiv€d cash remuneration. For purposes of this
enquiry the word "employer" covered. a company, eGc., This question
was not put to th ')se who had given their principal meltns of livelihood
as domestic service or agriculture. Wherever possible efforts were made
to get at the p1l'ticular branch of a big company's activity which was
in question.
Statistics relating to these ecqumes ;:Lre contained in Tmperia.1
Table No. VIII, IX. and subsidiary tables I to vn. E11:l.bora,te instruc-
tions a,rc pmbodied in the code of instructions issupa hy the (>llsns
Commissioner of India for the sorting and cOlllpiling of tables of this
important subject, ll,nd indeed had these instructions not existed and
not been followed rigidly, the correct sifting of information was a remote
possibility. The sorting was carried according to a prescribed scheme.
The list of occupations furnished by the Census Commissioner
for India was nou tr;lnsl;Lted into any Indian language lest all the
difficulties of mis-interpretation of translations should ensue, but the
English lists itself W:1S L)l1owed. It had not been possible to discuss
minute details and various aspect8 of the problem on account of the
bUlk of the task and changes in groups.
Reference to statistics.- St:-1tistics of OCCupi1tion are embodied in
Imperial r.I.'ables VIII !1nd IX. Toble V111 gives the oceupation of
entire population, arrange] 3,ccording to the scheme of classification
sanctioned by t Ie G,w"rtl men t of I ndia. Part I gives the summary of
the ,means of livelibood oi Patla\a State. Part 1I furnishes the provincia.l
 :J40

(Sta.tal) distribution. Part III provides figures regarding paid assistants

emyloyed, number of the household assisting, etc. Table No. IX showp
figures of industrial census.
_ ,1;3esides these Imperial l'~b!es,. seven subsigiary Tables have been
prepared to bri ng out prominent aspects of statistics contained in the
main tables :--
Table 1. General distribution of means of livelihood.
Table II. Independent workers per 1,000 total population (by
sub classes),
Table Ill. Pnrtly dependents following the activity per 1,000
total population (by sub-clasHes).
'l'able IV. nistribl1 t,ion per 1,(100 total popUlation (by classes).
Tit.ble V. P,H'Lly Gependents following the activity per 1,000
total population (by classes).
Table VI Means of livelihood of females and comparison of
occupation
Table VII. Partly agrieulturibt~ and assistants employed.
Classification Scheme.-The SChellH:', or classification of Occup3.tions
~p.Qpt~d at, th,is census is the same as was used on the previous occasion.
It is the one which is based on the scheme recommended for general
&doption by the International Statistical fnstitute, so as to bring about
uniformity in the statistics of different countries and to render their
comparison possible. The author claim:, for the scheme that its arraDge-
ment is entirely logical and that it is so elastic as to be adoptable to the
requirements alike of the most advanced and of the most backward
COUll tries. The author permitted that the minor heads could be increased
or reduced in numbM :lccording to local requirements, without affeding
the comparability of figures so long as all occupations were classified
with or without further sub-division under the main heads shown under
his scheme.
As such the permission of the Census Commissioner for India
was there to add any name to the list of occupations which being local
might not be either represented or easily indentifiabJe in the stat·istical
list. No occasion arose in the course of either enumeration or sorting,
to wake any additions in the list, because the population of Patiala State
is mainly agriculturist, as a110ut two-thirds of it Ii yes either on agt'icul-
ture on its allied oCGUpatj'dls. The classifieation under this order, viz.,
Pasture and Agricultural cultivation was quite comprehensive a.nd no
difficulty was experienced in the procpss of gruuping of agricultural
occupations. In fact the suggestions made cn page 117 of the Patiala
CenRus Report for 1931 rppear to be covered. But this, in no sense,
implies that no changes are possible in the future, fresh investigations
m~y bring to light occupation which have not been representeci in the
Itandard lIst. The mo~t noticeable change carried out at the last
census was rebtiDg to occupa.tion and Induf<try. ffhe fact is as described
by; ,¥.r., Jeatt:,> in hiA M:,~ras Census Report 1931 (p, ~) that earlier
(}eI?-~~~)hfl'J, gone straight to the aotual occnpation pursued by each peri-;on
(and by the maint,· ining person, in the case of dependents), the 1931
 241
census required first a classification of everyone as earner or dependent
and then a division of occupations into principal and subsidiary with the
proviso tha.t only an earner could have a principal occupation.
As at tbe last decade so at this no specinl industria I census was
taken.
According to this standard list after scrutiny and amendmEnts to-
suit conditions peculiar to India carried out in 1891, all occupations are
oivided into four classes, twelve sub-classes fifty-five orders and two.
hundred and thirty five groups. At the lae.t decade the number of
classes sub-claqses and orders was the same but that of groups was one
hundred and seventy-fiyo only. The sub-table in the margin shows that
the scope of olassification of occupations haR been widened by some sixty
more sub· groups, thus ma.king the classi:fication more accurate. Class A
deals with the production of raw material!'!; it has two sub-classes, 4
orders and 4·1 groups; class B deals with the preparation and supply of
material substances; it has 3 sub-classes, 35 orders and 148 groups;
class U deals with public administration and liheral arts, it has 3 sub-
classes, 10 orders and 33 groups; class D deals with miscellaneous, it
has 4 sub-classes, 6 orders and 10 groups.
---Another sub-table
Class. Sub-ClasB. Orders. Groups. III the margm

A. Product of raw
-- -shows how varia-
tions have been
material 2 4 44 occasioned in the
B. Preparation and category of ocou-
supply of mate- patiolls since the
rial substances ;-3 35 148 decade 1819 when
c. Publio adrninis- the new system
tration and li- was devised.
beral arts 3 10 33
D. Miscell aneous 4 6 10

It would appear
Cenf:US year. Cl:t.rses. Sub Classes. Order. Groups. from the sub-table
- - - - - - - - - - · - - - t h a t the present
lS9l 7 24 77 478 clas~ification was
1901 520 introduced in 1911
HHl 4 12 55 169 and since then it
1921 4 12 56 191 is holding ground
1931 4 12 55 175 except for changes
1941 4 12 55 225 in the number of
---groups which is
the minutest clasl:'ification of the schen:e and naturally susceptible to
frequent alterations. The one great ment of the scheme is that it records
the industrial census of the population along with occupational, but it
has its drawbac~i also as it merely shows the occupation followed on a
particular date whereas there are good many seasonal occupations which
augment the nuruber of persons engaged. For instance, workers in ginn-
ing factories who work during the cotton Beason only and after that ta.ke-
to other occupations are also shown.
 242

Out of the totfl.l population of 19,36,259 persons, 5,84,356 male.

Summary. and 28,315 females have been recorded as principal workers, wherea.s
4,81,749 males and 8,41,839 females aggregating 13,23,588 persons as
dependents on them. According to further classification, the number of
those who in addition to a principal occupation possess a subsidiary
means of livelihood also are 80011 males anc11952 females, then again
the number of those who are partly dependent on their principal earners
are 80763 males and 173293 females.

The figures under main divisions compared with last census

figures stand as below:-

Principal earners. Partly dependants. Total dependants.

Males. Females. Males. Females. Males. Females.
---------------------------
1941 504345 27263 80011 1052 481749 841839
1931 537121 45332 76615 699998 286287 609167
_--------
This shows that 31 per cent of the population of the State is earner
not only for themselves but enough to maintain their partial and total
.dependants. At the last decade the percentage of earners was 35
per cent. The reason for this decrease is that a large number of eiLrners
in the shape of soldiers of British Army and Patiala State Forces as also
recruits are absent from their homes. Also emigrants from N arnaul
district who earn their livelihood in British India leaving behind
their woman folk in State contribute to some extent to this decrease.
The increase in the case of males is due to general increase in the popu-
lation of the State. The number of members of the house-hold assistlllg
their principal earners in the various classes of occupation is given in the
statement in the margin.
It would appear that
Number of
Household household assistants perme-
Class of occupation. ate in every class of occupa-
assistants.
Males. Females. tion, and they predominato
in class A. The total of
females working as household
A. Production of Raw assistants is 8:.31, out of whom
materials 73,847 729
729 have come to be record-
B. Preparation and ed in Group Batai in class A.
Supply of material
substances 22,701 43

C. Public Administra-
tion and liberal arts .. 984 7

D. Miscellaneous 3,634 4:d

All State 1,01,166 821

 243

Looking at the general distribution of means of livelihood, the

number per 1,000 of the population is as given in the statement in the
ma.rgm.-

N umber per l,cOO of J?opula t ion.

-------_-_--------
Indepen- Indepen- Total
dent dent Partly dependents
Class of occupation. workers workers dependants on the
following . following practising MIL.
the MIL the MIL the MIL.
as as
principal. subsidiary.
------------------------------------------.------------
A. Production of Raw
material 2052.6 254.3 742.6 4343

B. Preparation and Sup

ply of material sub-
stances 737.9 118.2 398.29 1604.2

C. Public administration
and liberal arts 149.63 17.4 15.2 333.1

D. Miscellaneous 229.3 29.8 156.9 507.1

All State 3169.43 419.7 1312.99 6787.4

According. to further classification the proportion of independent

workers per 1,000 of total population in each Natural Division and by'
sub-classes is as given in the statement given in the margin.
 244

t- oo co ~ co

I
~
lo0oi
J-j
Cf.)
Cf.)
C'I
t-
:Y:I
..... I'-
co
C'I
0
J. H C'I
to
~
to
cq
0 ~
..... ..0
~

~ o;i 00 00 =r.) 00 ....I=:lt:l.Ci J-j

~
~ t-
Cf.)
~
.-t 0 0
.-t .....0
""'"'
~

i3""
I-of
~
et:>
0)
t.O
....
.-t
......
~

-
0)

00
0)
C'I
1.0
lei
0)
l-
0)
00
...0
~
S
CD

.....c:
I=:l
'""I
~
Cf.)
co
C'!
00
t-:
.-t
~
I:-
I:-
..qj
0)
0
~
- r.<l
00
ro ~
..p
s::l4
0
s::l4

I
~

........
CD
0
t:l.Ci 0
CQ
a:>
t:- eo ~
en
Cf.) 00 It':) 0) 00 0_
00
t:- ~ C\l C'I to a:- t:- 0) 0 ......
~ ~ t:- .-t t:- ~
Cf.)
""
I
C'I C'! ~ J.<
ex:) r::- .-t 10 cQ en cr.i <l.l
~ s::l4
en
<l.l en
en ~

.....
~ I CQ
~
.....
t:-
0)
l.O
....
O)

Cf.)
C'I
0
~
a:>
0
~
-""
..0
en
Q ,
~
co
.....
q
.-t
t:-
q ~
~
CQ ~
q
..... ~
C'I

C'!
~'"'
"t:l
Q

......
rLJ

~ cr.i o;i ..... o;i ::;j

en ....... .-t

I ~
..,.0
...c
bO

..... 0) .
0
0
.... co
...."00
~
CQ ~ cq
...
I
CQ
J-j a:> .-t 10 ~
co cq ~ co
lo0oi 0) ~ ~
C'!
Cf.)
CQ ..s::l I-of
lo0oi C'! C'! cq
~
~
0) '0

~ ~ ,..... Q
cq ct5 ..... to 0-
I-of
f;>
.-t CQ Q
~
0

I
s::l4

0) ~ .....
~
~
~ cq
.....0
~
0

..... 0 CQ to a:> ::;j

o
0)
cq
.-t
0 '"......lrS 0)
1.O
~
H
t:-
~ cq
C'I
~
cq
q
00
......0....
I
J-j
~

I
0
t> ci ct5 ..... co 0
H 'J.<

-
~
0_ f;> .....en
rc
J.< CD
<l.l ..d
t:- ro ..... 0- .-t ~ 0) co Cf.)
~

0 t:- t:- t- ro ~ ro 1.0 r.t"I co 0)

J-j
I:>
.-t
01
CI)
0
~
~
.-t
C'i
co
cr.i
.......
..p J-j
p.-
.-t q ~ q .-t
....o0
..... .~
~
.~
0
~
...8
..... -Cl
<l.l
..... -
'0

....
-....
0) .-t 0) ~ 0) Q
:0

I
..p
a:>
0)
....0 a:> cq a:> cq

-
10 Cf.) t:-
po. a:> ~ c:r-o co a= :>- ~ 01 t:- "'l'I .....
00 ci ~ a:i o~ 0 cci ..... cr.i Cf.) cr.i 0
..... ..... .-
cq ...-1

-
'0

Ig -
0
0

I~
~
0 ~

,...; C\'j JJ 10 t:-

..d
a= t:- Cf.) ~
....rc
I:>
l.O
~
Cl)
00
~
':'l
t:-
l.O
O)
Ie
.,1
en
.;.;I
I:> ~
.....
01 ....
t:- W
~
'0
en
0
J-j t:- ~ C":' ro Q .......
..... <l.l ~
1:1 0
Q
"0
Q rc
Cl.I 0
t:- l.O
..... :XJ l- ~ "0
0..
<l.l I cq C\'j
a:> ~ t:- C'l
«I
O
I-of
I-of
~
to
a:>
o;i
Cf.)
C'I
C\'j
m
00
~
Cf.)
to ~
10
10 ~
':;:;;
~
~
~
I0 ~
..... l.O
l.O
Cf.)
.....
~
CO
"<:l'
....
.....
t:-
.-t
lei
.9
~
«I

I
~ l.O ~ :t:, ~ J.< ...-1 ~ C'r.l Q

......""
0- ....
e:::
1I III

0) ..... 00 et:>
0
cq t:- l.O

- 1to -I
<n

""
I
Q Q
10
~
q
C'I
~
l.O
.0
~
C'l ""
t- ....0 Cf.)
to
0
C'I
q
C'I

I
H -+J
1-1 J.<
<l.l ••
I-of -I J-j
d ..dc:
::;:l
0..
~
.... .....
::;j
oc
...

I 0 .... «1
0-
c<I CO to C'I ~ <l.l 10 10 00 ..... .£8
Cf.) "'l'I cq 0 C'I ;:)
10
l.O ~ 0:>
.-t
to
...0
0 0 .~
O':l lQ
...... a= CD
J-j
~ ~ J-j CQ
.~~
t- ~ CO ~ ;;.., ci do ::q CO ~
CO
C'I
00
_. 0
cq
00
rl
0
C'I "'i:
.....
....et:> 0;, CO t- P- ;:l
ce· . . .
,
....."" .~
... ;:l
S ~ ~
-
~
ai
0 0
ce
Q
ce
<l.l
OJ:) Q CI1
rtl Q I=:l
~
CD
bD ~'Sn

. -...
I=:l'_ ~ 0 ce
... 0
::;j ....
.,00
»
~
'»
..oce
::;j_
d~
c;o.. ..... ~
a.;
_,
... 0
::;:l .... ;;.., .aheo!
::;j
~ Q
ce <l.l
~
ce
....
til

"".S: ce ooce , dl .;::; ~.~

ce P- -;"" oo~
c!) =='
~ ~ til
z·A
... ....S >=;
.... c c
"O·z --
:...
a:
!J)
z·_A .§ s:l
.... .......
0
rc
c: 00 Q)
til
VJ
r:: ~ c6
~ t:c Z < ~ tc Q
1-1 Z < '0
 ~45

---,--_.----------------
By Classea.

Districts. P.D. T.D. Independents.

A B C D

Patiala. District 23 663 184 81 :16 36

Bassi District 8.1 674 223 80 12 11
Kohistan District .... 190.98 632.2 267.5 71.3 15.4 13.6
Karamgarh District.. 229.548 651 222 9J 1I ~6

Anahadgarh Distt .... 165.779 601 190 56 9 26

Mahendargarh Distt. 107.509 729 182 58 15 16
---------
All State
----
.... 131.329
_._-
68! 205 73 15 23

In the occupational conditions of the State, the difference in Dill,rib."

by occupatio•.
respect of functional distribution of the people is not so marked exceph
that the population can be considered to be divided into two main types
viz., agricultural and industrial ocoupations. No doubt trade and !n-
dustry is expanding but it has not developed to an extent as to crea~e
fUQctional dIvision am Jng p~ople. Agriculture is the oocupation of
rura.l population and trd.de and industry constitute the occupation of the
urb::1.n population. Of the t)tal agricultural population 330241
persons depend on cultiv,ation of land, leaving bebind 1909 persons only
whose means of subsistence are stock raising and Forest produce.
11:2585 males and 10075 females depend for their own livelihood and
for the mtiutenance of their dependents on professions falling under
chose B. preparation and supply of material substances; 25404 males and
1 J 71 females earn their li ~elihood by serving public administrations
and liberal arts (class 0) including Army and Police. About 34122
m'tles and 4088 females follow occupations classified as Miscellaneous.
Under this category, 5~57 males and 210 females have been recorded
as eognged in domestic service; the occupation at SOllie 13386 m111es
and 1209 females is insufficiently described. 1561 males and 19 females
h::l.ve been recorded as inma.tes of jails, asylums and alms-houses; 7335
males and 718 females have been recorded as beggars and vagrants.
The marginally noted statement shows the percentage worked
out on their comparative population viz. both earners and dependants.
It would appear that
Earners. Depen- as much as 65 %of the
dents.
total population depends
Class A. Production of raw 65 03
material. on the production of raw
materials 23 per cent on
Class B. Preparation and 23 24 production and supply of
supply of mate-
rint subs'ances. material substances, 5 per
cent earn their livelihood
Class C. Public admlllis- 5 5 by follo\\'ing the profession
tration and libe-
of Eervice and 7 per cent
ml arts.
through miscellaneous oc-
,
CIa,ss D. lVfisoellaneous. 7 8 cupatiolls. If, however,
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _--l dependents are exoluded
and ea.rnerd only are ta.ken into consideration, the proportion of peraons
 246

a.ctually engaged in the vanous olasses of occupations would work out.

as cited in the margin.
Visa vis this proportion of earners the proportion of dependants
CIas! A 63. in eaoh class against earners is as given in the margin. Domestic
Class B 24.
Clails C 5. servants, peggftrs: inmates of Jails and the like, 8 per cent are included
Class D 8. in class D.
The number of women who earn an independent Jiving is 28, 315
By sex. . 'or 4.6 per cent of the total number of earners :111d 3.2 per cent. of the
;. totlal female popul~tion, as compared with 7.9 and 6.4 per cent respec-
. tively of the last decade. The number of female earners is really very
low and in order that they may be made to pla,y an important part and
be able to lessen thp, toils of their male folk, they should come out in
the field of earning in larger numbers duly equipped with eduoation.
This can only be possible if the social outlook of the community is
broadened and more and more facilities for female education are made
available. No doubt, females are found in domestic service, mostly per-
forming menial household duties, but this effort on their part is not
sufficient in the struggle of life which has become so keen and varied
these days.

------------------
Number per 10000 of
population.
Females per
Means of livelihood according 10000 males
Earners in
I n depen d en t '()3I I d'
( . . exc u mg
to classes. i
workers and 1 c pn~?l- subsidiary
partly de- pa occupa Ion occupations.
pendent. & working de-
pendents.'.

A. Production of raw materials. 2,789 3,116 321

B. Production & supply of ma-
terial substances. 1,136 849 783

C. Public Administration and

Liberal Arts. 164 196 432

D. Miscell aneous. 386 330 1,056

------- ----
'rhe above statement shows the proportion of females per 10000
males (excluding subsidiary occupations), according to olasses of occupa-
tions. The proportion of independent workers and partly dependents
is compared according to classes with figures of earners (principal occu-
pations and working dependants in 1931.)

'rhe sub-table cited below shows partial dependents by classes

Distribution following the activity per 1000 of total population in the districts.
by cIa.sses and
by district of
pa.rtly depen-
dent.
 247

--- -'---_---~

Districts. By olasses.
A. .B. C. D.
-----
Patiala distriot 10.119 8.896 .658 3.387
Bassi district 5.22 2.911 .072 .521
Kohistan diRtriot 130.005 55.07 1.366 4.559

Sunam distriot 126.0'27 51.42 1.33 50771

Barnala district 87.883 67.681 2.064 R151

Mahendragrah district 86.364 15.772 3.648 2.253

All State 74.047 39.815 1.523 15.702

_---
In the society of mankind a partial dependent is worse than an
earner but better than a whole dependent. A full dependent is a burden
on the population but a partial dependent is not like that. r:raking all
state figures there are 74 persons per thousand in the profession of
production of raw materials, 39 persons per thousand in the profession of
preparation and supply of material subqtances, 1 person per thousand in
the profession of public administration and liberal arts, while in the
profession described as miscella,ueous there are 15 persons per thousand
who are recorded as partly dep~ndents.
ffha proportion per thousand of population supported by each
dasB and sub-classes is given below.

------
Personb Actual
Class & Sub-Class. supported. workers.
--------- --------
A. Production of raw mat.erials fi8%.8 2047.4

I. Exploitation of vegetables and animals 4331.9 2010.0

II. Exploitation of minerals 11.7 7.4

B. Prepamtion & Supply of material substances

whatever:- 1655.8 737_!1

III. Industry 1129.1 495.54

IV. Transport 80.7 45.97
V. Trade 446.0 196.39

-C. Public administration & liberal arts 329.4 149.63

VI. Public Force 76.3 363

VII. Public Administration 156.7 60.0
VIII. Profession & liberal arts 96.4 53.33

D. Miscellaneous. 507.0 229.3

IX. Persons living on their own income ;')2.4 ~6.08

X. Domestic servants 46.5 33.2

XI. Insufficiently described 226.2 89.8
XII. Unproductive 20'2.0 80.22
 248

Production of raw materiai.-Out of the total population of th8

State viz. 1936259, about 14:::$0186 depend on the occupation of production
of raw materials. This gives an average of 717 persons per thousand a$

--_._-- - __._------
compared with 657 at the last census.

Class A-Production of raw materials.

'rotal population.

F. P. S. P.D. 'J.D.
----- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ . _ - - - - - - -
Males. Female:; Males. Females. Males. Females.

12496 48596 538 140576 841035

_.-._--- ---------,--_.--------
It would appear tha,t while the total earners in this class are
44557;) the dependents whether pa,rtly or totally amount to 984611 which
gives an average of 445 actual workers and 984: dependents per thousand;
the last decades average was 236 and 658 respectively.
The increase in the number of earners is due to increase of
population cf the State. Also some three groups h~ve been added at
this census to the previous groups viz. Battai under order 'cultivation,'
tobacco under order of 'cultivation of special crops' and the group
breeders and keepers of cs.ttle under order' stock raising' has been
divided into breeders and keepers of cattle and buffaloes for tnilk
production and breeders and keepers of cattle and buff;Lloes for other
purposes. These aclditionR and bifercation of groups h10S attract9d
mcreased popUlation under this class.
O.Uivation Cultivation of land provides means of subRistence for some
1369373 persons ont of which ,:1:21143 earners and 9.1:82:-30 are dependents,
among carners thA JlIllober of females is 1:dS44 which is about 3 percent
of male earners. It would ~1lso apppar that no less than 707 per thousand
or about 70 %of the population of Patiala State depend directly on land
as compared with 642 per thousand or about 64 % of perwns arrived at
the last census.
'rhe proportion with regard to India taken ::IS a whole was 61 %
in the year 1891, it rose to 66 %in 1901, to 7:3 %in L921. In 193 L it was
stationary at this figure.
One need not be' anxious about the peasant's welfare because he
himself is the greatest i1elinquent in this re"pect He ne\'er makes
efforts to increas() his income and resources but remains content ii he
could make a bare Ilubsistence for himself and his family. In his mode
of living, in his ways of cultivating and earning, he is sti1tic. Lord
Linlithgo who presided over the Royal Commission on agriculture (and
now the Viceroy of India) has aptly observed : -
"To a very great extent, the cultivator in India labours nor for'
profit nor for a net return, but for sub:-:istence. The crowding of the
people on the land, the lack of alternative means of securing a living, the
difficulty of finding any avenue of escape, and the early age at which a
man is burdened with dependents, combine to force the cultivator to'
grow food wherevpr he can and on whatever terms he can."
 249

I have gone to some length on this point simply to ~ound a nott:

of warning t,hat the population which is dependent on agricultural
occupation has increased conoiderably from 64 percent to 70 in one
decade and if this rate is repeated or maintained in further censuses also
more harm than good can be apprehanded to the condition of agricul.
·turists. Expansion of irrigation cannot keep pace with the incroilse of
population if it once starts increasing. It is therefof8 the look-out of
those concerned with the welfare of agriculturists that they should be
pursuaded to adopt subsidiary occupations on the lines ot cottage
industries or growing of special crops. Industry alone affords prospects
of relief. The statement given below would show how various occupa-
tions of agriculture are thriving.
---- ----- - - - - - - - - - -
..•.

Order. Group. Principal Dependents.

earners.
----~--------------.- -------- -
1 (a.) (1) Non-Cultivating proprietors taking
rent in money or kind 43,195 49,597
(2) Battai (Share-Croppers) 76789 1,69,~86

(3) Estate Agents and managers or

owners 10 5&
(4) Estate Agents and Managers of
Government 7 20
(5) Rent Collectors 8 3
(6) Cultivating owners 258,381 630,647
(7) Tenant Cultivators 26)978 58,649,
(8) Agricultural Labourers 25,865 36,613
(9) Cultivators of Jhum, Tanugya
and Shifting areas
----
It would appear from this statement that Patiala is a land of
cultivating owners who at this census have been recorded as 258,381 as
earners and 630647 dependents as against 256,033 recorded as earners at
the last decade, next to them are Battai Share-croppers, and non-cultivat-
ing proprietors follow them.
The statement in the margin gives the number of partial agricul-
1mrists and assistants employed according to the main classes of occupation ..
 250

----.----- ---------------------
Total following MIL Paid assistantlil
as Principal and Subsidiary. employed.

Total. Partial
agriculturists Males. Females.
Males. Females. Males. Females.

----
A. Production of
raw materials 3,83,945 12,496 25,141 667 7,580 38
B. Preparation &
supply of
material sub-
stances 1,32,499 10,379 10,342 132 892 ()

C. Public Admini-
stration and
liberal arts 27,774 1,199 2,775 8 325 1
D. Miscellaneous 40,138 4,241 3,376 81 143 7
All State 5,04,356 28,315 41,634 880 5,934 104
It would appear that partially agriculturists exist in all classes
of occupation, this shows the popularity of the occupation and the
general tendency of the people to resort to agriculture.
Out. of the total Principal and Subsidiary earners, amounting to
5,84,356 males and 28,315 females, the number of those who supplement
their income by following some sort of subsidiary occupations also is
80011 malos and 1052 females. The sub-table in the margin shows their
distribution between the various classes of occupations.

---------------- -------_.-----._--------------------
Subsidiary.
Class. Males. Females.

Under sub-class cultivation of class A there are as n:::;any as 41,918

male and 53:2 female followers of subsidiary occupations. This brings us
face to face with the problem of introduction of subsidiary occupations
a.nd utilization of other sources of income to supplement income from
 251

the main source of agriculture. Whether this factor would cause in any
way any deterioration of agriculture which is a vital means of subsistence
by itself or that it will raise the standard of village life by guarding
aganist depression cannot be said wIth certainty. It would not matter
much if the subsidiary occupation is such as may be allied with
agriculture. But if its field of work is different from agriculture it is of
doubtful benefit to the peasantry.
(b) Cultivation of special crops.-No special crops of the group
of Cinchona, Coconut, Coffee, tobacco Ganja, Pan-vine, rubber and tea. are
grown in the State. Tobacco is hower, grown very sparely in some villages
by Hindu or Muslim cultivators specially for their own use and not as a
special crop. Market gardening and flower and fruit growing have pro-
spered as no less than 977 actual workers and v81 dependents have been
recorded as against 142 workers and 287 dependents at the last census.

234 actual workers and 153 dependents werR recorded under this
order. The profession of foresty is not popular in the State, as with
the exception of hills, no forests exist in the State. There are bir8 which
either abound in bushes of no value or grow grass or fuel wood and do
not engage many persons as the occupation of their lives. They are
either forest officers, rangers and guards, or woodcutters and charcoal
burners.
(d) Stock raising.-This occupation engages 15151 persons as
actual workers and 32812 persons as dependents. Further classified,
they stand as cited below;

----------.-----------------------------------------------
Principal earners Dependents.
1. Breeders and keepers of cattle
and buffaloes for milk produc-
tion. 636 1842
2. Breeders and Keepers of cattle
and buffaloes for other pur-
poses. 329 1310
3. Breeders of transport animals 2440 5143
4, Herdsmen, Shephards and
breeders of other animals. 11746 24517
-----------------.--------------------------------------------
There is a difference in the figures of persons engaged in this
occupa,tion as compared with the last census when the number of ea.mers
and dependents of cattle breeders were recorded as 2987 ann 5278 res-
pectively and the number of breeders of animals for transport purposes
I was recorded as 2781 earners and 5010 dependents, whereas among the
shephards the number of earners and dependents recorded was 2999 and
4,911 respectively. It appears that this time some cattle breeders might
have been added to shephards or that figures of the last census may not
have been clearly classified. Rearing of birds, bees and silk worms as
an occupation is non-existant in the State.
Fishing and hunting,-Not only game is ra.re but there exist res-
of
trictions on the free killing animals of the jungle; there are no good
ponds or perennial streams where fishing can be carried out for hunting
 25~

purposes. Only 86 eCl..l'ners and] 74 dependents ha.ve been recorded as

engaged in this occupation, but the number of followers of the profession
had increased as compared with the lftst census when earners and depen-
dents were recorded as 52 and 55 respectively.
Conclusion.-The conclusion is that still some 717 persons per thousand
live on agriculture or pursuits allied to it. The number at the last census
was 657 per thousand and it shows a clear increase of 60 persons per
thousand over the last decades figure. In 1921 the average per thousand
recorded was 663 which was more than 6 persons per thousand as com-
pared with 1931 but lesE! than 54 persons per thousand as compared with
this decade. The main increase lies under head 'Ordinary cultivation'
which means that land had provided means of subsistence for a larger
number of people of the State successively for the last thirty years.
Exploitation of Minerals.-We now come to another kind of occu-
pation under Class A and they relate to exploitation of minerals both
metallic and non-metallic. They :1re not thriving occupations as the
exploitation of minerals is yet in infancy. However efforts on organized
basis are being made by His Highness' Government to drive full advan-
tage from the mineral industry. Mahendragarh district and the hills in
kohistan district are the seats of activities for this industry. This has
been dealt with at some length in the chapter on condition of life of the
people of the State. The Sub-Table in the margin below shows the
strength of earners and dependents under this sub-class of occupation.

Sub-Class Occupation Principal earners depeLdents It would appear

that this occupa-
(1) Metallic minerals 595 1280 tion which is of
the cata,gory ,:)f
(2) Non-metallic minerals 1194 1224 pursuits allied
to land provides
meas of suhsistence for some 4293 persons as compared with 375 record-
ed in 1931. The working of mines and minerals is attracting attention in
the State which in course of time is bound to contribute inadequate
measures, to ItS greater prosperity side by side with agricultural pursuits.
B, Preparation and supply of material substances.-Altogether
563488 persons have been returned as earning their livelihood by follow-
ing occupations of this group out of which 165745 are principal earness
and 397743 dependents. After agricuiture, this is the next big class
which provides means of subsistence for a decent number of people of
the State.
Industry.-When population is increasing the only remedy to
,check it from becoming a course is to raise the level of means of subsis-
tence also and the most effective means, if not equal, at lea,st next to
agriculture, is the means of iudustrializing th-:> country am] itd people.
In this connection mill industry is not al ways a desideratum and cotta,ge
industry proves a more effective indnstry becanse it is more easily
adopted and organized than mills an(l engages a greater number of persons
than the latter. It provides diversity of occupation and can be made to
thrive equally in rural areas t.o afford relief to agriculturists. Another
great advantage of village industries is that they fl.:fford to agriculturists
a subsidiary occupation.
 253

For our purpose village industries ca,n not be much distinguished

from petty inuustries e.g. soap-making, shoe-making, pottery, hosiery,
nara weaving, etc. These village and petty industries are means in the
first instance for the relief of local pressure and cannot compete in their
production with factories. It is also a fact that each and every industry
cannot be made ~o thrive everywhere, 3,nu a selection shall have to be
made of the industry which is to be introduced amongst the people of
the State by studying possibilities of its success. Mr. Wattal in his
publication entitled The Popu{atw/I Problem in India summarises the:
practical aspects and Rignificances of Industry as below:-rhe total
population of the State supported by the sub-class industry for the year
1941 is 299043 and for the previous two decades viz. 19~1 and 1931 is
324643 and 372879 respectively. This shows that the percentage is
decreasing and is an alarming sign and indicates that all is not well with
the popUlation problem of the Patiala State. The percentage to the
total popUlation of India as given by Mr. Wattal for the two decades of
1921 .and 1931 is 10.3 and 9.7 and Mr. Wattal has found that this
percentage is on the decrease since the decade 1901 when it was 15.5.
Further classified the number of persons engaged in various
sub-clas8es stands as given in the margin. It would appear that the
sub-class industry
Suh-Classes. Principal earners. Dependents. covers 2/3 of the
- - - . - - - , - - - , - - - ------·----earners and depen-
III Industry 1,1'2,9:d6 2,86,735 dents of the total
IV Tran8port 1,130 1,380 number of earners
V Trade 42,598 97,811 and dependents and
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ·--engages half of the
total population of the class. Among the industries of the Dtate the
industry of textiles and hides and skins are faring hetteT than any other,
Ghe main sub-cla1:ses are detailed below.
---- ---'--
Principal eel rners. Depe aden ts.
5. Textiles '29826 103040
f:i. Hides Skins & hardmaterial
from animal kingdom '21435 48449
7. Wood 14953 23606

The Industry of textiles comprises of some 17 sub-groups out of

which groups of (a) Cotton Ginning, Cleaning and Pressing (b) Cotton
spinning and (c) Cotton sizing and weaving are the most lucrative and
·engage the population as given in the statement below.
----------
Principal earners. Dependents.
Cotton Ginning, Cleaning and Pressing '27314 123040
Cotton Spinning 3140 60948
Cotton sizing and Weaving 158'20 43547
._---------,----
The Sta,te gets ready its cotton produce for export within its own
territory as every mandi or town in the cotton produoing area has a
 254

ginning factory of its own. [t is the most common and popular industry,
next comes cotton spinning which provides means of livelihood to 64088
persons, and next to this IS cotton sizing and weaving which engages ab-
out 59367 persons; still next is dying and bleaching which sustains about
5.113 persons, the industry of jute spinning, rope twining of hemp and
flax. Spinning carpet weaving, caligo printing and hosiery workers also
exist in the State but the population engaged by them is not worth
mentioning. Lace and crepe and embroideries which was once a.
flourishing industry in the ~tate has now dwindled, and insufficiently
described textile industries maintains about 15:J2 persons only as against
311 persons returned at the last census. Thert' are no jute bailing, silk
spinning and weaving and hair goat, camel and horse hair industries in
the State. The industry of hides and skins and hard materials from the
animal kingdom maintains altogether 66B72 persons out of which 17923
are principal earners and 48n49 dependents, the main profession under
this order is that of boot and shoe making which engageR about 15746 as
earners and 42097 dependents; there are Borne tanners and leather
articles manufacturers. Ivory and wood industry maintains 35280
persons, out of which 11574 are principa.l earners and 2::\706 dependents.
The profession carpentry turners and joiners provides livelihood for
29458 persons, out of which 8615 are earners and 19869 dependents.
Sawing, veening, plywood-making and basket making are other
iudustries which engage some 4711 persons. There is no match or
splint making industry in the State. The metal industry engages some
10053 persons,

r_l1he metal industry engages some 15933 persons, out of which

5880 are principal earners and 10035 dependents. A greater number of
persons in this profession are blacksmiths and makers of implements, the
rest are smelters, forgers, culters and 8urgical instrument mRkers, workers
in brass and copper; there are no makers of arms, workers in mint, die
sinkers etc.

Oera.micR engage about 32926 persons out of which 9450 are

earners and 23476 are dependents. Potters and makers of ea.rthen-ware
are the chief occupants in this sub-class; there are brick-makers and otber
workers. There are no tile makers, workers of porcelain, crockery and
of glass and crystal wares.

10. Chemical prod-lets properly so called calous.-Thie mdustry pro-

vides livelihood for about 6862 persons, out of which 1779 are earners and
5083 are depend en ts. Thl! principal item of oocupations under this
industry are IW1Dulacture of fire works, aerated and mineral water,
refining of vegetables, manufacture of soaps and manufacture of some
dyes, pa,jnts shallnc and lac products. There is no industry for the
manufacture of chemical drugs and other pharmacutical goods as also
for manufacture of pllper.

11. Food industries.-This industry provides livelihood for about

13~"ilpersons out of which 4855 are earners and 8396 are dependents.
Undm this sub-ciass fall rice pounders, grain parchers, butchers and
sweetmeat aDd condiment makers. These professions do not call for
any special mention.
 255

12. Industries of dress and the toilet.-This industry provides

livelihood for 316~9 persons out of which 11107 are earners a,nd 20522
are dependents. About 12013 persons are living on tailoring and dress
making; about 9727 are barbers and their dependents; also there are some
3104 persons who live on washing and cleaning but there are no
shampooers and bath houses.
13. Furniture Industry.-rrhis industry is not in an organised form
in the State. There are few cabinet makers and carriage painters. The
industries of tent making and upholstering do not exist in the State.
14 Building Industry.-·This industry provides livelihood for 13027
persons, out of which 6418 are earners and 6609 are dependents. Brick
layering and masonary are the means of subsistence of 9355 persons,
both as earners and dependents. There are 1263 lime burners.
15. Construction of means of transport.-This industry provides
means of livelihood for 2510 persons, out of which 1130 are earners and
1380 are dependents. Engaged in this industry are 806 makers and
repairers of cycles and 1107 are coach builders, both earners and
dependents.
16. Production and transmission of Physical Force.- This industry
provides means of livelihood for 1084 persons out of which 439 are
earners and 645 are dependents. Engaged in this industry are 530
persons as motive power (Electricity and gas) workers, as earners and
dependents.
17. Miscellaneou6 and undefined industries. -AI togetb er 20254
persons are earning their livelihood under this sub-class, out of which
5583 are earners and 14671 are dependents. Under this sub· class 5512
persons are engaged in working in precious metals and in jewellery and
in enamelling and 13685 are living on scaveuging '\\'1)1'].:
IV. Transport.-Transport is classified into three kinds and this
classification is based on the nature of tho vehicle used viz., transport
by air, transport by water and traneport by rail. Altogether about
27989 persons are engaged in the occupation (If trant->port out of which
9501 are principal earners and 18488 are dependents. 'rhe system of
transport by air does not exist in working condition and therefore no
person have been returned as earning their livelihood by carrying- on the
occupation transport by water is also rare in the St8,te, as no navigable
or peren nial rivers exi~t in the state. Traffic by canals is not worth
being taken into account, as regards persons recorded under the groups
transport by rail and by road as also under the group Post Offices,
telf\graph and telephone workers, the statement in the margin throws
light as to the number of principal workers and dependents under each
group.
--_._---------------- The n urn ber of
Princi pal Dependen ts. earners and de-
workers. pendents engaged
------- in tbe occupation
20. Transport by road. B862 7852 of transport by
%1. Transport by rail. 528·5 975~ road had increas-
21. Post Offices, telegraph ed during the
and telephone service. 344 865 decade on account
--_.----. of estnblishment
<Of r:nv rnandies and development of old ones, necessitating increased in
 256

motor traffic; the inerease of earners and dependents under the sub-class"
'traffic by rail', is due to some exten t to the exten sian of Bikanere
Sadulgarh Loharu Railway line. At the time of recording census,
the construction work on the line was being llpeeded up and lot of
'Porters and labourers could be recorded. Some 4962 persons, both
earners and dependents were recorded as owners and drivers of vehicles
drawn by camels, mules and bullocks which ply in the interior of the
State. Tbe number of persons earning their livelihood by service under
group 'posts and telegraph' is 344 as earners and 865 as dependents
as against 362 and 1048 recorded as earners and dependents respectively
at the last census. No tangible explanation is forthcoming for this
decrease.

V. Trade.-rrhere are about 1,35,118 persons engaged in the

various Isub-classes' and 'orders of trade out of which 42,598 are principal
workers and 92,5:20 are dependents about 297 females have been returned
as principal earners. There has been a marked improvement in the condi-
tions of trade in the State due to establishment of new mandis and
expansion of old ones. The decade has been a normal one in respect of
rainfall and other physical condition and free from pestilentes also,
these conditions of life coupled with good administration had allowed
the trade to expand and the people to prosper. At the last decade, 1931,
3371 persons were recorded as actual workers out of which the number
of females was 1534, 73,118 persons were recorded as dependents. In
1921 the number of earners in this class of occupation was 32,'266.

In the previous paragraphs under classes A and Br it has been

shown as to how many persons live on the production of raw materials
vi7-., the exploitation of animals and vegetation and on the preparation
ana supply of material substances, viz. industry and transport, but in
subsequent paragmphs we shall deal with the various items of trade to
show as to how many persons live by distributing, selling or otherwise
disposing of articles which persons engaged in preparation and exploita-
tion supply to the market. Both in recording and sorting there has
been some confusion in distinguishing between thA numbers engaged in
exploitation and preparation of an article and in those engaged in the
tmde of the very same article. This overlapping was due to the use of
arnbiguous terms as also due to both kinds of function being combined in
the same person, for instance several persons have given out and enume-
rators have recorded against the enquiry in respect of occupation of
brick layers and burners the word Bhatia for which the English term is
kiln; now no di"tinction has been drawn whether the person censused
laid and burnt bricks or was a seUer of that commodity also, and in some
cases both these functions were combined in one pereon which caused
overlapping and confusion and no classification was possible at the time
of ~wrting or compilation. Records taken in this connection shows that
all kinds of trades specified in the list of occupation exist, more or less in
the State. Salient features thereof have been dealt with below and
wherever necessary they have been elucidated by statements in the
margm.
 257

Munims, agents,
Princi pal
. D dent s.
epen
wor k ers. or.employees of in-
digenous banking
23. Banks, establishments firm.;:; and indivi-
?i credits, exchange & dua.l money-lenders
Insurance 8,517 17,768
24. Brokerage, Commision form the bulk of
and export. 319 1,004 the population
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - under these sub-
classes inasmuch as 6,424 and J 7,070 persons are engaged in these pro-
fessions as earners and dependents respectively. At the last census the
numerical strength of those constituting the first group was 3,686 actual
workers and 9,540 dependents. In 1921 the number of these actual
workers was 2852. In the second group, the actual workers were
enumerated as 239 persons as against 210 recorded in 1921, the number
of dependents stood at 523. rrhese figures show a great expansion of
banking and commission agent business and this business cannot expand
unless a genert11 prosperity comes to prevail in the condition of trade.
It can therefore be inferred that the decade was one of prosperity in trade
a.nd commerce in the State.
The increase as compared with previous decade is marked.
_._- _----------------
Principal These six classes
N arne of trade. DependentR.
earners.
of trade which
156. (i) rfrade in piece goods, cover about
wool, cotton, jute etc. 1,223 :3,961 seven groups
26. (ii) Trade in skins, leather
and furs. 397 75:i provide liveli-
27. (iii) rfrade in wood. 967 i,Un hood for about
28. (iv) ffmde in metals. 31 796 2,803 persons as
29. (v) Trade in pottery bricks earners and
and tiles. 176 794
30. (vi) Trade in chemical 6,379 as depen-
products. 9 16 dents, altogether
--- 9,182 persO!JS.
Again, the statement in the margin shows how the figures stand as com-
pared with those recorded at the previous censuses of 1931 and J 921.
---------------------.---
1941 1931 H)21
------------
Trade In piece goods, wool,
cotton, jute etc. 1,223 2,961 1,186 3)46
Trflde In skins, leather and
furs. 397 753 211 624 170
Trade in metals. 31 726 115 237
Trado in wood 967 1129 587 707 21 r,
Trade in pottery, bricks and
tiles. 176 794 140 162 6
Trade in Chemical products. 9 16 285 727 258
---------
It would appear from the above statement that with the exception
of trade in metals and chemical products all other trades have prospered.
The classes of people included in the trade in metals are those who deal
 '258

in metals, machinery, knives and tools etc., while those engaged in the
trade of chemical products are such as deal in drugs, dyes, paints,
patrolium, kerosene, explosives, etc.
Hotels cafes and Restaurants.-Altogether 5576 persons are earning
their livelihood by means of catering etc., out of whom 2336 are earners
and 3:340 are dependents. The classes of people in this order are vendors
of wine, liquors, aerated waters and ice etc., as also owners and managers
of hotels, cook-shops, hawker3 of drink and food-stuffs. At the last
census the total number of persons who earned their livelihood from
these source" was 2]0, of whom 588 were recorded as actual workers
and 15'25 as dependents. In 1921 the number of actual workers follow-
ing these occupations was 466. The increase in the number of earners
under this trade is due firstly to general increase in the population of Lhe
State and secondly to tendency on the part of persons to patronize hotels
and cafes for their lunches, meals and te~ and thirdly to the increase in
the use of ice and aerated waters and hawked goods by !J.ll classes of
persons.
32. Other Trade in food stuffs.-This trade comprises about 11
groups and provides livelihood for about 65714 persons, out of whom
20639 are principal earners and 4575 are dependents. The main groups
of this cJ a8S are shown in the margin along with the population engaged
in each.--

Principal
Dependents.
earners

166. Dealers in unprepared grams,

seeds and pulses 2,347 5,435

167. (ii) Dealers in flour and pre-

pared grain and pulses 11,631 29,626

172. (iii) DAalers in fruits and vege-

tables 1,653 3,H70

1 '13. (iu) Dealers in other food-stuffs 792 2,56"

As compared with the figures of last census and also previou13 to it

a large increase in the number of persons recorded at this census is
discernable inasmuch as the total number of those who lived on this
trade was 21574 of whom 14380 were dependents. The number of actual
workers under this class was 9972 in 1921. The increase is phenome.nal
because at this census the number of principal earners alone is almost
equal to the t.otal number of the last decade. The increase is due to the
general increase in population as also to the opening of a large number of
shops either in newly established or ill the old developed malldis, There
is no reason to apprehend grave mist::tkes in the enumeration and sorting
of population under these heads may be at the last cenSLIS, population
under these tr:'tdes might have corne to be under enumerated.
33. This trade consists of
Trade in clothing and toilet articles.
ready made clothings and other :1.rticles of dress and toilet (hats
 259

umbrellas, socks, ready made shoes, perfumes etc.) and provides livelihood
for 6511 persons out of whom :27.')8 are principal earnere and 3773 are
dependents. At the last census viz., 1931, the total number of persons
engaged in this occup:ttion was 2351, of whom 657 were workers and
1694 dependents. rrhe number of actual workers enumerated under this
head at the census of 1921 was 707. This time the number of persons
under this head has almost trebled. The iner('ase can be attributed to
the general increase in population as also to a taste among the public
to go in for ready made artieles in preference to get them made to order.
The latter method appears to such gentlemen as a. botheration which
they try to avoid.
34. Trade in furniture. This trade consists of dealers in furniture,
carpet:'!, cnrtains and beddings, as also hardware, cooking utensils, por-
celain, crockery glass-ware, bottles and articles for gardening etc. The
total number of persons engaged in this trade was 196 persons, of whom
39 were principal earners and 157 dependents. As compared with the
figures of the iast two decades this trade has dwindled to a great extent
becH.use the total number of persons engaged in both groups of this sub-
class was 822 in 1931 of whom 217 were actual workers and 605 depen-
dents, in 1921 the number of actual workers in the two classes was 69.
35. TraJe in building materiaI •. -This comprises trade in building
materials, and these materials (other than bricks, tiles and woody
materials) can be such as cement, lime etc. Totitl persons eng;iged in
this trade are 19 principa,1 earners with 23 dependents. At the last
cens'us 91 actual earners and 2')J dependents were recorded. This trade
has been dwindling from 19'2l. Considering that construction of new
buildings in P::ttiala and ill towns and Inn,ndis in the districts is cons-
tantly on the increase, this decrease remains inexplicable except a.
miRtakes either in enumeri1tion or in sorting or in both.
36. Trade in means of Tranaport.-This trade consists of three groups
and tota,l strength of earners :1nd dependents in tbis ebss of trade is 796
persons of whom 277 are earners and 5H) dependents. 'fhe statement
given below shows how this trade has suffered as compared with its
conditions in the last decade.
--- - - - - - - --- -.~---

1941 1931
Group. Earners. Dependents. Earners. Dependents.
---
181 (~) Dealers and hirers of
mechanical transport,
motors, cye] es etc. 1'2 23 1'25 404
182 (ii) Dealers and hirers of
other c;arriages, carts,
boats etc. 31 82 421 1329
183 (iii) Dealers and birers of
elephants, camels,
borses, cat ties etc. 183 414 1133 3580
---
It would appear that all the three kinds of trade have become
impoverished during the decade under review a.nd no cause for this ma.rked
 260

decrease is forthcoming. In 1921, there was only a single return under

the first and in the circumstances no comparison is possible.

37. Trade in fuel.-This trade consists of dealers in fire wood,

charcoal, cowdung etc., the total strength of earners and dependents in
this sub-class is 444 a.nd 584 respectively. In 1931, the number of
actual workers and dependents was 272 and 743 respectively. On
comparison it would appear that although the combined strength of
earners :bnd workers viz., 1028 is slightly better than in 1931, viz. 1015,
and although the number of actual workers bas increased from 272 to
~44 persons, the nnmber of dependents has decreased from 743 to 584.
The n!lmber of females in this occupation has been recorded at this
census as 13 only, in 1931 it was 1~3 and in 19'21 nill

38. Trade in articles of luxury and those pertaining to letters and

the arts and science.-'This trade consists of dealers in precious stones,
5ewellery, clocks, optical instruments, bead necklaces, toys, flowers etc.,
publisners, book-sellers, stationers, dealers in music, pictures, musical
instruments, wireless sets and curioes as also film distributors. The
total strength of persons engaged in these trades is 801 of whom 208 are
earners and 593 are dependents. These trades are also on the decline as
compa,red with the figures of ] 931 as given below;-

Groups. Earners. Dependents. Earners. Dependents.

---------- --- .. -------_._
185 (i) Dealers in precious
stones, and optical
in struemen ts 45 75 125 400
186 (ii) Dealers in Bangles,
beads, jewellery,clocks
necklacesfans & toys 102 335 405 1226
etc.
187 Chi) Publishers, booksellers,
stationers dealers in
music, pictures and
curiosi ties 58 18B 65
-------------------- ------
No reason is forthcoming for the great decrease in the number of
earners under various groups of this class specially under head 2. It
may be that in the process of sorting some of the dea.lers might have
been wroingly included in manufacturers, but nothing can be said at
this stage to explain this decrease and the figures can be left mther to
be rectified or confirmed on the occasion of the next census.

39. Trade of other sorts.-This trade consists of dealers in rags, stable

refuse, general store-keepers and sh(lp- keepers, otherwise unspecified,
itinerant traders pe,llars and haWkers (other than food) as also fa.n.ners of
pounds, tools, and markets. The total strength of persons engaged in
this trade is 19605 of whom 5550 [Lre earners and 14055 are dependents.
In the statement given below a comparison has been drawn to the condi-
tion of these trades :1S they eX1RtE'd in 1931.
 1941 1931
Groups. Earners. Dependents. Earners. Dependents.
- - - - - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - c " ._ _ _ _ _ _

18~ (i) Dealers in ra.gs, :sta-

bles refuse etc. 6 11
190 (ii) General storekeepers,
shopkeepers otherwise
un~pecified. 475:1 12980 15898 48922

191 (iii) Itineran ts, traders,

peddlers and hawkers
(other than food) etc. 83 175 75 208

IV Other trades (inclu-

ding farmers of
pounds tools and
markets). 3t; 147
---------------------------------
It would appear from the statement that at this census
no dealers in rags and stable refuse as also no farmers of pounds, tools
and markets have been returned and also there is marked decrease in the
case of the two remaining groupR. In faot, the most important compo-
nent of this class is the geneml storekeeper, and the number in this
group is bound to decrease if further sifting of occupations and their
classifications is done with, otherwise the number would swell. -VVith
regard to the figures of 1931 under group (ii) which appear to be swelling
to a certain extent the author of the census report, 1931, gives the
following ex planation : -
"Owing to the selling of numerous articles of all varieties at these
shops, it was difficult to specify them separately, hence they h::!,ve been
included in this miscellaneous group. No comparison is aJso possible
with previous figures.
G. Public Administration and Liberal Arts.--The total strength of
earners and dependents under this hemd is 12618 of whom 397 J are
earners and 8647 dependents. This head is divided into two hai1u!'< viz.
Imperial and Indian State Forces. But this distinction is not correct
because all army maintained by the State whether meant for service of
the crown or for the internal security of the State is termed as State
Forces. It is thflfefore not necessary to go into details nor it is neces-
sary to mention here as to how many units and of what composition are
maintained by the State, also which at present is stationed in Patiala.
and which of them is on duty in British Indi::!' or overseas. We are
-simply concerned with the number of earner" and depAl1dents under this
head, as recorded at this census.
Patiala State being a Bikh State with H. large Sikh population, the
profession of arms is popular among its people. At this census, the
nmuber of earners and dependents was 3330 and 395i respectively. The
increase is due to War as a result of which the army is being maintained
at its fnll sanctioned strength, besides a lot of recruits are being trained.
The Patiah State has undertaken to train a mechanical motor unit, so
 262

there is an increase in persons engaged in this profession and l'tlso in

their dependents. There is no navy nor any air force in the State.

Service in the State provides means of livelihood for a,bout 10072

persons, of whom 3558 are earners and 6514 dependents. Further classi-
fied the number of regular policemen is 1699 as earners and about 1488
are village wa.tchmen. At the last census, the strength of earners in ~he
regular fcrce was 1~i9.::3 and that in the village watchmen 2644. These
figures show that the number of earners in the regular police has
increased by ;106 persons and that in the case of village watchmen
gone down by 1196. r n 1921, the number of village watchmen was 1422
which is more llear to the figure ot 1488 recorded at this census.
Whether during the decade ending 19.:31, the strength was actually
raise.d to tha.t nnrnber and that the number 14t\8 recorded at this consus
is an instance of enumen1tor's or sorter's devil is a matter to be
ascertained.

The total strength of earners and depen-

Public Administration.
dents under this occupation is 427 J 4 persons, of whom 11618 are earners
and 31096 are dependents. Classified into various groups, figures are as
given in the statement in the margin.

Earners Dependents
It would appear
th~1t about 3907
199 (i) Briti sh India in Pro- persons though
vincial service. 1031 2876 living in Patiala.
200 Iii) State service 7546 17842 State earn tbeir
201 (iii) Foreign service livGlIhood from
J03 (iv) Municipal and the British Illdian
other local (not village service) 585 787 or Provincial ex-
chequer. rrhey
203 {v) village Offici~11s 1456 9{)01 might be employ-
ees of posts and
telegraphs and employees of the Public vVorks Department Punjab
as are found at the ci111al head-quarters; there were nOlle of the category
of foreign service which include only serV:1nts n.nd there may be bome
guests also.

Another statement in the margIn gives the comparativo figures

for this and the last decade.
~------------- ------- --_._-_._------
1941 1931

Groups Earners Dependents. Earners. Dependents.

-----_._-- ---------------~-------

Ii) British ludia Provin-

cial service. 1031 2876
(iij State service 7546 1784'2 1970 7240
(iii) Foreign service 10 ~3
(iv) Municipal and other
local service. 585 787 430 118u
(v) Village Officials 1456 9591 931 3166
------------------------,------,------<-------------------------
 263

As a result of this comparison the following disparity is visible,

while a considerable number of British Indian and Provinc:ial servicE'
earners and dependents were rp.corded at this decade, none at the last
decade, while there might be a mistake ill arriving at such a largo
number, the total disappearance of such persons at the last decade is
something uncouth. The number of 1970 earners and 7240 dependents
as recorded at the last census does not appear to be eorrect, surely the
State must be maintaining a large number of earners and dependents out
of its own exchequer and the present ('numeration seems to be more
correct than the former figures- It is no wonder if none of the class of
foreign service were recorded cit this decade. The number recorded at
the last census presumably included some guests also. The number of
earners of the class of municipal service has increa,sed, but the number of
dependents has decreased. At the same time the number of earners
and dependents has decreased considerably under head village officials.
There is no reason to doubt the correctness of these figures.
Professions and liberal arts.-rrotal strength of persons engaged in
Tarious profe3sions of this class as recorded at this ceo sus is 30831, of
whom 10336 are earners and 20495 dependents. This sub-class consists
of profession of Religion, Law, Medicine, Instructions and Letters Arts
and Sciences. The number of earner and dependents in each of these
profeRsions is as given in the statement in the margin.
-----
Earners Dependents. Another state-
ment of the va-
45 (i) Religion 5784 11919 rious groups of
46 (ii) Law 1074 2209 tl1(~ occupation
47 (iii) Medicine 1730 3018 of religion shows
48 (ivi instruction 335 1477 the position un-
49 (v) Letters Arts & services 723 der this he:1d ~LS
----------'--------- - ------ compared with
the figures arrived at at the census of 1931.

1941 1931

Earners Depdts. Earners Depdts.

-204 (i) Priests, Ministers etc. 3493 7198 10141 30081
205 (ii) Monks, Nuns, religious
mendicants. 59 72 423 612
2.06 (iii) Other religious workers 218:2 4755 65 135
207 (iv) Servants in religious
edifices, burial and burning
grounds pilgrim conductors
. .
ClrcumClsors. 40 198 325 638

There is good deal of disparity b'ltween the figures collected at the

two censuses of 1931 and 1941. The difference seems basic. The last
decad::o's figures had shown increase ovar the preceding census figures also
-3.ud bhe aU'jhor of the census report of 1931 considers the increase which
had appeared under the group priests and ministers due to the inclusion
 2tl4

of female religious mendicants, and was of the opmlOn that the increase
wa.s by no means welcome. But at the present census the figures of earners
and dependents under the head priests and ministers is so modest that it
can be aocepted without any hesitation as correot. The number of per-
sons as shown in this census engaged as monks and nuns is also much
smaller as compared with fiigures of 1921 census. In the group of other
religious workers, the figures of this census are tremendously higher than
those of 1921."It may be for want of proper classific3.tion of efforts on the
part of enumerators fLnd sorters, some persons who could be sorted into
other groups have been huddled into this, but the figures of 1921 are
specially low. As reg:1rds figuree of the last group "servants in religious
institutions etc." there appears no reason for their being so low; the
figures of 1931 appear to be comparatively more near to accuracy than
of this census.

L ...w. rrhis profession consists of lawyers of all kina.s including Qazis, Law
Agents and Mukhtars as also Lawyers clerks, Petition writers etc. The
total number of persons engaged in these groups is a360, of whom 1151 are
ea.rners and 3360 dependents. Further classified, the number of all kinds
of lawyers including qazis etc. is 1938 of whom 620 are earners and 1318
dependents. The number of lawyers, clerks etc. is 1345, of whom 454
are earners and 891 dependents. Among the profession of law there is
no female earner, among petition writers and clerks of lawyers, there is
one female which is a novelty. At the last census the number of persons
recorded in the legal profession was 477 persons, of whom 221 were law-
yers and 256 lawyers' clerks and petition writers etc., the number of
dependents was 1256. In 1921, persons engaged in this profession were
490. The increase which is more than ordinary is justifiable on the
ground that this profession is still the main hobby of educated persons,
nevertheless of its being over crowded.
The practice of medicine provides m8alli::; of livelihood for 4748
Medicine.
persons, of whom 1730 are principal earners and 3018 dependents. This
profession consists of fi~.'e groups and the stf:l,tement in the margin shows
the number of persons engaged in each group as earners and dependents:-

Groups Earners Dependeuts. Female earners

210 Registered meoical prac-
ti Lioners & acculists. 583 1~45 12
211 (ii) Other persons prac-
tising the healing arts
without being registered. 521 1075 18
212 (iii) Dentists 107 188 11
213 (iv) Mid-wi ves, V I:Lccinators &
Compounders etc. 481 358 416
Veterinary surgflons. 38 15:l 3

As compMcd with the number of persons recorded as engaged

under this head, the situation appears as given in the statement in the
margm.
 265

----
1941
--- 1931
Groups. Earners. Depdts. Earners. Depdts.

(1) Registered medical practitioners

including acculists. 583 1245 309 1114
(2) Other persons practising heal-
ing a.rts'without being registered. 521 1075 453 1476
,(3) Dentists. 107 188 25 8~

(4) Midwives, 'vaccinators, Com-

poundelil ,etc. 481 358 413 759
,(5) Veterinary ,surgeons. 38 152 5 17

Every :group under this head has witnessed adequate increase

,during the decade under review as compared with the decade 1931.
'The incre-ase is j:u:stined because in the first place this profession has no'
so fa;r lost its charm and secondly times are such as no one can do
wibhout a doctor. The number of dentists has also increased for the
same reason booallBe diseases of teeth are also in the increase. The
increase in the number of unregistered quacks is, however, by no means
welcome, it cannot be helped because the practice of medicine admits
of easy quackery. The present scheme of classification of these occupa-
tions is different from the one adopted in 1921, and therefore no
comparison beyond 1931 is possible.
Public Instruction.-This head comprises two groups viz.
48.
(i) professors and teachers of all kinds, and (ii) clerks and servants
connected with education. The total number of persons engaged in
both tbese groups is 2512, of whom 1035 are earners and 1477 depen-
dents. The strength in each group is as given below:-
----------------
Groupe. Earners. Depdts. Female earners.
---------------------- - - - - - -
215 (i) Professors and teachers of
all kinds. 808 1344 93
216 (ii) Clerks and servants connec-
ted with education. 217 133

It is a regrettable oversight thn,t no female principal earners

appear in group two as there are alw:~ys maid servants on the staff in
girl schools along with female teacheress. When compared with the
figures of the last census the following situation is reveakd.

------------ 1941
-------
1931
Groups. Earners. Depdts. Earners. Depdts.
-------
Teachers and Professors of all
kinds. 808 1344 821 2260
Clerks and servants connected
with education. 217 153 46 153
----------------
 '266

It would appear from the statement that the number of teachers and
professors had gone down during the decade by 13 and along with it the
Dumber of dep~ndents also. The decrease appears to be due to some
sort of omission as there is no obvious reason for this decrease in view of
the fact that an Intermediate College has been opened at Bhatinda and
the Girls School at Patiala has been raised to the standard of an Inter-
mediate College. The number of principal earners has increased consi-
derably in the class of clerks and servants, but the number of dependents
has gone down which looks like an anomaly.
49. Letter. Arts and Sciences.-This order consists of about 9
groups and engages 2425 persons, of whom 857 are earners and 2425
dependents, with 45 females at earners. At the last census, the number
recorded was 5110 earners and 13867 dependents. As compared in
details with 1931 figures, the situation is revealed in the statement given
below.
----------_.------_
1941 1931
Groups.
Earners. Depdt. Earners. Depdts.

217. Public scribes, stenographers etc. 10 12 24 84

218 (ii) Architects, smveyors, Engi-
neers, and their employees, (Not
being State servants) 15 44 86 313
219 (iii) Authors, editors journalists &
Photographers 29 65 6 26
220 (iv) Artists, sculpters and image
makers 4 3,843 10,170
221 (v) Scientists ( Astronomers,
Botanists etc.) 27 87
222 (vi) Horoscopes casters, astrologers,
fortune tellers, Wizards, witches
and Mediums 68 103 255 870
223 (vii) Musicians (composers and
performers, other than military)
Actors, Dancers etc. 491 1,077 751 1,97'1
224 (viii) Managers and employers of
places public entertainments,
race courses, societies, clubs .... 1 41 41
225 (ix) Conjurers, acrobats, recitors,
exhibitors of curiosities and wild
animals etc. 107 26:1 77 304
---.-------
As regards the figures collected at this census reliance cannot be
placed on them for determination of the condition of these professions in
the State. For instance it cannot be admitted as a fact that there are
no artists in the State, whose rulers have been great lovers and patrons
of fine arts; in the same way totaJ di:-;apppearance of astronomers and
decrease in the number of aruhitoclts cannot be believed easily. As
regards the figures recorded at the la,st census, one C!1n do no better
than quote from the report the uns,!,tisfactory condition of statistics
under this head of occupation. rrhe observations run as below:-
 ~67

"The figures in the marginal statement will show that the greates~
number of earners belong to the group of artists, eculptors and image-
makers; and I doubt the accuracy of these figures. It appears tha.t.
ordinary potters, who make crude earthen toys of dieties and gods, have
been treated as sculptors. That there should be 537 women also carry-
ing on these fine arts, further strengthens my suspicion that the classifi-
cation has not been properly understood. It has not been possible to
find out where the mistake lies, and a reference is made here to ensure
that precautions may be taken in time to gua.rd against a similar error
on the next ocoasion. That all the people, excepting 1,214 males and
63 females, are engaged exclusively in these fine arts, strengthens the
.hove suspicion still further; and the number of even crude toy-makers.
cannot be so great, a.s, the demand for toys is only seasonal, e.g., on the
occasioD. of Dewali or on one or two other festivals."
While unable to test the accuracy to these figures the best thing
I can do is to sound a note of warning to enumerators at the next census,
operations.
Miscellaneous.- This class consists of six sub-classes as detailed in
t?e margin.-The total population recorded under this class is 1,72,917,
of whom 44,379 are earners and 128538 are dependents.-

Sub-Class. Earners. Depeu- Each of these

dents.
---- -- classes have been
dea.lt with In the
50 (l) Persons living on their following paras
mcome 5,040 8,631 separately and
comparIson has
51 (ii) Domestic servioe 6,426 9,809 been drawn as to

52 (iii) Insufficiently described how each stands

occupations 17,387 43,707 in matter of popu-
lation compared
53 (iv) Unproductive 1,570 162 with the figures of
54 (v) Beggars, Vagrants 8;638 18,242 the last census.
55 (vi) Other unclassified non-
productive industries 5,318 40,393

50. Persons living principally on their income.- In this occupation

are included those proprietors (other than of agricultural land) fand and
scholarship holders and pensioners who live principally on their income.
The total number recorded was 13671 persons, of whom 5040 have been
recorded as earners and 8,631 as dependents. rrhe number of earners
under this head recorded at the last decade was ~980 with dependents
6405. This occupation includes pensioners and biswedars and their own
number as also of their dependents is certainly very high in the State,
and the inorease is justified.
Domestic lervice.-This occupation is divided into two distinct
groups :-(1) private motor drivers and cleaners (2) other domestic
servants. The total population under this ocoupation is 16235, of whom
 268

6426 are earners and 9809 dependents. The popula.tion under each
group as it stood at this census a.nd at the lasi census is given in the
margm.

1941 . 1931.

Earners. Depdts Earners. Depdts.

-- ---
(i) Private motor drivers
&ond cleaners 675 1284 51 151

(ii) Domestic service 5751 8525 11732 21461

It wORld appear that the number of both earners and depen-

dents has increased considerably as compared with the figures of
the last census and considering the facts that motor service in the state
has developed to a large extent and has proved lucrative also on accoun'
of establishment and development of mandis, the increase is justified.
The decrease in the number of domestic persons both earners and depen-
dents is considerable and does not require any explanation, because the
number of principal earners as 5751 in the group of domestic servants is
quite small considering the population of the State. However, the num-
ber of partial occupants which is 472 is beside these figures but this
addition does not make up the loss of this group.
Insufficiently described occupations.-The nomenclature of this
occupation speaks for itself. This has been cla.ssified to include all those
who do not indicate a definite labour, occupation or craft and could noi
find a proper head or group at the hand of the sorter. The total number
of persons classified under this head is 68688, of whom 17387 are ea.rners
and 51301 dependents. The total number under this head at the las'
census was 62774, of whom 20277 were earners and 42497 dependents.
This sub-class consists of 4 groups and the number engaged in each is
given in the statement below with their population recorded at the last

__.....------------- -----,-----...,__
,census.

1941. 1931.

Earners. Depdts. Earners. Depdts.

------------------
2:29. (i) Manufacturerlil, business-
men and contractors
otherwise unspecified .... 954 1959 519 1824

230. (ii) Cashiers, Accountants,

book-keepers, clerks and
other employees of un-
specified offices and
warehouses and shops .... 443 351 B9 449

231. (iii) Mechanics otherwise

unspecified 97 380 5tH 1580

232. (iv) Labourers and workmen

otherwise unspecified 15476 18611 19048 38644
----
 269

It would appear from these statistics that with the exception of

group (iii) and the number of unolassified earners in the group of labour
the number of persons with undefined occupation is higher than that of-
tha last year. It is this group that presents great difficulties of classifica-
tion in sorting.
Unproductive. This sub~class consists of three groups as detailed
in the margin a.nd the total number of persons engaged is 74323, of whom
15526 are earners and 58797 dependents.-
---------------------------
1941. 1931.

Earners. Depdts. Earners. Depdts.

--------------------- -----
53. (i) Inmates of Jails
asylums and alms-
houses 1570 162 915

54. (ii) Beggars and

Vagrants 8638 18242 ] :2060 14236

55. (iii) Other unolassified

non-produotive in-
dustries 5318 40393 13091 14394

-------------,------
The persons shown against this group are actual inmates of Jails,
and other charitable institutions; the number of persons in group (ii) has
really gone down very much and the decrease is welcome. Tn 1931 the
deorease had amounted to 21 percent and during this decade it has been
returned 71 peroent. The number in the group "other unclassified non-
produotive industries" is really bigh in tbe case of earners. The differ-
ence between earners and dependents itself is anamolous which cannot
be helped.
The Imperial table No. IX embodies the information colleoted
.against question No. 14 and shows the following funotional distribu-
tion : -
(1) Managers.
(2) Supervisor and Teohnical.
(3) Clerical.
(4) Welfare.
(5) Operatives.
The statistics under head operative are sucb as call for certain
amount of attention. It appears that in the iudustry of cultiva.tion of
special crops about 50 male children of less than 15 years, and 50 youths
between 15 and 16 years and 285 male adults and 15 female adults are
operating. The entire Directional Supervising and clerir.al staff is
Indian. In the textile industry there are in the operative class about
75 male and 5 female children of less than 15 years of age, 109 male
youths and 1435 male and 230 female adults. These are all Indians in
tbe directional staff. In the metal industry there are engaged about 35
 ~70

adults with no children and youths; in the briok industry under sub~olass
oeramics about 189 male and 20 female adults are engaged and among
the workers there are no children and youths; in the ice fa.ctory and oil
mills 60 male adults in the former a.nd 49 males and 8 female adults in
the latter, among the Directional staff, 5 supervisors in the Ice Factory
80nd 3 in the Oil Mills are other than Indians. In the Flour Mills,
which are the largest motive power mills, there are 17 male youths and
216 adults, the Directional staff is entirely Indian and among the welfare
staff there are 41 persons. In the Cement Factory there are about 33
female children of less than 15 years and 589 males and 22 female adults,
8omong the Directional staff there are two Managers, 14 Supervisors and
Technicians and 9 clerks who are not Indians.
 271
CHAPTER' IX.
LITERACY.
"The quec;tion of education is one of those live problems which" Introduction.
usually excite passionate interest throughout India at the present d~y.
The various problems in connection with it-its governance, its aims,
its curricala-are debated constantly everywhere; but the primary need
is the urgency of conquering ignorance which still remains almost uni:..
versal. Nobody is in doubt on that point. The census throws light on
this last and more imoprtant aspect of a many sided problem. It shows
how far from decade to decade the progressive efforts of educational
agencies in different parts of the country have been able to dispel igno-
rance and bring the minimum knowledge of letters to doors of the people."
(Baroda Census Report 1921).
It is, therefore, right to take an inventory of the number of lite- Nature and
rates at each census and to asoertain thereby the progress which the Scope of En-
quiry.
people are making in the domain of literacy. The scope of enquiry at
this census is limited to a record of those people alone who can read and
write. '
In 1891, the population, according to literacy, was divided into
three heads (i) those under instructioTl, (ii) those able to read and write
(literate), and (iii) the illiterate. The following instructions were issued
at that time :-
"Enter against each person, whether grown up, child or infant,
either learning, literate or illiterate. Enter all those as 'learning' who are
under instruction, either at home or at school or college. Enter as
'literate' those who are able both to read and write any language, but
who are not under instruction as above. Enter as 'illiterate' those who
are not under instruction, and do not know how to both read and write,
or who can sign their own name, but not read."
This classification was, however, on the compilation of statistics
found to be unsatisfactory and misleading, because of the exclusion of
children who had not been long at school and inclusion of many
of the more advanced students who returned themselves as literate.
Therefore the then Census Commissioner recommended that the distinc-
tion between the 'learning' and 'literate' should be abandoned. His re-
commendations were accepted ever since bhe population began to be
divided into two broad categories, literate and illiterate.
The extent of literacy was gauged at this census by means of
,questions 20, 21, and 22 which ascertained whether the person questioned
could both read and write, if so, wh'Lt script he uc:ed, whether he could
only read; if he could both read and write, the highest exa,mination that
he had passed was to be recorded.
rrhere are a considerable num her of persons amongst Mobammadans
who could re3Jd but not write; fr)r instance, those who ha,Q learnt enough
Arabic to be able to reild the Koran but could not 'vYI'ite any script.
Similarly there are many Hindus WlD, though not conversant with the
arb of writing, can dr,)ne out at least the more familiar p:1rts of the
M'l.habharba a.nd the Ramq,ytna t:) 1heir neighbours, though they can
make neither head nor tail 1)f wh Lt they read. Sneh persons had
 272

pretensions to literacy bub could not qualify themselves under the defini-
tion laid down. Of this minor form of literaoy the census took coun'
inasmuch as they were entered as partially literate. Besides, there is
..40 gainsaying the fact that literacy· in any community is gauged byf
.he avocation of its members as well as by special facilities available for
the spread of education. Indeed, the pursuit of knowledge or desire to
gain it for its own sake is rare. Nevertheless the idea. of educating their
children is gaining ground amongst Indians, especially those who live in
towns.

The highest examination passed, e. g., B. A., School Final, Matrie,

7th standard, eto., were entered; where the person enumerated had not
a.ttended any school or college, the class or standard of education attained
was indicated. Literacy in English formed the subject of a separate
question. Persons who both categories, viz., those who could both read
and write English as well as those who could not, were recorded.

At the last census persons under 5 were shown as illiterate. For

the sake of continuity it was decided this time also to show persons
under 5 as illiterate. The age-group 0-5 has, therefore, been excluded
in working out the ratios of literates in the population.

The instructions contained on page 11 of the booklet 'Instructions

Definition of
Literacy. for Enumerators', 1941, read as follows:-

Question No. 20. (Literacy).-In the case of persons who are

able to read and write enter the name of the script written, in the
case of persons who are only able to read write P; and in the case of
those persons who are unable to read or write put x.

The supplementary instructions for Charge Superintendents and

Supervisors stated :-
Question No. 20. (Literacy).-Only one script is required.
Ordinarily, this will relate to a language mentioned against question 18
or 19. (Mother tongue and other Indian languages III common use,
respectively.)
In 1911 as well as in 1921, the instructions were that a person
should not be entered as literate unless he could write a letter to a friend
and read the reply thereto.

Before 1921 the heading of this Chapter used to be 'Education,' a

Cha.nge of
title. term which did not precisely represent the statistics dealt with. "Literacy
is not education but merely a means to that end and whi1e figures can
show with some degree of accuracy how the first is advancing, much
more than statistics of quantity is required to assess the progress of
education. If this last be taken in its broadest men.ning of knowledge
and uno.erstanding of life and of men, the literacy key is not even
indispensable although useful and desirable. The key metaphor is pro-
bably the best; all that literacy can do is to open a door; the use made of
the access is another and much more difficult matter, one on which in
India as in Europe there has heen much questioning.·

"'(Ma.dras CeQSUI Report, ]931.)

 273

The statistics collected at this census in respect of literacy are Reference to

St.tisiies.
embodied in Imperial Table XI, which shows the number of literate and
illiterate persons of each sex and main community classified under the
a.ge-periods 0-5, 5-10, 10-]5, 15-20, 20-30, 3e-50, 50 and over. The
figures for literates in English are also given in this table. This informa-
tion is further classified in 6 subsidiary tables, included in volume of
this Report.
Subsidiary table (i) shows the proportion of literates to ten
thousand of the population at certain age-periods, for both sexes sepa-
rately, and the various communities, and also the proportion of illiterate
persons, males and females, and that of literates in English. Table (ii)
shows almost similar statistics by natural ilivisions and districts, instead
of oommunity. Table (iii) furnishes the figures of literates per 10,000
separately for each sex, according to community and natural division.
Table (iv) furnishes the figures of literacy in English, by age, sex and
locality, i.e., natmal division and district. This table also compares
ii.gures of all ages with those of 1931, 1921 and 1911, but the unit of
abstraction, before 1931, being the State as a whole, detailed figures for
districts were not available and the entries in their columns, therefore,
have been left blank. Subsidiary table (v) shows the progress of literacy
since 1901. In this table al!'lo, detailed figures for tebsils have not been
given, since they were not available. Table (vi) furnishes the number of
educational institutions, and the scholars receiving instruction therein i a
comparision with figures of the last census has also been made.
The statistics of literacy were not compiled at this census accord-
ing to caste and :t:eligion.
EXTENT OF LITERACY.
Out of a total population of 19,36,259 persons (10,66,105 males
General Ho·
8.nd 8,70,154 females) 1,15,033 persons, comprising 1,01,754 males and markl.
13,279 fem3.Ies, are literate in the sense in which the term was used at
the pesent census. In other words, of the total population of the State,
only 69 persons per mille. are literate. Put jn a succinct form, the
present literacy proportions of the State stand thus. 10.9 per cent. males
and 1.8 per cent females are now literate. For English literacy the
figures are 1.5 and '1 per cent respectively. The number of literate and
illiterate persons (divided very unequally hetween the two sexes) is given
in the margin below.
Males. Females. The total of person s
Literates. 1,01,754 13,279 literate in English is
, Illiterates. 9,64,351 8,56,875 15,602 with 14,862
males and 740 females.
This gives a proportion of 69 per thousand as against 33 in 1931 and 36
in 1921. This progress of literacy during the decade may be due to
general desire of the masses to aoquire education, but largely the credit
goes to the State for its effort to make citizens more and mote
enlightened.
 274
--~.-

Total. Literates. Proportion per 1000.

Literaoy bF Males. Females. Males. Females. Males. Females.
age.
5·10 1,50,405 1,32,372 3,460 1,045 23 7
10-15 1,25,017 ],02,600 8,~97 2,139 72 20
15-20 1,01,109 81,351 12,276 2,354 121 28
20-30 1,86,731 1,51,712 26,311 3,884 141 25
30-50 2,35.042 1,78,342 34,291 3,083 145 17
50 & over 1,33,937 91,752 16,419 774 122 8.7
.---
'fhe above bable shows the number of literates by sex and age in
addition to their proportion per mille. of each sex.
The number of literate males per mille. is 109, and of literate
females 18. The proportion of literate females is highest (28 per mille.)
&t the age-period 15-20, which is usually considered to be the mos~
representative period in considering the extent of literacy in the popula-
tion. It falls to 17 per mille. at 30-50 and to 8 at 50 and over. Amongst
males, on the other hand, the proportion rises continuously from per
mille. in the age-period 5·10 to 72 per mille. at 10-15, 121 at 15-20, 141
at 20-30, and 145 at 30-50; it falls at 50 and over to the level of the
age-period 15-20.

The steady rise in the proportion up to the age-period 15-20 is

readily intelligible, but it is not so clear why there should be a further
rise amongst persons aged 20-30, and 30-50.
It will be seen that education is steadily spreading; and it would
seem, therefore, a priori that the proportion who, are literate between
the ages of 15 and 30, i. e. amongst persons who have just passed tbe
ordinary se hool-going age should be larger than that amongst older persons
many of whom passed the school-going age at a. time when opportunities
for learning were far fewer than at present. Three reasons can possibly
account for this. The first is that, even at the age of 15, a boy's educa-
tion is sometimes not sufficiently complete to qualify him to be classed
as literate in the eense of being able to write a. letter and to read
manuscript. The second is that, in the case of youths, the enumerators
were perhaps apt to be stricter than at the higher age, when they would
more readily accept an affirmative answer to the question "Can you both
read and write"? Thirdly, amongst the trading classes, who generally
have a large proportion of literate persons knowledge is picked up
gradually in the course of business, and a youth may often be 20 years
of age, or even older, before he is flllly competent to read and write.
The fact that amongst females the proportion who are literate at the
age-period 15-20 is much higher than at the advanced ages is readily
intelligible. Until recently, very little encouragement was given to
females to retain their previously acquired knowledge after matrimony,
and many soon forgot what they had learnt at school. Education is
at present spreading very rapidly amongst them, and the number who
are being taught in the schools now is much larger than it wa.s even a
decade ago.
 275
The marginal table and the diagram furnish the number of B, comma-
literates by community and sex per mille. at the censuses of 1931 Bond alt7.
1941.
1941 1931
Persons. Males. Females. Persons. Males. Females.

Sikhs. 47 739 11 41 64 9
Hindus. 95 156 18 70 121 7
Muslims. 36 54 16 25 42 l)

Christia.ns. 172 199 142 186 209 174

Ja.ine. 238 391 63 231 414 21
Ad-dharmis. 27 48

Others. 29 41 14
All religions. 69 109 17 49 82 7

It would appear that Jains bear the palm in respect of literacy.

Of their total number 238 per mille. are literate, and the proportion
rises to 400 if persons under 15 years of age are left out of account. Of
males nearly two-fifths are literate and of females only 6.5 per cent.
'Ihis high degree of literacy in the community is due to J ains living
mostly in towns where there are greater facilities for education. Besides,
they are generally businessmen and traders and are well of. They,
therefore, inva.riably educate their children.
Christians, who inolude Europeans, Americans and Anglo-Indians,
come next. "In order to ascertain how far the high position of Chris-
tians is due to the inclusion of Europeans and Anglo-Indians, the figures
for Indian Christians hf!Jve been worked out separately. The result is
somewhat surprising; for although Indian converts to Christianity a.re
recruited mainly from aboriginal trjbes and the lowest Hindu castes,
who are almost wholly illiterate, they have, in proportion to their
numbers, three times as many literate persons as Hindus and more
tha,n four times as many as the Mohammadans. One Indian Christian
in gix is abJe to read and write for males the proportion is 1 in 4 and for
females 1 in 10"· This community has 172 per mille. literates, for
males the proportion is 199 and for females 142. The proportion amongst
Chiristiaml, though at present almost double as compared with that of Hin-
dusis on the decline. This is perhaps due to the inclusion of a large number
of low·crtste Hindus and lVIohammadans amongst them who are almost
invariabJy illiterate. Also a slackening in the conversion activities of
ChriBtians is perceptible during the decade under report.
Hindus come next with 1 literate person in every 10; for male::;
tbe ratio is 1 in 6, and for females 1 in 50. Here again, the proportion
for total population as well as for males and females separately shows
improvement. Hindus are followed by Sikhs with 1 literate person in
every 20; for males the ratio is 1 in 12 and for females 1 in 80, wbich
approximately comes to half as much as that of Hindus. The Ce:::lsus
Superintendent of the Punjab wrote in 1921 :--
* Census of India, 1911.
 276

',rrhe educational stagnation of the Sikhs is possihly due to a real

increase in literacy comhined with a diminution arising from the con-
version of comparatively illiterate Mazhahi to the rank of Rikhism ............
Another factor in the situation is possihly the fact that the knowledge
of Gurmukhi is not a key to any Government appointment in the same
way as the Urdu language is, and this may to some extent explain the
growing neglect of the national language of the Sikhs."

The Mohammadans stand at the bottom of the list and have

returned only 54 literates per mille. amongst males and 16 per mille
amongst females. The figures hecome more significant when we recollect
that compared with Sikhs and Hindus, the Mohammadans have a great
partiality for urban life where there are more facilities of education
than in rural area. The illiteracy of Muslim women folk can be accoun-
ted for by the prevalence of purdah system which hampers the education
of females.

Territorially, the average of literacy per 10,OCO of population of

By Natural Literacy per 10000 all ages. all ages is given in
Division.
P. M. F. the margin. Itwould
Himalayan 723 1152 185 appear that the pro-
Suh-Himalayan 617 1122 316 portion literacy per
Indo-Gangetic Plain West 401 787 106 10,000 males is higest
All States 694 1090 179 in the Himalayan
Division, viz., 1152. Next in order of merit comes the SUb-Himalayan
Division, and after that the Indo-Gangetic Plain West. The above is
the order so far as total population and males are concerned. But in
respect of females, the Suh-Himalayan Division takes the first place and
the Himalayan the second; the Indo-Gangetic Plain West retains its
position.

It will also appear that literacy and extensiveness do not generally

go hand in hand. In order of former, as noted above the divisions
stand thus: (a) Himalayan, (b) Sub-Himalayan, and (c) Indo-
Gangetic Plain West; whereas in the case of extensiveness this order is
quite reversed.

However, the variation of the extent of literacy from one natural

division to another is not large and indicates the general dem3.nd for
education. In diverse ways steps have heen taken which are an ample
evidence of State's sincere desire to hring education within easy reach
of all those who have a,n interest in or love for learning.

Literacy by districts is furnished by subsidiary table (ii). The

.By districts.
highest proportion of literacy is found in P3.tiala districl;. It is due
chiefly to its containing the seat of State Government which attracts
quite a large number of literate persons for oill.ces and sLudents for
colleges and schools located there. 'rhe lowest proportion of literacy
has been recorded, especially in the case of females, by N arnaul district.
It may he that this district is not keeping abreast of other districts
of the State, being situated at such a long distance from the main hlock
hut it is keeping pace with the contiguous districts of Rajputana. and-
other Punjs.b Sta.tes.
 277

The adva.ntages which the inhabitants of towns possess in the Literacy ill.
towns.
matter of education over those of rural areas are as clear as day, as both
the need for it and opportunities of acquiring it are greater. The towns
oontain most of higher eduoational institutions and are better providpd
than villages with schools. They also contain principal law courts and
some of them are the head-qu!_trters of the government. The town life,
which is more of the nature of industry and commerce and has also a
tinge of social and intellectual gaieties is in itself a great attraction to a.
man in sending his son to schcol there.
As is to be expected, cities return a uniformly higher degree of
literacy than the mofasgil. A notable feature is that nearly every town
shows a decline in male literacy, whr.reas in the case of females it is
almost a uniform tale of increase. The attainment of literacy in English
is, aq might be expected, far ahead of districts' figure and its lead is
greater in this than in ordinary literacy. The table in the margin shows
the number of literates recorded at each of the 17 towns of the State. It
---- would appear from the
Name of the town. No. of literates table that whereas

1. Patiala.
---
16,675 12,649
---4,026
there are 1,01,754 lite-
rate males and 13,279
2. Sanaur. 648 478 170 literate females in the
3. Rajpura. 834 677 ]57 State as a whole, the
4. Sirhind. 1,O3~ 836 196 17 towns provide us
5. Bassi. 2,019 1,478 54l with 17,553 literate
6. Samana. 1,344 1,1(19 23!i and 2,843 literate fe-
7. Sunam. ~,371 1,978 393 males an indication of
8. Longowal 391 37'7 14 greater extent: of lite-
9. Dhuri 1,703 1,446 257 racy which obtains in
10. Payal 770 554 216 urban as compared with
II. Narwana. 843 771 7'2 rural areas.
12. Barnala. 2,257 1,856 401
13. Bhadaur 549 476 73
14. Bhatinda. 4,556 3,899 657
15. Mansa 1,699 1,53~ 167
16. Narnaul 2,890 2,60J 288
17. Mahendragarh 1,023 953 70
--
The proportion of literacy in English recorded at this decade is
Litera.oy i.
140 for males and 9 for females in every ten thousand persons of each English.
sex aged five and over. This also includes Europeans and Americans.
In 1931 it was 102 for males and 2 for females. As a whole, there are
more than 5 persons per mille of five and over, who are literate in English.
Taking the sexes separately, the proportion is ~) for males and 6 for
females ~:3against 8 and less than 1 respectively at the last census. This
8hows that literacy in English also improved amply as comared with con-
ditions existing during the last decade.
Community-wise proportion of literates in English is detailed in the
By (lomm"
margin. It would appear that with the exceptioD of Ohristians who owe nity.
 278

their high proportion of literates in

Literates in English English to the inclusion of Euro-
per ten thousand. peans and Anglo Indian3, literacy in
P. M. F. English is highest amongst Jains of
Sikhs. 55 93 6 whom one person in every 45 ca.n
Hindua. 131 230 12 read and write it. N ext come
Muslims. 63 107 5 Hindus among whom one person in
Christians 1187 1166 1211 every 76 is literate in English. "Other
Jains 254 475 who include Parsis, Budhists, etc.
Others. 64 123 22 have a higher proportion of English
Ad-Dharmis. reading persons than the remaining
three communities. Close at their
heeh; follow the Mohammadans and at some distance the rear is brought;
up by the Sikhs, who, being mostly agriculturists and confined to rural
areas are bereft of the facilities of ordinary education in general and
English education in particular.
The number of literates in English according to age is shown in
By age, the margm. It would appear from these that the total numbel' of
------- persons who can be treated
P. M. F. as literate in English is 15602,
----------------------------
5-10 131 109
out of which 14862 are males
22 and 740, females. Of every ten
10-15 1153 1032 121 thousand persons of each sex
15-20 2666 2498 168 109 males and 22 females
20-30 5602 5345 257 possess this knowledge. The
30-50 4813 4661 152 number of English Enowing
50 & over. 1237 1217 20 females is highest in the age period
All State. 15602 11862 740 20·30 followed by the period of

15·20. Indian boys and girls cannot read and write a letter in English
till they are 15 and sometimes even 20, and the ever increasing number
of scholars in middle schools is largely responsible for the number of
English literates being highest in the age· period '20·30 (5345 males and
257 females), These statistics show that the proportion of English
literates both in regard to age as well as community is increasing. This
increase is due to facilities afforded by the State in the matter of provid-
ing English educH.tion to its subjects. The communities also seem to
vie with each other in accomplishing their mem bers by adding knowledge
of English to their qualifications.
The Sub HimR,layan natural division leads with 322 males and 26
By locality
female literates per 10,000, and the Iodo-Gangetic Plain West occupies
the last position with 73 maIeR and 3 females. rl'he case of Sub-Hima-
layan Natural Division is readily intelligible, for, as observed above,
this division contains the capital of the State and four other towns.
The low propOltion of English literacy in I ndo-G:wgetic Plain West can
be accounted for oy the inclusion in thiR division some of the most
backward tracts of the State (of course, so far as literacy is concerned),
snch as Narnanl, Narwana, etc.
It appEars from the table in the margin that the proportion of
Progress of
litailcy in En
literates in Eng1ish has been rising stf'adily since UJOl, with the exception
'glish. of It faU in the proportion of males in the year HJ 11. This decline was due
not to an actual decrease in the number of literates but to the introduc- ...
0
r;;; <0
tion of improved and more accurate methods of recording of census ....0> )j <0
ll)

statistics. Since 1901 the proportion has risen from 58 male and 3 .... fi;j
..... (Q

....0> ....
female literates per 10,000, of each sex to 159 males and 10 fernalf's "" '""'"
respectively. In the case of males the increase has been of 88 per ten ....
C'I
~ CQ
0>
..... ::;i a-
thousand whereas in case of females it is only 7 per ten thousand. ll)

..... r.:; 'OJ!

co
.....
,,_
An interesting indication of the measure of the decade's progress in ....
0>
::-J.
English education is afforded by compi1ring the annual average of rl
k. 0
rl

students sent up for and passed in the different university examinations

..;;
.... Cl>
"" ""
rl
ll)
.....
with similar figures for 1931. The marginal statement does this for some ~4>
", ...
.~ '"
~ril
Average 19:&1-31 Average 1931-41

Examinations, Candidates Candidates

sent up passed sent up passed

Matriculation and School

Leaving. 83.7 42.5 146.5 71.5

I n t e r m e d i ate, Arts
Science. 36.0 17.8 45.4 22.8

B.A., Arts and Science 78.6 35.7 88.3 44.5

------
of the examinations .. The increase in the number of High Schoo]s frorn 9 to
lOin 1941 must have been the cause of rise in the number of matriculates.
The College has also increased in popularity, as evidenced by the number
of graduates now annul~lly turned out, being more than the number in
1931.

Statistics of illiterates per 10,000 recorded community WIse and Illiterates

for all ages at this decade are given 10 the margm. Illiteracy IS
- - - - - dwindling at snail's pace.
Illiterates per 10,000. 1n Adh-Dharrnis females it is
- -.~ - - as high as cent per cent. In
P. M. F. view of the fact that females
Sikhs 9521 9261 9866 as well as those communities
Hindus 9045 8433 9812 who are considered to be
Mohammadans 9631 9455 9837 enlightened_are still backward,
Christians 8273 8009 8573 it is no wonder that females
Jains '1617 6081 936? of this community should be
Ad-dharmis 9721 9512 10000 completely ignorant.
Others 9706 9583 9875

The low proportion of literacy nnd disproportion in the ratio of Ca.useR 0

sexes in India and for the matter of that in the St:1te may be accounted high illit;eracy
for by the following reasons

(a) Prior to the advent of British rule in India liberal education

was .practically unknown. The country was for centuries exposed to the
ravages of W8.t'S, etc., and there were unsettled. conditions. The people
 280
had neither the wherewithal nor the opportunity to get eduction and
were, therefore, steeped in deepest ignorance.

('{;) Under the caste system learning was mostly the monoply of
Brahmans, and although the Kshatriyas and Vaishas were also entitled
to it they got little or no time for its acquisition, being submerged in
their daily avocations. The imparting of education to Sudras was
forbidden by the religious' code of Hindus.

(0)The people engaged in agriculture and labour are still blind

to the advantages of education, because they cannot forego the help of
their children in looking after their cattle etc., by sending them to
school.

Thr every low proportion of female literates is due to general

apathy of the people towards female eduoation. Then the customs of
early marriage and Purdah are spokes in the wheel of female education.
In religions like Hinduism, in which Yama Smriti enjoins that no one
but the father, uncle or brother may teach a female and seconded by
Harit Dharama Sutra that she must read at home; and Islam in which
it is not considered at all decent for a female to expose her face to a.
person not falling within the degree prohibited for marriage, the propor-
tion of female literacy is low. Then corne the Sikhs whose religion
though imposes no restrictions on fe!llale education, have still a low
proportion, because they are mostly agriculturists and live in villages.

The State maintains a first grade college known as the Mahendra

Nnmber of
Institutions & College which had 418 scholars on its roll on the 1st March, 1941. The
()£ pupils. college pas had a very useful hand in disseminating higher education
free for long and now at a nominal fee and is open to state subjects and
others alike.

Tha.t the education is spreading satisfactorily in the State will be

manifest from the marginal statement wherein is shown the number of
institutions and scholars during the last thirty years.

-------
1921. 1931.
1941.
Description. ---------------------
Number. Scholars. Number. Scholars. Number. Scholars.
---------
BOYS.

Degree College 1 299 1 609 1 418

Inter. College 1 78
High Schools 6 1666 8 3310 9 3288
Middle Schools .... 17 2171 28 4050 37 6288
Primary Sohools.. . 193 7616 230 9157 221 6817
Priva.te Schools ... . 31 3094 44 5751
Total 217 11752 398 20220 313 --"
22640-
 281
-----------._------
192I. 1931
-----
1941.
Description. ---------------.------------------
Number. Scholars. Number. Scholars. Number. Scholars.
'--_._------------- --- - - - - - - - - - - -
GIRLS.

,
Inter. College

High Schools 1 498

l~ 617

Middle Schools .... 2 368 1 107 6 591

Primary Schools.. . 43 1352 43 1704 49 2588

Private Schools .. .. 3 157 7 857

Total 45 1720 48 3466 63 4653

Grand total 262 13472 346 23686 376 27293

--
It wOllld appear that during tbe decade under report two Inter-
mediate Oolleges, came into existence, one for boys at Bhatinda, the
other for girls at Patiala. The number of high schools rose from 8 to
9 and the number of scholars also rose. Seven primary schools were
raised to middle schools, and the strength ot students rose from 4419 to
6288. The number of primary schools is 221 against 228 at the Jast
declJ,de.

As regards institutions for girls, the State High School was raised
during this decade to the standard of an Intermedia.te College and the
nnmbfl! of students rose from 529 to 617 The number of middle schools
for girls ""vent up from 1 to 6 with an increase in the number of students
from 118 to 5~1. The number of primary schools for girls remained the
same, viz., 9, but the number of students rose from 1900 to 2588.
The marginally noted denominational schools are being main ...
--- --1941 tained by private
1981 e ff art s o f t he
Description. --------------------------
N umber. Scholars. N umber. Scholars. various communi-
---- --------------_._--- ties. The number
Boys of high schools has
High School 3 1198 11 4128 trebled and also of
Middle School 9 946 11 1322 stu den t s . The
Primary School. 19 950 2 301 Dumber of boys'
Girls•. primary schools has
High School gone down consi-
Middle School. derably, but the
Primary School 3 157 7 857 Dumber of middle
Total. 34 225l 31 6608 schools has risen
- - - - - - from 9 to 11. The
~ecre~8e in primary schools is due possibly to the zeal of public bodies
who run them to raise their schools to middle standard or even higher
before others oan ra,ise theirs. Such competition decreases the number
of primary schools and is detrimental to the cause of literacy.
 282

In addition to these 8tate and private institutions, a largfl

humber of mahajani schools, sanskrit pathshalas and makt1bs have
continued to work; in some institutions arrangements exist for impart-
ing commercial and industrial training. Recognized private Hchools and
the Bhupindm T;bbia College (which trains students for the Unani
system of medicine on modern lines) receive substantial grants-in-aid
from His Highness' Government. Not only has the Patiala ::jtate
striven hard to fight ignorance withm its own territories, but the Punjab
University, the Khalsa Oollege, Amritsa.r, the Benares Hindu University,
the Aitchison Oollege, Lahore, the M. A. O. College, Aligarh, Lawrence
Military Asvlum, Sanawar, Mayo Orphanage School, Simla, King Edward
Medical Ooilege, Lahore, and a numbe,:, of other similar institutions have
also received donations from the Rulers of Patiala State. A scheme for
providing f Lcdities for the educ!1tion of the children of depres~ed classes
and of agriculturists is also under consideration of His Highness'
Comparison of Governmtmt.
census statistics
with those of It if:! common practice with the authors of Oensus Report:'! in
the Education
Dept. India to compare census statistics with those of the Education Dep:ut-
ment but it would be idle to establish .any definite relation between the
number of students furnished by the Education Department and the
number of literate perRons returned. The children go to school at
different ages and remain there for different lengths of time. For
instance, one child goes to school at the age of five and pursues his
studies till he is 24, while another goes at ten and gives up his studies
within the year without having acquired any knowledge worth the name.
Oensus statistics include the number of students reading in private
institutions outside the jurisdiction of the Education Department and
also those who learn re:tding and writing in their homes, of which the
Education Department t:1kes no account.
The number of literate persons in the age-period 10-11~ is 11136
whereas the nnmber of primary students (including scholars in private
schools) comet! to 1051)3 Thus there is a difference of only 573 persons
who can be clasf:!ed ns those who receive education at home and of whom,
as observed above, the Education Department takes no account. On
applying the other comp:trison we h:we 146'-10 literates in the age-period
15-20 and 16652 advanced students. The difference can be accounted
for by the fact th~t only 3, limited number of students of middle schools
are able to acquire the three R's while a large number of them discon-
tinue their studies and relapse into illiteracy.

Primary The figures received from the Director of Public Instruction show
Eduuation. that although the number of Primary schools :1S well as primary scholars
rose in 1931, yet both have declined in 1941; the present figures, how-
ever, still being higher than those of 19~ 1. Thid is far from satisfactory
and needs being looked into.

Higher Unlike primary education, the number of middle and high schools
Education. as well a::) colleges is increasing. Since 19:21 the number of middle
schools has risen from 19 to 43 and that of high schools from 6 to 10 ;
the number of students, in case of the former, has risen from 2539 to
6879, and in the latter case from 1666 to 3905. In the face of these
statistics, decline in the number of primary institutions and scholars
 283

does not seem warranted.

At this census the enumerators were instructed thus: "In the Literacy in
Vernacular.
case of persons who are able to read and write enter the name of the
script written ............ " But so far 308 script of literacy is concerned its
real function is to provide scope for local comment and elucidation. The
sorting by 'script was, therefore, not provided for by the Census Com-
missioner for India, though the states were at liberty to undertake it.
But due to exigencies of war this State could ill spare any expenditure
which it could possibly avoid.

The collection of statistics of partial literates at this census was Partial

not the rule hitherto. The enumerators were instructed to write P in literates.
case of persons who were only able to read and not write or to write
(e.g., sign their name) but not read. The sorting and compilation of
figures of partial litef:1cy were provided for, but as it was likely to be a
rather localised fea.ture, the figures were not given a place in the body of
the report but only have a fly-leaf reference.

Besides literates, the census disclosed 8790 persons III the State
who are only able to read but not write, vide details given below. The
largest number of partial literate are found amongst Mohammadans. The
system of educating children in the mosques by the Mullas, who are
----- --_._----------
N umber of partbJly literates.

Region.
Total Hindus Muslims Sikhs Christians.
Patiala city. 871 47 640 184
Patiala Tehsil 337 150 100 84 3
Rajpura Tehsil 471 49 341 70 3
Sunam Tehsil 520 85 815 105 2

Bhwanigarh Teh-il 495 93 291 111

N arwana Tehsil 14 13 1
Dhuri Tehsil 432 85 145 196 4

Sir hind Tehsil 1814 518 658 611 15

Barnala Tehsil 502 25 310 167 11

Mansa Tahsil 1495 95 744 655 1

Bhatinda Tehsil 1636 72 745 817

N arnaul Tehsil 169 148 15 2

Kandaghat Tehsil 34 26 7 1

TOTAL. 8790 1406 4311 3003 40

themselves mostly ignorant, may be sound from the religious stand-

 284
point, but so far as literacy is concerned it makes half scholars who can
drone out the Koran but are not fit for reading and writing. Similar is
the case with SikhR, many of whom ca,n though read Gurrnukhi fairly
well are not able to write.
Literacy among Females whose education ia an innovation in this country have
females.
taken long strides towards progress during the past thirty years; the
proportion of literate femalel::l having risen from 4 to 17 per mille.
Females who are foremost to receive education are those who
have facilities of learning the English language besides a vernacular.
Rural tri'Lcts a.re very backward in this respect. People take strong excep-
tion to girls being sent to the same schools as boys and this has led
to the estahlishment of a large number of girl's schools by private
bodies. THere are now one high school and intermediate college,
6 middJe schools and 56 primary Schools for Girls in the State, with 617,
59] and 3445 s("·holars lespectively.
The quotation from The Tribune dated the 26th July 1912, gIven
in his Report of Census Operations, Punjab, 1911, by late Raja Hari
Kishan Kaul is reproduced here to explain the state of female
education :-
"In the Punjab the achievements of private enterprise in the
matter of fema.Ie education are cons,der:lble. Hindus, Sikhs and
Mohammadans have vied with one another in promoting female educa-
tion. The various religious and social organisations in the Province,
the Sabhas, Anjumans and the Samajes have done much to promote the
education of women. Mohammadans and Sikhs have shown as much
commendable enterprise and self-sacrifice in this matter as the Hindus,
and indeed in some cases have outstripped the Hindus in the race for
progress. Mohammadan Anjumftns have established schools of their
own all over the Province. The Arya Samaj has its own network of
girls' schools. The Dev Samaj has taken a most admirable lead in the
matter of female education. The Singh Sabhas and the Khalsa Dewans
have started their own schools. All these schools are in a flourishing
condition. The attendance is full, in fact in most cases greatly in
excess of the accommonda~ion available. Not a few of the large schools
maintained by these religious bodies have suitably equipped boarding
houses of their own. So keen is the interest taken by the people in
female education that they have begun to send out their daughters as
boarders. The leading features of tbese denominatioual schools, some
of which have begun to Rend up candidates for the Matriculation
examination of the Punjab University, are that education is imparted in
the religions of the girls and pmctical training in cookery and domestic
matters is also given. The schools are under the general supervision of
religious and social organisations, but the immediate control vests in
persons who have devoted themselves to the work for patriotic reasons
and who take for their devoted and wbole-heal'ted labour no more than
a small subsistence allowance. This is the most creditable feature of
the whole affair, and one on which these bodies and persons deserve to
ce most heartily congratulated. The trend of the progress is still
upward. Education of women has b9gun to be appreciated by the
people. Among the better classes of the people-Hindus, Sikhs and
 28Q
Mohammadans, it has begun to be understood and recognised that a Retention of.
literacy.
girl must be well educated before she ca.n expect to get a suitable match.
So keen is the desire for English and Anglo-Vernacular education among
the people that in Lahore a large number of Hindu, Sikh and
Mohammadan girls have joined the Kinnaird High School for Girls, the
Convent School and the Victoria Mayo Girls' School. The fees charged
in all these schools are high and girls have come from the mofassil in
several cases. During the past five years several girls have passed the
Matriculation examination of the Punjab University. Arrangements
have only recently been made to raise the Victoria Mayo School for
Girls to the status of a College"

In considering this question we must bear in mind the important

influence which occupation such as agriculture and social custom such
as of marriage have in removing the traces of education in the later
years of a man or a woman's life in this country. The three or four
years spent at scbool soon become a hazy recollection, In the case
of a girl, unless she comes of an educated family, her early withdraw 1
from schooling to matrimony often has a desicating influence on what-
ever ,be has learnt from her teachers. She is buri€d in her household
duties and the affairs of her growing family take all ber time and
attention. With men of the agricultural classes-and especially in
communities to whom learning is an irksome task-the effects of school-
ing are soon liable to be deleted in the more urgent work of earning
their livelihood from the soil. The hard labour \vhich tilling entails is a
drain upon their menhl energy; the routine of their daily talks and the
dull greyness of their unremitting toil do little to remind them of their
childhood's learning.

All the figures from the major states have not yet been received,
but from those that have come, the marginal table has been
compiled. The fair position of
Proportion per mille of this State in regard to geneml
literates, aged five
Name of the and over. literacy as well as literacy in
State. Englis.h continues in this census
In all In as in the past. In "English, al-
languages. English.
though the figures show progress,
Pfttiala 69 10 this State is behind the States
of Kapurthala,Kashmir. MY61ore,
Alwar 56 5 Cochin and Bhavanagar. As
K;pllnhala compared with Nabha State ,
11'J 11
though our State is at par in
Gwalior 77 8 English literacy, it is, however,
behind in general literacy. On
Nabha 89 10
the other [tHnd, it occupies rl,
Kashmir 61 13 more elevated position, both in
regard to general as well as
Mysore 150 27 English literacy, than the Sbtes
Cochin of Alwar and Bhopal. In res-
410 63 pect of general literacy il, is
more advallr:cd than K!l.shmir
Bhavanagar ]97 24 ~tate and,with regard to Englibh
Bhopal lIteracy It ranks bigher th~1n
58 1 Gwalior State.
 I

286

Unemployment.
General Information reg'lfding unemployment and the duration of un-
employment was collected through questions No. 12 and 13. Instructions.
given to enumerators in this connection ran:-
Question No. 12 (In employment or Dotl. If the person is in
employment now put a. If he is not in employment now, put x.
Question No 13 (Search of employment) For those who are inl
search of employment, enter the period in months for which they have'
been in search of it. For all others put ax.
N. B. Questions 12 and 13 need not be asked of any person
below sixteen.
Supplementary instructions in this connection were:-
" (In employment or not and search of employment ).-' Employ-
ment' in these questions has in view generally remunerated employme1utr"
i.e. an activity which would produce an individual means of livelihood.
Married women working at home should, however, not be shown as nn-
employed unlESS they specifically say they are looking for remunefaltedJ
employment. Similarly students in schools or colleges, or employed
people on leave or on holiday, should not be shown as unemployed.
Intermittent or seasonal lack of occupation is not the same thing as real'
employment of which we are trying to secure a record in question 12.
, Unemployment' for our purpose is not the same thing as activity at the
actual moment. By employment we mean broadly the existence of an
individual means of livelihood and by unemployment its absence."

Remunerated employment was the criterion kept in view when

asking this question-an activity which would produce an individual
means of livelihood. The result was that the number of unemployed
persons considerably diminished and the figures appeared far from
correct

.Statistics. Unemployment statistics are embodied in two t3,bles. Table X (1)

furnishes figures of un~mployment for the age-period 16-~0, 21-25, '26-30,
31-35, and 35-40 and for the districts. It also brings out the duration
of unemployment as to whether it lasted for less or more than a year.
The persons who have no work to do for les3 than a year are generally
those who are seasonally employed. Their unemployment is not so grave.
as that of the persons who have been unemployed for more than a year.·
'The Jargest number of unemployed are in Patiala distl'ict where increased
use of machinery has thrown many skilled labourers out of work. The
smallest number of unemployed is found in the Narnaul district. The
reason is obvious. The unemployed population moves on to contiguous
cities of British India where their services are in great demand. In the
earlier age period the employment is large but diminishes as age
advances.
N.B.-Enquiry about educated employment was carried out at the
last census by means of a separate schedule. But since it was only a.
snapshot from the regular and main census and not one of the items of
enquiry constituting proper census, results were disappointing. At this
census, questionnaire and results were more accurate than before.
 287
Table x (ii) provides st~~istics regarding educated unemployment
according to similar age-groups as in table X9.!).
St:mda.rd of education. Total unemployed.

------------------
:Middle standard tl1
M. S. L. c. 96
Intermediate 13
Degree 19
Post Graduate 1

Others (e.g. Oriental) 2

It will be apparent form the table that leaving aside such persons
who are literate for census purposes only, middle school and matriculates,
there are about 13 persons holding certificates of Intermediate in Arts
and Science, 19 graduates in Arts and Science, one post graduat.e and
two persons with Oriental degrees are unemployed.
If figures of unemployment pertaining to this Sta.te approach to
:anything like accuracy it can be asserted that situation in respect of
unemployment in the State is not harassing.
 288
CHAPTER NO: X.
Languaae .

Introduction. Returns of language are generally valued for the insight they
give into the nationalities among the people enumerated which have.
immigrated in the are,L under census. The main use of language figures
is to show an increase or decrease of the various dialects in use. The
question of language is complex and rather difficult in India because of
the vastness of the country, cosmopolitan nature of popula,tion and
diversity of diarects. The diversity is great inasmuch [18 India is
divided much more by dint of languages and dialects spoken than
geographically. Dialects change at every hundred miles inftsmuch as
a man from one geographical division of India is a perfect stranger to
another because of difference of languages. Unlike India, the linguistic
question of this State is not at all complex on account of its compactness,
the homogeneity of its population and limited extent of its territories
From the point of view of spoken languages, the State can Le divided
into three distinct division1:i. The main block comprises the districts of
Patia,la, Bassi, Sunam and Barnala, where the language Fpoken is
Punjabi, or to be more exact, Eastetn Punjabi. Narwana Tehsil is the
only excertion where a peculiar dialect called Bangru is generally used.
The language of hill territory is Pahari and of the outlying district of
Narnaul Bagri, as spoken in the neighbouring tracts of n:1.iputan~.
Other languagrs shown in the Imperial Table XII are genemlly spoken
by immigmnte, and not by the inhabitants. The question 'Jf language
is one of thosp burning problems of the day on which is dependent the
welfare of a people. It is difficult to calculate the alllount of the tim2
lost, efforts wasted, and money spent by the youth of today to take into
their pates n, foreign l:'tnguage from the start. In no other part of the
civilized \yorld is any other language thn,l1 mother tongue adoptr;d as
the medium of instruction.

Scope of Statistics relating to this subject were recorded by means of

Enquiry. que3tion number 1H and 19 under which the mother-tongue of each
person was recorded i. e. the tongue as firBt spoken from the cradle; in
the case of infants and deaf-mutes the mother-tongue of the mother \vas
entered. Enquiry was also made about any other Indian language or
languages commonly used by each person in daily or domestic life. In
the case of persons who did not habitually use any Indian language
other than their mother-tongue an x wac;; put.
The point.:; regarding the linguistic aflinity have not been
discussed in this chapter because of the light thrown on the subject by
linguistic survey. The enumerators were given strict instructions
not to indulge in substitutes of languagt) while recording the langun,ge
of a person, but this task .;vas made the avowed duty of the tabubtion
office on the b'1sis of linguistic survey. However: no difficulty ,"vas
experienced in adjusting the m.'1terial collected because territorial dialects
spoken in the State are few and well known, and the linguistic survey
showed beacon'::; blaze in casps of observed (loubts and difficulties. As
elsewhere, the predominating l::WgWLgl. nf ~h'> _!'Gople of Pa,tiala State, with
the exception of Narnanl 'I I Koh:· ,1. - ~;.ricts, is Punjabi, which is
verily the langul,gp of a.l i Punini,;ps if: +,' " )vince, irrespective of their
 289
.caste or creed. It is true that Urdu and Hindi languages are attracting
a fSreat number of adberents from Muslim and Hindu communities
respectively especially in urban tracts, but this controversy meets its
deserts in the process of tabulation when both of them are submerged
in Hindustani. Besides, the questionnaire in this celiSUS gave every body
the opportunity of getting his favourite language recorded besides his
mother tongue without the necessity of vitiating the returns.

Statistics regarding language are contained in Imperial Table XII, Reference to',
the table is divided into two parts.· Part I gives population figures for the table.
various languages spoken in the State and Part II shows the extent of
bi-lingualism. Subsidiary table (i) shows the distribution of population
by language according to linguistic survey. In this table the languages
returned by less than 500 persons are not shown. Subsidiary table ii
shows distribution by language of the population of each district. The
third subsidiary table: viz., comparison of tribe and language, did not
concern the State and was, therefore, not compiled. In the Imperial
table the languages have been arranged according to classification based
on Sir George Grierson's revised scheme of Indian languages.
Accuracy of Statistics.
The cause of errors has always been present in census statistios,.
owing to political consideration the tendency of the educated masses,
especially in towns, is to give their favourite language as their mother-
tongue.
In the Punjab at the fag end of the year when all census opera-
tions were reaching their climax and the time for enumeration was·
drawing near, the unfortunate controversy between Gurmukhi and Hindi
on the one side and Urdu on the other took a serious shape in the
Province. A spark from this controversy kindled an unhealthy rivalry
between the three main communities of the State. The Hindus and
Mohammadans took to their heads to return the mother-tongue of their
respective communities as Hindi and Urdu to the sacrifice of their real
mother-tongue Punjabi. These feelings of rivalry were flared by propa-
ganda which though not directly carried out in the State cast its grim
shadow upon its masses from the contiguous districts of the Province.
Not only did the persons who came to be recorded returned as their
mother tongue Urdu or Hindi, but the enumerators and supervisors also
pitch-forked previous entries of Punjabi language and inserted, in an
illegal and surreptitious manner, Urdu and Hindi as mother-tongue of
all Punjabi Mohammadans and Hindus respectively. 'rhis open high-
h~p.dedness naturally flared up feelings of counter propaganda in the,
mi'nds of the Sikhs. But thanks to the energetic efforts and vigilence'
of subordinate census officers coupled with my constant inspection
t~e mischief was nipped in the bud. But in vain were all this hue and
cry and controversy, for according to instructions, the figures of Urdu
and Hindi speaking persons have been amalgamated and 8hown under
head "Hindustani" to the great chagrin of the combatants, indeed.
As a result of the aforesaid agitation it cannot be denied that a
certain amount cf vitiations of statistics took place. Although this un-
fQrtunate controversy was specially severe this year, it is a common fact
that more or less jealousy in the matter of recording tho la~guage of tho.
 290
community had m mifested itself at ereIT P~L~t docade, in fact it exists in
every day transactio·n of the life of the three maio communities viz., Sikhs,
Hindus and Muslims of the Pnnjab. This controversy was present at the
last decade also and one previous to it also and has been noticed in the
reports by their authors.
Classificfl.tion The scheme of classification of langnages followed in this chapter
schemes.
is the same as set forth by Dr. Grierson in his linguistic survey of India.
and all languages returned by the persons enumerated were classified
accordidg to the groups adopted in this scheme. According to it the
Pnnjabi, which is the principal language of the State, is spoken by over
78 percent of its entire population. It descends from the Indo-Aryan
branch. Tho main block of the State being surrounded Ly the districts
of Ludhiana, Ferozepore, Ambala and Hissar, its entire territory, there-
fore, falls within the region where standard Punjabi is spoken. Western
Pnnjabi or Lahnda is only spoken by immigrant3 and not by native
people.
Hindustani is the second important langaage which is spoken by
390003 persons, mainly residing in the Naruaul Tehsil of Narnaul dis-
trict. Parbi and Bangru are the dialects of Hindustani. Pahari is
spoken by 27282 persons, inhabitants of the Kohistan dist,riot. This
figure is exclusive of 156 who speak Central Pahari nnd 447 who speak
eastern Pahari, the mother tongue of the rest being Western Pahari ..
This language like its sister languages of Panjabi, Hindustani and Ra.j-
asthani, del'\cends from the Indo-Aryan branch.
The next important language spoken in the State is Rajasthani ..
It is spoken by 2451 persons.

Language AC30rding to Dr. Grierson, the spoken languages of India may be

Scheme. divided into three distinct families, Tibeto Chinese, Dravidian and Indo
European. ,Weare concerned with the languages descending from the
Indo-Enropean family. Of this family there are two sub-families, one of
which is Indo-Aryan, our main concern. Indo-Aryan is further divided
into two branches. Iranian and Indian. Pushto is the only language be-
longing to the former branch, and has been returned by 79 persons,
obviously immigrants. Of the, languages under the Indian branch and
Sanskrit sub-branch, there are three languages, na.mely, Smdhi and
Lahnda ~n the North-Western group, and Marp~thi in the Southern
group, which are spoken in the State. The number of persons speaking
these languages is given in the margin all of whom are
Sindhi-22.
immigrants from outside. Bengali is spoken by 82
Marathi-83.
persons who are immigrants from Bengal. Hindusthani,
Rajasth'1ni and Panjabi, in the Central group, and Western Pahari in
the Pahari group are the mother-tongues of the people of the State. Out
of these, Punjabi alone claims allegiance of 15,14,089 persons, or about
78 per cent. of the population of the State.
STATISTICS.
Punjabi is the language of the Central Punjab. It is the principal
lPuuja.bi. language of the Sta.te and spoken by 78 per cent. of its total population.
It is the only indigenous language of the State~ The other dialects,
,. being foreign are not of much importance as the" number of persons who
 291

speak them increa.ses or decreases with immigration. Out of the total

popula.tion of the State, viz., 19,36,259, about 15,14,089 persons were
returned with their mother-tongue as Punjabi. This shows, as observed
above, that about 78 per cent. of the total popuiation of the State owes
its allegiance to the Punjabi; this percentage is less than the one record-
ed at the last census (85). The population of Sikhs, who are invariably
Punjabi speaking has increased at a fair rate during the past decade.
The decrease in the percentage of Punjabi-speaking people, therefore,
needs being accounted for. This decrease can rightly be attributed to
the havoc of the agitation against the Punjabi language by the sister
communities inhabiting the State. It is admittedly the mother-tongue
of the people inhabiting the main block of the State territory, viz., the
districts of Patiala, Bassi, Barnala and Sunam where Sikh population
predominates, and has increased.
Western Hindi is the group of dialects spoken in the eastern part Westem
of the Indo-Gangetic Plain West. It comprises Hindustani, Bangru Hindi.
and Purbi and is the mother-tongue of 391111 persons or 20 per cent. of
the total pOPulation of the State. Hindustani, as far as this census is
concerned, is an amalgamation of Hindi and Urdu and is owned by
390003 persons. It is prevalent in Narnaul district where about 193085
persons speak it. Bangm is generally spoken in the ilaqa Baogar (Tehsil
N arwana) and claims 626 persons as its adherents. Purbi is a language
of the immigrants from the United Provinces. It fluctuates with Im-
migration. In this census this langu'1ge has increased considerably and
the number of its speakers has gone from 130 to 482.

Next in the order of spoken languages is Western Pahari. Western.

"\Vestern Pahari is the name given by Sir George Grierson to the group Pa-han.
of dialects spoken in Simla and Simla Hill States as well as Ohamba and
porbion of Kangra hills. It is mostly spoken in the Kohistan district;
the total number of persons who claim it is 27282 out of which 27185
are found in Kandaghat tehsil of the Kohistan district, Hindustani
also claims within its fold a population of 21934 persons of this district.
Rajasthani is the general term applied to various dialects spoken
lb.i asthauir
in Rajputana and includes Marwari, Bagri, Jaipuri, Bikaneri, Mewari,
etc., etc. They are spoken mainly by immigrants from R!1jputana. It
is spoken by about 2451 persons, out of whom 226:3 had been recorded in
the Barnala district. In this district Tehsil Bhatinda alone had
returned some 1774 persons. People of commercial class abound in
Barnala, Bhatinda and Mansa towns and they are mostly Vaish who
claim Rajasthani as their mother tongue. But for these, all other langu-
ages, as given below are foreign and are spoken by immigrants who have
settled in the State either in State service or in business.
No. No.
Sindhi 22 Gujrati 78
Marhatti 83 Oriya 1
Pushto 79 Malayalurn 4
Burmese 3 Chinese 26
Arabic 1 Pesrian 6 ..:::.
 292
Kashmiri 74 Italian 67
English 168 German 5

French 17 Polish 2
Ubro 3
Out of these foreign languages, Pushto belongs to the Iranian
Foreign
languages. branch, at the last decade some 102 persons were recorded as Epeaking
this language; Sindhi and Marhatti belong to the Sanskrit mb-branch
under the Indian branch, the number of persons speaking these languages
has increased from 15 and 2 to 22 and 83 respectively as compared with
the last decade.
The two undermentioned tables A and B show (1) the distribution
per 10,000 of the population ot each district and Natural division (2) by
language according to linguistic survey, respectively.
A.
N umber per 10,000 of the population speaking
District & natural as mother tongue.
division. -----------
Punjabi. Hindustani. Bengali. Western Raja-
Pahari. sthani_
--------
Himalayan 55 108 140
Kohistan 55 108 140
Sub-Himalayan 1832 549
Patiala 1177 355
Sirhind 655 194
Indogangetic 5270 1363 '2
Plain West Dhuri
Tehsil 469 12
Karamgarh 215H 201 2

Anahadgarh 2640 153

Mahendergarh '2 907
-------------
All State 7819 2014 84 140 12
It would appear from the above cited statistics that Punjabi is the
mother tongue of people in the districts of Patiala, Sunam and Barnala,
less profusely in Himalayan and N arnaul districts. Hindustani is most
popular in, the natural division of the Indo-Gangetic Plain vVest, it,
permeates all other districts but not abundantly.
 293
B.
-------------------.-----------
Language of Where chiefly spoken.
Number per 10,000.
the population.
1941 1931
M. F. M. F.

Punjabi 4325 3494 4770 3758 All over the State

except Narnftul distt.
Hindustani 1092 922 152 42 All over the State.
Bengali 2 1 Not available. Sunam and Patiala
districts.
Rajasthani 7 5 489 450 Bassi district
Western Pahari 74 66 125 111 Kohistan district.
The decrease in th~ percentage of Punjabi speaking populaticn can
be attributed to agitation, and decreases in Rajasthani and West.ern
Pahari languages can be attributed to the fact that a majority of the
people who returned RajHsthani and Western Pahari at the last census
returned Hindustani at this It also appears that Hindustani which
includes Hindi and Urdu benefited from the agitation.
Under question No; 19 of the All India Census Questionnaire Bi-lingualism.
the enumerators were instructed thus:-
Question No: 19.-(Other Indian languages in common use) Enter
the Indian language or languages commonly used by each person in
addition to his mother· tongue in daily or domestic life. But an X in the
case of persons who do not use habitually any Indian language other
than their mother-tongue.
The statistics thus collected are embodied in part II of Imperial
Table No: XII.

As has been ob"erved elsewhere the plurality of language is not a

common feature in the State. The language of the people of the State
is predominantly Punjabi and prevalent in the main block; along with
it Hindustani claim~ its adherents in every district whereaEl Pahari is
limited to Kohistan district and Raj~sthani is limited to Mohindergarh
(N arnfLul Tehsil) district. The statistics show that Hindustani forms a
good combination with Punjabi inasmuch as 13405 males and 7527
females whose mother tongue is Punjabi have returned Hindustani as
their second language. In the same way 10700 males and 8135 females
who are of the Hindustani speaking category have returned Punjabi as
their second IfLuguage. Such people are met with almost every where.
They are invariably immigrants who have settled down here in connec-
tion with their livelihood and have learnt to speak Punjabion account
of ccntinued residence. These make their living as grooms, boot and
shoe-makers, washermen, labourers, masons and workers in mills. It
cannot be so except for the fact that Punjabi and Hindustani are two
good compfttibles. In the Kohistan district about 550 males and 1031
females whose mother language is Hindustani have claimed Pa,hari as
their second language; 1214 males and 513 females whose mother-tongue
 294

is Pahari have returned Punj~-I,bi as their second language. In this way

Punjabi holds its own in those spheres also. The Kandaghat 'Tehsil,
where 1'L.'28 males a.nd 517 females have returned their second language as
Punjabi, about 1427 males and 1645 females who claim Pahari as their
mother language h;we returned Hindustani as their second language.
Almost all of th lse are reKidents of Kohistan district, or to be more exact,
of Kandaghat Tehsil.
There is no other combin::l.tion worth mentioning. While
Hindustani finds its mention as second language in combination with
almost every language, the other instfLllces of combination would be
found as interesting, One Bengali male and four females who speak
Bengali a.s their mother language have returned Punjabi as their second
language; 9,) maleti !loud:l6 females with G1ljrati as their mother-tongue
have given Punjabi as their second language, they are residents in
Baruala and Bhatinda Tehsil~ and might be some businessmen and
railway employe3s; 1 malp. and 20 females with Marhatti as their
mother-tongue have returned Punjabi as their second language, 19 males
with Pushto as their mother-tongue have come out with Punjabi as their
second langua.ge, 17 of them live in Sirhind tehsil and '2 in Patiala
tehsil; perdons whose mother tongue is English a.nd French have given
other tongues as theie second la.nguages per statistics below.
Mother-tongue. Other tongues.

Punjabi. Hindustani. Arabic. English.

M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F.
English 8 9 55 45 1
French 1 1 1

Excepting the three important combinations discussed above,

other instances of bilingualism are so isolated and scattered that they
are not of any abiding vaJue either from the academic or statistical
point of view.

Community.

For some time past, the utility of recording caste in the course
of Census Operations has been doubted, not only because the formers
III Hindu society condemn it as a spoke in the wheel of social welfare

of the community, but also because of enormous complexity, which is

found to be inherent in it for purposes of census statistics. A former
Census Oommissioner for India has openly deprecated its recording along
with other census statistics as well as discussing it in census reports;
because, in his opinion, it was, in the existing conditions of social up-
heavals, well-nigh impossible to record and analyse correotly casto
statistics from decade to decade. It is not within the purview of a
Census Report to discuss the merits and demerits of caste system, but it
is, c.owever, admitted that notwithstanding the attacks of reformers from
all sides on its ramparts, the citadel of caste remains invincible. Some
light breaches can, with justification, be said to have been made here
and there, but no penotration has been effected and the institution is
still functioning with the same halo of its pristine glory which surround-
 295

ed in its days of prosperity. The functional aspect of the caste system

is changing rapidly with the advancement of trade and with the advent
of motive power, auguring well for the industrial and occupational life
of the people of India. It is impossible to determine a large group of
popUlation on the functional baRis of caste. Traditional occupations
which in the past formed a basis for the classification of population
are now changing their identities. Besides a rising tendency is
noticeable on the part of various sects of Hindu community to
have their caste names altered or shown in a particularly high-sounding
way. What uBed to be a blacksmith or a carpenter is now a skilled
craftsman and does not like his traditional caste to be recorded, but his
newly adopted occupation; and similarly a barber would not like to be
c~lled so: but would insist on being called a Kalin Brahman. A number
of repreRentations received in the office of Census Superintendent indicate
which way the wind is blowing and to what extent the rigid and adamant
00nstitution of caste has become clastic.
The Census Authorities gave up recording of caste details in
1931.
The enquiry relating to race, tribe or caste and religion was made
through qnestions No.3 and 4. Ac::ording to instructions for Indians
the tribe or caste returned, was entered; in the case of non-Indians the
race or nationality was entered. and subjects of French or Portugese
India were entered to be as such; in case of Hindus who did not desire a
record of their caste to be made, the fact was indicated by an X. In
case of a person belonging to a scheduled caste his definite caste was
recorded. As regard8 religion the question was for the personal, indi vi
dual religion professed by each person; a question was put to him wha,t
it was and the answer recorded,-examples being Hindu, Muslim, Sikh,
Jain, Buddhist, Christian, Brahmo, Agnostic, Confucian, etc; if tribal
name was given it was also recorded.
General distribution of population by communities.

The number of followers of each community is given in the Hindus 5,97,488

margin. The total population consists of 3085 Hindus 4628, Sikhs, 2255 Sikhs 8,96.021
Muslims4,36,539
Muslims,8 Christians, 16 Jains and 8 others per ten thousand of Christians 1,592
population. The proportion of Parsis, Buddhists, and Jews is too small Jains 3,131
others 1,518
to be taken into account. The Sikhs thus represent a little less than
half the population.
 296

Local distribution .
.. ...__--...........

Fer 10,000
Tehsil.
Hindus. Sikhs. Muslims. Ohristians. Jains. Others.
--
All State. 3085 4628 2255 8 16 8
Kandaghat. 8857 378 754 6
Patiala. 2881 3408 3676 18 8 9
Rajpnra. 2612 4068 3287 24 9

-_
Sirhind. 1612 4516 3833 23 16
----
Dhnri. 1201 6579 2206 8 1 5
Bhawanigarh .. 1648 5215 3134 3
Narwana. 7167 1536 1193 104
Sllnam. 2047 6085 1838 4 26
Barnala. 1433 6514 2028 10 10 5
Mansa. 1204 7269 1526 1
Bhatinda. 1208 6648 20b4 9 19 32
Narnaul. t!900 11 1072 8 8

Community-wise distribution of the people is given above. The

Hindus are strongest in the districts of Kohistan and N arnaul and
weaker in Bassi and Barnala. ~rhe Sikhs, on the other hand, are most
numerous in the districts of Barnala and BasRi and their proportion is
smallest in the N arnaul and Kohistan districts, An interesting point in
this connection is that in the districts where Sikh element predominates,
the Hindus are in minority, and vice versa. The Mohammadans are
strongest in Patiala district.
The stltti:;tic3 regarding civil condition, sexes, age pte., of each
community have been dealt with in the relevant chapters. This chapter
is devoted exclusively to the information regarding population of each
community and with the discussion of reasons for variations in their
population.
It i3 not easy to define Sikhism because so far as religious beliefs
are concerned they do not differ very much from the Hindus. The
Hikhs, like the Hindus, believe in the transmigration of soul, the law of
Karama, and in the three mode!'! of attaining salvation or Mukti. The
faith owes its origin to Guru Nanak, who flourished in the latter half of
the 15th century. Guru Nanak preache.d monotheism, condemned idol-
worship and declared that salvation could only be attained through good
deeds combined with Bhakti or devotion Thus Guru N anak did not
fonnd a separato religion .'\s a revolt from Hinduism, but strove to
reconcile ancient beliefs with the purer creed.
 297

The Sikhs are by far the strongest element in the population of

Patiala Stat". The movement of their population shows that after a
-struggle of several decades, the Sikh population has, after all, corne to top
the list. It was bound to be so, because Sikhs are 80 solf-contained in
their religious outlook and ethio element that they form a race by
themselves, with as marked features as any other in India. Originally
they were a purely religious oommunity and puritans, but later
.on, goaded by the politioal tyranny of Moh~mmadans and social
tyranny of Hindus converted themselves into a military theocracy, to
whioh the hardy population of the jats of the Punjab supplied a efficient
-soldiery. This momentous change was brought about under the direction
()f GlIrU Gobind Singh. His teaching did not effect any material change
in the religious principles of Sikhs, but organised them into a separate
union. After the annexation of the Punjab by the English they settled
down to agricultural and other peaceful avocations, and now form the
backbone of that province, and of the Punjab States. Besides this they
have also preserved their ancient aptitude for war and supply a con-
tingent of efficient men to the Indian army. Jats predominate in the
Sikh community. Racially, they are of the Indo-Aryan type and like
the Rajputs have the highest stature recorded in India, which serves
to differentiate them from the Aryo-Dravidians type found in the
United Provinces and Bihar. The Sil{hs have permeated industrial and
.agricultural pursuitfl and handicrafts. This military class has also set-
tled down to peaceful life of carpenters, masons, motor drivers, etc., and
Sikhs of this class are found scattered about in small groups all over
India and outside. They include within their fold cultivating castes
such as J ats, Rajputs, Arains and Kambohs as well as artisans and
menials castes such as Chamars, Chuhras and Trikhans. Neverthe-
less they are one compact body.
The definition, too, of Sikhs, as understood for purposes of
,census, has undergone a change. Originally it meant a male who wore
long hair and refrained from smoking. This definition was beset with
·difficulties as pointed out by Mr. Rose in the Punjab Census Report of
1901:-
" III the present Census this rule was, I have little doubt, almost
universally ignored, and in 1891 it was not carefully observed, the result
being that Sikh figures for that year exceeded by 30 per cent aocording
to Mr. Maclagan's estimate the numbers which should have been re-
.turned as ' true Sikhs'. rfhe result seems the reverse of satisfactory.
If a rule is laid down and then only partially followed, the returns
.obtained must be of unoertain value. We cannot say with acouracy that
in so many cases the rule was followed and in so many ignored.
The question then arises whether such a rule can be enforced, as, if not,
it should be amended or revoked. I am inclined to think that at f!
future census this attempt at definition should be abandoned. In thl
first place it if:' clear that 8tri~t observance of the rule would have ex-
·cluded a certain number of the community from our returns of Sikhs.
In the next place the rule was objected to in nearly every district in which
:8ikhs exist in any number and I was frequently asked how mon!t Sikhs
(those who cut thei~ hair) should be recorded. Obviously it would have
·.:been a little difficult to. s~y .that they should be recorded as by religion
Bindus, seeing that they streaously deny tha,t they ~re Hindus, and
 298
direct that they should bs recorded as Sikhs by sect, for that would
merely vitiate our sect returns. If we ha.ve such entries as Hindus (by
religion), Sikh (by sect), we should not be much wiser than before, for in
a sense all Sikhs are Hindus and are so called in common parlance.
As Mr. Maclagan observes the line between Sikhs and Hindu", is vague in
the extreme and the best conrse, therefore, would seem to be to record
~hose who return themselves as Sikhs as such, and trust to the entry of
sect, if any, to enable us to classify the followers of Gnrn Gobind Singh
apart from those of Baba N anak as has been atterppted on this
occasion, "
But at the Census of 1011 this defini tiOD was abandoned as
inadequate and its scope widened. It now includes people oi all shades-
of opinion, whether they wear long hair or not. 'rhis change in the
definit,ion and the expansion of its scope has thrown into Sikh religion
a large number of persons who worship the Hindu gods aud follow
strict Hindu ordinances besides being Sikhs, whether they wear long
hair or not. The gist of the Sikh fa.ith is apparently contained in the
following saying of Guru N anak Dev:-
Eko simro Nanaka jo jiLl thal riha samai,
LllIja Kahe Simarye jo jamne te ma1jai.
A firm belief in the transmigration of soul, combined with pre iChing
of monotheism permeates his writings. Guru. Gobind Singh converted.
the followers of Guru Nanak into a military group.
Of the total population of the State, viz. 19,36,'259, 8,96,().31 are
Sikhs of which 5,01,301 are males, and 3,94,720 fema.les. At the last
census the population of Sikhs WaS recorded as 6,3:6,972 out of the total
State population of 16,25,6:20. The tfLble given below compares the
variation in the population of the community in each district as well as
density per sq. mile:-
-_.
Variation Density pel'
District Population. per cent. Sq. mile.

1941 1931 19·11-31 1931-21 1941 1931

------------.-
Kohistan 2:280 4985 -117 -32.7 6 14
Patialfl. 108337 66230 + 59 Not available 142 89
Bassi 218960 165546 + 32 256 Hi3
"
Raramgarh 19-1457 115926 + 67 124 74
"
Anahadgarh 371165 278219 + 33 202 151
"
Mahendragarb 206 67 +207 .3 .1
"
All State 896021 632972 + 41 +21.2 151 106
, I ~ [
 299

It would appear that all State increase at this decade is 41 per Ca,US8S of the>
increa.se of
cent as compared with 1931 wh~n it was recorded as 21 per cent. The Sikhs.
density has also increased from 106 to 151 per sq. mile with the
exception of· District Kohistan where the population of Sikhs has
decreased from 4985 to 2296 persons, or by 117 per cent.
In 1931 a decrease of 32 per cent was recorded. The density had
also gone down from 14 to 6 per sq. mile in 1931. The decrease of Sikhs
in Kohistan district is not a matter of alarm since they do not constitute
the indigenous population of this di~trict, Even those that have he en
recorded there are temporary settlers and state servants and the popu-
lation of Sikhs woulU always be fiuctu:1ting in this district. The Sikhs
have flourished and their population risen freely in their home districts
viz., Pa1iiala, Bassi, Sunam and Barnala. It has also risen in Narnaul
district where the increase was least expected. An enquiry was made
into the condition of fertility of the Sikhs of Sunam Tehsil where they
preponderate over other communities and the results obtained are
embodied ill the chapter on Fertility.· One thing is however evident.
from the enquiry and this is that the rate of survival of children is
rising along with the proportion of women having ohildren. Another
reason whioh is equally palpable is that the Sikhs, mostly in rural areas,
who had hitherto preferred to be recorded as Hindus, have now, on
account of the efforts of their leaders and the general consciousness of
their separate identity, recorded themselves as Sikhs. Prior to 1921
Census the practice was, though innocent enough, to record Sikhs as
Hindus in many cases, and no body objected to it as no politica.l signifi-
cance was attached to communities in these days. This greatly reduced
the number of Hindus and increased that of !:;;ikhs. There is no
jllstincation of restraining the efforts of a community to establish its
existence independent of a sister community in which it had remained
so long submerged. This movement did not originate at this decade t
but had been agitating the minds of Sikhs earlier. WThile discussing
the decrease amongst Hindus and increase in the number of Sikhs the
author of the Patiala Census Report 1931, makes the following obser-
vation: -
"This loss of their (Hindus') has ostensibly been the gain of
Sikhs, who at the general rate of increase, ougbt to have added only
approximately 50,000 persons, to their previous population. Instead.
they have increased by 110, 297 or about 62,000 more than they should
have. This increase is evidently at the cost of Hindus. The increase
in the number of Sikhs is no doubt abnormal~ but I have no reasons to
suspect any underhand means. Unlike some places in British India~
nowhere has a tendency to swell the number unfairly been fonnd in the
State, obviously because no motive for it existed, as it did in the case
of British India, where civic and political rights and benefits are now
granted on communal ,.considerations. The increase in the Dumber of
Sikhs, in my opinion is due to the great impetus that the cult of
separation received from the Akali movement, which convulsed
the community since 1921 onwards. Many Sikhs, who on previous
occasions were content with being recorded as Hindus, now, as the
result of this awakening appear to have r~turned themselves as Sikhs.
I think the number of Sikhs will yet increase, if the present circumstan~
ces continue and awaken the people to the idea of separatism."
 300
Another reason for the increase of Sikb,; was the dooisioTh to>
.avoid the recording of sub-sects of a religion. Consequently everyone,
irrespective of his sub-sect, such as Keshdhari, Sejdhalis, Nirmalas,.
U dasis, etc., was entered as Sikh and ca.ste restriction was ignored. There-
fore all Ramdasis, Chuhras, Chamars etc., were included either amongst
Hindus or amongst Sikhs whR.tever community they expressed a desire
to belong to.

-Meaning of The derivation of the term Hindu has been fully discussed by
l'the term Hindu" the former writers of Census Reports. The term was originally tbe
invention of early Musalman invaders to designate the people living
east of Indus, but in the course of centuries its use has so expanded
as to cover all inhabitants of India who believed in the old faith.

In the year 1911 an attempt was made to evolve a definition of

Definition of
Hinduism. Hinduism. The Census Commissioner invited reports from the pro-
vincial Superintendents as to the application of certain tests prescri-
bed by him for the purpose of fixing a criterian of Hinduism. The
result was nothing but a divergence of opinions. The views express-
ed differed according as Hinduism was considered to connote a religi-
ous or racial or social organization. It was found to embrace within
its fold persons of various beliefs and shades of thoughts from the
orthodox Brahman down to the sweeper, who is supposed to cause
pollution by touch and is not allowed excess to Hindu temple. The
term is indeed comprehensIve enough, as remarked by the Census
Commissioner in 1911, to include a complex congeries of creeds and
doctrines. There are, however, two marked features which can
serve to distinguish Hindus from the followers of other religions. The
one is religious or economic objection to the slaughter of cows and
other the acknowledgment. of the supremacy of Brahmans. There
.are certain sects who disown the supremacy of Brahmans, but their
number is very small as compared with those who hold Brahmans
spiritually and socially above ordinary beings.

Taking the religious and social aspects of Hinduism we can

say a person may be called a Hindu if he is a native of India and
not of foreign descent, acknowledges the supremacy of Brahmans,
or, at least refuses to kill or harm kine, and belongs to a recognised
Hindu caste.

Local
The only tracts which can now be called exclusively Hindu
,distribution. are the districts of N arnaul and Kohistan with a proportion of 88 to
89 per cent. In the rest of the State Hindus are mixed up with Sikhs
and Mohammadans. Thoir numerical strength is small in the
Tehsils of Sirhind, Dhuri, Bhawanigarh, Barnala, Mansa and
Bhatinda.
 301
The number of Hindus to evety 10,000 of the total population
.§§ §~ is noted in t~e margin for the last. f~ur
Variations .

Census ~ ~ :_;::j § censuses, wIth the rate of varIabon

&S .~ C) during the decades. The increased 14
Year. o H C'O 5)
~ & > 0. per cent from 1911 to 1921 took a down-
1911 4006 ward COl1rt-le since then. The relative
proportion of the followers of this com-
1921 4281 14 munity, to the total population (which
1931 3821 -3 had shown an increase in the preceding
decades) dropped from 4,281 to 8,8~1
1941 8085 -3 per 10,000. The downward tendency of
the Hindus is more marked in the results of the recent censuses, whieh
shows a decrease of 3.8 per cent in the total popUlation and a further
contraction of the proportion of Hindus to the total population, from
3,821 to 3085.

The Patiala Census Superintendent in 1931, attributed the Census of the

decrease in the Hindu population to the following causes :- decline of
Hindus.
1. Ravages of plague in the TehHil of Narwana-predomi-
nantly a Hindu arOl: (~) prevalence of venereal diseases in the
Kandaghat Tehsil mainly a Hindu ila,qa and the consequent effect
on reproductive capacity; (3) restriction on widow re-marriage;
(4) evil effects of child marriages on productivity; and (5) the
inferior diet and sedentary habits. The population both in the
N arwana and Kandaghat Tehsils has hardly increased by about
3,000 persons, though at the general rate of increase they should
have added at least 15.000 more to their existing number. Preva-
lence of venereal diseases, due to the laxity of morals, and a number
of other local customs, securing larger freedom to women, in the
matter of matrimonial obligations, is the greatest cause of the
balance of births over deaths, in that territory, being so low. The
food of an average Pahari has also perhaps much to do in this behalf.
It contains little of what is ordinarily calculated to afford nourish-
ment and maintain a normal power to procreate. This degeneration
is bound to worsen further, if proper steps are not taken to warn the
people agalnst the dangers ahead and extricate them from vile
customs. Extension of facilities for the treatment of venereal
diseaRes is also a necessity. The generality of hill-folk now,
when they get infected, resort only to local apothecaries, who
administer some drugs and help them through the acute stage only.
The patient thi[ ks hA is cured, but really his disease becomes
chronic. People should be educated to the desirability of proper
ID8dical treatment to fight out the bane, which is eating into the
vitals of an important section of His Highness' subjects.

"The third contributory cause of the decline, among Hindus, is

the rigid prohibition of widow re-marriage. vVith reformed people,
no doubt, there is a clear change of vision in this behalf, but in the
generality of the population, the belief still holds good that a Hindu
marriage is indissoluble, even after the death of a party and thero-
fore a widow cannot marry. This is the reason why the number
of widows is mUDh greater among the Hindus, than among other reli-
 302

gions. With the already existing extreme paucity of females in the

population this enforced sequestration of so many more cannot
but tell on the population. Similarly child marriage is another po-
tent cause. The subject has so often been discussed that I do not
feel called upon to enter into any detailed discussion ou it. lt does
not require much of an argument to convince that serious conse-
quences 111.ust ensue when the couple are allowed to enter into mari-
tal relations before attaining proper physical development. Ohild
marriage in the case of females borders on cruelty, as it, oftener than
not, results in premature motherhood and the very first confinements
either ends fatally or shatters the health for ever. The evil is no
doubt prevalent in the other communities as well, but amongst
the Hindus it is more common, and, therefore greater cause of their
physical decline.
"Th) qU:Btion of fOJd is also rebvCI,nt to the po~nt. Without en-
tering into cOlltroVer.3Y of whether vaget:1rian food, which is the food
of a large majority of Hindus, i3 better th'1n meat diet, I do not
think there are any two opinions about the fact that the latter is
more stimulatin~ and consequently conrlucive to better reproducti-
vity. The bulk of Hindu population abstain'3 not only from the use
of meat and eggs, but even from onion and garlic. In pastoral
days, when ghee and milk were in plenty, a diet could be made
nutriti.ous enoug-h by an increased use of these articles of food,
but in these days when ghee and milk have become articles of
luxury for an avera6'e man, I fear the time is soon coming
when there will be no alternative left except a resort to the use of
meat to maintain a requisite supply of carbohydrates in dietary.
Combined with the lack of proper nutrition in food, the sedantary
habits of the Hindus consequent on their occupations, have a marked
effect on their general health and reproductive power. Thus the
decline in the number of Hindus is as much due to the onslaught of
other religions on it as also to a number of internal causes which
hamper its natural growth.

Variation. The population of each community has been shown in comp-

arative sub-tables in the chapters on population and at this stage we
deal with the community individually. The table underneath :><hows
the variation in the populatiop. of the community in each district
as also its donsity per sq. mile:-
----_. ------- --------
Variation
Population. Density
per cent.
District. per
194t. 1931, 1941-31 19U1-21 sq. mile.
-----_.
Kohistan 53,797 47,111 +14 +7.5 157
Patiala 82,629 89,4-77 - 7 108
Bassi 52:747 48,516 + 8 61
Karamgarh ... 1,67,790 1,89,135 -11 107
Anahadgarh ." 68,290 83,538 -17 37
Mahendragal'h. 1.72,225 1,49,868 -t 15 209
_.._---
All State 5,97,488 6,21,145 -8.8 - 3.i3 100
---_. ----------
This table shows how the population of Hindus has fared as
compared with the decade just preceding. The total population
of Hindus recorded at this decade is 5,97,488, ant of which 324486
are males and 273002 are females. This figure includes 47085
males and 42067 females, i. e., 8t,152 persnos of the scheduled
castes. In 1931, the total populat.ion was 621.145. out of whioh 339591
,wre males and 229929 fevnales. This means tha,t the population during
the decade ending 1941 had decreased by 2-:1667 versons or 3.8 percent
 303

thereby decren.sing the density also from 104 to 100 per sq. mile. The
percentage decrease recorded at the last decade was 3.3. These suo-
cessive decreases in the population of a community which plays so
important a part in the prosperity of the State deserves close investi-
gation ou the part of the administration. One cause of decrease is,
however, evident and it is the same which has been spt forth in the
para supra. that ii:' the gain of Sikhs has been the loss of the Hindus.
N umer,JUs persons who h'1d in the past willingly returned themselves
as Hmdus have now prefer~d in this and the previous oensus to get
them entered as Sikhs. In the past there used to be a boely of Sikhs,
who, heiides being followers of Gllrn Nan8.k, were ltS reluctant to be
exoluded from the body of Hindus, as they were chary of being denied
the prestige of reckoning themselves as disoiples of the Great Guru
N anak-d.ll Sikhs of this oategory have, due to the intensification of
separatist movement returned themselves as Sikhs as distinct from
Hindus. In former day~, the Hmdus and Sikhs were so united and
intormix~a t,hat in oases of vit:11 statistics Sikhs were included among
Hindus and Keshdh11ris and Sehjdharis freely intermarried, but now a
KesnJh<1ri will not gi ve his daughter in marriage to a Sehjdha:ci, he
would not h J\vever hAsitate to take the latter's daughter for himself
or for his son Thi>l is how the process of sifting is going on to the
detriment ,f the IIindus. Also in the army Keshdharis aione are re·
nr,tited as Sikh ~ anri Sehjdh3Jris are not allowed the status of a Sikh.
The total loss of the community is as under:-

1. Loss of increase at 19 %over the population

of 597488 1,18,017
2. Loss declared a,iter absorbing the increase .... 23,657
Total decrease 1,41,674

The separation of Sikhs is not part.icular to Patiala State only,

but is aati ve everywhere in the Pllojab, and is not a novelty of this
decade alone, but is discernible from 1921 onwards.

In the districts of Kohiqtan and Narnftul the HinduR have in-

(m~ased, but not ill thq same proportion at which Sikhs and Muslims
have increa'led in their hOIllI_j districts. 'rhe increase in Kohistan
di trict is 14 %and in N arnanl district 15 %. In all other districts they
have decreased, the greate1t decrease being 17 % in Barnala and 11% in
3unam districts. The conditions of life of Hindus have been dealt
with se?Brately. The Hindus have not suffered in the matter of
fertility as the number of ohildrens born to Hindu women and survived
have been satisfactory during the decade.

The decrease in the popnhtion of Hindus has been going on for

some decade.. except in 19"21 cen"us when they recorded an increase
as \vill be evident from the sub-table given below:-

Proportion per Variation The deorease in

Cpnsus year. 10,000 of popu- per the population of
lation. cent. HinduR in the
Punjab had been
1901- 5515 equally consistent
1911 4006 as would appear
-36
from the figures
1921 1281 +14 given below I but
1931 3821 - 3.3 the other causes
194L 3085 - 3.8 whioh had played
a prominent part
In their decrease in the province, viz. conversion to Christianity and
Islam and decrease in birth-rate do not exist in the State where both
conversion and Rhudifl axe rH.re and hygenio oonditions and prosperity
are equl1Illy shared by. Hilldus with their Sikh and Muslim brethren.
 804

, Muslims.- Out
Census year. Population. Variation per cent.of the total popu-
lation of the State~
the Muslims have
1901 7,874,413 been recorded as
1911 4,:36,539, out of
8,773,621 -15
which 2,36,973
1921 9,125,202 +4 are males ann.
1,99,566 females.
1931
At the last decade
1941 viz. 1931, the po-
pUlation of Mus~
lims was 3~6a.920 persons, out of which! ,98,945 were males and 1,64,975
females.
The sub-table below shows the variation in tho population of
the community in each district as also its density per sq. mile.
--"-_ ._--_.. _-------------
Population. Variation per cent.. Density
per sq.
Distriot. mile.
IH41 1931 1941-31 1931 -21

Patiala State 4,36,539 3,63,920 +19 +10.1 73

Kohistan 4,579 3,505 +30 +2.6 13
Patiala 1,04,929 87,000 +20 137
Bassi 1,11,026 92,147 +20 129
Karamgarh 93,210 77,082 +20 59
Anahadgarh 1,02,051 85,368 +19 55
Mahendragarh 20.,744 18,823 +10 36
--- ----- -----
It would appear from the Sub-table that increase in the popu-
lation of Muslims had been uniform throughout all districts-rather
in the district of Kohistan they have increased 30 per cent which is
more than the increaRe recorded in case of Hindus. In N arnaul
district their increase is 10% against 15 % of Hindus. The increase
in Muslims is keeping with the general increase in the State and
it. can be said that Muslims have prospered and multiplied along
with the general conditions of prosperity prevalent in the State
during the decade. The increase in the population of Muslims had
been consistent in the State as would appear from the Sub-table
given below :-
---:---
Proportion per 10,000
---
Variation.
---
of popUlation.
_'_.4
1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1901-11 1911-21 1921-31 L941
2,238 2,184 2,205 2,239 2,255 -14 +7 +10 +20
-- - - -----
 305

J ainism was originally a sect of Hinduism) and even now it is Jain!!.

not easy to draw a boundary line between. J ains are still regarded
as a recognised section of Hindu society and consequently many
J ains returned themselves as Hindus. The J ains though not so
numerous are yet important. The table underneath shows the varia-
Lions in their population in each district as well as their density
per sq. mile :-
. ---- ---~- ----------..,..----------
Proportion per 18,000 Variation per cent.
of Population. Density
District. per
sq. mile.
1911 IH31 1941-31 1931-21

----
Patiala State 3,101 2,578 -13 +10.1 .5

Kohistan 3 5 -40 +25

Patiala 256 266 - 3 .3
Bassi 24 114 -78
Karamgarh 2,079 2,236 - 7 .1

Anahadglrh 575 634 - 9 .2

M ahendragar h 164 323 --49 .3

----
It would appear from the Sub-table relating to.J ains that like
Hindus they have decreased in every distriet, especially in Bassi,
N arnaul and Kohistan. The decrease in the total population of this
community is 13% whereas at the last decade its total population
had recorded an increase of 10% , In Kohistan district where it had
shown an increase of 250/°' it now returns a decrease of 40 per cent.
The density has also decreased along with the population. Evidently
this decrease can be attributed to no other cause except that there
js naturally a desire amongst all J ains to adopt Hindu names as a
racial signification expressive of their national unity. Beyond this
there is also the fact that J ains are distinctly a commercial com-
munity, and, wi::-hing to live in unity with their Hindu neighbours:
they bave adopted a good many of the social observances of
Hinduism and have not hesitated to enter into marriage rela-
tions with the Hindu section of their corresponding castes. The
J ains have disclosed a tendency to get themselves recorded as
Hindus with a patriotic motive to get the strength of the parent
community augmented.
It would be in the fitness of things to quote in support of
what has been said here in respect of decrease of Jain population in
the State from the book Modern Religious "Movements by Farquhar.
"It seems clear that for many centuries there has been a conti-
nuous drift of the Jain population into Hinduism; while Hindu
thought and practiee have as continuously found their way into Jain
tempIns and homes. In Svetambara temples to-day the ministrants
are usually Hindus; and nearly all Jain families call in Brahmans to
 306

assist them in their domestic ceremonies."

The steady drift towards Hinduism is still in progress, as the
following table will show. The three last reports of the Censlls of
India give the following as the figures for the Jain population:
1891 .. . . . .. . . . .. ... ... 1,500,000
1901 1,334,000
1911 1,248,000
Christianity. Christianity is derived from the adjective christian and means
the religion proclaimed by Jesus Christ. The main principles of this
religion are set forth in the New Testament. Although it originated
in a country not remarkable for any political, commercial or literary
influence, emanating from one who occupied a humble sphere in the
community amidst which He appeared,-it nevertheless spread very
rapidly. After the revolutions of fourteenth and fifteenth centuries
that religion is ~till professed by the nations of Europe, the most dis-
tinguished portion of mankind in art and learning as well as in arms.
By the industry and zeal of Europeans it has been widely diffused to
the most distant shores of Asia and Africa and is acknowledged by
one-fourth of the inhabitants of the globe.
In the State, Christianity spread through the agency of the
missions at present functioning here. Most of the converts came of
ignorant, low and impoverished castes who have no scruple in eating
and with the incitement of preachers easily embrace Christianity,
either for the elevation of their social status or some other material
gain.
Christian Secb.-There are two main divisions of Christians, vis.,
Roman Catholic and Protestants.
Protestant is the generic term for members of the churches
which owe their origin directly or indirectly to the Reformation.
The name is derived from the protest of Spires in 1529. Certain
small communities of Christians older than the Reformation but
agreeing with it in rejecting the authority of Rome are generallJ and
quite logically grouped as Protestants; and popularly the name is
considered to include Christians who do not belong to the Greek and
Roman Catholic communions, though members of the Anglican
church, for example frequently protest against such a classilication
as historically false and personally obnoxious. Protestantism has
flourished best among the Teutonic peoples of Northern Europe, and
has always found it difficult to make its way through the Latin people
of the South.
Roman Catholic is the name generally given to that very
numerous body of Christians who acknowledge the Pope, or bishop
of Rome, as head of their church. The name also signifies that
Roman Catholic church is "Roman in its centre and Catholic in its
circumference". The supreme pontiff, who traces his succession
from St. Petre, is regarded by Catholics as "Vicar of Christ, head of
of the bishops, and supreme governor of the whole Catholic church
of whom the whole world is territory or diocese. The Pope has a
primary supremacy, not only of honour bl1t of power, authority, and
 307

immediate jurisdiction over the universal church. The creed of the

Catholic church comprises twelve articles the seven sacraments of
Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist, Penance Extreme Unction, Orders
and Matrimony; the doctrines sanctioned by the Council of Trent,
the mass as a propitiatory sacrifice; purgatory; Papal supremacy
etc. It was the established church of England until the Reformation
after which many disabilities were imposed upon Roman Catholics,
and continued in a more or less severe form until the passing of the
Emancipation Act of 1829.
Christian Mission.-The following Christian missions are at
present working in the State:-
L Methodist
2. N ewzealand Presbyterian.
3. M. E. Mission and
4. Protestant Christian Mission.
The headquarters of the Methodist ~nsson are situate at
Bombay, and it works thl'ough its prea0hers in the Tehsils of Patiala,
Sunam, Bhawanigarh, Narwana, Dhuri and Sirhind. The number of
its adherents amounts to 1061, the largest as compared with other
missions. This is due to the activities of this mission being very
conspicuous in Tehsil Patiala where alone there are 852 of its
adherents.
Newzealand Presbyterian Misson.-N ewzealand Pres by tori an Mis·
son's headquarters are at Kharar and it functions through Mr. Edal
in Rajpura Tehsil. Number of its converts is 17 only.
M. E. and Protestant Christian Missions are at work in
Bhatinda and Raman Mandi, the former under the guidance of Mr.
N. Prasad and the latter under Mr. B. C. Martin.
The Methodist American and American Missions are at work
in Bunam and Bassi and their numbers are] 6 and 193 respectively,
the former under the guidance of Mr. Jai Singh and the latter of
Mr. Tenton of Khanna.
No Roman Catholic Mission is at work in the State.
Variation.-The population of all Christians residing in the
State has increased by 141.1 persons during the decade under report.
Their total population now is 1;:,92 as agaim,t 1419 recorded at the
last decade. Of the former 949 are males and 743 females and thus
there are 875 femaJes after every 1,000 males.
Indian Christians -The population of Indian Christians, exclu.
sive of Anglo Indians and Europeans, comes to 1412 persons.
Anglo Indians.-The number of Anglo Indians in the population
of Christians is 54 persons of whom 26 are males and 28 feUlales.
This number at the last census was 131. A majority of them has
been enumerated at Bhatinda in the employ of the railway. Com-
pa·red with our previous census figures the population of Anglo·
Indians hab suffered a loss of 77 personH. This decrease may be
accounted lor by the transfer of distri9t railway headquarters from
 308
Bhatinda to Ferozepore during the decade under report.
The numerical Rtrength of Europeans except Anglo-] ndial1s
and Indian Christians is 120 persons, 65 males and 61 females.
Their number in 1931 was 111. It shows an increase of 15 persons.
Most of them are servantH of the St».te.

Parsis.-The number of parsis according to the recent census

is 21 (16 males and 5 females). They are generally immigrants from
Bombay and their principal occupation is trade. They are divided
as per detail given hereunder:-

Patiala District 8
Kohistan District 12
Bassi District 1

At the last census their number was only 2.

Budhists.-Of the 3 Budhists enumerated in the State all

belong to Patiala district. The number last time was 2.

Jew•. -The Jews, very few of whom are domiciled Indians, are
12. 7 of them are resident in Patiala district, probably in State
service, whereas 5 are found in Barnala district, probably at Bhatinda
in the employ of the railway. No Jew was returned on the occasion
of last census.

Other Communities.-The number of persons sorted under the

nomenclature" Others" amounts to 1482, 821 males and 661 females.
This gives a proportion of 24 per 10,000 and a variation of 30 <j"
The decrease is due a good deal to unspecified sects mergmg
into their parnnt communities, Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs.

Depressed or Scheduled Classe. - No enumeration or :,,;orting

wa.s dOlle under the nomenclature of Depressed or Schedu1ed
Classes, but those, who professed Hinduism, but differed from high
caste Hindus, were enumerated under their old nomenclature hut
were sorted under sub-head "Scheduled Castes" of the head Hindus.
These according to instructions were embodied in the sortor's ticket
for that imperiaL table. 'There were about 27 sub-castes which
were treated ::IS schednled castes provided they did not profess any
other roligion. Their names are given below;-

1. Addharmis. 14. Bhanjra.

2. Bawaria. 15. Chanal-
3. Chamar. 1G. Dhanak.
4. Ohuhra or Balmiki. 17. Gagra.
'"'
o. Dagi and Koli. 18. Gandhila.
6. Doom. !fl. Khatik.
"l. Od. 20. Kori.
S. Sansi. 21. Nat.
 309

9. Bareera. 22. Passi.

10. Marija or Maricha. 23. Parna.
11. Bengali (natives of 24. Sapela.
Bengal are not meant). 25. Sirkiband.
12. Barar. 26. Megh.
13. Bazigar. 27. Ramdasi.
The separate strength of each of the above snb-castes has not
been recorded, but their total strength amounted to 89,152 persons,
47085 males and 42067 females. Of these 10467 persons (5612 males
and 4855 females) live in towns. At the last census the classification
was based on sects and castes, which distinction was dropped this
time. It was therefore not possible to institute a comparison and
ascertain what increase the "Scheduled Castes" had recorded since
the last decade.
It is, however, a fact that moved by appeals Ly reformers a
large number of scheduled castes has prefered to forego their sepa-
rate entity described by their old names, and have willingly returned
themselves as members of either of the two major communities of
Sikhs and Muslims. The majority of Ohuhras, Meghs, Ramdasis
and Addharmis have taken refuge in the fold of Sikhism, whereas
such sub-castes as Ods, Dooms and Sansis, etc., have established their
status by merging into the Muslim community. The Sikhs and
Muslims have gained adequately from this movement, but Hindus
have not.
Cattle Census.

Cattle breeding is the combined responsibility of the State and

its people. It is a bare necessity for the welfare of the agriculturists.
The scope of its utility is not confined to them alone, but embraces
directly or indirectly a wider field, comprising the welfare of the
whole population.
No doubt a census of live stock is annually recorded by the-
Department of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics of India and
these operations are not confined to British India alone, but extend
to Indian States also; those statistics, curiously enough, are not acted
upon further. This state of inertia in the matter of cattle-breeding
and other live stock should be shaken off. Cattle represent the
wealth of peasants and sources of nutrition of both rural and urban
population and it is very necessary that correct estimates be
formed and proper inferences drawn. The administration must
know true state of affairs of this valued possession of humanity and
devise ways and means to improve it.

At this census, an enumeration of live stock was carried out in

the course of house numbering. The cattle were divided into two
kinds. Oows, buffaloes, goats and sheep were censused under the-
caption 'milch cattle' and bullocks, he-buffaloes, etc. under 'draught.
cattle'. Under the former were included only those that were either
giving milk or were of milk producing age, while under the latter
were included all cattle that are used for drawing plough, well,
vehicles etc., and also those that are used for carrying loads for
 · .9)0
agricultural, domestic. or trade purposes \-1,., w~U as those kept
exclusively for breeding..
During the course of my inspection tours of districts and
examination of house lists I gathered .that information was being
collected by supervisors in a haphazard manner which could not have
served any useful purpose. I, therefore, ordered an independent
enquiry (at least about agricultural cattle) being made through
Tehsildars and the following returns were recorded :--

Name of Number of Name of Number of

Tehsil. agricultural Tehsil. agricultural
cattle. cattle.

1. Patiala 28352 7. Dhnri 35917

2. Rajpura 24570 8. Narwana 20371
3, Sirhind 84647 9 Barnala 18169
4. Kandaghat 76734 10. Bhatinda 30471
5. Bhawanigarh 28350 11. Mansa 24940
.5. Sunam 24638 12. Narnaul 109357
----- ---.--
Total agricultural cattle in the State are 506516 heads. Cal~
culating this on cultivated area in bighas of each tehsil, the cattle
employed on agriculture per bigha come to as below:-

Number of Cultivated Area cultivated

Name of Tehsi1. agricultural land in per one agri-
cattle. bighas. cultural cattle.

1. Patiala 28352 2,66,582 9

2. Rajpura 24570 2,27,857 9

3. Sirhind 84:,647 2,67,790 3

4, Kandaghat 76,734 57,326 .8

5. Bhawanigarh 28,350 3,27,320 11

6. Sunam 24,638 4.35,316 17

7. Dhuri 35,917 12,20,430 34
8. Narwana 20,371 5,18,580 25
9. Barnala 18,169 3,08,420 17
10. Bhatinda 30,471 8,20,155 27

11. Mansa 24,940 5,18,884 23

12, Narnaul 1,09,357 4,55,227 4

 311
-
The following tables flOm A to F" ~ ~bow the position of bulls,
bullocks, cows, etc, as ascertai:p.ed in ~940 for the use of the depart-
ment of Commerce and Intel1igence ahd Statistics, Southern India.
Table A:- -Bulls, bullocks and cowsover 3 years.
B :-Buffaloes-males and females.
C: ~Young stock-l year and 1 to 3 years.
D :-Sheep and goats-under one year and over 1 year.
E :-Horses, ponies, donkeys and camels.
F :-- Ploughs and carts.
TABLE A.
- - -Showing bulls, bullocks and cows over 3 years - - - -
-----------
Areas, Males. Females.
---
1. Patiala State. 51863 33282
2. Barnala District. 61971 38011
B. Sunam District. 67003 44131
4- Bassi District. 67180 34400
5. N arnaul District. 15830 12790
,6. Kohistan. 21175 196::50

TABLE B.
(Showing buffaloes-males and females).

Areas. :Males. :E'emales.

----
1. District Patiala. 694 35,567
2. Barnala. 877 52,030
"
3. Sunam. 783 45,881
"
4. Bassi. 688 42,349
"
5. Narnaul. ~02 7,000
"
6. Kohistan. 404 13,375
"
----.; .. _
 312

TABLE C.
(Showing young stock of cows-l year and 1 to 3 years.)

Areas.
----
Under 1 year. 1 to 3 years.
----
I. District Patiala. 15,893 31,983
2. Barnala. 20,496 40,211
"
3. Sunam. 18,490 35,178
"
4. Bassi. 19,428 33,621
"
5. Narnaul. 4,895 7,647
"
6. Randaghat. 6,705 8,970
"

TABLE D.
(Showing sheep and goats-under 1 year and over 1 'year).
------_._-- ----
Sheep. Goats.
Areas.
---------_._--
Under 1 Over 1 Under 1 Ovor 1
year. year. year. year.
----------------------
Dist. Patiala. 8645 26515 15889 25783
Barnala. 3863D 100205 61801 D1123
"
Sunam. 24!77 63003 27273 49528
"
Bassi. 15362 35511 22111 32286
" Narnaul. 5773 19513 10358 21227
"
8766
-_." __
Rohistan.
....
2035 5749 ]0633

TABLE E.
(Showing horses and ponies, donkeys and camels).
--~- - - - ._------_----
Areas. Horses and ponies. Donkeys. Camels.

Dist. Patiala. 2,883 4,023 1,880

Barnala. 3,198 8,043 15,119-
"
Sunam. '2,864 8,285 5,293
"
Bassi. ],387 6,346 5,947
"
Narnaul. 207 1,963 4,532
"
,. Kohistan. 545 195 155
--
 313
TABLE F.
(Showing ploughs and carts).
_....._--_.....;------ -~-.-~--- ,---
Ploughs.
Areas. ----- Carts.
Wooden. Iron. Total.
~-

Dist. Patiala. 22,019 32 22,051 9,560

Barnala. 40,378 180 40,558 14,369
"
Sunam. 35,056 03 35,089 12,787
"
Bassi- 28,342 25 28,367 12,675
"
Narnaul. 13,313 13,313 4,583
"
:' Kohistan. 9,810 fl,810 140

----------------------------~
TABLE A.
Looking at figures in this table, we find that the number of
breeding bulls is small in Kohistan district and large in Barnala and
Sunam districts. It is not known how many bulls are stray ones
which the religious minded Hindus generally let loose and how many
are stannard bullR, being the property of State Veterinary Depart-
ment or well-to-do zamindars. It would also appear that the
number of cows over 3 years used for milk only and those over 3
years not in use for milk or breeding purposes is small. Whether
smallness in the number of cows of these two categories is good or
bad depends upon other conditions existing in the district. The
table given below shows the ratio of dry and uncalved cows per
breeding bull:-
----------- - - - - - - ------------
No. of No. of milch Cows
Name of dlstrict. breeding dry and per
bulls. uncal ved cows. bull.

- - - - - - - - ---- - - - -
Patiala 232 !32888 142
-r-
Ana,hndgarh 37();~R :)(

Karamgarh ilGO 4B3(j\1 77

Bassi 390 34234 88

Mahendergarh 198 12753 64

Kohistan 38 19613 516

It may be noted, on the basis of aforesaid figures, that the

number of cows per breeding bull is high and needs being reple-
nished where it is low.
 314

Cattle Breeding.-The marginal table shows that the number of

bullocks is extremely small in the districts of Patiala and Kohistan.
- - - - - - - Ordinarily a full
Number of healthy bull is
Areas. Bulls. Cows. cows per expected to
------.- -_._-- ______ one bull. cover a b out 60
cows. Accord-
District Patiala 232 32888 141 ing to this stan-
dard the districts
Barnala 657 37638 57 of Barnala and
"
N arnaul have
Sunam 560 4336!l 77 sufficient num-
"
Bassi 390 34234 87 ber of bulls for
" breeding pur-
Narnaul 198 12753 64 poses while
" Sunam and Bassi
Kohistan 38 19613 516 have a little less
"
__ than the requir-
ed number. The number of bulls given in the marginal table is
exclusive of bullocks and uncastrated bulls over 3 years kept for work
only as well as bulls and bullocks not in use for breeding or for work.

With regard to the number of breeding bulls and milch cows,

the serial order of various districts of the State is as given below.

Order according Order according

District. to milch
to bulls. cows.

--
1. Kohistan VI V
2. Patiala IV IV
3. Karamgarh II I
4. Bassi HI III
5. An ahadgarh I II
6. Mahendergarh V VI

TABLE B.
This table shows that the number of breeding and milk pro-
ducing buffalooi:l is very small in Narnaul District.

The table given below gives the ratio of dry and uncalved she-
buffaloos per breeding buffalo ;-
 315
--'.------..-....-------...........--------
No. of No. of milch
dry and She-buffaloos
N arne of district. breeding uncalved per one breed-
buffaloos. buffaloos. ing buffalo.

Rohistan 396 13375 34

Patiala 260 35567 136
Bassi 342 42'349 124
Raramgarh 433 4388l 101
Anahadgarh 421 62000 124
Mahendragarh 65 7000 108

It would appear from the aforesaid figures that the number of

she-buffaloes per breeding male buffalo is high in Patiala and Bassi
districts, it is more than average in other districts except Rohistan
wher the number is below average.
--------------
Order
Order of according With regard to the num-
District. breeding
buffaloos. to she- ber of breeding buffaloos
buffaloes. and she-buffaloos, the serial
- - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - order of the various dis-
tricts of the State is as
Kohistan III v given in the margin. The
Patiala V IV table shows that N arnaul
district is at the bottom of
Bassi IV III the list both as regards the
Sunam I II number of breeding buffa-
looS as well as of she-buffa-
Barnala II I looS. There should be more
Narnaul of cattle breeding in those
VI VI
districts where it is not up-
- to the ma.rk.
TABLE c.
This table shows young stock and the table in tne margin
shows the variation between the parent stock (over 3 years) exclusive
of cows of over 3 years used for work only and those not in use for
work or for breeding purposes.

------------------------------
Total of
Total of Young stock
Dif<trict. males and under 1 year Variation.
females. and
1 to 3 years.
----------------------------,-----~---------------

Kohistan 40788 15675 25113

Patiala 84751 47875 36876
Bassi 101414 53049 48365
Raramgarh 110372 53668 56704
Anahadgarh 99609 60707 38902
Mahendragarh 28583 12542 16041
 3J6
--..'----------~~__,_,_. ------_.- - _ _ _ ; , ; _ _ . ; ; . . . . _ -
Order
Order
accorqing
District. according
to total
to young
males and
stock.
females.

Kohistan V \~
The table in the margin
shows the order of districts
Patiala TV IV according to their total
Bassi II III wealth of cows and of young
stock;
Karamgarh I n
Anahadgarh III I
Mahendragarh VI VI

It would appear that the number of young stocks is rnuch

too small as compared with the parent stock, the number of young
stock is less than half which is not favourable. The numher of
young stock needs being raised to a pitch from where it ma.v go on
rising from year to year .

. This table shows the number of sheep and goats. The number
of sheep is not such as to vouchsafe their being utilized for purposes
of trade in wool. This trade is carried on by the nomad tribe of
Ods who possess sheep in thousands and keep on moving from place
to place. This trade is very profitable and I understand Gwalior
State has taken steps to encourage it. This action is worth
eum]atjng. Similarly the number of goats IS also not
sufficient. Goats are very prolific. From the food point of view
also, goat is the cheapest of all milk producing animals; goat's
meat is usually given preference over mutton by Lndians. The
manure of goats is valuable for agricultural purposes. In his
treatise on the Economic Value of Goats in the Punjab Professer
Stewart recommends that goats should bo reared as this can be
done cheaply.

The table in
Position as re- Position as re- tho margin shows
District. gards sheep. gards goats. the order of dis-
----------------- trid)R acc.Ol'ding
t() the stoek of
K ohistall Vl vr
sllt'I'p (llld .!.!,'oats.
PatiaIa IV IV
It would appear
Bassi III III from this table
II II that in the matter
:Karamgarh
of preservation of
Anahadgarh ... I I sheep and goats
the districts en-
~fahendragarh V y
joy the same po-
sition
 317
The number of beasts of burden as given in the table is not
encouraging. In an agricultural country like Patiala State this
number of animals is nGt sufficient and steps should be taken to
raise their number.

Horses and Donkeys. Oamels. Mules.

District. ponies.
------------------------------------------,---------------
Kohistan V \TI VI II
Patiala II IV V I

Bassi IV III II III

Karamgarh III I III Y
Anahadgarh I II I IV
Mahendragarh VI V IV VI
4 \
The above table shows the order of districts in regard to each
kind of animal.
It would appear from this analysis that Anahadgarh district
possesses horses and ponies and camels more tb an any other; donkeys
are in great number in Karamgarh district and Patiala has more
mules than any other district.
The table given below shows the number of ploughs and carts
in each district. Oalculated on this basis, it appears that a plough
with a pair of bulloeks or one camel cultivates 32 bighas of culti·
vated land.

Number A verageNo. Ploughs .

Areas. Bullocks. of of bullocks necessa;ry III
Plough. proportIOn to
per p 1oug h . N 0.0f b us.,
11

Djst. Patiala 51863 22051 2.3 25931

Dist. Barnala 61971 40558 1.5 30985
Dist. Sunam 67003 35089 1.9 33501
Dist. Bassi 67180 28367 2.4 33590
Dist. Narnaul 15830 13313 1.2 7915,
Dist. Kohistan 21175 9810 2.1 10597

The above table shows that districts of Barnala, N arnaul

and Sunam have a sufficient number of ploughs but not of bullocks.
Districts of Patiala and Bassi have less ploughs than are essential
while district Kohistan has just the required number of ploughs and
bullocks. The reason why the number of ploughs and cattle is
almost the same in district Kohistan is the difficulty in transport, ,
 318

of agricultural imploments and cattle owing· to the hilly nature of

the country.
The wealth of cattie is poor in the Stato and requires to be
~meouraged by all possible means. Great attention is to be paid
to the preserva.tion and development of this commodity. In fact
the cow, next to the dog, was probably the earliest domesticated of
.animals. Wells tells us that it was in the Neolithic age, ten or
twelve thousand years ago, that the nomadic hunter evolved into
the herdsman, and mankind first became cow-keepers. The practice
of cow-keeping gradually spread all over the earth, until now when
there are very few races, civilized or savage, city dwellers or nomads,
in Europe, Asia, or Africa, who have not depended, or do not depend,
more or less, upon cow, goat, ,reindeer or buffalo. And, as we all
know, among many African tribes the wealth of an individual is
measured by the number of cows he owns. Indeed a man may even
buy his wife from her loving father for a certain number of cows,
depending upon the youth and comeliness of the maiden and upon
how badly he might be smitten by her. @harms ..
In many countries, an individual's wealth is measured by the num-
ber of cows he owns. In India in days of Hindu rule, the Kings and other
well-to-do persons used to give in charity hundreds and thousands of cows
as they used to be considered the valuable commodity which one could give.
Milk and butter of cows and she-buffaloes are the mainstay of the vegetarian
people living both in countryside and towns. Far away back in pregla-
eial days before the great ice-flow changed the surface aspect and the
climate'of Europe, the Lwiss Lake dwellers kept cattle the milk of which,
reinforced by the fish they hauled out of tht lake, was their chief source
of food. Oomparing milk with meat we observe that when one grasps
the significance of these facts we can readily understand that it is more
milk: rather than more meat, that the people need, and insofar a.s the
production of meat interferes with that of milk, a great evil results. Milk
is an invaluable food, and every means, not excluding the total eli-
mination of meat as food, should be adopted to increase its use. I have no
doubt that our devotion to the fleshpots is the greatest single factor in the
present restricted use of milk, which is the most unfortunate phase of our
dietic habits. In fact we could well dispense with the packers, if such a
consummation would result in an increased supply and a proper consump-
tion of this most valuable food substance.
Bullocks, horses, ponies, mules and donkeys are the sole means of
traffic in passengers and goods where railways and lorries have not pene-
trated, in fact communication and transport between villages inter
se for short dit>tances is still carried on by means of these beasts. Rail-
ways and lorries are resorted to only where distance is large. Even then
railway stations are reached by means of these oonveyances and the
beasts whioh are the shades of our ancestors. It is an indispensible
.commodity and carries a religious significance. An author rightly
quotes "Most surely there is a lesson for you in cattle, says the Ql1ran,"
and in the Bible, the rainbow is represented a.s a token not only between
God and man, but also between Him and every living bea.st, and the
-ancient but immoral Qity of Nineveh is finally spared from destruction
_, :O~cause, inter n.li3., it contained 'much cattle'. For anyone who ha.s not
 319
lived in a primitive country it is difficult to realise how much a peasant's
life may depend upon bis cattle.
To sa, ve· the prized commodity J the first thing is to improve the breed,
then to save them from mortali'y &nd lastly to put a. premium on their
lives by getting them insured not as a. matter of tendency but as a matter
of practice. rfhe West has adopted the sytern of insurance of cattle to
its great a.dvantage and the East has to follow the lead with the same
happy results. Fortunately by ,irtue of irrigation being extended to
almost every part of the country and by virtue of means of communica-
tions being improved, an agriculturist cannot I;>tarve during famine as
food can be transported to the very door of his bouse, but ~he problem
still remains how to save his beast.

SAMPLE SLIPS.
In accordance with the instructions laid down in paragraph 23
of "Sorting Instruction8" received from the Superintendent, Census Opera-
tions, Punjab, each sorter was directed when doing the full sorting to
mark every fiftieth slip on tbe back with a bold cross. This was to be
done for each sex, i. e., every fiftieth male slip and fiftieth female card was
to bear this mark. This sample was to be brought togehter by taking out
all marked slips after full sorting was over.
The sample was to be re~ained after census operations were
over to be used for fertility and other studies or for consultation by
approved bodies.
In British India in view of the exigencies of war, tabulation effort
was restricted to tables I, II, III, V and XIII. The Census Commission-
,er in order to put the limited ti~9 and scope of tablulation to the best
use decided vide his circular No. I3-0omp., dated the 15th April, 1941,
that sample slips sbould be run through various Imperial Tables and
the results intimated to him early. Since Patiala State was undertaking
,complete sorting and tabulation, it was pointed out to the Superintendent,
,Census Operations: Punjab, tba.t it would not be possible to take out slips
till complete sorting was over, otherwise the main Imperial Tables would
be deficient by the slips taken out The Superintendent Punjab agreed
that sample slips might be run through for the various Imperial Tables
when complete sorting was over.

Accordingly, after the entire sorting was over, sample-slips were

;taken together and reeorted for the following Imperial Tables :-
Table VI Brithplace.
Table VII Age and Civil condition.
Table VIII Occupation.
Table IX Industry.
Table X U nemployrnent.
Table XI Literacy.
Table XII Language.
Table XIII Community.
 The following passage from the Census Commissioner's circular
shows the purpose and usefulness of sample slips:-
" The object of a sample is, as I have said, to afford an indication
of the whole of which it is a fragment, the better the sample, the more
confidently and elosely we can predict the whole. In statistical samrling~
however, we are not quite in the position of a Commercial Traveller and
there is a great deal to do in checking our methods and the quality of
the sample we produce by them. One method of check is of course to
predict results from the sample and compare this prediction with our
actual sort for the whole."
The Census Commissioner further suggested that the Pro\'incial
Superintendent should at least compare the community distribution
~ffered by the sample with the one disclosed by the actuai sort for the
whole population. To those Superintendents who were to carry through
full tabulation it was suggested that they should test thia sample against
every table and from every point of view that might occur.

In pursuance of these instructions of the Census Commissioner

the results of the sorting of sample slips are, in the followiug pages,
compared with thoge of the tables prepared after the sort of the entire
populatiuD.
The predictive qualities of a statistical sample, however, vary
according to the aspect under examination. These, therefore, can
only be useful in such of the aspect as are universally present. They
are, for example, age, wholly, partially or not being dependent, and
Jiteracy. Other attributes are, however, strongly localised or diversified.
Comparimn has, however, also bEen made of aspects of birthplace, age,
community, means of livelihood and literacy. The results in case of
birthplace cannot naturally denote exactness of tbe aspect of the whn!e,
nor can these afford a trne test. It is only in case of age, dependency
and community that the results can be expected to conform with the whole
and are of statistical value. Since great care was taken in getting the
sample-slips marked, the results of comparison in other aspects also
show that the sample conforms to a great extent with the whole.
Scientific approach has been made to the results of sample sorting and
its comparison with the whole. We have not tried to justify the sample
but tested it.
It is a new method introduced this time which can be improved
during the course of future censuses. The 8amples can be used for
varied illustrative purposes. The sample-slips have, therefore, been
preserved at District Record Rooms of Barnala, Patiala, Sunam and
Sadar Mal Patiala, for future study, if need be.
TotaJ popuJation.-The total population of the State is 19, 36, 959
persons, out of which 10, 66, 105 are males and 8, 70, 154 females. The
total population according to sample-slips is 38, 718, out of which there
are :31, 476 males and 17, '242 females. This is, however not exactly
lj50th of tbe total population. It is short only by 7, a very negligible-
difference. In case of males the number is slightly more than 1/50th.
a[Jd in case of females it is slightly less. The difference is .ohiefly due to
the fact th~t sorbing was carried out at four different centres and the;
 3'21
Blips had to be lllarhed during the nrst main sort. The results were to be
tabulated and compiled in tables I, II, III, V, and XIII, which were to
be forwarded a,t an early date to the Superintendent Census Punjab. The
simultaneous marking of the· slips was taken in hand in all the four
centres. In view of the urgency and lack of time it was not
found possible to wait for marking of slips in one centre till it Was ovef
in the other. This would have held up work in some centres and delayed
the submis,ion of tables to the Superintendent Census Punjab. In spite
of this handicap the difference is insignificant.
Since tables I, II, III, IV, and V relate to variation in population
of urban and rural character, these were not compiled from sample slips,
as they could not be of any comparative value.
Previous figures.-The system of taking out sample slips is an
innovation of this Census. The statistics of l/bOth slips of prevIOUS
censuses, therefore, do not exist.
Birth-place.- Out of the total population of 19,36,259 persons,
2, 76, 772 were born outside the State which gives a percentage of 14 %
foreign born persons. The percentage of male and female foreign born
is, however, not proportionate. In case of males thiR is only 8 0/0, whereas
in case of fAmales it is a'~ high as 28 % , The higher proportion of foreign
born females is chiefly due to the fact that more than three-fourths of the
population of the State consists of Hindus and Sikhs who do not have
cousin or even consangeneous marriages. Matches have to be sought in
different gotras and fOf which one has to resort, in most of the cases, to
the neighbouring States and British In:lian districts. For simil9Jr reasons
most of the females born in the State must have been enumemted outside
the State. It is not common among Hindus and Sikhs to have his or her
father-in-law's huupe in the same city or village.
Out of the 21,476 males of 1/50th slips, L959 or about 9 % are
foreign born. Out of total femal(~s numbering 17, 242, 3673 or 2l % have
been recorded as foreign born. This percentage of foreign born males in
sample slip'l agrees with that of the whole. In case of females, however,
Il_lore have been returned as locally born as compared with the whole. The
sharp difference in the sample-slips in the male and female percentage of
foreign born supports the main conclusion. It is an establiAhed fact that
Indian women aTe more horne-sick and conservative than men. It is only
with their husbands aLld parents that most of them leave their homes.
Such difference amlJIlg males and females is chiefly due to marriage
customs. From the study of 1/50th slips 5, 612 persons were fonnd to
h>l.ve returned aq born in India but outside the State. Out of them as
many as 4, 992 or 88 010 were returned as born in the adjacent districts
of British Tndia or Indian Stat,es.
In caRe of tCltal popUlation. over 94% of foreign born have been
returned as born in adjacent territories. This shows thfl,t people do not
migrate, in most of the cases, for economic reasons to distant places.
The migration to adjacent areas other than on account of marriages is
usually casual or temporary.

rhe age return is one of the most important and interesting fea-
tures of censu~. Owing to illiteracy, ignorance and simplicity of the
general public, particularly in villages, age returns are not 80 accurate.
 322

There is, however, sufficient mfl.terial available to make the hltndling of

figures interesting.

The productive or earning ages are considered to be between 20

and 50 and the proportion of these to those of the children under 10 or
persons over 40 has important bearing on the economic and social life
of the people.

In our main table the age distrib'ltion of 10,000 of population

IS:-

--.-------------
p M F
---.-~

0-10 5,705 2,667 3,038

10-15 2,352 1,173 1'179

15-40 7,819 3,94:3 3,877

40-50 1,862 96-2 85·J

50 and above 2,310 1,256 1,054

------------------------- ---
Out of the total of 38,718 persons, 15,512 persons or 40% are of
the age ~O-50. This proportion is of greater importance in case of
males as females of the age between 20 and 50 are seldom earning
members of the family. [t is mostly the males of this age who are the
earning members of the society. The percentage of males between 20-50
to total popnl9tion in sample-slips is 23%. Whereas in total population
it is 22%. This proportion of earners and dependents will be discussed
in detail in thE' paragraphs on occupation.

Proportion of Children.-In sample-slips the number of children

upto 10 is 10,172 and persons between the ages of 15 and 40 are 15,483.
It meana that for every 100 person,", aged 15-40 there are 66 children.
Percentage of persons over 60 whose number is 2222 is 14. According to
the main table (see subsidiary table (iii) columns '2 and 12) the children
under 10 an,d perRons over 60 per 100 persons aged 15-40 are 72 and 14
respectively. The results deduced from the sample-slips have in this
respect also been proved correct.

Proportion of males and fernales.-Out of total of 38718 persons,

21476 are males and 17,21.2 females. This gives a proportion of 803
females per thousand males. In the total population there are 817
females for every 1000 males.

The proportion of sexes in the main communities according to

1/50th slips and total population is as follows : -
 --_..... ----_---- _
___----- _
_.__--'-
Sample-slips.
_-_' --
323
-._----
-

Total popUlation.
__.._.__ '_--' ~

--_ ....... -----------

Sikhs 786
---------------841
Hindus 840 841
Mmllims 803 842

Whole State 803 817

Except in case of Muslims the prol?ortion of Hindus in sample-

Slip8 is the same aq in total slips. As compared with other communities
Muslims have the largest number of females per thousand.

Another interesting feature of the population of sexes is the

va.riation of females during the different age-groups. In ages 0-5 there
are 986 females per thousand males in total popUlation. In case of
HinrIus the number of females for this age-period is 1001, in case of
Muslims it is 1005, and in case of Sikhs 968. It is apparent that a
Rmaller proportion of female children are born among Sikhs as compared
with other communities because even at a very early -age-period less
number of {em.-tle children are born among them whereas in case of other
communities there are proportionately more fema.les than males. The
proportion of females grJ.dually decrease as the age advances in case of
all the communities which shows that though male and female children
are in equal numbers at early age-periods the peroentage of surviving
female children after 5 is much less than that of males. Among the
Sikhs, therebre, more m'tle th~n fem'1le chiidren are born. As stated
above, upto 0-5 age there are 90S femq,les -per thousand male::; among
Sikhs as compared with 1001 in case of Hindus and 1005 in case of
Muslims. The comparative excess of females among Muslims of all ages
is primarily du~ to an excess in thi~ age-group. The higher proportion
of fem--ties am)ng rtll a9;es is chiefly dIet) the greater number of females
in child age-period of 0-5.
Distribution by Civil Conditlon.-Due to the shortagA of women
more males remq,in uom trried thlu females. It is quite uufreql1ent
cxcept in cases of high class families that any woman should remain
unmarried. In case of p)orer clq,sses thous'l.nis of men have to live a
forced bachelor life. 'fais is due to the effect of the simple law of supply
and dernq,nd. In poorer classes it is a good fortune to be marrIed.
Since a good wife costs a great deal it is very difficult for a poor man to
get remarried if his wife is lost unless he has a sister, daughter or any
other female relative who can be given in exch'1uge. Out of 21476
m tIes, 8972 are m 'lrried and out of 17242 fern 'I les, 8036 are married. In
other words only 407 out of every thousa.nd males and 466 per thousand
females are married In total pruportion the proportion of married
males is even smaller; the figures are :388 and 481 respectively.
Among Sikhs out of 9926 males 3863 are married a.nd out of 7789
females 3742 are married. This gives a proportion of 389 married males
and 481 m'trried females. Thanks to the realisation of evils of early
marriage that child-marriages are now very rare. U pto age of 15 years
out of a population at 6716 persons 378, that is, less than 6% only are
 3~4

married. FemalE'''! are, however, married much earlier than males. Out
of 378 persons, only] 17 are males '],nd the rest females
Among Hindus also child-marriages are now rare. The proportion
of married males and females among Hindus is 404 for males and 430 for
females. Among Muslims this proportion is 457 and 489 respectively.
Thus the .proportion of married persons among Muslims is the highest.
This is due to the prevaleoce of widow and cousin marriag"s among
them
Coming to the main table we find the following proportioDR per
1000 of married persons among the three ccmmunities ; -
----_._-_----- ----
Males. Females.
-~--------

Sikhs 372 411

Hindus 398 482

Muslims 409 481

---------_._-_._-_._------------_._
Thus in main tables also ,the proportion of married persons among
Muslims is the highest of all.
During this census considerable changes In the questionnaire on
means of livelihood have been introduced. These changes led to conside-
rable difficulties both at the time of E:numeration and sorting. Every
person was asked to intimate if he was a dependent, partly dependent or
independent, in each case to state in clear terms the meam; of livelihood
or that of the person on whom partly or wholly dependent. Unfortun;ltely
neither the general public nor the enumerators understood the questions
properly. In most of the cases vague terms were used in spite of implicit
inst~uctions to avoid them.

l:)orting has this time been carried out for each means of liveli-
hood. Indppendent persons having the means a,s principal and some
other as or subsidiary means subsidiary to some other means and also
number of per&ons partly and wholly dependent on it have been sorted
out.
The number of female independent workers is proportionately
very small due to our social customs, Indians do not genE'rally like that
their women folk should be working out;>,ide their homes. In sample-
slips out of 38718 person, principal workers are 13163 and dependents
25555. Out of these 4754 had some partial means of livelihood and out
of "not dependents" or principal workers 93f> persons had more than one
means. '1'he proportion of those who earn tbeir own livlihood to 1000 of
population in main tables is 316 and in sample-slips it is 349. Similar
proportions in ca,se of those who have more than one m3ans of liveli-
hood are 42,'24 and those dependent who partially earn their livelihood
arc 131, 123 re~pectively in case of main tables and sample-tables.
Cultivation direcUy supportR 25224 persons besides 575 who
dcpened upon it as a subsidiary means and 2787 per;30ns are partial
 325

dependents. Thus 28586 persons are wholly or partly depeildent for

livelihood on the production of raw material. It means that 64% of the
population is supported by agriculture. Thus nearly two-thirds of the
total population depend on agriculture.

In the main tables the proportion of persons who have cultivation

as their principal or subsidiary means of livelihood or who are wholly or
partly dependent upon it is higher. Out of the total population of
19,30,'259, 1358,375 persons or 67% of the population have cultivation as
their principals or subsidiary means of livelihood or are wholly or partly
dependent upon it.
As stated above the number of dependents on agriculture and
pasture is twice that of all other occupations put together. Thus ours
is a predominantly agriculturist State.
Agriculture, however, means various groups of activities connected
with cultivation. In fact it would be impossible for a cultivator to
carryon his work without the assistance of others. For census
purposes, however, only those pel sons have been taken as partial earners
who, though not earning enough for maioten:mce of their lives, add to
the income of the family of a cultivator in cash or kind. Since the
members of the family of a cultivator assisting him do not bring in any
distinctly separate income, they have not been classed as "partial
earners" but total dependents.

Jn the sub-class of cultivation, cultivating owner is the must

important.
Out of 8430 persons having cultivation as their only or principal
means of livelihood, 5392 persons or 64% are cultivating owners. This
shows that the majority of dependeIlts on agriculture has proprietary
rigbts in land. This fact is conducive to the improvement of land and
stability of the system. A cultivating owner takes more intArest in his
lands than a non-proprietor cultivator. On an average every earner has
two dependents among cultivator owners. In sample-slips every ea.rner
has 2.:1 perRons dependent upon him.
In the main tables we find that out of the total population of
19,:36,259, 14,'25,fj76 persons or more than 7€% depend on agriculture, or
it is their principal, subsidiary or partial meam: of livelihood. The
proportion of persons dependent on agriculture to total popu1ation is
larger than thilt in the sample-slips.
During the hst census statistics d the means of livelihood of
partial dependents were not collected, and, therefore, in maF:ing a
comparison of the two decfl,des of persons depending on agriculture,
allowance should be m~de for those persons who have returned agri-
cu:ture as their partial means of livelihood.
In 1931 the proportion of l_)upulation directly dependent on
agriculture was 61'2 per thousand and d persons who dirf>ctly depended
on agrica:ture or had it as their suhsidiary means was 68 %. The
nUIllber of earners whose principal means of livelihood is agriculture in
1941 is 3}J4916 as against 347616 in 1931. The proportion of these
during the decade,:; per 1000 of the total p(;pulation is 'l0'i5 and '2 38
 326

respectively. The decrease in agricultural workers is not peculiar in this

State, it is seen in other parts of lndia also. The decrease in the State
is, however, very insignificant and may be due to comparative scarcity
of rainfall and low prices of agricultural produce during the past decade.
In the sub-class, cultivating owner!is tbe most predominant order.
There are 247364 persons whose principal means of livelihood is cultiva-
tion of their own land. In the econ()micftl and social interest it is desi-
rable that the cultivator should have some abiding interest in the land
he cultivates.

Industry. The other important class of means of livelihood in which the

population of the State is engaged is industry. As stated above ours is
essentially all agriculturist State ali more than two-thirds of its population
directly or indirectly earns its living from :l,griculture. There are no impor-
tant large scale industries in the State with the exception of Cement Factory
at Surajpore and one or two big flour-mills. Whatever other industries
there are are all small scale and cottage indu8~ries which meet the local
demand. OJmmon cott;l,ge industries are of textiles; hides and skins,
metals, food industries and ceramics. But a>: stated above these are
carried on a very small scale and in most cases only members of a single
family take part. It is in . a very few cases that paid assistants
or operatives are employed. Most of the industries depend only on local
demand which is in most cases restricted to the precincts of a single
village. Textile industries have the largest number of workers and
dependents.
Following are some of the important groups of textile industry
found in the State.
1. Cotton ginning and. cleaning and pressing.
2. Cotton spinning.
3. Cotton sizing <-llld weaving.
4, Dyeing, bleaching, preparation and sponging of textiles.
5. Lace cnpe embroideries and fringes.
There are a very large number of cotton ginning and cleaning
factories .. In almost all mandi tOWll3 there are one Ot' two good ginning
factories. Besides these, c1)tton ginning is also followed as a cottage
industry in villages. Vilh.ge women clean and gin cotton on small
ginning hand-worked belinis but this is on the decline and now most
of the cotton used even for hand spinning is machine-ginned.
Cotton spinning is usmdly done 'on spinning wheels often as a
subsidiary or p'l.rtial me::Lns of livelihood. It is more c:1mmonly
followed than figures in the t'lbles indic·'Lte. In almost every house in
the villll,ge there i~ a spinning wheel and ladies of the house spin when-
ever they can spare time from field or other work. Village women would.
gather at some cen~ral place with their spinning wheels. Then discussing
village affairs in between and broadcasting important village gossip,
singing and no wand then h wing verbal bouts with one another. But
these women spin for their own household neeas and not as a subsidiary
means of livelihood, This wa', therefore, not entered in the census
 327
slips. The yarn thus spun is woven into course country cloth by the
village weaver.
Modern industrialisation, means of communication :lnd customs
are now gradually breaking the village self-sufficiency. The villager now
sells his cotton in the market, meets his needs of cloth from the village
or from the town cloth merchants where he can make his choice from 11
large variety of cloth manufactured at Bombay, Madras or other places.
Cotton 'weaving industry is a cf)ttage industry in the State, However,
as a res nIt of the efforts of co-operative societies, the produce of weavers
in artificial silk has been brought to the notice of towns and cities.
Weaver8 of Bassi district produce fine articles of artificial silk prepared
from hemp which :ue exported outside the State. rrhe Co-operative
Branch of the Patiala State Bank has opened a shop of textiles prepared
by the' members of co-operative ~ocieties. By the efforts of the co-
operative department, this industry has been saved from extinction and
a,s a result of co-operative efforts it has stood competition of foreign
manufactured goods.
J_;ace and crepe embroidery industry is mostly restricted to Patiala
town. Approximately azarband worth Rs. 40,000 and gota and thappa
katoon worth Rs. 300,000 are exported annualy.
In 1/50th slips 1529 persons follow lace industry as their
principal mea.ns of livelihood; 135 have it as their subsidiary means; it is
also the partial means of livelihood of 1022 persons and 2834 dependents.
Thus them are 5588 persons, who in one way or other draw their
livelihood from this industry
The main tables t.how the number of such persons who have industry
as their principal, subsidiary or partial means of livelihood, and the
number of dependents on those who have it as their principal means of
livelihood
Out of 1599 total ind~pendent earners, 294 or about 19%, are
engaged in textiles, 278 or 17%, in hides and skins and other allied
industries, 243 'or 15%, in industries of toilet and dress, 183 or 11% in
wood metals, ceramics chemical and food industry, furniture building and
othe undefined account for the rest.
In the main tables the proportion to more common of the orders of
industries is as follows:
Total number of persons who have .... 95,95,) 100% of tot.al indus-
industry as their principal means trial workers.
Textiles .... 27,314 28%
Hides, skins and hard mnterial from
animal kingdom .. " 17,923 19%
I nd nstries of dres~ and toilet .... 9,389 9.8%
Wood .... 11,574 12%
Oeramics ,... 7,574 8%

Thns though the percentage of different orders varies in the total

popula,tion and in slips, which is quite natural, the main featureR as to
 328

the order of: importance of different industries do not vary with thg
exception of wood and toilet industries. 'rhe textile industry, which is
the most important one has been dealt with at S0me length but a brief
description of other would suffioe for the purpose of this essay. In hides
and skins and other industries relating to anim<11 kingdom, the most
common are tho,:;e of tanning and boot and shoe-making. Indian shoes
made in Kotha Guru in B I,rnala district and in N arnaul a,re known far
and wide for their finish and get up and are in grpat demand. These
classes' of industries are purely cottage and small-scale. Tbe tanning
Walk is mainly limitod to salting of skins of slaughtered animals
and to the preparation of dhori, nali or rough red leather. The
tanning of skins of dead animals is done by chamars who hava
a right to theee skins as remuoeratiorl for petty services to
state officials when the latter visit the village. These people,
besides tanning skins ~Llld dyeing hides, make Indian shoes for villagers.
They get in exch'lllge certain amonnt of gmin fixed according to custom
on reaping of lurvests every half year. In cities and towns, however, .
English shoes are also made by shoe makers who have immigrated from
the U ni ted Provinces and are more comm on ly called pIA rbias and others
who have learnt them in some technical institute. The number of such
persons is, however, very small.

Next to hides is the wood industry. This includes sawyers,

carpenters, veneers, plywood and basket makers. Oarpenters occupy the
most prominent position; nearly 80% of workers belong to this class.
This is a hereditary occupation and meets most of the need of villagers.
The carpenten'5 like other artisans in the village, get their remuneration
mostly in kind every half-yearly. In cities and towns carpenters prepare
some very useful and well-finished articles of furniture. However their
main line of work is wood work in connection with the erection (Jf
buildings, such as prep:tration of western and Indian doors, windows and
ventilators. Other miscellaneous articles such a, boxeEl and bullock carts
are also prepared both in villages and towns.
Industries of toilet and dress also occupy an important position.
This is natural as it satisfies one of the primary needs. 'rhese icclude
tailors: dress-makers, darners, washermen, harhers and hair-dressers. Tctilors
are the most important dass and are over 50% of the total of this group.
The tailors in towns ~re well-versed in preparation of English and [ndian
suits of latest designs. In Patiala city there are a large number of good
tailors and Clutters, some of whom have had training in best English and
Indian tailoring establishments. The other important class is of barbers
and hair-dressers. This is also a caste and almosG a hereditary
occnp:t.tion. Besides hair-d;'es~illg, barbers play an important part in all
social ritf~s connected with birtJhs, marriages and other celehrations In
villa,ges, like otber artisans, they get remuneration in kind at the time of
reaping of each harvest, the amonnt of remuneration being fixed by
custom. On uer€monial uceasions, they are given clothes according to
the status of the giver.

Out of other industries ceramics is comparatively improtant. In

this Statp-, however. the only ceramic workp-rs are potters and brick-
layers. The potters are, however, more numerous in 1IF50th slipc~; they
 329

being.60 out of the total of 71 for this order; in total population also they
are 90% of this group. In metallio industries are included black-smiths,.
workers in anns, cutlers a.nd smelters and forgers. Most of these people
carryon repair work to metallic articles or prepare horse-shoes and
persian wheels and their parts. However J an iron factory has just been
established in Patiala town for the manufacture of small iron articles. It is,.
however, in its very early stages -and is yet to be seen if it is successful.
Among the chemical industries found in the State are the manufacture of
fire-works, refining of vegetable oil and aerated warter. The number of
persons engaged in these according to 1/50th sample slips is very
insignificant and 9S such it would be of little use to discuss them in detail.
In food industries are engaged 89 persons and in miscellaneous and
undefined industries 150, buildng industries 68 of 1/50 slips.
Tan.port.-
The fourth class of occupations is classed under transport. It,
includes transport by air, water, road, rail, post-office, telegraphs and
telephones. Noone in the State is engaged in transport by air or water.
Persons employed in the irrigation department have been included in
public administration as none of these persons is directly or indirectly
connected with transport by water. Total number of persons who have
it as their principal means of livelihood in the main tables is S901 and in
sample-slips it is 128. The proportion per 1000 to total independents in
the first case is 9 and in the latter only 1.
The number of independent workers per 10,000 of the population
following this as principal means of livelihood is now S07 as against 46
in 1961. Since there has been an increase in the total population, the'
constant ratio in the increased population shows that there has been an
increase in actual numbers. In 1931 the number was 7445 and in 1941
it is 8901, thus there has been an actual increase of 1456 or 19.5%.
In the transport by road are inoluded the following ;-
1. Persons employed (other than labourers) on the construction
and maintenance of roads and bridges.
2. Labourers employed on roads and bridges.
3. Owners, managers and employees (excluding personal ser-
vanta) connected with mechanically driven vehicles (includ-
ing trains.)

4. Owners, managers and employees (excluding personal ser~

vants) connected with other' driven vehicles.
5. Palki drivers, owners, etc.
6. Pack-elephants, camel, mule, ass and bullock-cart owners
and drivers.
7. Porters and messengers.
In Ij50th slips 36 persons have means of transport by road as
their principal means of livelihood. The group representing owners~
. managers and employees connected with other vehicles account for 68%
of this order. In the main tables, however, this group occupies.
comparatively much less important position. There the groups
 330

account for 68 per cent labour employed on road:::; and bridges.

Railways are the most important means of communication. All
the important towns, District and Tehsil head-quarters in the State are
connected by rail. There are in all 66 railway stations in the State. A
new line was opened during the year 1940 connecting Mahendragarh
with Rewari. The opening of this line has resulted in an increase in the
number of persons having transport by rail as their principal means of
livelihood. In 1/50th slipi'! there are 108 such persons in all and in the
group alone there are 10J persons. In the main tables the number of
independent persons whose principal means of livelihood is transport by
rail is 51'24 and the first group like 1/50th slips accounts for 4041 or 79%
of the total order. In 1931 the corresponding numbers of workers having
transport by rail as principal occupations was 3965. This represents an
increase of 259 persons. As stated above it is chiefly due to opening of
new line by the Bikaner State Railway passing through the State.
Post office In 1/50 slips there are only 7 persons who have this as their
.Telephones principal means. It would, therefore, not be of much use te> diseuss it in
and
Telegraphs. detail.
Trade. This sub-class includes the following main orders;-
1. Banks and other establishments of credit and exchange,
'2. Brokerage, commission and export.
3. Trade in wood metals, pottery, bricks, tiles, chemicals, hotels,
cafes, restaurants, and other food stuffs, clothing and toilet articles,
furniture building materials and means of transport fuel and trade of
other sorts.
The number of persons occupied in trade in 1/50th slips is 914
and in total population it is 28027. The proportion to the total number
of earners in both cases is 6 %.
In 1931 and 1921, the number of earners whose principal means
of livelihood were the occupations of this class was 337318 and 32266
respectively. The proportion to 10,000 of the population during the
years 1941-31'and 1921 was 196,'207 and '216 respectively. In 1/50th
slips this proportion is 236. Thus it is apparent that the proportion
of people engaged in trade has been gradually on the decrease during
the last thirty years. This shows that trading conditions during the
period have not been generally good. This period due to currency crisis,
slump in markefis and political agitatio'n has generally been admitted
to be the worst for trade all over the world.
Besides being the principatmeans of livelihood trades are subsidiary
means of livlihood of 57 persons in 1/50th slips and of 5291 persons
in main tables. The number of dependents is 171 and 06,366 respectively.
The number of persons who have their partial means from these is 6154
in the main tables and 1'29 in 1/50th slips.
Banking a.nd In 1/50th slips banking and money-lending accounts for 203
.money-lending. persons out of 914 as against 7015 out of 380'27 of the total population.. In
1931, the total earners of this group were 3535 and in 1921 they were
only 2851, thus in the past twenty years their number has nearly trebled.
 331
"The largest number of earners in this order he!ongs t.o groups of munims,
agents cr employees of indigenous banking firms and individual money-
lenders in both tables. The sharp increase in this order shows that
credit institutions are having very favoura.ble time in the State and
are doing thriving business.
Brokerage, commission a.nd export trade in skins, leather and
furs, trade in metals, trg,de in pottery, bricks and tiles account for e, 2,
2 and 5 earners respectively in 1/50th slips. Trade in chemicals re-
presents none. fn the main tables alRo the numbcr of persons with
these as principal means of livelihood is also comparatively small.
Discussion on these will be of little interest and value. r n 1/50th slips the
persons with trade in wood as their principal meads of livelibood are 60
but in the hemain table they are only 898. Hotels, cafes and restaurants
-account for 25 and 859 persons respectively in the two tables.
These two are the most important kinds of trade Rupplying the Trade in
textiles and
primary needs of society. In trades in textiles are enga,ged 1176 food-stuffs.
persons. In ]931 there were 1186 and in 1921, 3313 persons. In
1/50th slips their number is only 8. In every big Village and in every
main street in the towns and cities, there are one or two shops doing
busine3s iu food-stuffs. In 1!50tb slips there are 407 such persons and
in the total population their number is 18366. In 1931 their number
was 7194. Thus there j has been a large increase in the trades of this
class and it is a fact of every day observation that number of shops
dealing with food-stuffs has greatly increased. In those localities where
there were only one or no shops at all formerly there are now several.
The reason is simple, these shops offer for,sale articles which are neces-
sities of life and as such are easily and readily saleable. The
margin of profit is comparatively small but secure. The business
can be started with small capital. The trade slump has affected least
this class of traders and a.s such people have taken to it· in preference
to other trades.
rrhe other groups under ,the sub-class are of transport and means
·Qf building material, trade in toilet and dress and fus1. The number of
persons having them as their principal me~ns of livelihood is small in
1/50th slips and it will, therefore, not be of much interest to discuss them
here in detail.
~a.d0in
The most important group in this class is of general store-keeping other articles.
otherwise unspecified. The persons who bave this cla.ss of trade as their
principal means of livelihood in 1/50 th slips is 174. Out of them 164
have general store.keeping and trade otherwise unspecified as their princi-
pal means of livelihood. In the ~mi1in table such persons are 4753 out of
4836. In 1931 their number was 18017. Thus there has been a very
;-sha.rp decrease in tbis class. The loss has been the gain of:other trades.
The third class of occupations are public administration and Publie
administration.
Jiberal arts. They include Army, Police, Navy, Air-Force and Public and liberal
Administration proper and professions and Liberal Arts, Public Admi- arts.
nistration includes employees of all State departments including irriga-
tion, P. W. D., Revenue, Judicial and other departments. The total
number of ea.rners of this sub-class in 1/50th slips is 509 and in total
.population it is 28973. The proportions per 10,000 of the populationin
 332

in both cases are 134 and 149. In this class of occupation, 1!50th slips.
do not represent the correct proportion. In 1931 the earners who bad
the occupation of this class we're 29321. There has been decrease under
the group religion under the sub-class profession and liberal arts. There
has been a marked increase in Police Force and General Administration.
This is due to large additions in Police and other administrative
departments of the State,
Under the sub-class professions and liberal arts as stated above
there has been a general decrease under religion. In 1931 the number
of earners who followed priesthood and allied occupation WitS 10954 and
now their number is only 5784. This is due to the effect of western
civilization and spread of education. Priesthood is no longer a paying
occupation, people are shaking off their shackles. They do not believe or
trust in the priesthood as_much as their fore-fathers did. The priests
do not now inspire so much awe and inspiration. There is however
general increase under law and medicine.
This includes persons living on other sources than agri-
Miscellaneous.
cultural land, domestic servants, insufficiently described occupations and
unproductive means of livelihood. The number of workers having this
class of o:;cupation as principal means of livelihood in sample slips
and total population is 10763 and 44379 respectively. Thus there
has been a decrease of 225~ in figuras of the last decade. fl'his shows
that there is a general improvement in social life t1::Jd lesser number
of people are dflpending on unuseful occupations.
During the decade the number of persons whose principal means
of livelihood is proprietorship other than that of agricultural land, funds
and scholarship holders and pensioners has risen from 2900 to 5U40,
that of domestic servants has decreased from 117C3 to 6327, there is also
some decrease under insufficiently described occupa.tions from 20277 to
17387, but the number of unproductive workers has increased from 12176
to 15226. 'rhe proportion to lO,COO of population in sample slips and
total population is 300 and 2'29.
Summary. To sum up, the result of comparison of sorting of sample-slips and
total population has shown that proportion calculated from sample slips
does not lead to correct results in case of all classes. In case of class A
production of raw materials proportions are almost the same, also in
caf'e of class B (preparn,tion and supply of material and substances).
In case of class C the propol'tions are slightly different, also in class D.
Similar are the results of comparison of sub-classes but in case of orders
and groups the results do not tally in most cases.

In short it is difficult to find from sample-slip the definite:

occupations followed by the total popUlation. In case of classes or sub-
classes of occupation, however, we can predict trend of different classes
fairly accurately. We will have even in these cases to keep a margin of
20 to 30 in proportion per 10,000 of the population. Perhaps better
. results migbt be possible in case of sample units from units larger than
. the State, or greater care should be taken in extraction of sample slips.
As: stated in case of occupation there are no large scale industries
Industry
 333
and in sample slips also there are only 8 persons and as such no note on
this table is necessary.
The total unemployment in the main tables is only 346 persons Unemployment.
and in sample slips 1. Since very small proportion of the population has
been rebul'lled as unemployed and in 1/50th slips it is very insignificant,
no note is necessary on this table also. More so as the return of un-
employment in thJ main tables itself is not free from doubts.
In this table are included statistics of literacy. At this census Literacy.
the following queries were made with regard to literacy.
1. Can you read and write or only read?
~. C}Ln you read and write English?
3. Highe8t academical degree held.

Those who can read only have been classed as partially literatp,.
Sorting, however, has been cR.rried out for literates only, i e., those who
can read or write in anyone or mora of the Indian languages, literates in
English have been sorted by age-groups for total population and main
c0rnmunities Out of 38718 persons, 2288 persons are literate. The
figures of literates sexwise are males 1986 out of 21476 and females 302
out of ] 7242. The percentage of literates is still low.

The following is the percentage of literates in main and sample

slips.
Sample-slips Main table
Persons 6 per cent 6 per cent
Males 9 per cent 9.5 per cent
F6males 1.8 per cent 1.5 per cent
Thus in respect of literacy the results predicted from sample-slips
have been proved to be correct by comparison with the ma.in table.
Now coming to literacy in the main communities Hindus have the
highest percentage of literates both among males and females.
Sample-slips Main population
p M F P M F
Hindus 9 15 1.8 95 15.6 1.8
Sikhs 4 7 1 4.8 7 1
Muslims 4.5 6 3 3.6 5 1.6
The above table shows that III case of main communities also
fairly accurate results have been deduced from statistics of 1/50 slips.
Only in case of Muslim femfl.Ies the difference is large. In C~S9 of f.:ikhs
the percentages are almost exactly the same and in case of Hindus these
are slightly different.
This time all persons below 5 have been treated as illiterates. Literacy by age.
The highest proportion of literates of all age· groups is usually in age-
groups 30-50 ih ca.se of males and in 15-20 in case of females.
 334

The reason for the difference between the age· group of both the
sexes is due to the fact that only recently people have realized the im-
portance of female education, formerly they were averse to flending their
daughters to school. Literacy in females was till very recently con-
sidered detrimental from the point of view of character. Though a few
still hold this view, their number is decreasing. Another hindrance ia the
proper education of females is that as soon as a girl is married she has,
in ninety cases out of hundred, to discontinue her studies. The rrurriage
age of a female in our Elociety is between 15·:W.
In samp1e-sliDs the highest proportion among ma,les is between
ag~·groups 20-30. Out of 1986 total male literates, 540 belong to
the age-group 20-:30, tihe percentage of male literates in thii! age-group is
as high as l4 per cent and in m:1in tfl.bles the highest percentage among
maIm:; is in age-group 30-50. It is 11.5 in sample slips, the percentage
for this age-group in m lin tables is 14.6 per cent.
In case of females, hnwever, the highest proportion in both the
cases is 15-20. It is 28 per cent in the main table and 2.9 in sample
slips.
Literacy in The percentagfl of litern,tes in English is naturally much smaller
English. than literates generally. 'fhe difference in the proportions of the two
sexes is much more mq,rked in this case. There are only a few females
who are litf'rft,te in English. 'rhis is dUe to prejudice against educating
femnles in Eogli'3h. 'rhe following is the proportion of literate in English
in the two tables-
Sample-slips Main table
p M F P M F

Total .8 1.3 .06 1.4 .7 .04

Rikhs .5 .9 .03 .5 .9 .06
Hindus 1.5 2 .1 1.6 2 .1
Muslims .7 1.2 ·1 .6 1 .05
The highest proportion in ease of literates in English is among
Hindus. proportion of Muslim literates is slightly greater in sample-slips
than in the main table, and it is slightly less in case of Hindus. The
results of comparison with the main table shows that so far as literacy
statistics are concerned sample slips oan be relied on to predict the
proportion and progress of literacy.
Statistics of languages are incorporated in Table XII. Part I
shows tbe distributIOn of population by language and part [ l the extent
of bilingualism. In part I are incorpol':1ted statistics regarding the
mother tongue of the populatioQ and in p'1rt Ii other lndian languages
commonly used. In some cases people speak more than two languages,
and in some case people retUt ned English as the other commonly used
language.
Unfortunately the returns of language:3 were also to some extent
effectf1d by communal propaganda. Since Patiall1 State is in the Punjab,
naturally Punjabi should be the mother tongue of all inhabitants. The
language most eommonly returned as mother tongue is Punjabi. Out
of 38718 persons in sample slips 30, 660 have returned Punjabi as their
mother- tongue.
 >,3
o
E

j .71" e;.::
~
t.o
Lv
-
'"
""_1
-l
'~
~
~
-.t

I o ~ -~ l" C,

I
....
I ~
~
~
";:r,
~
-1
~
~

I _ 1-0
....
~

I tn
~ '"
~ >i'-
-l "'
~

! m
o

I
I
....
o

I
..,
I o

I
I T
~
I c:
~
t:r
...::
[? 2g
I
I
I
I
I
I
+I
I

,..
o
""

....
(]I
I:d
""[!:,
 337

I
J

o
cr;,

CD
o
o
I::-

~ ·
.....o
~

.....
"""
r-o oG'l
Q
o
o

II l::-
I::-
o
to

I rl
l.Q
lO
1Cl
0
lO
C'l

I
f
I CD
<:0
I::-

1Cl 0 1.O o
lO 1.O rl C'I C'I co
I
-::tt 0
I ·1
o
I
:lO o
I l
l.O
r-I r-I C'I C1.

-c:6
..p
··0
8
I
I
 338
'0':1 co r::- 0 (/) co (/) 10 ~ It) dq ~
,.....
~
,..... co 10 10 ~ 0 ~ t:- ~

-
rl
C'1
-,....; co cq co cq ,..... cq cq
0;, rl C'I ,..... ~
as
......
~""
mill
,..... ~!l.c
'<:0 ~1 0;, 00 t:- eo C'I C'I 10 ..ijot 00 ~~
W-
,.--I
OO G'I OJ 0')
,..... '<tI m 0 ,.....
CO (/) 1.0 0 .CjJ
.-I M 10 ,...; C'I rl C'I 0 '00
.--I

pJ0""
. 1:1
-+=> CjJ
~ fo·:PO
'~
'l:-
CO
I:-
CO
t-
(/)
o;,
10
10
C'I
0
b
~
I:-
0
~
0
0;,
10
0
0
10
...... Z m
H ""
C'1 -1 C'I C'I ~ C'I
...... ~ 10 ~ OJ 10 G'I
C'I
tI.l .S
~
CD
P. a..
Fl ~
00
,..... cq
A
10 00 0 0;, '<:!1 c:I rl m rl CO
cq l:!l
0 m 0;, 0 m ~ 0 0 ,.....
.-t CO CO
~ m I:- CO ~ (/) CO C'l t:- ~
""31 C\I
D
r:J1

,t-. O':l O':l ~ 00 0 CO O':l C'I

,..... ~ 01
C'l m cq t:- ~ m
C
1.0
CO
C'l 0 l:-
10
I:'- (/) 1.0 -.:Ii 01 ,.....
CO CO
,..... ~
CO
OJ rl rl CO ,.....

'cq t- o;, CO C'I ,.....

,..... ..:..t 0 ,..... Cq 0 ~
rl CO rl 0 l.O (/) 10 ...-j cq 0 CO
0':> C\I (/) -.::Ii
,..... C'l r::- (/) CO ~ OJ C'l OJ
J::- ~ rl M CO cq

l:- t:- ~ CO 10 01 CO CO ,..... t:-

O':> G'I
CO
~

0 ~ 0 cq 0;, CO CO t:- ,..... 10 -.:Ii CO

,...... "11 0 CO 1.0 CO rl CO 10 ~ CO 0
0':1 C\I C\I M rl t- T"""I CO
I:-

'CO 0;, ~ (/) -.:Ii 10 O':l 0 cq 10 -.:Ii 0

.,....., "11 0 CO CO 00 ,...; t- 10 CO ,.....
,0 ~ cq rl ,..... t- rl
CO
CO
C'l
.,.....,

lO CO ,..... 10 t- o;, CO 0:. ""31 CO 00 CO

C'1 0':> ~ r::- IO CO 10 0 CO CO t- "11
0 O':l t- t- 10 10 10 CO C'I C'l ~
C'l
0 rl ro ,.....

'~ CO (/) -.:Ii ~ 0':> '<:tI 00 r:J) 0 CO CO

OJ CO 10 0':> rl C'I I:- rl 0 (/) 10 -.::Ii
O-l 10 ro 0
,..... rl
,..... rl 00 I:- 10 ro ~ m
cq
0 rl rl 10
,rl

, .s:- o;, O':l rl C1) 0 t- C'I CO

,..... -.:Ii 0;,
0 10 m t- o;, ro C'I t- ro et:) I
C'1 10 c:q 00 CO "11 01 00 CO t- et:)
0 01 cq rl 00 rl rl '<tI
"C'I t
~
CD l.
I'
l>-
0 ~
-0 10 0 10 0 0 10 0 10 0 OCl)
00 CO ~ 10 10 CO CO t- ~ r::-I>-

10
I 0
I T J
10
10

10
I 0
I 0
I 10
I c! I
l.O
I
Jr::- £6] 0

Oil CO ro '<:1'1 '<:1'1 CO 10 10 CO CO

-
.p
as
0
-
~
as - as
-<2
<:>
,~ E-I &4
 339
,...; C'1 1.0
-.:j\
~
0') (/J
J !-XI .,-(

I rd 1 f6
rot ~ "<tI
.-I
!
I
~
f:;
0 ~
cq
~
[:00 .
r;:l
.~

1
~

~
\ ~
I CCl
m
10 .
Q1 ~ ~
rl

I I
.-I ,...;

\ c:c ~ 1.0 ~ ,...;

I
C'I Cf.) CCl

I 1.0 ~ I::-
~ ~ ~
~
0
.-I
I ~
cci'

I I I ro C'1 C'1 co m eo

I
r-d co .-I cr;, 0
O'J
~

I
r:J)
.~
~ ~ co~

I I I
~
ca
~
I 1(.)
0
ro co 1.0
-
,...;
~
~
co
cr;,
C\I
l::-
I::-
I::-

I p..,

I I cfJ <:0
r::-~

,,-!..
00
~
.
1
~
1 ~
I
I
co
C't
Q1
cO
C1
0
C't
1.0
-.:j\
Q1
~
C1
cq
0
cr;,
......
co
.-I
C1
C<I
C{)
o~
...... -
00
co
T'""'I
'"0t- .-4
lCl
c:i

I
1-1
~
UJ .....13
.....
"""

I I II
0
10
rt:l
rd -:j\ OCJ m "'it C'1 (jJ ,...; 0 eo
cq
co
o "'1i
~~ q,...;
~ 0:> CJ:) 0 t- Cf)
----
T'""'I 0 ~ 0:> ,...; r-I ~ c-l co ,..-4~ co
.._"
0 '5:: C'I

~
........
,......,
l>
~
S
~ t.D 1O~ rl ,...;

..:1
j::Q
<
E-!
0
It:f
~
c6
I I 1t I~
~

t-
......
o
~
-.:t'
~
~
co
co
~
cq
~
«:II
"'<!i
Q1
1.0
co
co
C'I
(jJ
co
t1'j
CJ:)
C'I
t-:
l-
0:>
Cf)

I
lQ
Q)
ro ci' cf rl
H bJJ \ ~ 1(.)

I : I I
<lj <Q
H l-I
~ H
~ t-

i I I
,...; C1
l>- m C'l 1.0 C'I
co
Cf.)
m
0')
0':>
~
0':> 0 C'I
Pol 00
c-
0
C'1
"<l'I
C1 C'1 ,..., .-I
C'1 o~ r-f ~ I-
~ e- M r-I

I I I
H ~ -.:j\

d
.....
0
.p
\ CO C[) 0':> ~ C'1 0 Cf.) t-
..... O':> <:.0
<:.0

I
([) C1
ca .-4

I
O'J 0 t-
m OJ c;:,
....C'l~
c:t .-4
cO '"'!.

I
-' O':l .-I r-i C'1
~
~

p..
0 ~ Cf.) m rl 1'"'1

..
I \ I I
\
Pot
\
~
0
E-4
to
...-t
0
0
~
'<':/i
~
~
<:.0
CO
~
.to
CO
'<:II
~
C'1
10
-.:If
t-
c:I
,...;
.-I
~
rl
CO
0
t:f)
O':l
to

I ,
t-: G\I~
ci' cf ,...{
p.; c:I t-
.-4

I
I <!,)
bJJ
<Q
't1
~
......,.l»
,....
I
..
......
ca
0
'";

8
.
"""0

I.
8
\ ~
P
a
rt:l
g
....
~ C'1
....•
co, o:tt
I
10
I
10
0
~
0
,
10
I""f
6
0
CII
•
1 a " CII CCl ~ 10 10
.....
I:;
t-' I""f
0 •
I 0
...m
 340

1ro
0
..... 00
..... .....
ro
et:l
C'I
C'1
1.0
1:.0
1:.0
<:D
~
I:-
ro
C'1
~
0
.....
0
.....
"<:!1 .....
I:-
.....
.....
00 .....
1.0
.....
1:.0
1.0
1.0 ~
~d3 -ce
q ......
-<'>
....-!
1 . c:J) d3

I ~8 r-g ~
P:1 • cD til-

l ..... 1
C'1
\ 1:.0
C'1
00
C'I
(f)
<:D
00
C'1
I:-
'"<tI
.....
1:.0
I:-
~
00
C":>
C'I
'"<tI
~
1.0
~
CI"I
I:-
1'"""4
00 C'1
1.0
.....
00
<:D
~
c!;5-<'>o>=1
ZH .....
H
0
1-< ......
c:J)-<'>

I I
Ul p., d3
P 8
l>- OOp.,
..... r:£1 0
c:o
I r-!
r-i
<:D
co co
0':>
~ 1.0
~
~
I:-
C'1
,...;
00
0':>
.....
0
I:-
"<:!1
I:-
~
,...;
1.0
00
C'I
0
OJ
M
C'1
c:o
M
0
"<:!1
C'1
"<:!1
CCl
o~
.....
A
P:1
en
P
en
1
I I
I
~
p
Ul
0
~
(IJ

I I 0
....-!
Ol
1.0
1:.0
CCl
CCl
c:o
"<:!1
0
o~
M
"<:!1
"<:!1
""'"
1.0
00
1:.0
~
C'l
~
"<:!1
C'1
0
00
00
......
c:o
<:.0
....; r-i
Cf':)
..... C'l
1:.0
1.0
00
00
C'l
~
~
00

I ,
(."1

I I ~
00
~
~
c:o
C'1
1.0
0
"<:!1
-.:I'~
1:.0
I:-
-.:I'
C'1
"<:!1
-.:I'
0':>
<:D
00
r-!
c:o
00
m
-.:I'
<:D~
I:-
I:-
C'l
r-i
.....
C'1
~
C'l
,...;
I:-
C'l "<:!1
00
l:-
00
I:-

I
,...; r-i

IJ
,
C'l
1.0
,......
......
,-i
00
"<:!1
...-1
-.:I'
"'00"
~~
I:-
r-i
~
<:D
~
I:-
1.0
1.0
eo
0
H
c:o
I:-
00
~~
C'1
r:r;,
"'1'f
"<:!1
"<:!1
C'1
00
r-i
,...,
~
l:-
0
H
I:-
0
....-!
I:-
C'1
.....
.....
_.
I I I:-
~
00
I:- IX
ro
......~
C'l
T'-I .-I 00

I
I 0
0
"<:!1
C'1
1:.0
~
C0
C0
,...,
l:- I:-
0':>
00
~
>.C
-.:I'
~
I:-
0':>
ro
I:- ~
.-I
1.0 Cl
I:-

I
C'1 T'-I
-.:I' C'1 -.:ji~ ....; M -.:I' M
f c:o ro

I I
J I ~
ro
~
rl
ro
C'1
-.:I'
ro
eo~
C0
H
~ 00
.....
r-!
00
0':>
00
~
00
-.:I'
~
:::-1
I:-
~
ro
I:-
C'1
0':>
r-!
1.0
r-!
C'l
,...,
I:-

I I to 10

I I
I '"71
I

fI
0
00
t-
C'1
~
eo
00
t·_
......
-.:I'
l.O
<:0
-.:I'
I:-
0
"<:!1
ro
l.O
00
10
~
ro
0
I:-
10
r-i
~
c:o
C'1
ro
10
C'1
0":>
t-
r-i
-
c:o
M
CIJ
ro
,...;
10
l.O
~

I
I
I C0 J
0':>
M
~
co
t-
I:-
"'i'i
o
o~
l.O
I:-
ro
c:o
c:o
0
c:o
I:-
C'1
10
c:o
10
10
1:.0
C'1
ro~
C\)
co
~
-.:I'
to
-."H
co
0":>
I~
C'1
C'l
I:-
r-!
"<:!1
C\l
C'1 -
C0
.~

r-!

I I I:- l.O
....;
I:- C'1

-
ro 0 1'""'4 c:o C'l 00 00 C/:) C'1
eo
(J)
c:o
I I
C'1 I:- 0 00 0 ~ H ~ 0 00
cq_ ~ r-i o~ 00 ~ 10 ~ C'l ro C0
C'l .-I .... ....-!
0':>~ 1'""1 >-i
00
ro~
I:-
C'1

I I
-
I I -<'>

8
0
cc

I
f 1"-1
I ..-
....,.
8
d3
0
<3
-<'>

8
0 ::-:
c:J)
I>-
::-:
(IJ
P.
0
r-o I
I to
C'l
I
0
coI
0
CQ
I
1.0
ro,
0
-.:I'I
10
"<:!1I
0
1.0
I
0
1.0
I
1.0
10
I
0
co I
1.0
<:D
I
0
,
t-
0
r-o
q
C(j
,
0
q
d3

l:- , !
0 0 0 0 0 l.O 0 0
f Ql
1.0
C'l
10
CQ
10
CQ ~
1.0
~
0
CQ <Q
10
10 ., to c:o I:- 10

I
j l
 341

r:- """I ~ C'l r:;r., 0:,

to
0.:.. Cij r:-
.....

rd
Q)
t- ~ r:;r., 0
t- M
~ r' cq l.Q
0 ~
....'"0 ~

~
~ r:;r.,
r:;r., 1'"""'1 1'"""'1 <:0 ,....
0:,

rl ~
P-i rl ~

l/)
.-I r:;r.,
\.I:)
""i1 ""i1 1'"""'1 ~
r:;r., <:0 l.Q
0
:r.l
cq~
..... co
IZ! rl

rrj ...... r-I

.....
Q)
..... ~ <:0
<:0
<:0
-.:ti
.;::: ~ 01
:s-. ~ 0:, cf
dl
~
~
0:,
..... ~ tel 0':1 l:- I:-
~ c:<1 ~
\.I:) 01_ c:<1 <:0
P-i lQ

0:, ~ 0 ~ 01
-., 0
~
.....
..... l.Q
,....,
<:0
l.Q
,..-oj
<::)
0:,
M
'JJ
rl
rl
0
:1)
It:)
\.I:)
I:-
CD
l.Q
CJ)
1'"""'1
,..-oj
00 01-
P-i s:l ~ I:-
H
H .....
..,.0
00 .....
rt:l

-
0 s::I .......
10 0
....r-c:-. 0 C'l CJ) I:- <:0 r:;r., l.Q t- r:;r.,

--
.....
----
r:q
H
0
.......
......
po
.....
0
<lJ

:-.
c:a
S
s::I
~ <:0
~
C'l_
ro
0
M .....
C'1 c:<1
..... <:0 t::
..... ~
<:0
0:>
I:-
0
<:0
cr.:l
-.:ti

P=l
r-c p
~
8
s:l ~ ..... \.I:) r:;r., <:0 <:.0 ~ I:- "<l'i ,..-oj
dl ""i1 01 I:- ro 10 to ~ ""i1 0':>
..... 1.0
H Q) <:O~ C'l C'l C'1 ro :0 ~_
<:O_ 1.0
~ co ~ to
1.0 rl M M
H
~
<
H
r;q H
P-i p0-
~
H
~ "'i'I
l ""i1
to
l.Q
lQ
0':>
H
M
0
l.Q
M
t-
l.Q
.....
rl
0':>
1'"""'1
0;,
\.I:)
1'"""'1
<:0
0
\.I:) ~
\.I:) .....
to
t-
\.I:)
I:-
""i1

d
.....0
..."
Gil
CJ)
C'l
Ol \.I:) t-
cq
c:o rl ""i1 1.0
0
<:0
t-
0':>
(f)
0 c<t <:0 0:>
-aA. I:- ,..-oj M M rl
I:-
1'"""'1 <:0 00 <:.0 c:.o
0 :;s ro <:0-

P-i
.......
dl
..."
0
I c<t "1""'4 \.I:) t- o r:;r., t- L-
8
1 CD
C'l~
c:<1
C'l
I:-
c<t
m
"""
.C'l
1.0
cY":)
c:o
ro
8
lQ~
O':l
ct!,
C'l
~
<:0
Cl.j C'l .C'1 ..... ..... """- .....
M

I
,..-oj

Q)
co I I ......
~
ro
s::I
I I 8
dl
..."
0
~ 0-1I ~ l.Q ~ 0 to 0
dl
~
......
..."
I 1'"""'1
r-c
$::1
dl
<$>
I
1'"""'1 C'l
I
"""
co
I
~
I
0
I 1'"""'1
I.C
I
......I
0
1'"""'1
~
to
I

1'"""'1
$::1
::::l
S I
,
a
:s-.
ce
0
s0 1 ..
:I
"'0
8
+>
0

....
C
1 :c
 34'2

g;.

IC'I o .-. 0":>

...... 10 I:- C
Cf.)

-
cr;, cr;,
10
I:-

l:-
I:-
r-\

00
o
-.::11

I:-

~ ~ ~ Ct"\ ~. ~ 10 10 C':I 0':> 10 0':> ~ C1)

-.::t1 C'I 0 rT) ~ 10 ""'fi ~ ~ =" r-\ r-\ .-t ~
C'I .-t C'l~ C'I C'I
eo C'I

II 10
C'I
I:-
:q
......
~
.-t
I.C
cr;,
t-
~
t-
00
I:-
eo
10
10
I:-
~
eo
10
C'I
10
co
<:0
C'l
eo
.-t
ro
....;
":t!
.-t
-.::11
0
,......

I _.

J,
eo 10 00 0 10 .-t I:- l.C 0 ~ l.C ":t! !C
00 ?"'"'1 r-\ 10 0':> -.:Ii ~ t- 1:0 0 t- oo ~
~ -.::t1 O~ co ~ C'I C'I .-t M M .-t l.C
0':> .-t
I
I

'"
0':>
0":>
cr;, g? r-\
00
.-t
00
~
~
0':>
r-\
C1)
0
CfJ
0':> 8cq t-
-.::11
10
C'l
t-
C'I
t-
C'l
Ii
I:- l.C ~~ l.C -.::11 :r:l 0':> t- cq .-t r-\ r-\ 00
0':> 1'""4

I
f
eo
M
C'I~
.....
~
?"'"'1
o~
t-
.......
10
0':>
cr;,
eo
cr;,
t-
~
<:0
1.0
-.:tf
I.C
IQ
to
0":>
C1)~ -
co
-.::t1
0
l.C
co
<:0
l.C
C'J
0
0
""'1
r-\
0
C'I
0
C'I
-.:ti~ I
I
<:O~
C'I ?"'"'1 C'l rl

I ~
Q;)
~
Q;)
r>
0
I

r> rt:l
0 1=1
c:a
10
C'I g, 0
C\':)
,.
10
Ci'I:l ~
lO
~
C
10
0
10
~
toI
0
~
~
<:0
0
te-,
rO
1=1
c:a
0
I I I I I I:- ,

I
I I

....-! 0 to to 0 l.C 0 10 0 <:.) 10 0 l.C I

C'I C'I CO :r.:> -.::t1 '<:11 ~ I.Q to ~ eo 0
()
10

-
I:-
......
I
ee
..."
0
,;ts
"""0
ce
+'>
0

I
E-t ~
8
 31:'3

C'l "'ii
,...,
-I

~ "'ii
C'f:)
...-4

I'd cc C'I 0':>

<lI
tC
~
~
r.Q
0 ~
"C ...-4

~ C'I C'l C'f:)

~ M
~

-
M
I:-

~
C'l 0: 10 to
a:l
00
0
0':>
"'11
rl C'I
P:! ro~
0,...... ,...,

f'1:::I
CD
......
l-< I ~
0
0':>
rl
10
M
t-
"'11
OO
......
rl

I
~ 0:>
r.1l cf
~
et:l 10 0 10 to
I t- C'1
I:- 10 10 0
0 ...... ~
P-I (1)
"""~
II
-rD
l=l-I
~ I ~
l-
0
I:-
10
...-I
r.-1
'X)
I:-
0:.
00
0
t41
l.O
<:0
rl
00
:r.>
......
rl
0
<:0
~
"'11
0:>
"<Ii
et:l
I:-
0
.......

W
II
0
......
0 .....
~

----
to I'd
..... ~
0 "0 C'1 "'ii C'I 0:> ....... ICl 0 l:- CY:) 0
......
CD to ~ 0:. l.O C'I
"'" 0:. <:0 ~
0 ,.. ......
~
H
-...........
t;.
S
J...<
ce
I :;s .:,0
C'I
C'1~
~ rl 10 10 "<:11 C'f:)

0 ~
~
<'!l I'd P
H ~
~ C':'1 <:.0 0:. t- <:0 CI':l ..... 10 C'1 t-

H CD
00 P-I
C'l
00
C'f:)-
~
,.....;
00
.-;
C'l
C'l
.-;
CY:i
<:0
<>1 -
~
.
......
OCJ
0_
.......
1""'t
00
C<I
"'<::1'1

-<
H -< to

~
H
I
.~ H
~ po. 00 r.<I I:- ~ 10 rl <:0 1.":l I:- 0
~ 00 0':> C't <:0 "'11 () C'1 lO <:0
H 2£ ...-4 ...-4 H <:0 10 "<:11 C'f:)

~ -.:tI ~

>:l
.....
....0 It:\
10 '-.j4 C'1 00 1"""1 0 C'1 C'I to
~ l.O C<I "<Ii ...-I
~ <:0 0:. 0 M 00
'Br;:l.. t- ..... ....... ...... l.O <:0 lQ '-.j4
o:t1-
0 ~ et:l
CI.4
- ce
+=>
0
CY:i <:0 0:. 0:: <:0 <:0 <:0 I:- 0:: l.O
H c:o ~ 00 CCl ...... <:0 ~ CO <:0 -.:tI
<:0 !""'t ..... Cl to ~ 1"""1 0':> 00
p... OO~ .... rl
~

c:)
00
~
I'd ce
-
..."
~ 0
ce ee ~
t>. ....,.
...-4
+=>
...... ....,.
0
~
::s I'd 0 to 0
S .,;
~
ce ,..., e1, e¢ -.:tI l.O 10 M ,
...-I C'tI
S
0 .§ ~""' 0
I
.... c;..~ r:o
I
..,J. 0 t6 0
...... .....
1.0

0 -;
::s
::s
 344

0 ~ 0 ~ 00 0 C1 ~ t- lC cr:, ~ (:J~ t-
cr:> ro ~ ro
'-0 ~ ~
.....cti":6
,..-1 ,..-1 f"""i C'-l ~ lC lC
r-I C'1
CC
.- ~
-+=>~
>=
....
-+=>
• iJ) dl
~ '0 r-o p.,
,0;, 0 0 to
,..... ro 0 ~ M t- t- C'l 1C M ~1 ]:q~ ~ u.~
M .1J C'1 ro ro Q cr:> ~ ~ cr. <:.0 ~1
c!:l...;;O~
M C'l
C1
,..-oj
~H·~.8
H CD-+=>
CIJ 0.. dl
::; ~
0;, ~ 0 ~ -,..-1 ~O ·to to ~ C'l to 00 0 ~ t;> ClJo..
,..-1 C\l '-0 C'l to 't- oo C'I:l 00 M 0;, '-0 M '-0
~
0
C'l r-I ...-of ~ rfJ
~
,..-oj
H ::;
]:q 00
~
~ iJ)

t- o;, 00 0 t- '-0 to 00 ~ 0 et:) C'l I:- <:0 P 0

0 0-1 m <:0 00 ~ ,..... 0 '-0 ~ C'l M "'tI CIJ.
et:) cr:> O~ C'l ~ ~ I:- M
0 M

......
C'l
00
C'1
C'l
cr:>
cr:>
C'l
C\l
00
~
0
Cf:l
00
'>1
C'1
::"1
~
M
to
0;,
,..-1
0;,
.....
0;,
~
to
r-I
M
C'l
,....., XJ
t..':)
~
00
"'tI
0;,
"'tI
"'tI I
I
to to 10
I
0;, r-I .-~
0 00 0,..... t- OO r-I t-
00 lr'I 10 ~ M et:) cq r-I <:.0 0'""'" 10 to 0;,
to <:.0 oo~ to ~ cr:> et:) <:.0 C'1 r-I r-I 10
.....
I
-t

...... ,......

l:-
C'1
r-I
10
<:.0
~
M ~ ~
Col
t- r-I

I
I
I~l
(jj
<:.0
cq
<:.0
-
0 to
C'l
00
..... -
..... <:.0
,..-1
0
I:-
......
..... to ~ C'1 10 I)l
ro I
I
M <:.0
.....
I

0
00
,..-1
t-
<:.0 -
t-
to
C'1
<:0
C'I
00
r-I
~
~
',j:)
'ri
t-
t-
C'1
..... 10 0;, C'1 10 et:)
et:) I
I
I
~
C'1
et:)
00
"'tI
CQ
~
r-I
0
C'l~
'0
t-
C'1
lC
,..-1
C'1
~
00
,.....,
0
t-
r-I
m
"'tI
00
C'1
r-I
M
10
0
r-I
<:.0
t-
lC
"'i't
<:.0
10
~
0;,
et:)
I
""'"
I
II 0;,
lC
~
-.:tt
~
et:)
cq
<:0
"'tI
~
CO
0':
<:.0
cq
:cY:I
et:)
cq
""t!
"'tI
C1
0
~
O~
C'1
0
cq
et:)
t-
r-I
cq
et:)
r-I
C'1
00
~
r-I
r-I
et:)
0
t-
eo ci 1-1

I
(
00
00
cq
~
r-I
~
~
r-I
"'tI
00
C'l
cq
~
~
~
CO
-
~ 00
t-
00
o
t-
cq
O
t-
t-I
o;,

1
c:I
t- t-
~~
<:.0 ~ ~ "'tI ~~
.....
CQ cq C'1 r-I r-I O~
I
r-I

- II
~

II
I
c:t'!
.p
0
E-i

1 - dl
+=>
- dl
.p
I
11-<
CD

r-I
E-i
0 0
!::"1 ~
<ll
I>- ro
0
I
I>-

I
0
ro c:t'!
to
~t
10 0 0 1'0 0 0 lC 0 10 0 1=1 0
roI co roI
I
C'1 ~ 10 10 10 <:.0 <:.0 t- c:t'! t-
6C'1 .c I I I I
6
I I I I

I
10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 0
C'l co c:t:l ~ ~ co 10 10 <:.0 <:0 t- IC

I
 345

IMPERIAL TABLE (1/50 SLIPS).

VJI-Age, Sex and Civil Condition.

Unmarried Married Widowed

Community and Age.
p
-P -M F
1
....._---
2
M

3
F
4
P

5
M
6
F

7 8 9
-
10
---"'--
_Ad·Dharmi•.

Grand Total 4 4 7 1 6 2 1 '1

0-1

1-2

2-3

3·4

4-5

Tota.l 0·5
5-10

10-15 ... .'.r

15-20 1 1 1 1

20-25 1 1 ....
25·30 1 1
Total 5·30 3 3 3 1 2

30·35 2 2 ....
35-40 1 1

40-45 1 1
45-50 1 1
Total 30-50 4 4 1 1
50-55

55-60 1 1
60-65 f •••

65-70 1 1 ....
70 and
.. over
. Total.50-70
and over 1 1 1 1
1 . . . . . ., _ _ _ .

SUKHDEV SINGH
Lt. Col ..
Superintendent Census,
PatiaJa..
 346
IMPERIAL TABLE (1/50 SLIPS).

VII -Age, Sex and Civil

Unmarried
C~ndition.

--
Married
_.
Widowed
Community and Age.
p M F P M F P M F
---
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Parsee•.
--
Grand Total 1 1

0·1 ....
1·2
2-3
;:J-4 ....
4-5
Total 0-5 ..
, -

5-10
10·15
15-20

20-25 ....
25-30
r
Total 5-30 ....
30·35
35·40
40-45 1 1

45-50
Total 30-50 1 1. ....
50·55
55-60
60-65
65-70 ....
70 and over
Total 50-70 a.nd over .... '

SUKHDEV SINGH
Lt. Col.
Sllperintendem Census,
Patiala._
 347
IMPERIAL TABLE (1/50 SLIPS).

VII-Aget Sex and Civil Condition.

-,_

Unmarried Married Widowed

-
Community and Age.
p
- P M F
M F P M F

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Christiana.
----
Grand Total 10 5 5 12 4 8 I 1

0·1
1-2 1 1
2·3 ....
3·4

4·5 1 I
Total 0-5 2 1 1 ....
5·10 4 2 ., 2
~.
10-15 2

15·20 ••• 4 2 2

20-25 1 1

25·30 1 1 3 2 1 .... ,-.

Total 5·30 '1 3 4 8 4 4

30-35 ..... 2 2

35-40 1 1 ' 1 1 ....

40-45 .... .... I 1
-45-50 •••• _. .... ...,
Totllli 30·50 1 1 4 4

5Q-55 •••• 1 1

-56-60
, '60-65 ....
'65-70 - .I.'. ""
......
70 and over- .... ....
1 1
--- Tota.l 50·70 arid over'
-- -----
SUKHDEV SINGH,
.......... ---.
".(0,

Lt. Col.
Superintendent;
Census Department, Patiala.
 348
IMPERIAL TABLE (1/50 SLIPS).

VII-Age, Sex and Civil Condition.

Unmarried Married Widowed

Community and Age.
p M F P M F P M F

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
--
Jains.
---
Grand Total 10 5 5 8 3 5 3 2 1
0-1 1 1
1-2

2-3

3·4
4-5 1 1

Total 0·5 2 1 1
5-10 1 1
10-15 5 2 3
15·20
20-25 2 1 1 1 1
25-30 2 1 1
Total §-30 6 3 3 4 2 2 1 1
30-35 2 1 1 1 .l
35-40 3 1 2

40-45
45-50 1 1
Total 30-50 2 1 1 4 1 3 1 1
50-55

55·60
60-65
65-70

70 and over 1 1
Tota.l 50·70 and over 1 1
------._.__---- -- _.----
SUKHDEV SINGH,
Lt. Col.
Superintendent,
Census Operations, Patiala..
 349

I:- Ool (f) ~

-.t1 lC CI:l r::l 10 ~
lC ~ ~ 'o::tI C'l Ool I:-
10 ...... 1"""1 t- Ool CI:l
Ool C'l 0"
"'<t1
to "'<t1 "'<t1 Cf:' I:-~
CI:l C'l
10 l:- I:- I:- <:.0
,....... ......
C'l ...... ~ .,.....;

0 C'l <:.0
':'1 C1 0 I:- 10 -.t1 -tI Ool
"'<t1 <:.0 <:.0 V) -.t1 0
-.,r. <:.0 "<t1 C'J~
~ ~ t-
I:- ~~ C'l~ C1
~ C'l ci cf

c:1
Cf:) ~ c:r: Ool c:r: ~
,....;
<:0
..... ......
Xl Xl C1'j Xl
10

(f) ':f:\ ~ I:- ......

<:.0 ...",
'-.t1 c:r: Ool Ool
10 CI:l ...... 1O to
......
(jJ 10 1O ......
lC lC I.Q 10 C'l
(jJ

<:.0 C'l 10
ro ...... , ...... c:> c:> C1 "l'i 1"""1
-<:i" ..;< C'l C'l
10

Cf:) c:1 10 ro
-tI -tI ro Ool <:.0 Ool ;t:) I:- ......
et"'I
0 ~ ...... I:- <:.0 1"""1
ro
(jJ
0
:0 '.0 10 10
1"""1

<:.0
~
..... c:r: t-
1"'"'1
...... 1O
......
I.Q
...... ......
1:\':)
,...... 0 C'l <:.0
CfJ C'l C'l C'l
CO C'l

...... 0 t- l- "t>
c:r: I.Q c:r: to
t:C t-
10
t-
10
<:.0
10 <:.0 Cl
1-0
Cl
lQ
...-' Xl ~
.."..
c:r: <:.0 ~~
ro~ Cl~ c<J
...... ~
l:- t- t- t-
1"""1
~

ro
""'<lJ00
ctl
::::
ro• ce
......
!h
ee S
""...
,.!I:l
...ee
~
rn~
0
r/:J
..p
...,;
~
...
Z >..
::l
<lI
<l) 00
Q;>
+>
0,...., S t:: ::::
......
-
<lJ
:::: S ::l ......
..p ee
8 0 ...
::l $.< ..... O-i
<1:1 S <lI
i>-
<lI
t>
,...d
rn
'_,

E-i ::l
...... 0 0
fJ;l
c.?
..p c.? ~
rt:'
C.l .8
::l ...... ...... ce <lI
:il
po. ...
<lI 0 0
~ r£
on
::l
rn
.... ...
00
!J.,I
po.,
bJ)
..p
'3...
~ ...... Q]
00 bL 0
+> ::l ......
..!>:< ~ ::l
Z ee
..p
t;<j
::l ::l
C)
ee rn~

H ~ ee ee u:i' ...u.i ..p

0..

< r./). ...0

rIl
.;,
... ~ ~ ...
.!t:
u.i ...::l
<lJ
S
~

...0
0
H ..p ill
I'd ro ~
...r:i. ...0 ::l
~ .-<1 <lJ
...... p.. ""3
~ ... p.. ::l I=! ~
I=!
..p
,.L;
0
......
,...d ce~

--... ...<l!
d! d!
;S p.,
...010 d! rn~
...0 !:: I> d! ...... '8 '/1
8 ...p..
0 ro rn ...... 0
<1:1
1--1
as... ..p +" 0 +"
Q)
0... ...
~
I=!
-a0 .
I

"'0"
-
I=!
;S ...<lJd! 00 d! C1 r/:J ;::l
~
-
Q)
::l 00 ill
00 <l! ~ .....0 ...... 0
+>
::l 00 ....... ...... ::l 0..0 I=! ..p c5
~ ~ ::l ......
..p
,.ct
rn. < <1:1 0
...:>
d! ..p
00 ,.....,
""" "'I>"
t;<j
::::-
d! 0 ::l
I=! c5
0
0 ce
.....-I> ....
::l .,...,.
< 0 .........
10
::l
d! <D
..p +>
<lJ 0
..p ....I>
..p
I=!
d!
'1:
10 ......
..p Oro
'Z cJ
,...d
10
::l
0
0
Q)
~
d!
..0 ::l
~ Z
0 <
00 0
......
..p
..p ..p
d!
d!
..p
d! d!
..p
rn
::::
ill """';::l"
I=!
ell bO -a0 ce d!
6 0
0 0
0 H
0 d!
\!)
~
~ H ro d! ::l
~ ~
r£J
fJ:1 ~ 0 8 -< I>
..... r£J

8 0 8 0 .....I>
..p
10
~
..p~
,.....,
::s
... ~
-< Z < d! .-
;::l 0
~ cO -tI 10 <:.0 t- 00 Ool
0'0
OJ
0..... 1"""1
..-t
C'l
M
t:Q
_, 1"""1
8
rn.
0 8
1--1 ...
ell
0 Z

<
H
-<
H
E-i
0
p
0
~
O-i
~
~
::l
..p
r£J
d! ,_-
d! --
..0
---e
..... ~
fJ:1
8 0 ..-t
<1:1 ~
H
I
O-i 0.-
I I
<1:1 ~
 350

-tI C'l '-tI 0,..... ':I) 0 ~

..... ~ 10 0;,
'-tI
10 '-tI

co .... 0.::J
....t- ....t-

-tI ~ ~ 10 0 ~ <:0
r-I 10 le 0;,
rl
C'l

,..!4 !o<
........
...... CD
~
S ~
0 a5
,.....:..

-
!o<
....
0 !o<
0
S
~

......
rn rn ~
CD <lJ ~
0 0
......
a5 ~ ~ CD
l-4
!o<
CD !;:l l:I:l ~
~ :;::l :::: .p

0
'b.Q"' 0
. ..Q

rc
..Q
'1j
....0
0

..p
rA ~
.....::::
..p CD l=l ~ rn

-
l-4 ~ ;...

'1j
1-+ r£
rc
""
~
CD
~
!o<
::::
.D
CD
:;::
.p
-
~
CD
..:;
~ ......IJ5
ce
CD
I"d
CD
CD
rA
.p
0
CD
,:e
'"' .....::lrn
- -
::l :;::l a) 0 ,.0
ce ~ ~ 0 Q
.....S '1j
0 :;::l
'a:"'
CD rn
l-4
~

0
!o<
'1j
0
0
0 ~
~
...,.
~
ce
'1j
~
ce ;... fI.l
..e
0
0:+::
~ ...0 p,.. rn
!o<
l-4
OJ l-4 '1j
fI.l
fI.l
::l 0 CD p.. 0 ......
rn~ ~
'1j
..p
fI.l ~
CD
CD 0.. '"'
...0
CD ~
~ CD CD r:Jl

'>=i"' 0-
~ .....S g
-'-
::l l-4 CD ~ 0..
......ro
CD d
ro ~
...,....
~ 0 CD
...rn .....0 re ...0 >=i ..p
.....
..,.
-
CD en rt:j • ct3 CD
rt:j
"..
CD
I;.)
l-4
CD 0 ~ ~
~.S
~
~
rA'
.... fI.l
...... ,if til ~ M
a) ~
a30
..p fI.l fI.l 0
Ii ~ CD po
..... ~
.....
-
..p w~
be :::: "..
tl ~ ... ~, CJ} CD CD S
.....~ S S
CJ} .p .p
0
s..: ...... 0 -4"> ..p
......~
'"'
CD 0';:j CD 0
"..
rn ,.0 "..
:::: ~
r>- Q) Q) ..p
rd 0 0 "Ore re ...::::
0- rd
CD CJ}
.....0 00
0
a: ::l
-
CJ} 0
~
,.0
,.0 c3 ...
,..!>:l
:>, ...0
Q) 0
0
CD
.-I
CD
..- ......
CJ}

,..,
~
CD 0
CD l-4
CD CD
CD
re
l-4 ro
.,.., ,..!>:l 0 ~
:::: ~
'rn"' 0
.-1
0 ... 0- CD
,,_, CD "..
.....
.......
~
~ 0.. bJJ
P-4 ~ ~
Q)

~
~

Q) ~ 0 0 ,.l:4
r:q ~ I=Q
l-4
~ .....c:I ~ r:n j r1j c:I
$-I I;.)
0 .....ro
CJ}
ro
l..,~ co t- oo ~
0
0;, 0
c-1
....C'l m ..p
r:f2 et:l ~ 10 d ~
t- oo 0; !:lO
r-I ,...; ,...; r-I c-l C'l C'l ~ C'l .....c:I
-
r-I C'l CQ 01
.-... ~
-""
_..:..
rd CD .....
'-" ~
.
,:;<:I
 M
.£
~
' ....'"
~

..."
'c;'"B"
S iJ
CD
I:)
(\)~
>=i

.p
~
Q
....
c;'B
00
00 ..a
~
0
00
bO' 0
i:1 w. 0' CD
.~ ~ .p
>=l
00
",oil 00

'if!
. .....m
.E~
.S
o~
~
P
'0
III

0'
'";i
ITl
).<
~
'CD"'
H c;'B
CD .....~
on ~
e5 c;'B
...
CD ..0
.p
S
.....
~
~
~
""
<lJ (fJ 0) p...
..... 0'
.....
,......
,.. ~
~ • .....s:I ....
"'P"
~ ...,.
S
I
'"0
~
10
......
S S .... 10 .-<

- ..a
c;'B t\j

~
r't:I
Z
H
~
.r
C¢ .
IJ)
c;'B
....
......
10
;..::::
......c;'B. 00 S s:I
C) c;'B
"'c;'""B .......p
IJ)
Ul

"'0
c;'B
CD
'CD"'
.p
c<1
.,:0
IJ)

S,
~ ""
......~
<II
IJ)
0'
e: '" ~
;....
c;'B § p.,
c;'B
t\l)
.....s:I
en
~
......
+=>
~
0
Z
tli
......
c;'B .
.....00
"0"
~
a!
I:lJl
~
r\j
>=l
~
0)

...
;...
~
IJ)
0
.....
E
p
CD
M S

--'"' ~.p
..... s:I g
......
-
.p
ce
r:ll
s:I
0
s:I
jl.f
c3
-
rd ....; 0

-
"00) IJ)
;;:!
...Cl Q jl.f
....... 1:1 ~ ..a c;'B :-;::8 t)
10 .p
.,...,
~
(fJ

~
::l 0
H
8
Q)

....
~
0
0
e J
I-j
~
~
I"""{ 8
s:I
0
10
;..:::: 0
0
.p
4}
Pol
p
p::j1O
(J,) ' ....
~
C)
jl.f

P-I
c;'B
00
...Cl
0
.p

~
. . ~
. .
0
r.Y:l
rl
~
-<1
8
H
0
~
ce
.p
~
......

IV
ci
CQ
CQ
CQ
~
CQ
to
~
~
C>':I
Ie-
CQ
.p

~
~
C)

0
00
0':)
~
CQ
0
"'1'1 -"1'1
C'1
""tI
co
""i'
""i'
""i'

~
~
~ z
~
co
. ~
1
H
H
 352
t- ~ ~ ~ co I-t ~ ~
0 O':l - O':l c:o C'I C'l
r::J) r::J) 1- !"""'I 10
~ 01

t- ~ ~ ~ r::J)
...... C'I ~ c:o
10 C'l t- -:0
,......; 0 r::J) r::J)
!"""'I .....-I

0 0 ~ C'l C'I
r-f

, ......
U1 0
~'
0
to
Z ......:::1
bO
...-t!
8, .'0
"

":D 0-
rn
~. -.
p t"e$
Cl)
r-o
;::1
rn Cl) 03
en
H eD M .....~
~ .....
>=l .....>=l
...... >=l
.....0
..... _rn
ClII >-cO ~
.."
~
~
~
~
;:l, ~
Cl)

...cO ...cO
oj
8 I"C r-o
..p
rn c) a.
~ 1=1
cO eD ~ 1=1
cO
rtJ bO bO ...
rtJ ...
Q)

~
~ ~ .....1=1
co .....>=l .....>=l co ~ b{; .....>=l 0
..c:
fi::.t ....1=1:::1 P-
cO
P-
~ M ....P>=l ..p~
1=1
.....
1=1 .....>=lP- P-
cO ro bD
.....
~
0 t1!I
Q)
~
Q)
~
.....1=1... ~ ~
rn
Q) 1=1
cO ..c:
Q) ..p .....0.-
>=l 1=1 cO ~
~. Q) <:)
-0 r-o r-o rn 0 ro i:: ro Q3 cO
H
Pot bE M
.....
>=l
>=l
cO
>=l
~
co
r-o
~
rtJ
~
ce 0
<:)
0
.._
~
cO
btl
..p
Q)
1=1
cO S
cO
Q)
.-<
,.D btl .
rtJ
P-+ .....~ co ~ b.O >=l ... .....P
~ co <:)
.....>=l ...0
..!s;
~ ~
~
.....;.<l>=l en ..... >=l I!!::l
~ Q) rtJ .r-o....
p
.~ ce ..p- I't:! .."

u.:z ....1=1co 'a1=1 .....rn c 1=1 ..... ro

..... .....1=1 ~ 1=1ce
:.::! ...
Q)

,.D ...ce ce
Q)
0 >=l
.....>=l0.-
ce
0
1=1
ce .......1=1 i::
<ll >=l co bO~
i:: 0.-
...P-.
~ ~
~

-
..p 0 Q)
0.-
Z
1=1
0
>=l
0 0
1=1 rll Q)- ~ ... '0 ..- ..- rn I
.....s..
>=l:;::: 0
.....
0 .....rn
Q)

~
..."
..."
"'0"
..p
..."
Q) Q)
-+=> ~ S Q)
..c: 0
0
0
0
0 ..t.:l
ce
..... ..p
(l) ~
0
..." ..."
0 Cl) .,..,
.-<
P-.Cl)
.-<
ce 0
~
0
~ ~
::l ~ .."

0
z >4 0 0 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 Uj ~ ~-.j.:> 0 ~
~
~
8 .! to ~ t- if) 05 0 ~ c;q 0-5 lJ:) c:o t- ~ ~ 0
8
<1j rn ....
..."
~ ~ "<tI ~ ~ 10 10 l.O l.O '"
l.O l.O 10 l.O 10 10 c:o
~ P ~
Cl)
<: ~
0.- Z E-t
~
~ """t 1!'5
~ I-t
H
I I-t

~
 353

··

o
M

..
.....~ ..d
(1)
00-
bOo
~rJQ
oo~

.....
'!P
.-rll
....
....::..
m
rllb!)
........
-;~

.. tti
.......
,
CD
......
p...

..-
~ I-I...!:l ctI
.....<DC rIJ ..08 1-1
~
.....0
CD 1-1
.... 0 <D S
.,..,.
'CD"' I-I..a ,.Q ~ ~ ._
e:= S
~
rei
'!Pal
-'1:1 ro ::s
,.Q
S S
1-1
0
rll 0 ~ ~ ~ ~11J
'1:1~
(I) 00,

....>=I ~ctI

- '"' '*
r"C cp ,..I:l
P. Oro ClJ·
b.C ,.c;I
m.._Ji
<lI cp """0 ...!:l.
ro .....d (i ~o '"'
<D
~
0 0-
~'S ro
cO.
S:
~
cO ~
......
ctI
.....<D
rt:!
~ 0
l:j,.Q
lL<", al
faca
....
<D
'-"
<lI
....
..000
ctI
o rcl .... - ~
ctI
~ 1=1
~

0
"""<U ....S d
ctI
-s:I .... 1-1
'!P ~
lIoO
<J:) rtl s:I '"'
Q)~.2
....0 0
d 00 rtlrt:! ~
dl ....+> ~
1-1 m '~ ~
....'0"'
......
'"'
00'" ctI
'OJ"'
ctll:j
a ~
0
w. '"' ~~a ....,0:
- ~
..
(I)
OJ ..c:iO <II

.'....s:I"' m
00 <ll ,.!.:j P (IJ '"'
....0'"' . ..c <Xl
(!)
C) 1><1
P bO rt:!
....
(1)
(I)
ctI reI..Q ctI bO
.....s:I
rJJ'
.....00
-s
-
(I)
...,.d '"' .s:lo""""
..... ...,.:. ....... l-<
.... 00
~(l)
00· ...
s rO'"'
0
00
00 d
<1).....,
~

r"O
~
p <D 0
.~
~
CD
cO
'"'
cp..o S
cO ..... '0 ~
0 ~
())

I-i en
'"' ]<JJ 0 ...... ro .....
s:l o
--
.....'"' ..... .....
(l)J; <1) ..... ..." <I.l I-i C) I-i
..... m 0 10
S 0. o-c;15
..0 c;e 0 (!) s:I ~
to ~ ,.S'
~ ;::l: 00 00'"
..0 ctI 0 rr1 ..p
"CtO t6
..... ctI I-i <:n
cer'O III
III
r"C tll
r"C 0 cO ....0 I-< ::;;.

-
C) c6 cp j::) III 0 !lI
..... P .-< I-< rO ocOro <ll 0
2· . . I-<
C) Ill~
'"' ctI
cp I-i
0
0
0
....
ill d C) 0
e:~ d ctI ~ C) 00 til ..co
..oQ) ..c c;e
'0"' s:l ctI ell Q)
......~ rJJ~ """ cO
s:-;:; cO
S
Q)
-,._,
I-<
..."...c:: <IJ ¢'
0... ..Q
I-<
P "a
.... ....tll
<ll '"'~
I> 00
.... S °A.
(1)-
~
I-i
::;; ~rO 00'" rei
rLl
I-<
.p <ll
<ll
<ll ct! 0
,.!4 Q) 0 ....0 ;.., W~-
~
I-i
ro -j::) ::1 r'd 0 ~ ..c<l)
Q)-
~<ll

'"'
cO
0 _c;e ""0 ctI~
Q)

'"'
ill'"
....
., 0 <lI
p..
cO -..0
S gp S ~ ....0 .-;; ..c
So
--S
ctI
.....°po
o~ ..0
§'reI
;.., QJ
10..0
..a
rcl
oo~
....
<lJ
00 ....
l-< (1)
00
~ s
.::l,.,tl
ai
tri
<lJ
0
ctI

'"'
(l) .a
_ ..... cO
(1)CO...a
'
s:I
.... <IJ (/J

.... 10
~ d 0 (1)_
,.!4rO
~

"'"0°
0) >.
(l)
>4
(l)
s:I
0
..p ,.!4::;;...cI
oo'Q-P <D '"'
<ll
,.l!:l
tq
-o~
cD

~
(I) cO 0 '"'
'"' p !ll d
10 !ll
ctl(1) 00
8
cO CIlrO
~+r:J1
c6 i=Q
::;; l"<
P=I..o
0
i=Q rLl 0
'cO"' po.<ll ~
ctI c6 s:l .....
~, ~ ... UJ. ~
ctI ~(I)
~S
~.ro: 0
......
~
m ci cd "11 to 0:.0 a::- 00 ci d .....; m
w I:-
-
...-t
CQ -.:t<
<:0 00
(1)
<:0 <:0 <:Ci t.O <:0 rd
0
<:0 CC t.O l:- I:-
ce t:- t:-

.....
r-C 0 ( l)

~' ~ ~

~ r;.. as

_'
 354
co 0:1 C'l t- eo ~ C'l ...-40:1 C'l IQ
· M ~ ~
r-f
~
..... t- CI:) r-f

.-. 00
r-f
10
...-4
Ct;) 0
1"""f
...-4 t-

··

··

·· ···

· ·· ··· ··
·0
o
·· ··

·
... ··

~
.....o
S Q)
'Ul'
......
....o 11.l
(])
..::.1
d .....
11.l

~po
~
CD
S ...,.
...............cD ..........o
CD
11.l

~ ~
o
"0
·eeo11.l
o
o
S
11.l
......
d
~
CD
S
-o

CD
.-
8
ci
.
...... t-
00 00 oo
 355

. -.:tI
!"""I
~
t:-
-.:tI
..... t:- o
..... ..... 10
et:)
-.:tI .. ~ 1.0
Cf':)
'"
C'l
1"""1

...-I ~ ...-I ':'I:) ..... ..... 0

O':l
-.:tf
C'l

.!
·· ··

-
tll

....'"'
Q)

rJl
~
....
10

S
<:D
.A
10

....o
.
tll
.....<:D.... cx5
~ t:-
o
.p
or l
o.... 1"""1
rJl
::s
rd
s:l
H
 356

,t

··

:• I
···
....
o
o
o
..0

~
,.0

~
.....o....
~
 357
~ e.o ¢1 C'I':I c:.o C(;)

10 r-I e.o I;;;) e.o

.-I .-I ~ ~
C>I

co ~
I." e.o

....o

t-
el
r-I
 358

': l!'J

;,
.'

m
.....
Q)

00
00
til

.......
.....
~
o
- til

o
r:ll
Q)
W
t>,
o
P..
8 Q)
 359

to e:I C1 ~ 00 ~ :c ~ ~ ~ en
..... to cr.l
to ~
t- C'I CfJ ...... ...... ~ ('0 ...... C'I
......
1"""1
,....... M
~ CfJ

~ 0 M ..... C'I C'l cr;,

M
~
'""'(
C'l CfJ
.....

t- t- r:: ..... ......

-
ct:) CI)
.....

.p
00
Q)
10<
o
.......

.p

.....~
o
......
.......
- o

o
oo
f::;
rr.
10<
~
~
.....
Q)
~ <"0
o o
S u
~
.....o
rod
o
o
~
 ·,.:cwo
I:- It- ~ --e;l <:0 .. ~ ~ ,'to :~ T""i ~ ~ et:l ~ C'I
, .... -...... C'l .~ 0 C':'l ...... 10 OJ
Q;) ...--I 'D

C'I .~ ~ ,.,... t- -:ji 'D ~ Q;) <.C Col

,10 Cf'.J

IfJ
P<
o
..d
IfJ
~
o
o<:)
ri
.....
Q)
..... ......
.00
Q)

""'" ..p
o
...d
U1
F-<
o
P

-.....
0"
 361
.... -

rn
o'"'
+"
C
S
00
~

~
o
...c1

-S00
~

~
C,)

....rn
~
...c1
~

.....o -.....
(l)

ell

S
.....::I
~
o
....t:l .....t:l .....o
rn
~
~

S
....i=1
~
rO
~

8'"'
 362
0 0 '1""4 l:- ll':) I.C
OJ 0':> .- CD co co
~ 1'"'1 M co
M

co
,.....;
CfJ
,.....;
10
CQ
<:.0
C'~

t-

-1TJ
o
o
.....

-
o
1TJ
....
(l)

§
-c6

00
~
o
..p
:::s
..0
......
....
.oJ

.....1TJ .S
"0 ...en
._-8 -
(l)

ctl
(l)

A
 363
C'l C'l 0 t- t- oo ~ 0 C'l '<t' t- ll:> t- 1"""4 t- o 0
r- c:.o 1"""4 O'j co c:.o
,...., 10 c:.o 0 C'l t- C'I ...-4
C'l C'l ~ ~ ""'" C'l C'l C'l 1"""4

O'j t-t C'l ~ c:.o c:.o c:.o Xl

.....
ll:> rY':-
...... ""'"
C'I

A on ro
.............,.
00 I=l
.~
~
m
rh

~ '"' ~ 'P"' ~

0
<1) .0 <1)

'" m 8 "'0' on
~
'J:;
...c:l
....I> ....m
C) 0 ~£
a:l CD
<G
<1) _ oo~
~
c.. '"'
<l) ~ ce ;..,
a:l
S 00 ...... 0 ~
,...... q ;.., 00
<l) ce :;:1 ...... oo~

<l) on ...c:l
. .0
0
S
......
-....
....:> N
...c:l ~ w :;:1 ciS
~

....0 I>
'"'
A
<1)
"""Cl rn~ 0
;.., C?
ce <1) ......
..p """
0 1:13 ......0 o 0 bO
0
q 00 E-4 ro ..... rn~
<+=I
.....q
.__. ro
- """s:l ~
III Cl reI-<

Z
-
.....
4"
<l)

ce--:-
~

00
riJ
<l)

ce
..,:>
enIII
..L:>

"""
::n
c:I
ce
C)

-'"'
0
ce
I>
....<1)
rn
~
~
~
Q
..p
<l)
<1)

8
rn
0
0
'"'
..!t1
00
III
<l) 0

Oro
"""
.~ Cl
0
00 ::l
:;;
'0
q
.....
00
"""00 q t:l
OJ re; ~ '.....
5D '0"' bIlO
._ 0 "0
0 00"""
.....OD ...c:l ::l r;tl <Il~
03_ ......t:l
1::1 """'4 I> .....ce ..,:> ce i!;
<1l
S
..0
0
Eo-!
~
~
AI;!)
..p
(l)

. o. . ">0 ....0
0 ro
H
Cl
....
....
(l.)
I-<
0 ro
0

1=1
ce
~
00

.....
C)
~
H
~
'"'
<1l
......
....t:l
<Il

.,...,
Q)
....
<Il~

Cl
<Il
::l
.... ....~
....be0 . . . 's..'"'
1=I..3P
-
~

a:l
...... en
..,:>
ce E-4 d 0 ...... lEl0 Cl ::l ...... 0 I-;
Cl5 ~ 00 0
to a:l Z S q Q5 .........c:e
rn
E~ ....c..0
.~ 00 00
..,:>00
'"
0 ~ .p ..,:> ;..,
.... 1:6 ~ r£ <Il~ ero
........
0 0)
<1l
be Z I-; s:I
ce ......
>=l
ce
s:I
....1=1 <1l
on ..,:>
~ ;.., d3 q
<1l"""
p..,...c:l

-....
1:6 d3

--...
..,:> r/) rJJ

-
.....0 ce H <1l
.....
ITJ 1> I> I> a:l <l)
...... Cl
..0
I> ::l ~..!t1
..... ~ 1-;"0
'"'
;.., ::l Z 0 .... 0 a:l !:l
<1:1 ~ P- O .....I:l
8
(l)
001-1
q
00
<l) <l)
r:.n. ~ P- O
H
'"'
P-I ::s 0
~ <l)
r:.n.be
....
H~
~ ro UJ
r:D t- oo0:. 0 a:l 0; d ,......
c-i O'j
r:.n.
~
s:l
0
......
-;i 10 c:.o) t- oo0
0:.
...-4
m ~
.....0 ""'" ,....;
H
H ....
C) ~
1"""4
0
C'l
0
C'l
0
C'l
0
C1 ~ .....
b.O
0
C'l
0
C1
(

C'l
0
C1
~
C'l
o::l :0 0 ~ ce
"0 p ::l
p., ~ ~
p.. ~
P-4 p.,
co I
H ~
I
..... 10
"ii
~
'-.tI
'<:I' ~ ......
H
> .....
t,...
 864

o
,....

<ll
co
t;\i
8
......

d
.§1
 ~ 0
r-I r-I

'<t1 r-t r-I 00 00 a:;

t- OO ~ ~
C'Q ~ ~ ~ £0
~ ~ CO lC)
~
'<t1
lC)
'<t1
lO
~
lC)
C'I
C"
~

~
r-I
C"
'"
iii
CD ~ c..
, r"tj ID
....~
III 4:)0
"Q..d

-
~ r"tj
.....=
~
•
III ~ =
::s ~
Q)
..,.rT.!.
Or"tj
..p
~
(p
..p
..............
(l)
~ ,...:::
..d
..p
rt:l~
~ ~
0 0 ~ ell
ell en (p
=
(p 0
...... 0 ro Q III ell rd
cP
....~ ....'"00
u3 ..... 00=
~ 0
0
...... '"= Z ~ ~O .....
!+=I to

-
H ....... ",,,Q CD
;:c 0
Z 0 en
~ .......
= rti 0 = ..,.'"
=
d (p

o '"
cP
=
CD
~

- ....'"
0..
=
~
0 H H 0
....... ell 0
a:I
~
~
::s '" Eo! 10
=
0 oo~ ~ ..r:l
0 0 III
..,.(p

-= < 0 0
=
"'r"tj
= rJl
00
cP
o ai
~..c
.....
..p

..c
..r:l
E-4
Z
I
(p
= C· 0
• .....

'cap.,.
"=
...
ell
ai
I-<
QJ

=
p..
~
....cP
.....
~
r"tj
~
=
(p
ft~
cP rJl
rd
QJ
Cl
.....
.... ..r:l'"
a'.l

~
rJl
CD
rll
- 8
ciS
-::s
0.._
_0
~
QJ 0 S
0
bD(p

Q
ca
cP
0
0
0
!+=I
QJ
I'd ~
QJ
,..!lcI(p
,0
,..!lcI~
!+=I
0
QJ
QJ

..p
=
0
..r:l
r"tj
§
o rt.l ~ ell~ C - r"tj'
S, go
'0" 1>4 ....= o 1=1 rt:l ....ca
QJ
..c ro
c..
ell
0 rll r£

-
~
rD (p
cP· .... H ca 1=1 A rt.l ~ 1=1 S S
<!)..p ......
"" H .....
'" 1=1 00 ca ~ .....
0 ell
ell~~ =
(p
l>..~
o C
0
QJ
< QJ
..r:l
ca "',
..r:lcP
.... r"tj
ell
QJ
.....0 ~
rt:l
.....1=1
<D
1=1
......
........
= <D
.... rIl
S
,..!lcI rO
ca
=
.-
I>a
-0
'"00 Pol ..p
....... '"<D H ell ca<D C a'.l
0.. ell
....ciS H ~ ...."" ""<D ~
~ ....0 ..c=
.... c.. ~ '"0 1=1
til
ca
S ell<D
QJ
..c.B
• 0
Z
0
'" 0
<D..d
~o..
.
rO'"
,.. .....
00 0 1=1 ell~
1=1
'"<D rO~
ell
::s 1=1 ...c r£
-......
ell-
......

-
ell C 00 o0 _::s
'"= o <D H
"'" 0· ... ~
..p
S ~

'"'" .
ro 0 1=1
~
..p
_..r:l ::s
1=1 0
ca C,
0_
'" l1J
ca ca
~
Pol 0..
l1J ~ ....00 cP l1J
A
r"tj (p
::sre ~ 0
0
IJl
ciS .- 0
......
.......c..r:l
I>-.
.
a:I
arS 0
rIl '"
'" ca
0
S S l>" 0
.... QJ ~<D
I1J
.....0 ~ 00 !1J
I1J CD
,.. C "'o .....1=1 c!:) .....=
0-
.... 0
H
:>-
0
rO ~~ l1J
~\>,
<!)
=
QJ
I-<
ca
....ca
QJ
<D ca
~I-<
ce
1=1 ....-
~ ca Z
H '"c..
(p,..c:l
..... 0
~rJl
~ a5
.....0
....ce
<D

...."" ....c:l....'"
QJ
H
Eo! ~
_0
:::
1=1c..
<!)
..... 0
....c:l-
ca
..d
0
::s
0
..c
f:r;1
po -...........
r£
S
-
f:r;1 ell 0.. ca
...... r"tj 00 po. eo Z ell ca rT.!. S cP H
=
~S
ca
8~
~:-;:::
~ H ....= Pol'" = orO 00 ""'"'
<!) '"
Pol 0 ~ S ::;a§ ciS
OcP ~ H
til
Eo! H
~

0 H ..... ciS
0 IJl H
....'"
<!) 0 0

~
C'1
lC)
C'I
~
Z
-<
00
Z
0
.- ""
IJl

=0
~
~
C'1
H
Eo!
00
f:r;1
.....
..,.0
U1
<D
t-
C'1
lC)
cri
C'1
10
0
H
~
~
-'"
ca
<D
0;
C'1
C'1
0C'Q
~
r-I
co
C'1
C'i
r.o
C'1
~
A
0
III
....ca
CD

S
C'Q
r.o
~

C'1 C'1 H S ~ ~ p::j

H ~
IJl

'"
(p ::s0 A
0 00
<D
c!:)
Pol
Z
H =
f:r;1 ~
Pol zH
0 Pol A ~ cr5
,.....
rJJ
H I 010 C'l
10 I to
::s ~ ~
lLl H
~
H
H
~
I ~

A
 -...
I
1.0
d

LO
T""1

I
f~
·Slal1~O II:S.-, 'I

,--
r:fl
~

-
H
H
r:fl c6
.....I-<C
-
o1.0
,......
'-'
-o Q;l

I~
Icc
I cq I
I I
1 I
I I
-..,....
Q;l

~
Q;l
8
 168

~
.... cq e8

~
1""'4 oo~ .....
~ e8
T
~
r:t:) 00
00 ~8~~
I=:l .....
""':(1;)..,:»

,.....f
~ ..-! O...,;~P-4
H ZH~
...... l=l
00 ~
+"
<lJ
.... :.;,
:>-
~
....I=:l
0 ..-! '"'
<lJ
10 ~ A p..
::l
r:t:)
tIl r:I1
I
..-!
~
r:t:) III
00 ~
P
<lJ 00
H
~
til
<lJ
»
<lJ f0 00
i:I
0
0 ~
~ co
~
...=
+> ~
!
c;l 00
;::-- til t-
~<l.)
<lJ
J.+ H
0
::s
..._,
Cl.I
.--.. Cl.I
J.+ J.+
0 ~
00 0
Cot
1-1 a 10
c;l
~
...:t 0
J.+
I

-
00 M
0
-:-- c;l 00"
til
~oo
10 Cl.I 10
00
..._,
..-! Q) H
H
~ v
H til <lJ
I
~
-.....»
rRl
<l.) '0"' -.:II
-<
8 +"
0
cq
~ II
H ..... r
I
~
-< 0
.....0
~
00
~
..-! rn
IV CQ
r-c
~
P-4
~
l=l
~
<l.)
H
I
~ QO
as. rd
IV
~ ~
..0
+> .....0p..
l=l
Q) e
s» IV
i:I '"
::l
.....0p.. .......
~
+>
S
Ql
0
I
I=:l
8
P
I
-
.'....
,-..

X 1
<lJ
+>
....c!!
00

........c
J.+
0

I
Q;) <lJ
....'"'
I
0 .-4 +> +>
.....1>.
l=l I
00
+"
~

A
~
00
0
til ~
'"'
p.. .......
....
til
.......
.....
~
+" +>
1 til
~
til
P-4

l
 369
IMPERIAL TABLE (1/50 SLIPS).

x (ii) ......... " .... Educated unemployment.

-------- --- _._ --- -------

AG
----
E.
Standard
of
Total
un-
-----------------------------
Education. employed. 16-20 21-25 26-30 31--35 36-40

1 3 5 6 7
---~ ------ ----------- -
Literates

Middle School

Matriculates
or S.L,C.

Degrees

Indian

Graduate in Arts
or Science

Post-graduation

Arts or Science
Teaohing

Engineering

Agriculture

Veterinary

Commerce

Legal

Medical

Other (e. g.
Oriental)

British

American

Continental

Other foreign

---------------~-----,--

SUKHDEV SINGH,
Lt. Col.
Superintendent;
Census Department, Pa.tial.a..
 871

~I

,...,
........-1 co t-
I

I
r~ I~ I
II
t-

! I
~ CL)!

o.....

o...-I o o o
1.0 C'l co lCl

u
I I
It:I 1Q
I o
I o
I
...-I C'l =0

I
!
;..., I I
I~
.p
.~
::l 1
I
S
a 'c
o
Q ...,..lIS
 372

-,;; ~ -,;; ce
R "':I'! ........
...c,r:, 'I-i ,......:ce
o~
~o ce
b"o
>=l 8.p~
fi1 0 T"'"'I ..,., t- Cl t- eo 1.0 \f) ZH rJ1~

.- >=l
<ll
~ eo
...... :.0
1"'"1 el T"'"'I '71 H
00
~
Q
<l.I
..."

...ce >
~
0

-
+>
<ll CI
..... ~
...... "tt t- Cl t- o 1.0 C'I ~ <ll
~ -t ~ I.C)
H ~ eo C1
P:4 '"0
...... >=l
~ <ll
+>
P .....CI
00 ~

<:D 0 0 0';) 1.0 ~ 0';) 0 eo <ll

0..
~
...... 00
-,;; 0 C1 1.0 eo ":'l co t- oo ~
p
...... <:D 1.0 "tt eo o:>~ <:0 t- eo OCJ~
t-
eo~ ..-1 ...... oo
<li
+>
c-"
eo 0 c;q 00 ...... ...... <:D 0:> t- Cl
._~
<l!
+>
~ 0
...... Cl
I.O~
~
10
0
-.0
00
~
1.0
"tt
00
o~
el
t-
t-
o
o~
......
1.0
<:D
"'i'I
-,;;~
Cl
"71
;::;
10
~
...... ..,.,
<:D
,.....
:'1
el
00
:v:l
0
0
~
0
0
'<t1
\f)
00
t-
eo <:0
0';) t-
Cl
...... 0:> 00 O~ ~~ <:.O~ O~ Cl
OO~ ...... ..-; ~ ,_ ,...... ...... -,;;~

--.. <li l.O t:- ...... eo CO 0 "tt t-

O)' 00 0 ...... C1 ...... t- ...... 0:>
A-t < ~ 00 C1
.....
H
H
ro
CI
U2 ce
(J)
0
l.O +>
::>,
._,
+>
ce 0
......
~ "'i'I 00 t- ..... <:D "tt

-
el OO 0
...... CI ~
~ t- t-
Cl CO <:.0 t- "tt
---- P
<ll
.....
+> Cl
el

P=l S H
H S
~ 0
0
10 T'""I l.O ...... 0 ..... 0 --I
~ ~ CO
C'I T'""I C'f';I ~ c- o:> 1.0 CO 0
t:::... 0:-
co T'""I eo
8 ~

H i>,
<
H
<:)
ce
~ <:D I.e':) t- o <j) t- O';) 0
~
P=l
<ll
.....
+=> ~ IQ
\f)
<:0
\f)~
0
<:0
Cl
l.O
tr.l
~
<:D
CO
"71
c;,~
t-
<:0
"<1'1
00 "'eo"
0:> Cl
o:>~
~ H cr:I
...... 'I-i

~ I
-
H
H
~ ctl 0 C'I el 1.0 0:> CO 0 eo <:0
1.0 ,.... 00 10 0';) 0 ~
~ """ "tt
,.....
..j.;>
0 -.:11 0';) l.O 10 10 ~ 00 q t- <:.Q~
t-
8 -;; ei ...... Cl

CO t- O';) 1.0 t- o O':l t- <:D

~ eo C'f';I
<:0
'11
......
~ eo ~ 0:> eo CO 0:> <:D
'I-i O':l (f) 0 1Q~ 0';) o~ 10
eo ..-; ..... ~~ 'I-i ...... 'I-i ~~
oo~

0 0 0 0 ~
10
...... 10
'I-i Cl ctl cY:) 10 <ll ~
~
...., +> :;.. +>

0
I I I I 8
0
I I 0
ro
0
8
as00 0 10 0 l.Q 0 0

I
C1 8 ...... 'I-i Cl co CI
< ro
CI 0
~

ce 1.0
~

0
J
.II
r
p:,
l
~
t
.....CI
.p

P
S ......
.wi
.§
s0 0
:t

I 0
 37.3

1\~
~.

-
~
,£-
,......:fii~
o >=l ......
1";'0 ~-O OJ ~
I C .0 .c
lro
I~
d~",,~

I"""
ce
~
I, ~ I
. I,
Z
~
w
>-
p
OJ
rO
>=l
OJ
"""~
I.~ p. .
C'l
...,
ri:l
A
.....
~
OJ
;H ~ c..
I I
~
~
r:t2
::l
W

....
I ~ ....-t

I I I
....
11 \s I ~
....-I ....-t

l§ I I
....
I~I~
I
...... ....-I

,
OJ
tlD 1 I
~
00
r;: "0
C
j:i,
~ ctl
H
H :>.
rfJ .....
""" OJ I I
C

~I~
0 ::l t-
10 8
---
....-t
~ S
0
I~ I
P21 :;)
H
P=l
:>.
,.0 I~ ~I
<
E-l
I>:,
0 I
~
~
OJ
I
H
~
......
;C;
......
H
""" I
~~ I~
~
~
I
~ .- _... .-I
....... ~
....-t
ctl
~
H
~
"""0
E-l
, ....-t ....-t
I~ CI:l ....-t

I
I
I
I II .-
ctl
...OJ
l>'
0 ..-
0 .- 0 0 C3
"""0 0 1.0
.., ~
I
i ...-I cq ctl en ~ +>
Q) 1.0 ~
0
~cq
E-l I
I I I I I
0
tlD cq
rc 1 E-l E-l
< I >=l
0 10 0
....-t
10
1"""1
0
CI:l
0
1.0
j ce
I CJ
~

I
;>-,
I,
......
""" I
>=l
::l
8
I I
,
OJ
....-II
1
Q)
80 aJ
~

0 ce
~
I
 'SN

.t:l
l~ '<T1
,..-<
"'~~
~
tI1
. .....
;:l, ....
~oo~
OD
I OOp..
l~
Q(l)

~ ......~ ' 0
!,~ ;:;1 ....,"".p
~H§
Z '"0
I~ ..... ~

I~.....
(l)
UJ .p
~
~ C'1 .,...
, .-1 >
~
,._,
I Q
P-
I 0 ;::l
~ 'CD

I
I
i~
J
.....
M
I::- M ,-I "tI ,..., <:(;) ~
P
OJ

!~ 1 C'I C'1
~ r~ 0 lCl ,-I Cf:! r-! ,..-j
r-1
<D

~I
I~ j OJ I C'1 <":'I C-l "1i l.O C'l CJ':j

I I I
~iool
Q)
I:tO
"......,
00 <
P-i r'Cj
H ~

~I~
H ~
rn
0
..........
..... .I~ ~ M ,..., 1""'1
<0
-..... >::
~ I~
r-1
'-'

~
S
S !~ I
~!~
0
H 0 ,.-; M
~
~ >. ! ,
rl

I
~ I
F-<
H
.. >.
c:;
~
I
I
1,

l~
-1j 1
H
'W""
....., I l.Ol t- M ...... '<:!'I M ~
~ 1
fi1 H 1
0.,
~
I 1
..... ~
~ ee
.....
c
~ ~I ~ c<I rl Cf:! ...-I ..... ,..., ~

8
I I
~1Cf:!1 ro 0)
I
I ~
" C'l C'l 1.':1 C'l
M "'"
I
1

I
I
I
!
j
J 'I>-""
<lJ I
I
I ~
"'"0 l.C
0 <:0
,... 0 -;;
.... 0
cc
0
to
0
'"8 "; I
I
(l)' C'I

I
...-! ...:>
8 0 0
till
..q
1C'l
"0 0
I t 0
I I 8 0
I c
I 0
! ~
'"
ll)
0 rl M C'I CQ l.O
,.,ce
J I 0 I
I ,
I ,..
00
I
I
(3)
..c:
t ...,>. 1 +'>
0 I
I 0
~
s [J
' I 's
~
a;
I
1 0
s0 ~
..a
r-d
I
1 I i rt:1
< I
 ,375

I
I
I
I
I o
CJ
o
co

I
I
I
I
I
I

co
t-

......
co
~

I 1O~

I ~I
to
,..., ~I
,~
t-

,...,
t- ~~ I
I
I o to
...... o oco o ~l
I 1 I
o
I
C'l
I
J I
10
I
~l
} I~ r o ,..., ,...,
10 o
C'l
o
co J

I I
I 'I
:>, 1
<O-J

.~
J
:;j
s 1
so
o I
j
 '13~6

I ..r::. R
-.,1;
~
C'Q
M
r-i C'1 C'Q C'l
"
C'1 ee
.....:~
......rn 0· .....
bo pfO"'ce
I:l
II ~..,;:;P-!
r£l
.....c
Q;
.;.;:>

....ce
Q)
~
I
I
-I1
Cfj

~
r:o
'<:r
r-t
,_. r-i
.....
r-
r-t
~
C'l
t-
I.Q
OO
~
1":'1
,....,
--
t-
.......
Z H rn~
H
r:n
>-
r£l
0
;;5
I:l
~

.;.;:>
...... ...... .-4 C'l Ol C'1 00 00 C'1 ~ 0 I:l
~ p... C>1 l.Q M r-t C'Q I.Q ~ .-1
ro
Q)
r-I ,_, r-t tIl I:l
~ Q)
_.;:,
P I=i
......
r:n ....
-~
00 r:o ~
t-
I:- r:o 00 0 00 C'l 0 CD
p,..
R 0 C'Q 10 t- t- ~ 00
--
l.Q ~
r-t 00 00 I:- ~ oo~ 00 I.Q ::l
~~ l.Q
l.Q C'1 ,.... ci ':f2

<l.>
.;.;:>
ce
.... CI':! ~ 00 00 0 0 ~ 10 Ol ro
0 ,...., Ol r.:; I:- I.Q 00 0
~
<l.> t- l.Q
......
.;.;:>
....;
r:o t- I.Q <0 r:o o~ ~ r:o
-
I:-
10 C"l M ,_. ro
H

~ 0 r- I",
,....., r:o 00 Ol Cf':l M
, .... Cf':l
Po; Ol I:- 0 "i'1 C'l 00 Cl 0 00
M l.Q~ r:o Cf':l o~ -.,1;
~~ I.Q C-l_ <:C~
M
,...., ,....., ...... ..... ~ ,..., C'l r-t l(";J
,.....,
<ll
.
fij e.o <:C ~ -.:tt
...... C'l lQ ...-I
,....
0:: ...-I ...-I
<: R 00 Ol C'I '<:r Cf':l lQ
P-! rc;
I-'
H I:l
r:n ce
>.. ...,.<!5
0
I.Q .-::: ce
.... 10
,.....,
t-
,ro
oo ~
,....., ~ 0 Cf':l 00 .....
~ t- ~ l.Q t- C'1 r:o r:o
'-
...... I=i
::l
<l:l
...... o~
..-I C'I C'I Cf':l ..... t-
'-' ""'" ,.....,
rJ:l 8 H
H 80
~ r:o ,....., ~
0 ..-I
,.....,
C'1 .-4 C'l ~ C'I
.....
r:o
Po;
-
..rj <:0 ~ ~ Ol 0 ~
p.., T""1 ,....., C'I Cf':l :0 ,....., 00
8 ..0 ~

.-;
H >.
<:)
~
H ....ce I
r:o ,...., .....
I
00 ....-I 00 :v:l t- 071
~ ~ ~
0 00 I.Q t- C>1 0 ro ro
......
..."
R 10 l.Q
00 X ,....., ~
r:o
r£l H lQ~
t-
"'" ~ Ol I.Q
p... l.I';) C'l ,....., C'l~

~ ....I I
;-;
~
I
r
~
+'
0
E-+
~ ~
00
C'1
l-
~
~
r:o
0
lQ

00
r:o
t-
r:o
~
oo
~
~
r:o
Cf')
0::
C\I
C\j~
00
0
t-
t-
C'I
oo
~
r:o
oo~
I <:0 C'l r-t ,....., ro

! ~ ro
01
00
C'1
0
0
I.Q~
,.....,
Cf':l
~
r:o~
,.....,
l:-
m
'<:j'i~
t-
<:0
,.....,
,.....,
t-
00
r--
O
ro
C'I
C'l~
I.Q
~
00
C'l~
0
C'I
~~
,...,
I.Q
~
~
r:o~
..-I I.Q

II
C'1
..-I

I.Q 0 I.Q 0 ..- 0 0 .... ~

~
, ,
,....., M C'l
, ce
_.;:, O'j I.Q <l:l
~
.;.:>

I
_.;:,

a)
0
E-+ 0 10 0
I 0
E-+ I I 0 0
E-+
M
I.Q
M
0
C'l
0
O'j
ro
tlll C'I I:l
<: ro ce
I I=i
ce....
C!)
0
lQ

I
I I
....,>.
...... ,

0
>=l
::l
S
,,,"",

....
I'-'
0
-I
[
I
.,;
::J
"t:I
C
:c
,
l
 377,

! l~'! ~ j I ~~

t10f I-I" I
r7:}_,

. .o. : gQ ....d
_Oa-
!~f~I~J
o~

f p:!....;_iI
o...:l~~
I~ i J i t Z
1-4
~
::3
....
},~f;../~1
U) Q.I

. f ? .SI-.

! ~ 111
A.

,I
1H J I H 0
tIl {/;J

I J~1~J ...._.,. ,....; C'l ,....; ~ <,,;) :::.<l C':> 10 :xl

p

I l I I I
r£l

fil~lsl ~
,..... C1 . cq to C'I ~ ..... -q.,
I
I~ I f I I
f I~I~l 0
'"'1
~ ~ ..-t ..... .....
..... "'tI ~
""" 0:
I
i
<1.1
bD I I 1 I I
-
a;
P-t
;....
<
to:;;
::l
<i'J
I 1~lccJ C'I I""'i ,....; ...., -;
I
l
H
en ,_»
,p I 1 f , I
fil~It-1
c
.....
0
'-Cl
::s
S
~
: . . M
. I
--
;

f~ I f I
,_,
---- s I
~
H
~
0
0

>,
,..Q I I~ ~! ~ ,....,.
. 1"""1 ..... ..... C'1
,
I

-<
8
H
~
0
<iJ
l-.
1:l
f i i
~tlQJ
.oJ
< ~
,_
~
t ~
,...., rl c;q <:'1 ~ t.- el -.:II
. (0
1
_ptq
A..
"""'
I 1ft J
131;sI~i I
,-'!;
,....., .....
~
~
,-<
,....; cq
. C1 l.O ro 1"""1 ~

~
J~ I f i I
J I~Jroj cr.-
~
C'I "11 ~ ~ C'l
00
lO lQ I""'i ,...
I""'i
I
II I I t
I I I !
i J I ~
+"
0 0 ,.....
11';) 0 ~ 0 :::::>
l-<
<lJ
.....
0
-
--'
~
I
I
ci .:;, r-< ::-1 ...;. ~' ~":>

-
8 ~ 0
I
ttl)
-< J Cl 't;'J
0
I I
to 0
I 10
I 8
0
0
I 0
I
I
0 E-\ J
ac:: cq co <0

I
1""'t

f f 0
~

1
j I

f I I t
J I !
...."'";::>, J

I ~

s t,- ~ I .. l::
CI
I
I S
0
0
! u• ''::
't:;
.J:;
i
I I I I
 378

t-

00
o
oC'I

II
I

I
 .379

I
I
I,
rl rl

1
I
I

I
I
I
I
I
 .......

o
(;<I

I ~I~
I
~f~
p.;1~1
~I~I
o
.-;
,.....;

oCQ
i~

I
I~I:::
I
!

,I o,.....;
I
~I~ I
1~loo
1p.;1t- I
I~I~ I
, I ~ 10 I
~I~I I
~I~I 10.
~ I
I
~ ~I
I
.......
C-l
lC I
I

I II
I ,
I
I
I I
I I
 381

~
.......
-:ee
0· ....
t:Ii0~
\!)..o.:iP-!
Z t-J rtf
1-004 :::s
00 ~
<II
>- 0
......
~

I, A
IJ:l
~
s::t
CD
"C$
s::t
QI
......
P ....,..
$:I

:1
...... U'1
.... j~
cP

I~
::I
s
...c::
~
~
rn C'l ~
Q"
CI
r.Q
...c :::s lC
Q "0 I
co: .....::I
::q I~
~ ~ ~ cq
...:t'I

...... .......... I~ 00
"'tI
~ -t
...c
,!:d
cil
....
ee
...c
ee I
l~ t-

0
0
~ """ ....
......
I~! <:0
..:Ii

t-
~

o a:.. 10
C'l
t-
C'l

,:
~
""
rn ""'"
::l r:Q <:0 <:0
-.:t4

..........
"'d
>=i
......
::q
II ""'"
Cf:I
~
<:Q
l:-
""'"
<:Q
t-
ee j I
...c::
ee

1:1
~ 00 00
~ ......
.,!:j
ee
........ co co
~ .......

-
0 rl
:::s
Q.c
Cl.; ; 'I ~
co C'-1

......
"'d
J:l
......
::q
~

-I :>i I gJ
I~ I - --
l:-

~
t-

......
.... 00
~I~
X)
,.......
ee '.
I
......t
a:
....
ee ~ <:0 C'l C'l
~
.....
.,!:j
et:)

I .......
~

::I ~
lO
Cf.)
:!
:::s
~
C'l ~ C'l
~
""'et:)"
. .....J:l J'i:.! co
......
"-
d
on
Q
Q)
-
"C
ce
r/).
:::s )j
co
C'1
'et:)

~ ......~

I I
...-!
0:::1 Po4 et:)

0
.....
..c
~ co ! :

......
~
ee
.......
::I
:::s
Ilo4
~
0:>
C'1

00
I
Pol C'1
,..l$
ce
.....~ t- .
p;" 0'1
0 ce
......

I~
r/).
:::s ~
"C$ ~

.....~ 1.0
~ ,Pol C'1