Optical Fiber Communications

EE 534

Chapter 0: Introduction

Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 Headlines
 Course details
 Course contents
 Historical perspective
 The electromagnetic spectrum
 Photonic applications
 Free space optical communication
 Optical fiber communication system
 Stages of the development of optical fiber communication
 The major advantage of optical fiber communication
 Evolution trend of optical fiber communication
 Submarine optical fiber cables
 Optical fiber cables for Libya

2 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 Course Details
 EE 534 course pre-requirements:
Communications II + Electromagnetic II
 Evaluation:
1) First midterm written exam (15%).
2) Second midterm written exam (15%).
3) Quizzes (10 %).
4) Final written exam (60%).

3 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 Course Details
References
 Main text book:

 Keiser, Optical Fiber Communications, 3rd edition.

• Other books:

 John M Senior, Optical Fiber Communications Principles and

Practice, 2nd edition, 1992.
 Bob Chomycz, Planning Fiber Optic Networks, 2003.

4 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 Course Contents
 Chapter 0: introduction

 Chapter 1: optical fiber structure

 Chapter 2: optical fiber limitations

 Chapter 3: optical sources and optical detectors

 Chapter 4: optical fiber systems

 Chapter 5: optical fiber networks

5 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 Course Contents (by E.E.E)

6 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 Historical Perspective
• Concept of Communication：Communication is the exchange of
information from one to another, including all the equipments and
channels.

Wireless communication: microwave, satellite, FSO using

Transmission laser
medium
Wired communication：copper cable, optical fiber ,
optical cable
• Concept of Optical Fiber Communication: the communication
by using fiber or optical cable transmission to transmit light signals.

7 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 Historical Perspective
Early Optical Communications:
• 11th century BC, the Western Zhou Dynasty, Beacon, burning
wolf dung during the day, burning firewood at night.

• The French used

semaphores to transmit
messages in the 1790s.

8
Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)
 Historical Perspective
• Circa 2500 B.C. Earliest known glass
• Roman times-glass drawn into fibers
• Venice Decorative Flowers made of glass fibers
• 1609-Galileo uses optical telescope
• 1626-Snell formulates law of refraction
• 1668-Newton invents reflection telescope
• 1840-Samuel Morse Invents Telegraph
• 1841-Daniel Colladon-Light guiding demonstrated
in water jet
• 1870-Tyndall observes light guiding in a thin water jet
• 1873-Maxwell electromagnetic waves
• 1876-Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell Invent Telephone
• 1877-First Telephone Exchange 1876-Alexander Graham Bell
• 1880-Bell invents Photophone
• 1888-Hertz Confirms EM waves and relation to light
• 1880-1920 Glass rods used for illumination
• 1897-Rayleigh analyzes waveguide
• 1899-Marconi Radio Communication
• 1902-Marconi invention of radio detector
• 1910-1940 Vacuum Tubes invented and developed
• 1930-Lamb experiments with silica fiber 1970 I. Hayashi
Semiconductor Laser
• 1931-Owens-Fiberglass
• 1936-1940 Communication using a waveguide
1876 First commercial Telephone

9 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 Historical Perspective
• 1951-Heel, Hopkins, Kapany image transmission using fiber
bundles
• 1957-First Endoscope used in patient
• 1958-Goubau et. al. Experiments with the lens guide
1958-59 Kapany creates optical fiber with cladding
• 1960-Ted Maiman demonstrates first laser in Ruby
• 1960-Javan et. al. invents HeNe laser
• 1962-4 Groups simultaneously make first semiconductor lasers
• 1961-66 Kao, Snitzer et al conceive of low loss single mode
fiber communications and develop theory
• 1970-First room temp. CW semiconductor laser-Hayashi &
Panish
• April 1977-First fiber link with live telephone traffic-
GTE Long Beach 6 Mb/s
• May 1977-First Bell system 45 mb/s links
GaAs lasers 850nm Multimode -2dB/km loss
• Early 1980s-InGaAsP 1.3 µm Lasers
- 0.5 dB/km, lower dispersion-Single mode
• Late 1980s-Single mode transmission at 1.55 µm -0.2 dB/km
• 1989-Erbium doped fiber amplifier
• 1 Q 1996-8 Channel WDM
• 4th Q 1996-16 Channel WDM
• 1Q 1998-40 Channel WDM

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Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)
 Historical Perspective
Optical Communication occurs even earlier than the Wireless
Communication:
• 1880: Bell invents Photophone
• 1896: Popov sends and receives the first radio letter
1880 - Photophone Receiver

1880 - Photophone Transmitter

11
Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)
 Historical Perspective
Summary table of optical communications
history:
 1880, U.S. scientists Bell invented Photophone.The origin of
optical communication.
 1960,Maiman[U.S] invented the first ruby laser.
 1966,British Chinese Kao pointed out: If you can reduce the
impurities in the glass, you can create a loss of less than 20dB/km
fiber.
 1970,Corning company in the U.S. developed a loss of 20dB/km
fiber, Bell companies in the U.S. developed a life of up to a few
hours of semiconductor lasers. Since t h e n , optical fiber
communication entered a rapid development.

12 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 Historical Perspective
Prototype of fiber
1870，British physicist Tyndall found that
sunlight bend with the flow of water:
nwater > nair，total reflection occurred
nwater =4/3

1953, Dr. Ka Pani, in London, for the first time, the invention of glass
made with very fine fiber: core + cladding. The refractive index of the core
is greater than the cladding, total reflection occurred in this fiber.

1960s, the best fiber loss is also 1000 db / kilometer.

Since the loss is so large, it was originally used in medical,
such as an endoscope.
13 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)
 Historical Perspective
 Major breakthroughs in 1960s-70s:
 1960: The first laser
 1960s: Atmospheric Optical Communication
 1966: Dr. Kao’s predictions of optical fiber communication
 1970: Low-loss optical fiber come out
 1970: Semiconductor laser continuous working in normal
temperature
 1976: 44.7Mb/s, in multimode optical fiber communication
system experiment(AT & T, 0.85µm Atlanta)
 1977: 44.7Mb/s, in telephone office, Chicago
 1979: The first generation of commercial optical fiber
communication systems
 1980s: Single-mode optical fiber communication systems(1.3
µm)

14 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 Historical Perspective
 Major breakthroughs in 1980s
 Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier -EDFA

 Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing -DWDM at

1.55m windows

 The Development from end to end WDM system to WDM

all optical network

15 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 The electromagnetic spectrum
 The relative frequencies and wavelengths of types of
electromagnetic wave can be observed from the
electromagnetic spectrum.
 Depending on their wavelengths, the electromagnetic
carriers can be transmitted over considerable distances but
are limited in the amount of information they can convey by
their frequencies (i.e. the information-carrying capacity is
directly related to the bandwidth or frequency extent of the
modulated carrier, which is generally limited to a fixed
fraction of the carrier frequency).

16 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 The electromagnetic spectrum
 What are benefits and disadvantage of high frequency
transmission?

17 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 The electromagnetic spectrum
 In theory, the greater the carrier frequency, the larger the
available transmission bandwidth and thus the information-
carrying capacity of the communication system. For this
reason radio communication was developed to higher
frequencies leading to the introduction of the even higher
frequency microwave and, latterly, millimeter wave
transmission.
 It may be noted that communication at optical frequencies
offers an increase in the potential usable bandwidth by a
factor of around 104 over high-frequency microwave
transmission.

18 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 The electromagnetic spectrum
 Lightwave is an electromagnetic wave travels with vacuum speed
of 3 × 108 𝑚/𝑠. It has a carrier frequency much higher than in than
in microwave systems.
 At ground level, sunlight wave is 44% visible light,
3% ultraviolet (with the Sun at its zenith), and the
remainder infrared. Thus, the atmosphere blocks about 77% of
the Sun's UV, almost entirely in the shorter UV wavelengths
(short wavelength means high carrier frequency and quantum
photon energy), when the Sun is highest in the sky (zenith).
 For fiber optics with glass fibers, light in the infrared region
which has wavelengths longer than visible light is used for optical
transmission, typically around 850, 1300 and 1550 nm. That is
because the attenuation of the fiber is much less at those
wavelengths.

19 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 The electromagnetic spectrum

20 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 Photonic applications

21 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 Photonic applications
Photonic application includes:
 Telecommunication: Lasers, modulators, fibers, detectors for
communication systems – Free space optical links
 Information and Communication Technology: CCD and
CMOS sensors for imaging – Data storage and retrieval (CD,
DVD, BluRay)
 Sensors and spectroscopy: ”Smart cameras” for image
processing/machine vision –other applications, including
sensors for measuring: Position, distance, thickness etc.

22 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 Photonic applications
 Security: Intrusion detection – Laser radar
(LIDAR)
 Lighting: LEDs for indoor lighting – LEDs and
Lasers for artistic lighting
 Energy: Solar cells
 Biophotonics: Optical tweezers, optical scalpels –
Optical tomography
 Military: Surveillance – Weapon guidance –and
laser guns
23 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)
 Free space optical communication
 FSO is a communication system where free space acts as
medium between transceivers and they should be in LOS for
successful transmission of optical signal. Medium can be air,
outer space, or vacuum.
 The transmission in FSO is dependent on the medium
because the presence of foreign elements like rain, fog, and
haze, physical obstruction, scattering, and atmospheric
turbulence are some of these factors.
 There are many advantages of FSO like high bandwidth and
no spectrum license.

24 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 Free space optical communication
 There is no requirement of the optical fiber cable. Working of
FSO is similar to OFC (optical fiber cable) networks but the
only difference is that the optical beams are sent through free
air instead of OFC cores that is glass fiber.
 FSO system consists of an optical transceiver at both ends to
provide full duplex (bidirectional) capability.
 FSO communication is not a new technology. It has been in
existence from 8th century but now is more evolved.
 FSO is a LOS (line of sight) technology, where data, voice,
and video communication is achieved with maximum 10Gbps
of data rate by full duplex (bidirectional) connectivity.

25 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 Free space optical communication

26 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 Optical fiber communication system
 Optical fibers
Step/Graded-index; single-mode/multimode
 Signal processing equipments
Couplers; connecters; splitters; splices; WDM
 Sources for optical transmitters
Lasers; LEDs
 Detectors for optical receivers
Pin photodetector; Avalanche photodiodes
 Optical amplifiers
EDFA, Raman, S.O.A.

27 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 Optical fiber communication system

28 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 Optical fiber communication system
 For optical fiber communications system, the information
source provides an electrical signal to a transmitter
comprising an electrical stage which drives an optical source
to give modulation of the light wave carrier.
 The optical source which provides the electrical–optical
conversion may be either a semiconductor laser or light-
emitting diode (LED).
 The transmission medium consists of an optical fiber cable.
 The receiver consists of an optical detector which drives a
further electrical stage and hence provides demodulation of
the optical carrier.

29 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 Optical fiber communication system
 Photodiodes (p–i–n or avalanche) and, in some instances,
phototransistors and photoconductors are utilized for the
detection of the optical signal and the optical–electrical
conversion.
 Thus , there is a requirement for electrical interfacing at either
end of the optical link and at present the signal processing is
usually performed electrically.
 The optical carrier may be modulated using either an analog or
digital information signal.
 Analog modulation involves the variation of the light emitted from
the optical source in a continuous manner. With digital modulation
, discrete changes in the light intensity are obtained (i.e. on–off
pulses).

30 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 Four stages of the development of optical
fiber communication
• F i r s t s t a g e : 1966~1979(From basic research to commercial
applications)
• Second stage：early 1980s (Reducing the fiber dispersion)
• Third stage：late 1980s ~early 1990s (Reducing fiber loss)
• The fourth stage：from late 1990s ( introducing the all-optical
amplification technology andWDM)

31 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 Four stages of the development of optical
fiber communication
T h e f i r s t s t a g e : 1966~1979(From basic research to commercial
applications):
Laser (GaAs), wavelength 0.8μm, multimode fiber, the maximum distance
relay 10 km (coaxial cable systems then relay distance of 1km), bit rate 10 ~
100Mb / s. Multi-mode dispersion and loss are key limiting relay distance.

32 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 Four stages of the development of optical
fiber communication
The second stage：early 1980s (Reducing the fiber dispersion)
Laser (InGaAs), wavelength 1.3μm, single-mode fiber, the maximum
distance relay 50km, bit rate 2.0Gb / s. Fiber loss (~ 0.5 dB / km) limits
the distance relay.

33 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 Four stages of the development of optical
fiber communication
The third stage：late 1980s ~early 1990s (Reducing fiber loss)
Laser (InGaAsP) wavelength 1.55μm, single-mode (dispersion-shifted)
fiber, bit rate 2.5 ~ 10Gb / s, the maximum distance relay 100km. The
disadvantage of this stage is to use a relay electrically.

34 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 Four stages of the development of optical
fiber communication
The fourth stage：from late 1990s ( introducing the all-optical
amplification technology andWDM)
Laser (InGaAsP) wavelength 1.55μm, single-mode optical fiber, using
optical amplification and wavelength division multiplexing technology, a
single wavelength channel bit rate of 2.5 ~ 10Gb / s, the transmission
distance of 14000 km, and raise the concept of intelligent optical
communications

WDM

35 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 The major advantage of optical
fiber communication
 Wide ffrequency band, large communication capacity

 Low transmission loss, long distance of relaying

 Good anti-electromagnetic interference performance, high

temperature resistance, corrosion resistance

 Cconfidentiality, and safety

 Small size, light weight, easy to lay and transport

 Economical
36 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)
 The major advantage of optical fiber
communication
• Wide frequency band, large communication capacity

If the communication line compared to the road, then it should

be said that the wider frequency band is, the more information
communication lines allow to transmission, the greater
communication capacity is.

37 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 The major advantage of optical fiber
communication
• Low transmission loss, long distance of relaying

中中中中 中中中中

中中中
The transmission loss in 1.31 μm and 1.55 μm wavelength, is 0.50 dB / km and 0.20 dB /
km, Thus, compared with a coaxial cable or waveguide, optical fiber has a much longer distance
of relaying.
Now, in the wavelength of 1.55μm,in dispersion-shifted single-mode optical fiber
communication system, if the transmission rate is 2.5 Gb / s, the relay distance is up to 150
km; If the transmission rate is 10 Gb / s, the relay distance is up to 100 km.

38 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 The major advantage of optical fiber
communication
• Small size, light weight
Fiber has a light weight and small diameter. Even fiber is made tocable,
the weight is much lighter than the cable, the volume is much smaller.

Fiber:
loss: 0.3 dB/km
weight: 6 kg/km

Cable:
loss: 22.6 dB/km
(@100MHz)
weight: 1110 kg/km

39 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 The major advantage of optical fiber
communication
• Good anti-electromagnetic interference performance
For the communication system, the electromagnetic interference is the
main interference. Existing radio communications system is unable to
resolve this issue satisfactorily.

eg：Telephone lines and cables generally can't be parallel with the high-
voltage wire , nor laying of the road near the electric iron.

Why fiber has good anti-interference ability ?

1. Fiber(dielectric) is an insulator , not afraid of lightning and high voltage
2. Electromagnetic interference can't interfere light,
which has a much higher frequency.
40 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)
 Evolution trend of optical fiber
communication
• From short wavelength to long wavelength
• From multi-mode fiber to single-mode fiber
• From low bit rate to high bit rate
• From a single channel to multi-channel
• From WDM system to optical network
• From general optical network to intelligent optical
network

41 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 Evolution trend of optical fiber
communication
From short wavelength to long wavelength
 Early time：
Semiconductor light source is made of GaAlAs
Emission wavelength：0.85 m

Optical Fiber：loss in 1.3 m and 1.55 m is lower

 In 1977：
Semiconductor light source is made of InGaAsP
Emission wavelength： 1.3 m

42 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 Evolution trend of optical fiber
communication
From multi-mode fiber to single-mode fiber
 1984: single-mode fiber take the place of multi-mode fiber

D = 0.002
to 0.01
For Single-
Mode fiber

D = 0.01
to 0.03
For Multi-
Mode Fiber

D = ( n 1 － n2) / n1

43 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 Evolution trend of optical fiber communication

From low bit rate to high bit rate

11
10 Soliton Transmission
Optical FDM
Transmission
Capacity (b/s) Quantum Effect Devices
OEIC
10
10 10 G Optical Amplifier
External Modulator
Si-/GaAs-MIC
2.5 G
1.55 µm DS-SMF
1.6 G DFB-LD
9
10 Si-MIC
400 M
1.3 µm SMF
FP-LD
8 100 M
10 HIC
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

Year
44 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)
 Evolution trend of optical fiber
communication
From a single channel to multi-channel

Evolution trend of optical fiber

communication

45 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 Evolution trend of optical fiber
communication
From WDM system to optical network
Mux DMux
Tx Rx
Tx Rx
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Tx Rx

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Mux DMux
Tx Rx
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drop add
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(b) ¹Ì¶¨²¨³¤OADMÍê³ÉÉÏϲ¨³¤¹¦ÄÜ
46
Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)
 Evolution trend of optical fiber
communication
From general optical network to intelligent optical network
Basic idea:
introduce control
plane in optical
transport network
to achieve
distribution
according to needs,
in order to achieve
the intelligent
optical network.

ASON:Automatic Switched Optical Network:

47 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)
 Evolution trend of optical fiber
communication

48 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 Submarine optical fiber cables
 The continents are today connected by optical fiber
communication links (submarine cables).
 Fibers are used for high speed, long haul communication, but
also for:
 Intercity connects and city networks.
 Providing high speed connections to terminals providing
wireless services.
 High speed (100 Mbit/s and above) services FTTx, where x =
home, street, curb, building, etc.

49 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 Submarine optical fiber cables

50 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 Submarine optical fiber cables
 A submarine cable consists of:
1. Polyethylene
2. Mylar tape
3. Stranded steel wires
4. Aluminum water barrier
5. Polycarbonate
6. Copper or aluminum tube
7. Petroleum jelly
8. Optical fibers

51 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 Optical fiber cables for Libya
There are five submarine optic cable for international
connectivity:
 Tobrok-Emasaed Cable System
 LFON (Libyan Fiber Optic Network) Cable System
 Italy-Libya Cable System
 Europe India Gateway (EIG) Cable System
 Silphium Cable System

52 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 Optical fiber cables for Libya

53 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 Optical fiber cables for Libya
Italy-Libya optical fiber link:
 Cable Length: 570 km
 Owners: Telecom Italia Sparkle, Libya International
Telecommunications Company
 Landing Points:
 Mazara del Vallo, Italy
 Tripoli, Libya

54 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 Optical fiber cables for Libya
Europe India Gateway (EIG) link:
 Cable Length: 15,000 km
 Owners: AT&T, Airtel (Bharti), Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. (BSNL), BT, Djibouti Telecom, du,
Gibtelecom, Libya International Telecommunications Company, MTN Group, Omantel, Portugal
Telecom, Saudi Telecom,Telecom Egypt,Telkom South Africa,Verizon,Vodafone
 Landing Points:
 Abu Talat, Egypt
 Barka, Oman
 Bude, United Kingdom
 Djibouti City, Djibouti
 Fujairah, United Arab Emirates
 Gibraltar, Gibraltar
 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
 Monaco, Monaco
 Mumbai, India
 Sesimbra, Portugal
 Tripoli, Libya
55 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)
 Zafarana, Egypt
 Optical fiber cables for Libya

56 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 Optical fiber cables for Libya
 Silphium link:
 Cable Length: 425 km
 Owners: Libya International
Telecommunications Company
 Landing Points:
 Chania, Greece
 Darnah, Libya

57 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 Optical fiber cables for Libya
Tobrok-Emasaed link:
 Cable Length: 178 km
 Owners: Libya International Telecommunications Company
 Landing Points:
 El-Quawef, Libya
 Tobrok, Libya

58 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 Optical fiber cables for Libya
LFON (Libyan Fiber Optic Network)
 Cable Length: 1,639 km
 Owners: Libyan Post, Telecommunications and Information Technology Company (LPTIC Holding)
 Landing Points:
 Al Baida, Libya
 Al Brega, Libya
 Al Khoms, Libya
 Benghazi, Libya
 Darnah, Libya
 Misurata, Libya
 Ras Lanuf, Libya
 Sirt, Libya
 Tobrok, Libya
 Tolmeta, Libya
 Tripoli, Libya
 Zawia, Libya
 Zwara, Libya

59 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)

 Optical fiber cables for Libya

60 Abdallah Abu Arabia (a.abuarabia@eng.misuratau.edu.ly)