C A M PB ELL

essential 6e

biology
with
physiology
G LO B A L ED I T I O N

Eric J. Simon • Jean L. Dickey • Jane B. Reece

New England College Clemson, South Carolina Berkeley, California
with contributions from

Rebecca S. Burton
Alverno College

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 Detailed Contents

1
Learning About Life 36 Unit 1 Cells 55
CHAPTER THREAD

2
Swimming with the Turtles 37

Essential Chemistry
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY A Passion for Life 37
for Biology 56
CHAPTER THREAD
The Scientific Study of Life 38
Helpful Radiation 57
An Overview of the Process of Science 38
Hypotheses, Theories, and Facts 41 BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Nuclear Medicine 57
Controlled Experiments 42
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Do Baby Turtles Swim? 42
Some Basic Chemistry 58
Matter: Elements and Compounds 58
Evaluating Scientific Claims 43
Atoms 59
The Properties of Life 44
How Effective Is Radiation in
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE 
Major Themes in Biology 45 Treating Prostate Cancer? 60
The Relationship of Structure to Function 46 Chemical Bonding and Molecules 61
Information Flow 46 Chemical Reactions 62
Pathways That Transform Energy and Matter 47 Water and Life 63
Interactions within Biological Systems 48 Water 63
Evolution 50 Acids, Bases, and pH 65
EVOLUTION CONNECTION Turtles in the Tree of Life 52 Radioactivity as an Evolutionary
EVOLUTION CONNECTION 
Clock 67

3
The Molecules of Life 70
CHAPTER THREAD
Lactose Intolerance 71

BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Got Lactose? 71

Organic Compounds 72
Carbon Chemistry 72
Giant Molecules from Smaller Building Blocks 73
Large Biological Molecules 74
Carbohydrates 74
Lipids 77
Proteins 80
Nucleic Acids 83
 oes Lactose Intolerance Have
D
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE
a Genetic Basis? 85
The Evolution of Lactose Intolerance
EVOLUTION CONNECTION
in Humans 85

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 CONTENTS

4 5
A Tour of the Cell 88 The Working Cell 108
CHAPTER THREAD CHAPTER THREAD
Humans Versus Bacteria 89 Nanotechnology 109

Antibiotics: Drugs That Target

BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY  BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Harnessing Cellular Structures 109
Bacterial Cells
89
Some Basic Energy Concepts 110
The Microscopic World of Cells 90
Conservation of Energy 110
The Two Major Categories of Cells 91 Heat 111
An Overview of Eukaryotic Cells 92 Chemical Energy 111
Membrane Structure 94 Food Calories 112
The Plasma Membrane 94 ATP and Cellular Work 113
Cell Surfaces 95 The Structure of ATP 113
 ow Was the First 21st-Century
H Phosphate Transfer 113
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE
Antibiotic Discovered? 95 The ATP Cycle 114
The Nucleus and Ribosomes: Genetic Control of the Cell 96 Enzymes 114
The Nucleus 96 Activation Energy 114
Ribosomes 97
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Can Enzymes Be Engineered? 115
How DNA Directs Protein Production 97
Enzyme Activity 116
The Endomembrane System: Manufacturing and Enzyme Inhibitors 116
Distributing Cellular Products 98
Membrane Function 117
The Endoplasmic Reticulum 98
Passive Transport: Diffusion across Membranes 117
The Golgi Apparatus 99
Osmosis and Water Balance 118
Lysosomes 100
Active Transport: The Pumping of Molecules across Membranes 120
Vacuoles 101
Exocytosis and Endocytosis: Traffic of Large Molecules 120
Chloroplasts and Mitochondria: Providing Cellular Energy 102 EVOLUTION CONNECTION The Origin of Membranes 121
Chloroplasts 102
Mitochondria 102
The Cytoskeleton: Cell Shape and Movement 103
Maintaining Cell Shape 103
Flagella and Cilia 104
 he Evolution of Bacterial Resistance
T
EVOLUTION CONNECTION
in Humans 105

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 CONTENTS

6 7
Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Photosynthesis: Using Light
Energy from Food 124 to Make Food 140
CHAPTER THREAD CHAPTER THREAD
Exercise Science 125 Solar Energy 141

BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Getting the Most Out of Your Muscles 125 BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY A Solar Revolution 141

Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling in the Biosphere 126 The Basics of Photosynthesis 142
Producers and Consumers 126 Chloroplasts: Sites of Photosynthesis 142
Chemical Cycling between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration 126 An Overview of Photosynthesis 143
Cellular Respiration: Aerobic Harvest of Food Energy 128 The Light Reactions: Converting Solar Energy
An Overview of Cellular Respiration 128 to Chemical Energy 144
The Three Stages of Cellular Respiration 130 The Nature of Sunlight 144
The Results of Cellular Respiration 134
What Colors of Light Drive
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE 
Fermentation: Anaerobic Harvest of Food Energy 135 Photosynthesis? 145
Fermentation in Human Muscle Cells 135
Chloroplast Pigments 145
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE What Causes Muscle Burn? 136 How Photosystems Harvest Light Energy 146
Fermentation in Microorganisms 136 How the Light Reactions Generate ATP and NADPH 147
EVOLUTION CONNECTION The Importance of Oxygen 137 The Calvin Cycle: Making Sugar from Carbon Dioxide 149
 reating a Better Biofuel
C
EVOLUTION CONNECTION
Factory 149

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 CONTENTS

Unit 2 Genetics
9
153 Patterns of Inheritance 178
CHAPTER THREAD

8
Dog Breeding 179

Cellular Reproduction:
Cells from Cells 154 BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Darwin’s Dogs 179
CHAPTER THREAD
Life with and without Sex 155
Genetics and Heredity 180
In an Abbey Garden 180
Mendel’s Law of Segregation 181
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Virgin Birth of a Shark 155
Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment 184
What Cell Reproduction Accomplishes 156 Using a Testcross to Determine an Unknown Genotype 186
The Rules of Probability 186
The Cell Cycle and Mitosis 157
Family Pedigrees 187
Eukaryotic Chromosomes 157
Human Traits Controlled by a Single Gene 188
Duplicating Chromosomes 159
The Cell Cycle 159  hat Is the Genetic Basis of Short
W
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE
Mitosis and Cytokinesis 160 Legs in Dogs? 190
Cancer Cells: Dividing Out of Control 162
Variations on Mendel’s Laws 192
Meiosis, the Basis of Sexual Reproduction 164 Incomplete Dominance in Plants and People 192
Homologous Chromosomes 164 ABO Blood Groups: An Example of Multiple Alleles
Gametes and the Life Cycle of a Sexual Organism 165 and Codominance 193
The Process of Meiosis 166 Pleiotropy and Sickle-Cell Disease 194
Review: Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis 168 Polygenic Inheritance 194
The Origins of Genetic Variation 169 Epigenetics and the Role of Environment 195
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Do All Animals Have Sex? 171 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance 196
When Meiosis Goes Wrong 172 Linked Genes 196
EVOLUTION CONNECTION The Advantages of Sex 174 Sex Determination in Humans 197
Sex-Linked Genes 197
EVOLUTION CONNECTION Barking Up the Evolutionary Tree 199

Nucleus
DNA

Cell

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 CONTENTS

10 11
The Structure How Genes Are Controlled 230
and Function of DNA 204 CHAPTER THREAD
Cancer 231
CHAPTER THREAD
Deadly Viruses 205

BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY The Global Threat of Zika Virus 205 BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Breast Cancer and Chemotherapy 231

DNA: Structure and Replication 206 How and Why Genes Are Regulated 232
DNA and RNA Structure 206 Gene Regulation in Bacteria 232
Watson and Crick’s Discovery of the Double Helix 207 Gene Regulation in Eukaryotic Cells 234
DNA Replication 209 Cell Signaling 237
Homeotic Genes 238
From DNA to RNA to Protein 210
Visualizing Gene Expression 238
How an Organism’s Genotype Determines Its Phenotype 210
From Nucleotides to Amino Acids: An Overview 211 Cloning Plants and Animals 239
The Genetic Code 212 The Genetic Potential of Cells 239
Transcription: From DNA to RNA 213 Reproductive Cloning of Animals 240
The Processing of Eukaryotic RNA 214 Therapeutic Cloning and Stem Cells 242
Translation: The Players 214
The Genetic Basis of Cancer 243
Translation: The Process 216
Genes That Cause Cancer 243
Review: DNA S RNA S Protein 217
Mutations 218  an Avatars Improve Cancer
C
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE
Treatment? 244
Viruses and Other Noncellular Infectious Agents 220
Bacteriophages 220 Cancer Risk and Prevention 246
Plant Viruses 222 EVOLUTION CONNECTION The Evolution of Cancer in the Body 247
Animal Viruses 222
 an DNA and RNA Vaccines Protect
C
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE
Against Viruses? 224

HIV, the AIDS Virus 224

Prions 226
EVOLUTION CONNECTION Emerging Viruses 226

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 CONTENTS

12 Unit 3 Evolution and

DNA Technology 250
CHAPTER THREAD
DNA Profiling 251 Diversity 275

13
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Using DNA to Establish Guilt and Innocence 251 How Populations Evolve 276
Genetic Engineering 252 CHAPTER THREAD
Recombinant DNA Techniques 252 Evolution in Action 277
Gene Editing 254
Medical Applications 255
Genetically Modified Organisms in Agriculture 256
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Mosquitoes and Evolution 277
Human Gene Therapy 258
DNA Profiling and Forensic Science 259
The Diversity of Life 278
Naming and Classifying the Diversity of Life 278
DNA Profiling Techniques 259
Explaining the Diversity of Life 279
Investigating Murder, Paternity, and Ancient DNA 262
Bioinformatics 263
Charles Darwin and The Origin of Species 280
Darwin’s Journey 280
DNA Sequencing 263
Darwin’s Theory 282
Genomics 264
Genome-Mapping Techniques 265 Evidence of Evolution 282
The Human Genome 265 Evidence from Fossils 282
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Did Nic Have a Deadly Gene? 267 Evidence from Homologies 284
Evolutionary Trees 285
Applied Genomics 267
Systems Biology 268 Natural Selection as the Mechanism for Evolution 286
Safety and Ethical Issues 269 Natural Selection in Action 287
Key Points about Natural Selection 288
The Controversy over Genetically Modified Foods 269
Ethical Questions Raised by Human DNA Technologies 270 The Evolution of Populations 288
The Y Chromosome as a Window Sources of Genetic Variation 288
EVOLUTION CONNECTION  Populations as the Units of Evolution 289
on History 271
Analyzing Gene Pools 290
Population Genetics and Health Science 291
Microevolution as Change in a Gene Pool 291
Mechanisms of Evolution 292
Natural Selection 292
Genetic Drift 292
Gene Flow 294
Natural Selection: A Closer Look 295
 id Natural Selection Shape
D
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE
the Beaks of Darwin’s Finches? 296

 he Rising Threat of Antibiotic

T
EVOLUTION CONNECTION
Resistance 299

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 CONTENTS

14 15
How Biological Diversity The Evolution
Evolves 302 of Microbial Life 326
CHAPTER THREAD CHAPTER THREAD
Evolution in the Human Microbiota 327
Human-Dominated World 303
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Our Invisible Inhabitants 327
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Humanity’s Footprint 303
Major Episodes in the History of Life 328
The Origin of Species 304
What Is a Species? 305 The Origin of Life 330
Reproductive Barriers between Species 306 A Four-Stage Hypothesis for the Origin of Life 330
Mechanisms of Speciation 308 From Chemical Evolution to Darwinian Evolution 332
Do Human Activities Facilitate
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE 
Prokaryotes 333
Speciation? 310 They’re Everywhere! 333
Earth History and Macroevolution 313 The Structure and Function of Prokaryotes 334
The Fossil Record 313 The Ecological Impact of Prokaryotes 337
Plate Tectonics and Biogeography 315 The Two Main Branches of Prokaryotic Evolution:
Mass Extinctions and Explosive Diversifications of Life 317 Bacteria and Archaea 338
Are Intestinal Microbiota
Mechanisms of Macroevolution 317 THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE
to Blame for Obesity? 340
Large Effects from Small Genetic Changes 317
The Evolution of Biological Novelty 318 Protists 341
Protozoans 342
Classifying the Diversity of Life 320
Slime Molds 343
Classification and Phylogeny 320
Unicellular and Colonial Algae 344
Classification: A Work in Progress 322
Seaweeds 344
EVOLUTION CONNECTION Evolution in the Anthropocene 323
EVOLUTION CONNECTION The Sweet Life of Streptococcus mutans 345

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16 17
The Evolution of Plants The Evolution of Animals 370
and Fungi 348 CHAPTER THREAD
CHAPTER THREAD Human Evolution 371
Plant-Fungus Interactions 349

BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY The Diamond of the Kitchen 349

BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Evolving Adaptability 371
Colonizing Land 350
The Origins of Animal Diversity 372
Terrestrial Adaptations of Plants 350
What Is an Animal? 372
The Origin of Plants from Green Algae 352
Early Animals and the Cambrian Explosion 373
Plant Diversity 352 Animal Phylogeny 374
Highlights of Plant Evolution 352 Major Invertebrate Phyla 375
Bryophytes 353
Sponges 375
Ferns 355
Cnidarians 376
Gymnosperms 356
Molluscs 377
Angiosperms 358
Flatworms 378
Plant Diversity as a Nonrenewable Resource 361
Annelids 379
Fungi 362 Roundworms 380
Characteristics of Fungi 363 Arthropods 381
Echinoderms 387
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE What Killed the Pines? 364
The Ecological Impact of Fungi 365 Vertebrate Evolution and Diversity 388
Commercial Uses of Fungi 365 Characteristics of Chordates 388
Fishes 390
EVOLUTION CONNECTION A Pioneering Partnership 366
Amphibians 391
Reptiles 392
Mammals 394
The Human Ancestry 395
The Evolution of Primates 395
The Emergence of Humankind 397
 hat Can Lice Tell Us About
W
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE
Ancient Humans? 400

EVOLUTION CONNECTION Are We Still Evolving? 401

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 CONTENTS

19
Unit 4 Ecology 405 Population Ecology
CHAPTER THREAD
436

18
Biological Invasions 437
An Introduction to Ecology
and the Biosphere 406
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Invasion of the Lionfish 437
CHAPTER THREAD
Climate Change 407 An Overview of Population Ecology 438
Population Density 439
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Penguins, Polar Bears, and People in Peril 407 Population Age Structure 439
Life Tables and Survivorship Curves 440
An Overview of Ecology 408 Life History Traits as Adaptations 440
Ecology and Environmentalism 408
A Hierarchy of Interactions 409
Population Growth Models 442
The Exponential Population Growth Model: The Ideal of
Living in Earth’s Diverse Environments 410 an Unlimited Environment 442
Abiotic Factors of the Biosphere 410 The Logistic Population Growth Model: The Reality of
The Evolutionary Adaptations of Organisms 412 a Limited Environment 443
Adjusting to Environmental Variability 412 Regulation of Population Growth 444
Biomes 414 Applications of Population Ecology 446
Freshwater Biomes 414 Conservation of Endangered Species 446
Marine Biomes 416 Sustainable Resource Management 446
How Climate Affects Terrestrial Biome Distribution 418 Invasive Species 447
Terrestrial Biomes 419 Biological Control of Pests 448
The Water Cycle 425 THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Can Fences Stop Cane Toads? 449
Human Impact on Biomes 426
Integrated Pest Management 450
Climate Change 428
Human Population Growth 451
The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming 428
The History of Human Population Growth 451
The Accumulation of Greenhouse Gases 429
Age Structures 452
Effects of Climate Change on Ecosystems 430
Our Ecological Footprint 453
How Does Climate Change
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE  EVOLUTION CONNECTION Humans as an Invasive Species 455
Affect Species Distribution? 431
Looking to Our Future 432
 limate Change as an Agent
C
EVOLUTION CONNECTION
of Natural Selection 433

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 CONTENTS

20
Communities
and Ecosystems 458
Unit 5 Animal Structure
CHAPTER THREAD and Function 487
Importance of Biodiversity 459

21
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Why Biodiversity Matters 459 Unifying Concepts of Animal
Biodiversity 460
Structure and Function 488
Genetic Diversity 460 CHAPTER THREAD
Species Diversity 460 Controlling Body Temperature 489
Ecosystem Diversity 461
Causes of Declining Biodiversity 461 BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY An Avoidable Tragedy 489
Community Ecology 462 The Structural Organization of Animals 490
Interspecific Interactions 462 Anatomy and Physiology 491
Trophic Structure 466 Tissues 491
Species Diversity in Communities 469 Organs and Organ Systems 495
Disturbances and Succession in Communities 470
Ecological Succession 470
Exchanges with the External Environment 498

Ecosystem Ecology 471 Regulating the Internal Environment 499

Energy Flow in Ecosystems 472 Homeostasis 499
Chemical Cycling in Ecosystems 474 Negative and Positive Feedback 500
Thermoregulation 501
Conservation and Restoration Biology 478
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE How Does a Python Warm Her Eggs? 502
Biodiversity “Hot Spots” 478
Conservation at the Ecosystem Level 479 Osmoregulation 502
Homeostasis in the Urinary System 503
 oes Biodiversity Protect
D
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE EVOLUTION CONNECTION Adaptations for Thermoregulation 505
Human Health? 480

Restoring Ecosystems 481

The Goal of Sustainable Development 482
EVOLUTION CONNECTION Saving the Hot Spots 483

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22 23
Nutrition and Digestion 508 Circulation and Respiration 528
CHAPTER THREAD CHAPTER THREAD
Controlling Your Weight 509 Athletic Endurance 529

BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY The “Secret” to Shedding Pounds 509 BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Avoiding “The Wall” 529

An Overview of Animal Nutrition 510 Unifying Concepts of Animal Circulation 530

Animal Diets 510
The Human Cardiovascular System 532
The Four Stages of Food Processing 510
The Path of Blood 532
Digestive Compartments 512
How the Heart Works 533
A Tour of the Human Digestive System 513 Blood Vessels 534
System Map 513 Blood 537
The Mouth 513 THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Live High, Train Low? 538
The Pharynx 514
Cardiovascular Disease 540
The Esophagus 514
The Stomach 514 Unifying Concepts of Animal Respiration 541
The Small Intestine 516
The Human Respiratory System 543
The Human Microbiome 517
The Path of Air 544
The Large Intestine 518
The Brain’s Control over Breathing 545
Human Nutritional Requirements 519 The Role of Hemoglobin in Gas Transport 546
Food as Fuel 519 The Toll of Smoking on the Lungs 547
Food as Building Material 519 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Evolving Endurance 547
Decoding Food Labels 522
Nutritional Disorders 523
Malnutrition 523
Eating Disorders 523
Obesity 524
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Can a Gene Make You Fat? 524

EVOLUTION CONNECTION Fat and Sugar Cravings 525

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24 25
The Body’s Defenses 550 Hormones 568
CHAPTER THREAD CHAPTER THREAD
Vaccines 551 Steroid Abuse 569

BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Herd Immunity 551 BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Baseball’s Ongoing Steroid Problem 569

An Overview of the Immune System 552 Hormones: An Overview 570

Innate Immunity 553 The Human Endocrine System 572

External Innate Defenses 553 The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 573
Internal Innate Defenses 553 The Thyroid and Metabolism 574
The Pancreas and Blood Glucose 575
The Lymphatic System 554
The Adrenal Glands and Stress 577
Circulatory Function 555
The Gonads and Sex Hormones 579
Immune Function 555
Mimicking Sex Hormones 579
Adaptive Immunity 556
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Do ’Roids Cause Rage? 580
Step 1: Recognizing the Invaders 556
Step 2: Cloning the Responders 557 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Steroids and Male Aggression 581
Step 3: Responding to Invaders 558
Step 4: Remembering Invaders 560
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE How Do We Know Vaccines Work? 561

Immune Disorders 561

Allergies 561
Autoimmune Diseases 563
Immuno­deficiency Diseases 563
AIDS 563
EVOLUTION CONNECTION Viral Evolution versus the Flu Vaccine 564

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26 27
Reproduction Nervous, Sensory,
and Development 584 and Locomotor Systems 608
CHAPTER THREAD CHAPTER THREAD
High-Tech Babies 585 Neurotoxins 609

BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY New Ways of Making Babies 585 BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Medicinal Poisons 609

Unifying Concepts of Animal Reproduction 586 An Overview of Animal Nervous Systems 610
Asexual Reproduction 586 Neurons 610
Sexual Reproduction 587 Organization of Nervous Systems 610
Sending a Signal through a Neuron 611
Human Reproduction 588
Passing a Signal from a Neuron to a Receiving Cell 613
Male Reproductive Anatomy 588
Female Reproductive Anatomy 589 The Human Nervous System: A Closer Look 615
Gametogenesis 590 The Central Nervous System 615
The Female Reproductive Cycle 592 The Peripheral Nervous System 616
The Human Brain 617
Reproductive Health 593
Contraception 593 The Senses 621
Sexually Transmitted Infections 594 Sensory Input 621
Vision 622
Human Development 596
Hearing 626
Fertilization by Sperm 596
Basic Concepts of Embryonic Development 597 Locomotor Systems 627
Pregnancy and Early Development 598 The Skeletal System 627
The Stages of Pregnancy 600 The Muscular System 629
Childbirth 602 Can Botulism Toxin Prevent
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE 
Reproductive Technologies 602 Headaches? 632
Infertility 602 Stimulus and Response: Putting It All Together 633
In Vitro Fertilization 603
Are Babies Conceived through In Vitro EVOLUTION CONNECTION A Neurotoxin Arms Race 633

THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Fertilization as Healthy as Babies
Conceived Naturally? 603

The Ethics of IVF 604

EVOLUTION CONNECTION The “Grandmother Hypothesis” 604

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29
Unit 6 Plant Structure The Working Plant
CHAPTER THREAD
658

and Function 637 The Interdependence of Organisms 659

28
The Life of a BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Planting Hope in the Wake of Disaster 659
Flowering Plant 638
How Plants Acquire and Transport Nutrients 660
CHAPTER THREAD Plant Nutrition 660
Agriculture 639 From the Soil into the Roots 662
The Role of Bacteria in Nitrogen Nutrition 662
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY The Buzz on Coffee Plants 639 The Transport of Water 663
The Structure and Function of a Flowering Plant 640 The Transport of Sugars 664
Monocots and Eudicots 640  an the Pressure Flow Mechanism
C
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE
Roots, Stems, and Leaves 641 Be Directly Measured? 666
Plant Tissues and Tissue Systems 644
Economic Uses of Plant Transport Products 667
Plant Cells 645
Plant Hormones 667
Plant Growth 647
Auxins 668
Primary Growth: Lengthening 647
Cytokinins 668
Secondary Growth: Thickening 648
Ethylene 669
What Happened to the Lost Colony Gibberellins 669
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE 
of Roanoke? 650 Abscisic Acid 669

The Life Cycle of a Flowering Plant 651

Response to Stimuli 670
Tropisms 670
The Flower 651
Photoperiodism 671
Overview of the Flowering Plant Life Cycle 652
Pollination and Fertilization 652 EVOLUTION CONNECTION Plants, Bugs, and People 672
Seed Formation 653
Fruit Formation 654
Seed Germination 654 Appendices
EVOLUTION CONNECTION The Problem of the Disappearing Bees 655 A Metric Conversion Table A-1
B The Periodic Table A-3
C Credits A-5
D Selected Answers A-13

Glossary G-1

Index I-1

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