1

1 The photomicrograph is of human blood.

Use the information in the photomicrograph to complete the table by stating one function for each
cell.

identifying letter in
function
photomicrograph

[2]

[Total: 2]
 2

2 Mammals have a double circulation.

The diagram shows a section through the heart of a mammal. The arrows show the direction of
blood flow through the heart and blood vessels.

Identify the structure labelled X in the diagram and state its role in the heart.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]
 3

3 The diagram shows the double circulation of a mammal. The arrows indicate the movement of
oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out of the blood.

Explain the advantages of a double circulation.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 4]
 4

4 The kidneys filter blood, separate useful molecules from excretory wastes and control the water
content of the blood.

Diagram A is of a kidney tubule and associated blood vessels. The arrows show the direction of
blood flow.

Diagram B is a drawing of a vertical section through a cell from the lining of region 2 of the tubule.

diagram A diagram B

Blood vessel Q has the highest blood pressure.

Suggest why.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

5 Red blood cells contain the protein haemoglobin.

State the role of haemoglobin.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]
 5

[Total: 1]

6 Two groups of students, A and B, investigated how running affected their pulse rates.

There were three students, 1, 2 and 3, in each group.

They measured their pulse rates when at rest, then all ran the same distance and immediately
measured their pulse rates again.

The results are shown in the graph.

State the effect of running on the pulse rate using the information in the graph.

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]
6

[Total: 1]
 7

7 Two groups of students, A and B, investigated how running affected their pulse rates.

There were three students, 1, 2 and 3, in each group.

They measured their pulse rates when at rest, then all ran the same distance and immediately
measured their pulse rates again.

The results are shown in the graph.

 8

Describe two differences in the data between group A and group B in the graph.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

2 ...............................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]
 9

8 The photographs show an angiogram of a heart before and after treatment for coronary heart
disease (CHD). An angiogram is an image of the blood flow through the blood vessels of the heart.

The arrow on the before treatment photograph shows the position of a blockage in a blood vessel.

The blockage is caused by a blood clot.

Describe how a blood clot forms.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]
 10

9 Mineral salts are an important component of a balanced diet.

Consuming too much of some mineral salts, such as sodium chloride, increases the risk of developing
coronary heart disease (CHD).

Doctors studied the effect of diet on the risk of developing CHD.

The doctors first selected volunteers who had a high salt diet.

The doctors assessed the volunteers’ overall risk of developing CHD and monitored their blood
pressure.

The volunteers were divided into two groups. The mass of salt consumed by both groups was
changed every 4 weeks:

• low salt intake for 4 weeks

• medium salt intake for 4 weeks
• high salt intake for 4 weeks.

In addition, group 2 was given other changes to their diet but group 1 was not.

Suggest one component of the diet of group 2, other than salt, that the doctors changed to further
reduce the risk of developing CHD.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]
 11

10 Many health specialists think that the risk of coronary heart disease can be reduced by doing regular
exercise.

A long-term study of a large group of women was used to test this hypothesis. The women were
between 35 and 45 years old at the start of the study. Every two years the same group of women
were asked how much they were exercising.

After 28 years the researchers analysed their data:

• They calculated the average time spent exercising per week by each woman.

• They put the women into categories determined by how much exercise they had done.

• For each category, they calculated the number of women who died from coronary heart disease
(CHD).

The results are shown in the graph.

 12

Calculate the percentage decrease in the number of CHD deaths per 10 000 women between
those who did no exercise and those who exercised for 4.1 to 10.0 hours a week, using the data
in the graph.

number of CHD deaths per 10 000 women who did no exercise .......................

number of CHD deaths per 10 000 women who did 4.1 to 10.0 hours per week of exercise

.......................

Give your answer to the nearest whole number.

Space for working.

........................... % [3]

[Total: 3]
 13

11 Many health specialists think that the risk of coronary heart disease can be reduced by doing regular
exercise.

A long-term study of a large group of women was used to test this hypothesis. The women were
between 35 and 45 years old at the start of the study. Every two years the same group of women
were asked how much they were exercising.

After 28 years the researchers analysed their data:

• They calculated the average time spent exercising per week by each woman.

• They put the women into categories determined by how much exercise they had done.

• For each category, they calculated the number of women who died from coronary heart disease
(CHD).

The results are shown in the graph.

 14

Health professionals wanted to use the results of this study to encourage the whole population to
take more exercise.

Discuss the arguments for and against health professionals using this study in this way.

Use the information about how the study was designed and the results in the graph in your
arguments.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [5]

[Total: 5]
 15

12 Consuming too much of some mineral salts, such as sodium chloride, increases the risk of developing
coronary heart disease (CHD).

Doctors studied the effect of diet on the risk of developing CHD.

The doctors first selected volunteers who had a high salt diet.

The doctors assessed the volunteers’ overall risk of developing CHD and monitored their blood
pressure.

The volunteers were divided into two groups.

The mass of salt consumed by both groups was changed every 4 weeks:
• low salt intake for 4 weeks
• medium salt intake for 4 weeks
• high salt intake for 4 weeks.

The systolic blood pressure of the volunteers was measured every 4 weeks.
These results are shown in the graph.

Calculate the percentage increase in the average systolic blood pressure of the group 1 volunteers
when they increased their salt intake from low to high.

low salt intake ............................... kPa

high salt intake ............................... kPa

Give your answer to the nearest whole number.

Space for working.

........................... % [3]

[Total: 3]
 16

13 Consuming too much of some mineral salts, such as sodium chloride, increases the risk of developing
coronary heart disease (CHD).

Doctors studied the effect of diet on the risk of developing CHD.

The doctors first selected volunteers who had a high salt diet.

The doctors assessed the volunteers’ overall risk of developing CHD and monitored their blood
pressure.

The volunteers were divided into two groups.

The mass of salt consumed by both groups was changed every 4 weeks:
• low salt intake for 4 weeks
• medium salt intake for 4 weeks
• high salt intake for 4 weeks.

In addition, group 2 was given other changes to their diet but group 1 was not.

The systolic blood pressure of the volunteers was measured every 4 weeks.
These results are shown in the graph.

The doctors concluded that some diets reduce the risk of CHD.
 17

Give evidence from the graph to support this conclusion.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

14 The photomicrograph is of a blood clot.

State the importance of blood clotting.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]
 18

15 Red blood cells are one component of blood.

State the name of two other components of blood.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

16 The photomicrograph is of a blood clot.

Describe how a blood clot forms.

Use the letters in the photomicrograph in your answer.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [5]
 19

[Total: 5]

17 One factor that increases the risk of developing coronary heart disease is having a diet that contains
a lot of fat.

State three other factors that increase the risk of a person developing coronary heart disease.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ...............................................................................................................................................

3 ............................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 3]

18 The diagram shows an external view of the heart of a person who has coronary heart disease.
There is an area of dead muscle tissue.

Describe what is meant by the term coronary heart disease and suggest why the heart muscle
tissue has died.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]
 20

[Total: 3]

19 Describe the process of blood clotting.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]
 21

20 The diagram below is a vertical section of the kidney.

P L

The table below shows the functions of parts of the kidney.

Complete the table by:

• naming the part of the kidney that carries out each function

• using letters from the diagram to identify the part of the kidney named.

One row has been completed for you.

function name of part letter from diagram

blood is filtered

concentration of urine is
medulla L
determined

urine flows to the bladder

blood is carried into the

kidney

blood flows out of the kidney

[4]

[Total: 4]
 22

21 The diagram below shows a section across part of an artery.

With reference to the diagram, explain how the structure of an artery is related to its function.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]
 23

22 The table below shows the composition of blood plasma.

component concentration in the plasma

-3
adrenaline / ng dm 10 — 100
-3
fibrinogen / g dm 1.7 — 4.0
-3
glucose / mg dm 700 — 1000
-3
hydrogencarbonate ions / g dm 1.1 — 1.4
-3
insulin / µg dm 0.33 — 0.40
-3
lactic acid / mg dm 50 — 200
-3
sodium ions / g dm 3.1 — 3.4
-3
urea / mg dm 70 — 200

(a) Using the information in the table, name:

(i) an excretory product

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) a plasma protein.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) (i) State what would cause the lactic acid concentration in the blood to increase to
-3
200 mg dm .

................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) State the function of fibrinogen.

................................................................................................................................ [1]
-3
(iii) State two effects that a concentration of adrenaline of 100 ng dm might have on the
body.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]
 24

-3
(c) The table shows that the glucose concentration varies between 700 and 1000 mg dm .

Describe the role of the liver in regulating the concentration of glucose in the body.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 9]

23 Lymphocytes and phagocytes are white blood cells.

A woman had some blood tests taken before and during a bacterial infection.

The table below shows the number of white blood cells in the two blood samples.

3
mean number of cells per mm of blood
white blood cells
before infection during infection

lymphocytes 1300 3500

phagocytes 2000 7500

(a) Calculate the percentage increase in lymphocytes that occurred during the bacterial infection.

Show your working and give your answer to the nearest whole number.

Answer ........................... % [2]

(b) Describe the role of phagocytes in defence against disease.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [3]
 25

[Total: 5]

24 What is the characteristic feature of a double circulation?

A In each circuit, blood passes from the gut to the liver before going back to the heart.
In each circuit, blood passes from the heart to the lungs and then back to the heart before going
B
to other parts of the body.
C In each circuit, blood passes through atria and ventricles before going to other parts of the body.
In each circuit, blood passes through the arteries and the capillaries before returning to the heart
D
in veins.
[1]

[Total: 1]

25 Some students carried out an investigation into the effect of exercise on heart rate.

Their results are shown in the Table below.

average heart rate at rest average heart rate after exercise

/ beats per min / beats per min

75 130

Explain why exercise caused the average heart rate to increase.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]