NEERJA MODI

MODEL UNITED
NATIONS 2025
From Crisis to Consensus: Rebuilding Trust in
International Cooperation

CONFERENCE HANDBOOK
 Table of Contents
Letter from the Secretary-General 1

Letter from the Director-General 2

Letter from the Deputy Secretary-General 3

About the United Nations 4

About Model United Nations 5

About NMMUN‘25 6

Policies and Regulations for NMMUN’25 7

Dress Code Policy

Awards Policy

Anti-Discrimination Policy

Rules Of Procedure 10

Role Call

Setting the Agenda

General Speakers’ List

Moderated Caucus

Unmoderated Caucus

Presentation of a Draft Resolution and Subsequent Debate

Making Proposals for Amendments

Final Vote

Position Paper 17

Draft Resolution 18

Appendix 19
Letter from the Secretary-General
Dear Delegates,

It is my honour and privilege to welcome you to the 17th edition of the Neerja Modi School Model
United Nations Conference, NMMUN 2025. This year, we gather under the timely and compelling
theme: “From Crisis to Consensus: Rebuilding Trust in International Cooperation.”
In an increasingly complex world, crises, whether political, environmental, economic, or
humanitarian—have tested the strength of global institutions and shaken the very foundations of trust
that bind nations together. The erosion of trust between states, communities, and international
organizations threatens the progress humanity has collectively achieved. It is against this backdrop
that our theme calls upon each of you to confront these challenges head-on and craft pathways
toward renewed understanding and cooperation.

Over the course of this conference, our 25 diverse committees will become platforms for honest
dialogue, critical analysis, and innovative problem-solving. As delegates, you will explore the root
causes of mistrust, from disinformation and geopolitical rivalries to social injustices and economic
divides. More importantly, you will be tasked with developing pragmatic and forward-thinking
solutions that not only address crises but also mend relationships and foster lasting collaboration.

At NMMUN 2025, my hope is that you will push the boundaries of debate beyond resolutions and
rhetoric. Let this conference be an opportunity to practice empathetic negotiation, inclusive decision-
making, and creative diplomacy—skills our future leaders so urgently need.
Your discussions should aim to establish frameworks that can restore faith in multilateralism,
strengthen humanitarian diplomacy, and champion a world order grounded in equity, transparency,
and mutual respect.
As we embark on this journey together, I urge you to think critically, challenge assumptions, and
embrace diverse perspectives. May your spirited debates and shared ideas inspire actionable change
long after the conference ends. I look forward to witnessing the passion, collaboration, and
leadership that make NMMUN a catalyst for global change.

Yours sincerely,

Apal Jain

Secretary-General

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Letter from the Director-General
Dear Delegates,
It is my great honor and privilege to welcome you all to NMMUN 2025. This year’s conference
holds special meaning as we come together to deliberate under the theme: “From Crisis to
Consensus: Rebuilding Trust in International Cooperation.”

In a world grappling with conflict, uncertainty, and polarization, the need for dialogue rooted in trust
and mutual understanding has never been more urgent. We are witnessing growing gaps between
nations, communities, and even generations and yet, it is through forums like MUN that we find
hope. Here, we model what it means to listen, to lead, and to build bridges across our differences.
As delegates, you will tackle some of the most complex issues of our time, from humanitarian crises
and environmental disasters to fragile peace processes and global governance. These challenges
demand not only intellect and research but also empathy, resilience, and the courage to collaborate.
Trust, once broken, is hard to repair - but with every speech, negotiation, and resolution, you will
take a step toward rebuilding it.

My expectation from you at NMMUN 2025 is simple: show up fully. Speak with conviction, listen
with an open mind, and engage with heart. This conference is more than just an academic exercise -
it’s an opportunity to grow as thinkers, diplomats, and most importantly, as humans who care about
the world beyond their own.

I hope that, through this experience, you walk away not just with awards or applause, but with
friendships that matter, moments that stay with you, and a deeper sense of what it means to lead with
purpose.

It is a privilege to witness the passion and brilliance you bring to this platform. Let NMMUN 2025
be a chapter in your journey that inspires you long after the closing ceremony.
Wishing you a weekend full of ideas, breakthroughs, laughter, and meaningful change.

Sincerely,

Aishi Gupta

Director General

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Letter from the Deputy Secretary-General
Dear Delegates,

On behalf of Neerja Modi Model United Nations 2025, it is my utmost pleasure to extend a heartfelt
invitation to you to be part of this esteemed conference. As the Deputy Secretary General, I assure
you that this year’s edition will be a valuable and memorable experience for all delegates involved.

NMMUN has long been recognized for providing a vibrant forum where young leaders come
together to engage in meaningful discussions, sharpen their analytical abilities, and work together to
address significant global concerns. This year’s conference, which will take place from 25th July to
27th July, is designed to offer an inspiring atmosphere that nurtures diplomacy, collaboration, and
leadership. By encouraging curiosity and global awareness, we hope to empower delegates to
become proactive leaders who tackle real-world issues through constructive dialogue and collective
action.

Our theme for 2025, ‘From Crisis to Consensus: Rebuilding Trust in International Cooperation,’
highlights the importance of bridging divides and restoring faith in global partnerships. As the world
continues to face crises ranging from geopolitical conflicts and climate emergencies to public health
threats and economic disparities, the need to rebuild trust and foster genuine collaboration is more
urgent than ever. This year’s theme invites us to reflect on how we can transform discord into
consensus and strengthen international unity.

Throughout this three-day event, delegates will deliberate on a wide range of critical topics that
demand fresh ideas and thoughtful solutions. Committees will address issues such as technological
progress, sustainable development, social equity, governance reforms, and economic resilience. We
urge all delegates to immerse themselves in these discussions, focusing on turning challenges into
opportunities for consensus-building and impactful change.
To support you throughout the conference, each committee will be led by a team of experienced
chairs who are here to guide, support, and empower you. They are committed to creating an
inclusive environment where every delegate feels heard and encouraged to participate. Whether
you're a first-time delegate or a seasoned MUNer, this is a platform to learn, engage, and collaborate
with others. With their guidance, we aim to foster open dialogue, creative thinking, and effective
negotiation—enabling you to work collectively toward drafting meaningful resolutions and
contributing to a better, more unified world.

We look forward to welcoming you to NMMUN’25 and are excited to witness your passion, insight,
and diplomacy in action. Your participation will be key in making this conference a resounding
success.

Sincerely,

Rijul Pachisia

Deputy Secretary General

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About the United Nations

The United Nations (UN) is an international organization founded in 1945 after the devastating
events of World War II with the primary aim of promoting peace, security, and cooperation among
nations. Comprising 193 member states, the UN serves as a forum for diplomatic dialogue,
negotiation, and decision-making on global issues. Its headquarters are located in New York City,
but it also has major offices and agencies worldwide.

The UN plays a vital role in maintaining international peace and security through various mechanisms,
including the Security Council, which has the authority to impose sanctions and authorize military
actions if necessary. Additionally, the UN promotes human rights, sustainable development, and social
progress through specialized agencies such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and the United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP).

One of the UN's significant strengths lies in its inclusive nature, providing a platform for all member
states to voice their concerns and interests. Each nation, regardless of size or power, has equal
representation in the General Assembly, where important global issues are discussed, resolutions are
adopted, and international norms are established. Furthermore, the UN encourages multilateral
cooperation and fosters partnerships between governments, civil society organizations, and the private
sector to address complex global challenges such as climate change, poverty, and conflict resolution.

Model United Nations (MUN) conferences emulate the UN system, enabling students to simulate
international diplomacy and gain valuable insights into global affairs. By participating in MUN,
delegates can develop crucial skills like negotiation, public speaking, and consensus-building while
deepening their understanding of the UN's structure and processes.

This procedural handbook serves as a guide to navigate the rules and procedures followed in MUN
conferences, providing delegates with a foundation to actively engage in meaningful debates, draft
resolutions, and collaborate towards finding innovative solutions to real-world problems.

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About Model United Nations
Model United Nations (MUN) is an educational simulation of the UN where students take on the roles
of diplomats and represent various countries or international organizations. It provides a platform for
participants to engage in debate and negotiation on global issues, while simulating the procedures and
dynamics of the actual UN.

During an MUN conference, participants are assigned specific countries and are tasked with
representing the interests and policies of those countries. They engage in intense discussions and
debates within committees that mirror the UN's diverse range of bodies. The ultimate goal is to draft
and pass resolutions that address the complex challenges faced by the international community.

MUN serves as a valuable learning experience, fostering critical thinking, diplomacy, public speaking,
research, and negotiation skills. Participants must thoroughly understand their country's positions on
various topics and collaborate with others to build consensus. Through engagement in MUN, students
gain a deeper understanding of global affairs, develop empathy for different perspectives, and enhance
their ability to find creative solutions to complex problems.

The rules and procedures of MUN closely resemble those of the actual UN, including parliamentary
rules of procedure and formal diplomatic language. Participants are expected to adhere to diplomatic
decorum and represent their assigned countries faithfully, rather than expressing personal opinions.
This encourages students to think from multiple perspectives and broadens their understanding of
international relations.

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About NMMUN‘25
At the 17th edition of the NMMUN conference, delegates will be part of 25 diverse committees, each
centered around a thought-provoking topic of debate. Critical thinking, spirited discourse, and
collaborative problem-solving continue to be at the heart of the NMMUN spirit. This year, delegates
will deliberate on the overarching theme: From Crisis to Consensus: Rebuilding Trust in International
Cooperation, a theme deeply relevant to today’s rapidly shifting global landscape.

In an era marked by crises—ranging from geopolitical tensions and humanitarian emergencies to

environmental challenges and global health threats—there is an urgent need to restore trust among
nations and within international institutions. Trust is the cornerstone of diplomacy, conflict resolution,
and sustainable progress. NMMUN’25 calls upon delegates to examine the fractures and fault lines
exposed by recent global crises and to chart pathways that can bridge divides and foster renewed
cooperation.

By reflecting on how trust is broken—and more importantly, how it can be rebuilt—delegates will gain
insights into the complex dynamics that shape international relations. They will explore the root causes
of eroding trust, such as misinformation, economic disparities, political polarization, and failures in
multilateralism. Through this lens, the conference challenges delegates to evaluate not only past and
present crises but also innovative solutions that can transform discord into dialogue and conflict into
consensus.

This theme demands that we look critically at the role of diplomacy in healing divides, strengthening
partnerships, and crafting resilient frameworks for collaboration. Through vibrant debate and
constructive negotiation, delegates will seek to develop strategies that rebuild trust—whether through
inclusive governance, transparent communication, humanitarian diplomacy, or equitable global policies.

At NMMUN’25, delegates are invited to think beyond immediate solutions and cultivate a holistic
understanding of how trust underpins lasting peace, progress, and a sustainable global order. Through
the 25 committees convened this year, we embark on a collective journey to explore the intricate
connections between crisis and cooperation, aiming to shape a future where international trust is not
only restored but reinforced for generations to come.

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Policies and Regulations for NMMUN’25
Dress Code Policy
Participants are expected to adhere to professional attire throughout the conference.

Attire for Boys: For boys, appropriate attire consists of a suit, a buttoned dress shirt, trousers, a tie
or a bowtie, and appropriate dress shoes. It is important to ensure that shirts are tucked in and
accessories are kept to a minimum.

Attire for Girls: For girls, an appropriate attire consists of a suit, a buttoned dress shirt, trousers, a
tie or a bowtie, and appropriate dress shoes. Alternatively, girls could wear skirts instead of trousers
and heels instead of dress shoes. Participants are advised to keep accessories minimal and hairstyles
polished.

On the third, and final, day of the conference, delegates would be expected to wear an Indian formal
attire.

Delegates are not allowed to have any visible tattoos or clothing that aims to target a specific group
or community or further a partisan agenda. Wearing informal clothing such as, but not limited to T-
shirts, hoodies, sweatshirts, shorts, sandals, and slippers hurts the atmosphere of professionalism and
diplomacy and is therefore, prohibited. Failing to adhere to the dress code mentioned might result in
the delegate being asked to withdraw from the conference venue until properly dressed.

Awards Policy
Delegates that perform exceptionally well will be felicitated at the closing ceremony of the conference
on the final day. The following accolades will be awarded for each committee:

● Best Delegate
● High Commendation
● Special Mention
● Verbal Mention

For committees where delegates are expected to submit position papers, a separate award for the best
position paper will be given. Additionally, the best committee, the best Vice-President, and the best
President of each committee will also be recognized. All final awards will be decided by the
Secretary-General and are not open to appeals.

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Anti-Discrimination Policy
NMMUN’25 is committed to providing a respectful and inclusive environment for all delegates,
and we strive to foster an atmosphere where every individual feels valued, respected, and free from
harassment and is able to participate without fear of being attacked for their identity. In that vein,
discrimination of all kinds including but not limited to race, accent, caste, color, religion, gender,
sexual orientation, national origin, disability, or any other protected status is strictly prohibited.

Any action that qualifies and discriminatory, bullying, or threatening will result in the barring of
delegates from the committee for 30 minutes. A second offense will lead to the expulsion from the
conference.

Delegates that feel threatened or are victims of bullying or discrimination need to contact the
Executive Board of their respective committee. If the Executive Board fails to remedy the situation,
the Secretary-General, Deputy Secretary-General, or Director-General may be contacted.

Alcohol and Substance Abuse Policy

NMMUN’25 is committed to promoting a safe and responsible environment for all participants.
With this in mind, the use, possession, or being under the influence of illegal drugs or alcohol for
the duration of the conference is prohibited. This policy extends to smoking and vaping and any
other illegal substances as determined by applicable local laws. The failure to adhere to this policy
results in the immediate expulsion from the conference.

Accessibility and Healthcare Policy

At NMMUN’25, we are dedicated to ensuring equal access and providing a safe and inclusive
environment for all participants. We strive to accommodate the needs of individuals with disabilities to
facilitate their full participation in the conference. Our commitment to accessibility extends to physical
access, communication, and support services to our best extent. Delegates that might require special
arrangements to be made for their welfare and performance at this conference, need to contact the
organizer prior to the conference with their needs. The Secretariat will try their best to attend to their
needs.

Furthermore, the health and well-being of all participants are of utmost importance to us. Adequate
healthcare facilities, including first aid provisions, will be available throughout the conference. Delegates
are expected to refrain from attending the conference if they display symptoms that might be
communicable and should inform their Executive Board about the same if they have already attended at
least one committee session.

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Privacy Policy
By registering for the NMMUN’25, delegates provide their consent for the capturing and usage of
photographs and videos by the Secretariat for educational and promotional purposes related to the
current and future iterations of the conference. These images may be used on the conference website
and official social media channels to highlight the conference experience, showcase participant
engagement, and promote future events.

Delegates are reminded that capturing photographs or videos of other participants without their
express consent is strictly prohibited. Any unauthorized use of media, including sharing or
distribution with the intent of cyberbullying or causing harm is strictly prohibited. The
aforementioned actions will be treated in accordance with the consequences outlined in the Anti-
Discrimination Policy.

Appeals Policy
Delegates have the liberty to appeal the decisions made by their Executive Board as will be outlined
in a further section of this handbook. All finals decisions on appeals will be taken by the Secretary-
General and are binding and cannot be appealed any further.

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Rules Of Procedure
Role Call
At the beginning of each session, the Executive Board conducts a Roll Call, during which the names of
all the delegations present and their position in relation to the substantial voting will be written down.
This means that before the debate begins, you must indicate whether you intend to abstain from the
amendments and the resolution or whether you intend to vote in favour or against.
When you hear the name of your delegation, raise your placard and announce your choice, saying:

1. Present and Voting (no abstention);

2. Present (abstentions on amendments and resolution).

Keep in mind that the second option is preferred by large countries or delegations that do not have a
clear position. Your selection is binding, and you can only change it later during the next roll call.

Points
Delegates can also make Points that do not affect the debate process but are necessary for the
transmission of information. The point is announced by raising your hand, and no placards are used.
There are four types of points:

1. Point of Personal Privilege. Behind such a fancy title, in fact, lies the usual personal request
– to enlarge a document on the screen, open a window, go to the toilet and so on. This is the
only remark that can interrupt someone else’s talk.

2. Point of Order. The point is used if a delegate suspects a breach of procedure by another
delegate or the Chair. The Chair will usually ask for further clarification on the nature of the
breach.

3. Point of Parliamentary Inquiry. The point is used if a rule remains unclear or if the delegate
needs help with some procedure.

4. Point of Information. The point is used to ask another delegate something regarding
their speech.

When making a point, be sure to let the Chair know what kind of point it is.

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Setting the Agenda
Once the roll call has been completed, delegates will be given the opportunity to submit motions. The
only suitable motion at this point is the Motion to Set the Agenda.

‘The delegation of (name of country) would like to motion to set the agenda to the topic (official
topic of the committee).’

As this is a procedural vote, no delegation has the opportunity to abstain. Adoption of the agenda
requires at least 2/3 of the delegations present to vote in favour.

General Speakers’ List

Once the agenda has been adopted, a few more important procedural steps need to be taken before
delegates can debate. Next, some delegates should propose the Motion to Open the General
Speakers’ List:

‘The delegation of (name of country) would like to raise a motion to open the General Speakers’
List.’

There will also be a procedural vote on this proposal. This time, a simple majority (50% + 1) is
required, but in general, it is customary to approve this proposal unanimously. The next step is to
decide for how long each delegate on the list of speakers can speak (Speaker’s Time). It is usually
between 60 and 90 seconds. There is a separate motion to confirm speaking time:

‘The delegation of (name of country) would like to raise a motion to set the Speaker’s Time to
(desired time).’

Participants may submit several different proposals. A simple majority is required to confirm
speaking time. After the speaking time has been confirmed, delegates will be able to speak formally.
To make a request, the delegate must raise his/her placard.

When a participant is given the floor, he or she shall stand and express the views of the delegation
on the subject in question. It may happen that the speech is shorter than normal. The rest of the time
can be used by the participant in several ways:

1. Yielding to the Chair. If the participant yields to the Chair, nothing happens, and the
next speaker gets the floor;

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 2. Yielding to another Delegate. A delegate may ‘yield’ the rest of the time to a
delegate from another country. This option is used when a speech from one delegate
needs to be supplemented by another delegate. Such ‘joint speeches’ are usually made by
allies and large coalitions;

3. Yielding to Questions. The delegate may give others the opportunity to ask him/her
questions. In this case, 10 seconds equals one question; for example, you can ask three
questions for a 33-second time limit.

The general speakers’ list cannot be exhausted for the duration of the conference. The Executive Board
will open the floor for motions before the speaker’s list is exhausted. The committee will revert back to
the general speakers’ list if no motions pass.

Moderated Caucus
Speeches based on a list of speakers are a suitable format for opening speeches and summaries, but
delegates exchange the most constructive information during debates. The debate, chaired by the
Executive Board, is similar to speeches on the basis of a list of speakers, but there is a pre-established
topic of discussion. There is no possibility in the debate to use surplus speaking time to ask questions
or make joint speeches. In order to initiate a moderated caucus, a motion must be set during the round
of speeches:

The delegation of (name of country) would like to motion for a Moderated Caucus on the topic of
(debate topic) with a total duration of (total duration of debate), (speaking time) per speaker.’

A simple majority is required to adopt the motion. In the case of a Moderated Caucus, the following
must be defined:

1. a topic that is usually related to a specific aspect of the problem under discussion;

2. total duration, usually between 10 and 20 minutes;

3. speaking time.

The debate may always be extended, but the additional time may not exceed the duration of the initial
debate. The topic and speaking time remain the same. The proposal sounds, as follows:

‘The delegation of (name of country) would like to motion for an extension of the previous
Moderated Caucus with a total duration of (overtime).’

A simple majority is also needed to adopt this motion.

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Unmoderated Caucus
The purpose of the Unmoderated Caucus is to give delegates the opportunity to move freely and
form groups to write ready-made draft resolutions. In the case of an Unmoderated Caucus, there is
no specific topic or speaking time, and the chairs do not have the opportunity to intervene in
delegates’ discussions. The motion to launch an unmoderated caucus is, as follows:

‘The delegation of (name of country) would like to motion for an Unmoderated Caucus with a
total duration of (total duration of debate).’

The total duration of an Unmoderated Caucus is usually between 10 and 20 minutes. A simple
majority is required to adopt the motion. The Unmoderated Caucus may always be extended, but the
additional time may not exceed the duration of the initial debate. The proposal sounds, as follows:

‘The delegation of (name of country) would like to motion for an extension of the previous
Unmoderated Caucus with a total duration of (duration of overtime).’

A simple majority is also needed to adopt this motion. During the Unmoderated Caucus, important
events will take place: the formation of political coalitions and the drafting of resolutions. Although
the chairs do not have the opportunity to intervene in the discussions, they monitor the activities of
the participants.

Presentation of a Draft Resolution and Subsequent Debate

Once your coalition has decided that your draft resolution (Working Paper) is ready for submission
to the Committee, a relevant motion needs to be made. Before doing so, make sure that the
following points are included in your draft resolution (see the annexes to this handbook fora sample
resolution):

1. List of supporters. Supporters are all the authors of the draft resolution who will
defend it in the ensuing debate. The same delegation cannot support several draft
resolutions at the same time.

2. List of Signatories. In this context, the signatories are not the official supporters of the
draft resolution but the delegations that are ready to discuss the resolution. The same
delegation may be the signatory to several different draft resolutions.

3. At least five introductory points in the Preambulatory Clauses. The Preambulatory

Clause introduces the problem and previous resolutions on the subject.

4. At least eight Operative Clauses. Each introductory point should correspond to at

least one operative clause.

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The tabling of a draft resolution also requires a correct motion, which is adopted by a simple majority:

The delegation of (name of country) would like to introduce a Draft Resolution.’

Once the committee chairs have received the draft resolution, a reading of it will begin, during which
the authors of the draft resolution will be able to present the content of the document.
Following the presentation of the draft resolution, a formal draft Resolution Debate will begin, consisting
of two parts:
1. Speeches by draft resolution (Time in Favour). The floor will be given to delegates
who are for the document;

2. Speeches against a draft resolution (Time Against). In order for delegations to be able to
speak against the draft resolution, it is necessary to submit a motion (simple majority required):

‘The delegation of (name of country) would like to move into Time Against’

Making Proposals for Amendments

It is often the case that some delegations broadly agree with the draft resolution tabled but consider
that it needs to be supplemented. In order for delegates to be able to correct and supplement draft
resolutions, a procedure for tabling amendments is provided.

The committee chairs usually announce a pause or free debate during the debate so that all delegations
can prepare their amendments. Amendments can have three purposes:

1. Addition. A new operative clause is added to the draft resolution;

2. Subtraction. One or more operative clauses shall be removed from the draft resolution;

3. Modification. Substantive changes can be made to the operative clause. No amendment

is needed to correct orthographic errors.

The amendments fall into two categories:

1. ‘Friendly Amendments,’ the content of which has been agreed with the supporters of the
draft resolution. Such amendments shall not require a vote;
2. ‘Unfriendly Amendments,’ tabled by a delegation not involved in the draft resolution and
opposed by at least one of the supporters of the draft resolution.
In order to table an amendment, it is necessary to make a motion:

‘The delegation of (name of country) would like to introduce a (friendly/unfriendly) Amendment.’

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‘Unfriendly’ proposals require a discussion and vote (a simple majority is required for approval). This
is a substantive vote in which the delegations entitled to do so may abstain.

Final Vote
Once all the draft resolutions and amendments have been tabled and discussed, the Committee may
begin the final vote. The proposal sounds, as follows:

‘The delegation of (name of country) would like to raise a motion to Close the Debate.’

Adoption of this motion requires at least 2/3 of the votes of the delegations. Following the adoption
of the proposal, delegates will have the opportunity to propose the final voting procedure.

Regardless of whether or not someone submits the above proposals, it is necessary to confirm that
the vote has taken place:

‘The delegation of (name of country) would like to move to the Voting Procedure.’

Adoption of this proposal will require a simple majority. Since then, delegates have two possible
proposals for the voting procedure. The first is Roll Call Vote. The normal voting procedure provides for
the placards to be raised, but in the case of roll-call votes, delegations announce their opinion (In Favour
– Against/Abstain) and do so in English alphabetical order. This does not affect the outcome of the vote
but makes the voting process more attractive and adds excitement to the end of the sitting. The proposal
does not need to be approved and reads, as follows:
‘The delegation of (name of country) would like to raise a motion for a Roll Call Vote.’

The proposal requires 2/3 of the delegations to vote in favour, and the possibility of abstention is ruled
out, as the committee chairs cannot check the respective rights of the delegations. The adoption of a
resolution in the Committee is marked by applause.

Closure of Sitting
The sitting shall be closed once all the debates and scheduled ballots have been completed. The closure
of the sitting is the last motion that delegates can make. It sounds like this:

‘The delegation of (name of country) would like to motion to Adjourn.’

The motion shall be deemed adopted by an absolute majority of the votes cast, and the sitting shall
be declared adjourned. Keep in mind that longer breaks, such as a lunch break or the end of a part
session, require a second motion:

‘The delegation of (name of country) would like to motion to Suspend the Session.’

A simple majority is required to adopt this motion, and the sitting will resume after a break.

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Personal Attack and Right to Reply
Sometimes the debate becomes heated and passionate, but it is the duty of each delegate to
remain objective and polite. However, delegates are also human, and some may spice up their
speech by attacking another delegate’s person and/or his or her country. In the diplomatic
context, this can be seen as an insult that requires a Right of Reply. If a delegate feels
offended, he or she may appeal to the Chair with the right of reply:

‘The delegation of (name of country) would like to motion for a Right of Reply.’

The chairman shall ask the delegate what the offence consisted of and may give the floor to the offender,
who shall explain his or her words.

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Position Paper
At NMMUN 2025, delegates of some committees are required to submit a position paper— an essay
detailing your country’s policies on the topics being discussed in your committee.
Writing a position paper will help you organize your ideas so that you can share your country’s position
with the rest of the committee. If you conduct extensive research, a position paper should be easy to
write. Position papers are usually one to one and-a-half pages in length. Your position paper should
include a brief introduction followed by a comprehensive breakdown of your country's position on
the topics that are being discussed by the committee. A good position paper will not only provide
facts but also make proposals for resolutions.

A position paper serves the following purposes:

1. Organise and outline your delegation’s viewpoint on an issue.

2. Formally inform others of your position as a foundation to build resolution to difficult
problems.
3. Present a unique, though biased, solution or a unique approach to solving a problem.
4. Frame the discussion in order to define the "playing field." This can put you in an
advantageous position with those who may not be so well prepared as regards the issues
behind their positions.
5. Establish your credibility: Here you are demonstrating that you have a command of
the issues and the research behind them, and can present them clearly.
6. Guide you in being consistent in maintaining your position in negotiation.

A format for a position paper has been attached in the Appendix of this handbook.

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Draft Resolution
At NMMUN 2025, delegates of some committees are required to work together and propose a draft
resolution— a document detailing the nuanced solutions to the crises and the agenda.
Writing a draft resolution will help you compile the outcome of all the debates in the committee which
is agreeable to all the signatories of the draft resolution to solve the agenda. If you do enough critical
thinking and problem solving in collaboration with other delegates, a draft resolution should be easy
to write. Draft resolution papers are supposed to be at least 3 pages long. Your draft resolution should
include a brief background on the issue and solutions that fall under the mandate of the issue. A good
draft resolution should use facts as well as nuanced solutions to address all aspects of the issues.

A draft resolution serves the following purposes:

1. Organise and outline your bloc’s proposed solutions for the issue
2. Formally inform others of the collective position of your bloc as a foundation to build a
resolution to difficult problems.
3. Present a set of unique, though biased solutions, or a unique approach to resolving the
agenda.
4. Establish your credibility: Here you are demonstrating that you can present the solutions
to the issues clearly and supported by facts.

A format for a draft resolution has been attached in the Appendix of this handbook.

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Appendix
Format of Position Papers
Committee:

Delegation:

Name School:

Issue on hand:

PART 1: Background of Topic

1. Historical background of the topic?

2. Who is directly involved?

3. Why is this a problem for the entire world?

PART 2: UN Involvement

1. How did the UN get involved?

2. Organs, committees, agencies or NGOs of the UN that are involved.

3. UN action: resolutions passed, committees set-up, organizations established,

peacekeeping forces, etc.

PART 3: Country Policy and Actions

1. Your country’s involvement with the topic.

2. Your country’s position on the topic

3. What actions has your country taken to solve the problem in the

past? (Resolutions sponsored, aid sent, peacekeeping troops sent,

etc.)

4. Possible solutions that your country plans to propose

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PART 4: Conclusion

In this part sum up in brief what all you had to say in your position paper. One should be able to
understand your country’s stand through this paragraph.

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Position Paper Example
Committee: Human Rights Council

Country: Russian Federation

Name: Pranjal Gehlot

School: Neerja Modi School

Agenda: Countering the problem of illicit drug trafficking and providing rehabilitation and treatment
to those affected.

Illicit drug trafficking is a major problem the world faces today. Drug trade has affected all
countries worldwide, with drug traffickers able to undermine the rule of law in many origin and
transit countries by promoting corruption and hindering development. The economies of various
nations suffer as well, with drug trafficking and consequent addiction taking away from the labour
force and decreasing productivity. The most vulnerable parts of society – children, women and
marginalized communities – are especially at risk.

The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is a body set up to help combat illicit
drug trade and all its ill-effects. It helps, through various programmes, with demand reduction,
supply reduction and the rehabilitation of victims. Three major treaties on drug trafficking exist,
namely the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961 as amended by the 1972 Protocol, the
Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 and the United Nations Convention against Illicit
Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988. A Commission on Narcotic Drugs
has also been set up by the General Assembly to help oversee the implementation of international
drug treaties.

The Russian government stands firmly against illicit drug trafficking and the abuse of illegal drugs. It
has ratified the aforementioned treaties. It believes that a firm approach is the most effective way of
battling drug abuse, and believes that strict laws that act as deterrents are a powerful tool in
preventing this problem.

The main flow of drugs into Russia comes from Afghanistan through Central Asian countries. To
counter this problem, Russia has strengthened security cooperation with Central Asian countries to
help reduce the inflow of drugs that not only harms its citizens but is also a major security concern.
The Russian government also pushes for dialogue with the Taliban in Afghanistan to successfully
negotiate on ending drug trafficking.

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Russia maintains that using drugs to treat drug offenders is merely a way to encourage the use and
abuse of drugs. It has several programs to help drug addicts with their addiction. Russia calls for
international cooperation to put a much-required, swift end to illicit drug trafficking.

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Resolution Formatting:
Sponsors:

Signatories:

Perambulatory clauses: The perambulatory clauses supply historical background for the issue

and justify the action to be recommended. The preamble should refer to specific factual

information, situations and incidents. Finally, the preamble may include appeals to human

nature or common sense with reference to the UN Charter or other declarations. Each clause

in the preamble should begin with an appropriate phrase and end with a common. A semicolon

should follow the last clause in the preamble.

Phrases for Preambulatory Clauses:

Affirming Guided by Deeply regretting

Having considered Aware of Having attention

Expecting Having examined Having studied

Having studied Contemplating Having heard

Deeply disturbed Alarmed by Having adopted

Observing Emphasizing Noting with regret

Realising Recalling Deeply conscious

Confident Fulfilling Further deploring

Believing Confident Noting with satisfaction

Convinced Fully aware Deeply convinced

Further recalling Welcoming Noting further

Taking note Desiring Declaring

Seeking Referring Fully alarmed

Deeply concerned Fully believing

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OPERATIVE CLAUSES
The purpose of operative clauses is to present a solution to address the problem at hand in a logical
manner. The clauses should be numbered and can be as vague or specific as the sponsors would like
them. Remember, only the Security Council may pass binding resolutions. All other comments may pass
recommendations for needed action. Also, the General Assembly Plenary may only make
recommendations for action of UN organs. It may only suggest working with other tertiary groups like
the International Red Cross. Operative clauses begin with active, present tense verbs and are followed
by a semicolon, with a period at the very end. Active verbs for operative clauses:

Accepts Renews Further resolves

Emphasizes Calls Considers

Solemnly affirms Deplores Further proclaims

Recommends Reaffirms Further requests

Affirms Requests Declares accordingly

Encourages Calls upon Further recommends

Supports Designates Further reminds

Regrets Proclaims Urges

Approves Resolves Expresses its hope

Endorses Condemns Further invites

Takes note of Draws attention Authorizes

Reminds Notes Confirms

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Sample Resolution
Sponsors: Russia, China

Signatories: Yemen, Turkey, Bolivia, Brazil, Myanmar, Democratic Republic of Congo, New

Zealand, Indonesia, Colombia, Argentina, Qatar, Austria, France, Pakistan, Morocco, Saudi

Arabia, Switzerland, Belgium, Philippines, Bangladesh

HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL,

Deeply concerned with how vulnerable youth are being targeted by criminal organisations to join
drug cartels,

Having considered how LEDCs lack sufficient funding to educate their youth,

Bearing in mind that many farmers, particularly in developing countries, depend on growing drug
crops, in order to earn a living,

Fully believing that border control is key in combating drugs as stopping trade decreases the
consumption internationally,

Seeking the enforcement of stricter laws to those caught in the act of production and trafficking of
drugs,

Reaffirming that human rights are absolute;

1. Encourages member nations to cooperate to decrease drug flow on the Balkan,

Southern and Northern routes,

a) They should increase border patrols,

b) They should increase intelligence sharing on drug trade,

c) They should increase security at seaports and airports in order to detect packages of illicit
drugs;

2. Urges member nations to form a policy of targeting the middlemen that facilitate drug trade,

a) Specialized task forces should be set up to specifically investigate and target the
middlemen of drug trade;

3. Encourages further that programmes for decreasing the cultivation of illicit drug

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crops should be started in countries with a lot of illegal cultivation,

a) These programmes should include the seizing of land where illegal drug crops are
grown,

b) The farmers of those drugs should be encouraged to grow an alternate crop, for
example coffee,

c) Alternative development programmes should become a part of the national

development strategy of producer nations,

i. External donors are encouraged to provide more technical and financial aid;

4. Suggests that all member nations increase the number of law enforcement officers,

5. Suggests further that community outreach programmes be started in order to spread

awareness about the harms of drug use,

a) There should be workshops conducted in schools to make children and

adolescents aware,

b) Workshops should also be conducted in rural areas and in places with poorer
people to make at-risk people aware and to discourage drug use;

6. Believes that education plays an important role in shaping youth, and decides that
member nations should work to include the dangers of drug use in school curriculums,

a) The harms of drug abuse should be communicated early and effectively to children,

b) Nations should work to subsidize education to encourage more people to attend

school;

7. Calls upon the United Nations to review the laws of member nations pertaining to
drug traffickers in order to help make them more stringent,

a) If the laws are found to be lenient, nations should work with the United

Nations to help make their laws more stringent;

8. Recommends that governments work to ensure that addicts, even detained addicts, have
access to adequate health services;

9. Recommends further that countries also work to identify and address protective and risk
factors that continues to make women and girls vulnerable to exploitation and participation in
drug trafficking;

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10. Requests that nations legalize drugs with medicinal benefits,
a) Only small amounts should be legalized,
b) Governments should form a network which keeps a check on who has purchased how many
drugs;

11. Endorses stricter consequences on drug production, transportation, trafficking, as

well as exercising current laws stringently,

a) Calls upon member states to take a harder line on those found of being guilty of being
involved with drug cartels through stronger, punitive measures, such as increasing
prison time, with the aim of deterring individuals from joining crime organizations,

b) Drug trafficking has provided funding for insurgency and the who use terrorist
violence in various regions throughout the world, including in transit regions, where,
in some cases, drugs have even been the currency used in the commission of terrorist
attacks, as was the case in Madrid bombings;

12. Emphasises the need for governments to be more strategic, to anticipate the ways in
which particular law enforcement initiatives, particularly militarized “crack downs”, may
Exacerbate criminal violence and public insecurity without actually deterring drug production,
trafficking or consumption.

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