CBSE Class 9 Social Science Sample Paper

SOCIAL SCIENCE
TIME-3hours SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER CLASS-IX
Maximums Marks-80
Instructions:
1. The question paper has 36 questions in all. All questions are
compulsory.
2. Marks are indicated against each question.
3. The question paper consists of two parts i.e Part I and Part II. Part I
of the question paper contains Multiple Choice Questions(MCQs)
from serial number 1 to 16 of 1 mark each. These sixteen questions
of Part I are to be answered on a separate sheet provided. This part
has to be completed in first 30 minutes only and the answer sheet
must be handed over to the invigilator before starting Part II.
4. In part II of the question paper, there are twenty questions from
serial no. 17 to 36 which are to be attempted in 2 hours and 30
minutes. This part should be attempted only after the stipulated time
given for Part I.
5. Questions from serial number 17 to 32 are 3 marks questions.
Answer of these questions should not exceed 80 words each.
6. Questions from serial number 33 to 35 are 4 marks questions.
Answer of these questions should not exceed 100 words each.
7. Question number 36 is a map question of 4 marks for Geography
only. After completion, attach the map inside your answer book.

PART-1
Q1. Which was the first white Indian cricket club? 1
(a) Oriental cricket club, Bombay
(b) Calcutta cricket club
(c) Chennai cricket club
(d) None of these
OR

National women suffrage association was headed by whom?

(a) Lucy stone
(b) Brahimaika saree
(c) Mrs. Stanton
(d) None of these

Q2. From which of the following khadi was obtained? 1

(a) Silk
(b) Jute
(c) Homespun yarn
(d) None of these
OR
When leg before law was implemented in India?
(a) 1700
(b) 1721
(c) 1774
(d) 1800
Q3. Which valley is called as “paradise on the earth? 1
(a) Brahmputara
(b) Indus valley
(c) Kashmir valley
(d) None of these

Q4. What is the duration of monsoon? 1

(a) 100-120 days
(b) 300days
(c) 30 days
(d) 7 days

Q5. According to ferrels law the winds turn in which direction in northern
plan? 1
(a) Right
(b) Left
(c) South
(d) North

Q6. Wild ass is found in which place of India? 1

(a) Gulf of manner
(b) Runn of kuchha
(c) Arravali hills
(d) Sunder bans

Q7. India is divided in to how many constituencies? 1

(a) 543
(b) 423
(c) 79
(d) 500

Q8 Under which preside ship 27% of reservation was given to SEBC? 1

(a) Sarvapali Radha Krishnan

(b) Gyanijyal Singh
(c) V.V.Giri
(d) B.P. Mandel

Q9. A bill became law when the P.M. signs in it 1

(a) Majority in the supports of it
(b) Presidents sign on it
(c) Chief justice agree with it
(d) None of these

Q10. Which of the following right is available in our constitution? 1

(a) Right to work
(b) Right to live hood
(c) Right to protect one culture
(d) None of these
Q11. Which of the following is a secondary activity? 1
(a) Quarrying
(b) Communication
(c) Forestry
(d) Tourism

Q12. In which year SGSY was implemented in INDIA? 1

(a) 1999
(b) 1998
(c) 2000
(d) 1985

Q13. According to the report of 2001 which Country stood first in poverty? 1
(a) Indonesia
(b) Bangladesh
(c) Pakistan
(d) Nigeria

Q14. Earth quake in Bhuj was occurred in which year? 1

(a) 2001
(b) 2000
(c) 2003
(d) 2002

Q15. What do you mean by ARIDITY? 1

(A) Temporary condition of water scarcity
(b) Permanent condition of water scarcity
(c) Temporary condition of food scarcity
(d) Permanent condition of food scarcity

Q16. According to Indian constitution freedom to press right belong to which

article? 1
(a) Article 20
(b) Article 17
(c) Article 18
(d) Article 19

Q17. When France becomes a constitutional monarchy? What was the

political system on it? 2+1=3
OR
Explain the role of Lenin in Russian revolution? [3]
OR
Why Nazism became popular on Germany in 1930? [3]

Q18. Write a brief note on reign of terror .Why it was collapsed? [3]

OR
What were the impacts of First World War on 1917 Russian
revolution? [3]
 OR
In what ways did the Nazi state shock to establish total control over its
people? [3]
Q19. How forest was affected by wars? [3]
OR
How did the life of pastoralists changed under colonial rule? [3]
Q20. How has an advance in technology, especially television technology
affected the development of contemporary cricket? [3]
OR
How were the political symbols of the French revolution reflected in
clothing?

Q21. What type of climate India has and why it is so? 1+2=3
Q22. How you can contribute to the protection of endangered animals and
birds? [3]

Q23. Answer the following questions from the given table (1.1). [3]

ABOSOLUTE
TOTAL
INCREASE IN THE ANNUAL
YEAR POPULATION (IN
DECADE(IN GROWTH RATE
MILLION)
MILLION)
1951 361.0 42.43 1.25

1961 439.2 78.15 1.96

1971 548.2 108.42 2.20

1981 683.3 135.17 2.22

1991 846.4 163.09 2.14

2001 1028.7 182.32 1.93

(A) Censuses have been yield regularly per…………..year.

(B) What is the difference between the population of 2001 &1951 of our
country?
(c) In which year population growth rate is highest?

Q24. What were the causes of famine in India? [3]

Q25. How South Africa reforms in to a republic country? [3]
Q26. What was the work of E.C in India? [3]
Q27. Among the three organs of state which is more powerful & how?
1.5x2=3
Q28. How the poverty line was estimated in India? [3]
Q29. Do you believe that green revolution has made India self sufficient in
food grains? Yes or no? If yes /no why? [3]
Q30. A section 0f people in India are still with out food, explain? [3]
Q31. What do you mean by hazards? Write down the different types of
hazards? 1+2=3
Q32. Write down the 3 safety measure while on rail travel? [3]
Q33. Winston Churchill described mahatma Gandhi has as a seditious
middle temple lawyers now posing as a half naked fakir.
What provoked such a comment and what does it tell about the
symbolic strength of Mahatma Gandhi dress? 2+2=4
Or
Test cricket is a unique game in many ways .In which ways it is
different from other team games. How are the peculiarities of test
cricket shaped by its historical beginnings at a village game?
2+2=4
Q34. Our Constitution gives the Rajya Sabha some special powers over the
states. But Loksabha exercises supreme power how? 4

Q35. What is unemployment &describe it? 1+1.5+1.5= 4

Q36. Show the following places on the map 4
(a) From this place Brahmputara Rivers takes a U turn & enters in to India.
(b) Tapi River rises from this range.
(c) The largest Peninsular River.
(d) World’s largest and fastest growing delta.

Question for the blind students only in lieu of Q. No.36:

(i) Name the important river of Orissa.
(ii) Name the Natural inhabitant of Wild Ass.
(iii) The state having maximum density of population in India.
(iv) Sorrow of Bihar.
 CBSE Class 9 Social Science Sample Paper SA 1

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT – I
SOCIAL SCIENCE

CLASS - IX

TIME : 3 HOURS M.M. – 90

General Instruction (सामान्य �नद �) :-

 The question paper has 30 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.
 प्� पत म� कुल ३० प्� ह� | सभी प्� अ �वा्र है |
 Marks are indicated against each question.
 प्�श के �लए �धार्�र अंक प्�श के साम�े अं�कर है |
 Questions from serial number 1 - 8 are V.S.A. Type Questions. Each question carries
one mark.
 १से८ रक के प्� अ रयलघुयउतर�र्यप्� ह� | पत्ेक प्� के �लए१अंक �धार्�र है |
 Question from serial number 9 to 20 are 3 marks question. Answer of these
 प्� संख्ा ९ से २० रक के �लए ३ अंक �धार्�र है |
 Questions should not exceed from 80 words each.
 पत्ेक प्� का उतर� ८० �बनश से अ�धक म� �हरं हो�ा चा�हए |
 Question from serial number 21 to 28 are 5 marks question. Answer of these
 प्� संख्ा २१ से २८ रक के �लए ५ अंक �धार्�र है |
 Questions should not exceed from 120 words each.
 पत्ेक प्� का उतर� १२० �बनश से अ�धक म� �हरं हो�ा चा�हए |
 Question number 29 and 30 are map questions of 3 marks each from Geography and
History. After completion, attach the map inside your answer book.
 प्� संख्ा २९यएवंय३०मा��चत आधा्�र है जो भूगोलयएवंयइ रहासयसे सम्ं�धर है
एवंयपत्ेकय३-३अंक के �लए है | प्� को क��े के ्ान इसे अप�ी उतर� पिु सरका के
्ीच म� संलग� क� न� |
*******************************************************************
1. When was slavery finally abolished in French colonies? 1

फां�ससीयउप �वे�शयसेयनासरायअं रमयमपयसेयक्यसमासरयहुतय?

2.Name two of India’s southern neighbors- 1

ययभा�रयकेयनोयन��णीयपडोसीयने �शयकेय�ामय्राएँय?
3. How many countries are permanent member of the United Nations Security Council? 1

य�कर�ेयने �यसं्ुकरय�ााषयसु��ायप्� पयकेयस ातयसनस्यहै ?

4. Which is the most common form of democracy in today’s world? 1

वररमा�यम� य व्वयम� यलोकरंतयकायसवार�धकयपच�लरयपच�लरयमपयक्ायहै य?

5. Name the President of the Constituent Assembly. 1

यसं वधा�यसभायकेयअध्�यकाय�ामय्राएँय|

6. Raw material is an example of which type of capital? 1

कचचायमालय�कसयर�हयककयपूंजीयकायउनाह�णयहै ?

7. What is human capital? 1

मा�वयपूंजीयक्ायहै य?

8. What stand for IMR ? 1

आत.एम.आ�. सेयक्ायआ�्यहै य?

9. Why the period from 1793to 1794 was known as ‘Reign of Terror’ in France? 3

फ़ांसयम� य१७९३यसेय१७९४यकेय्ीचयकेयकालयकोयआरंकयकाय�ास�यकालयक्शयकहायजारायहै ?

10. What steps were taken by the provisional government to reduce growing influence of the
Bolsheviks ? 3

्ोल�े वकशयकेयपभावयकोय�ोक�ेयकेय�लएयअस ातयस�का�यपवा�ायक्ायकनमयउ ा्ेयगएय?

OR / (अथवा)

Write a brief note on Nazi art of Propaganda.

�ाजीयपचा�यककयकलायप�यएकयसं ंसरय�तसपणीय�ली� य!

11. How were the Liberals different from the Radicals? 3

उना�वानरय�कसयर�हयच�मवा�न्शयसेय�भन�य ेय?

OR / (अथवा)

Enumerate the major defects of the Weimer Republic.

वतम�यगण�ाज्यककयपमुीयकमजो्�्शयकायउललेीयक�� !

12. The central location of India at the head of Indian Ocean is of great advantage. 3

Explain this statement.

“�हननयमहासाग�यकेय�ी यर प�यभा�रयककयअविस रयअ रयमहतवपण

ू यर है ”? इसयवकरत्यककय
त्ाख्ायक�� !

13. Differentiate between Bhangar soil and Khadar soil. 3

्ांग�यर ायीान�य�मटीयकेय्ीचयअंर�यसपातयक�� !

14. Why are the peninsular rivers not navigable? 3

पा्पवीपी्य��न्ाँयक्शय�यवह�य्ोग्य�हरंयह�?

15. What is the United Nations? Mention the role of the UN Security Council. 3

सं्क
ु रय�ााषयसंघयक्ायहै ? सं्क
ु रय�ााषयस�ु �ायप्� पयककयभ�ू मकायकायउललेीयक�� !

16. How is the dignity of citizens enhanced in democracy? 3

लोकरंतयम� य�कसयर�हय�ाग्�कशयककयम्ारनायम� यसंव स वयहोरीयहै ?

17. Why is the Preamble of the constitution very important? 3

सं वधा�यककयपसराव�ायक्शय्हुरयमहतवपूणयर है ?

18. State the ways by which one can grow more from same piece of land? 3

यभू�मयकेयएकयहरंयतुकड़ेयप�यउतपान�य्बा�� यकेयअलगय–यअलगयर�रक�यक्ायहै ?

19. Why is human resource more superior than land and capital? Explain by giving examples.
3

मा�वयसंसाध�यक्शयभ�ू मयर ायपंज

ू ीयककयरल
ु �ायम� यअ�धकयमहतवपण
ू यर है ? उनहा�णयने क�य

इसककयत्ाख्ायक�� !

20.Health is an indispensable basis for realizing one’s well-being. Explain. 3

सवासस्यएकयप�माव््कयआधा�यहै य�कसीयकेयकल्ाणयकोयवासर वकराय्�ा�ेयका, त्ाख्ाय

क�� !
21. Describe the impact of the French Revolution on France and the world. 5

फांसयर ाय व्वयप�यफां�ससीय�ां रयकेयपभावशयकायवणर�यक�� !

22. What were the political conditions in Russia when the revolution occurred? 5

Describe briefly.

मसयम� यज्य�ां रयहुतयउसयसम्यवहाँयककय�ाज�ी रकयअवस ायक्ाय ी? सं��सरयवणर�यक�� |

OR / (अथवा)

What was Hitler’s world view? Write in brief.

�हतल�यकायवैि्वकय िातकोणयक्ाय ा? सं�ेपयम� य�ली� !

23. How was the mountain systems of Himalayas formed? 5

�हमाल्यपवररी्यरंतयकाय �मारणयकैसेयहुआय ा?

24. Why are rivers important for the country’s economy? 5

ययययय��न्ाँय�कसयर�हयने �यककयअ तर ्वस ायकेय�लएय्ड़ीयमहतवपण

ू यर ह�य?

25. Why is democracy considered better than any other form of government? 5

लोकरंतयकोयअन्य�ास�यपव र्शयककयरुल�ायम� यक्शयसवार�धकयअचंाय�ास�यपव र

मा�ायजारायहै ?

26. What are the guiding values of the Indian Constitution? Explain. 5

भा�री्यसं वधा�यमागरन�रकयमूल्यक्ायह�? त्ाख्ायककिज्ेय|

27. Explain the four requirements of the production of goods and services. What are the items
that come under physical capital? (4+1=5)

वसरुुंयर ायसेवाुंयकेयउतपान�यहे रुयचा�यआव््कयरतवशयककयत्ाख्ायक�� |यभय रकयपूंजीय

केयरहरयइसम� यकय�यसामनयआरायहै ?

28. What are the two types of unemployment found in rural areas? How does
Unemployment affect the overall growth of an economy? Explain by giving four points.
(4+1=5)

गामीणय�ेतशयम� यपातयजा�ेयवालरयनोयपका�यककय्े�ोजगा�रयक्ायहै ? ्े�ोजगा�रय�कसयपका�य

अ तर ्वस ायकेयपूणयर वकासयकोयपभा वरयक�रायहै ? चा�य�्ननु
ु ंयकेयपवा�ायइसककयत्ाख्ाय
क�� !

29. Three features A, B and C are shown in the given outline political map of India. Identify
these features with the help of the following information and write their correct names on the
lines marked in the map. (1+1+1=3)

भा�रयकेय�नएयगएय�ाज�ै रकयमा��चतयप�यय व�े राुंयA, Bयर ायCयकोय �चेय�नएय

गएयजा�का�रयकेयआधा�यप�यपहचा�ेयर ायअं�करय�े ीायप�यउ�केय�ामय�ली� !

A. Highest peak in Western Ghat (पि्चमीयघातयककयसववचचयचोतर)

B. The Indian Desert (भा�री्यमरस ल)

C. Lakshadweep Island (ल�पवीप)

30. Three items A,B and C are shown in the given outline map of France. Identify these
items with the help of following information and write their correct names on the line
marked on the map. (1+1+1=3)
फ़ांसयकेय�नएयगएयमा��चतयप�यरी�य व�े राुं A, Bयर ा Cयकोय �चेय�नएयगएयजा�का�रय
केयआधा�यप�यपहचा�ेयर ायअं�करय�े ीायप�यउ�केय�ामय�लीे.

1. A port of France related to Slave trade.

नास-त्ापा�यसेयसं्ं�धरयफ़ांसयकायएकय्नन�गाहय|
2. The city where Bastille prison was located.
वहय�ह�यजहाँय्ािसरलयकाय�कलायअविस रय ाय|
3. Sea located on the south of France.
फ़ांसयकेयन��णयिस रयसाग�

2
1

3
 CBSE Class 9 Social Science Sample Paper SA - 1 SET - 2

Social Science
Sample Question Paper
Term-I
Class IX
Time: 3hours M.M.: 80

Instructions :
1. The question paper has 35 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.
2. Marks are indicated against each question.
3. This question paper consists of two parts i.e. Part I & Part II. Part I of this question paper
contains Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) from serial Number 1 to 16 of 1 mark each.
These sixteen questions of Part I are to be answered on a separate sheet provided. This part
has to be completed in first 30 minutes only and the answer sheet must be handed over to the
invigilator before starting Part II.
4. In part II of the question paper there are 19 questions from serial No. 17 to 35. These ques-
tions are to be attempted in 2 hours and 30 minutes. This part should be attempted only after
the stipulated time given for Part I.
5. Questions from serial number 17 to 27 are 3 marks questions. Answer of these questions
should not exceed 80 words each
6. Questions from serial number 28 to 34 are 4 marks questions. Answer of these questions
should not exceed 100 words each
7. Question number 35 is a map question of 3 marks from Geography only. After completion,
attach the map inside your answer book.

PART I
Note : For question No. 1-4, attempt any one group i.e. Group A or Group B or Group C from the
following :

Group A
1. On what charges was Louis XVI Guillotined?
(a) Misgovernance (b) cruelty
(c) treason (d) absolute rule 1
2. By whom was 'social contract' written?
(a) Volltaire (b) Rousseau
(c) Adam Smith (d) Gorky 1

6
3. In the context of Russia what was 'Kullak'?
(a) A Collective form (b) A Russian school
(c) Well-to-do peasants (d) Landless labourers 1
4. Which one of the following refers to the secret police of Russia?
(a) Cheka (b) Gestapo
(c) Security police (d) F.B.I. 1

Group B
1. In the context of Russia what was 'Kullak'?
(a) A collective farm (b) A Russian school
(c) Well to do peasants (d) Landless labourers 1
2. Which one of the following refers to the secret police of Russia?
(a) Cheka (b) Gestapo
(c) Security police (d) FBI 1
3. In the context of Nazi Germany what was 'Jungvolk'?
(a) A School for Jews (b) A School of German
(c) A Nazi Youth group of 14 years old
(d) Society of adults above 20 years old 1
4. Strike the odd one out :
(a) Poles (b) Gypsies
(c) Jews (d) Germans 1

Group 'C’
1. In the context of Nazi Germany what was 'Jungvolk'?
(a) A School for Jews (b) A School of German
(c) A Nazi Youth group of 14 years old
(d) Society of adults above 20 years old 1
2. Strike the odd one out :
(a) Poles (b) Gypsies
(c) Jews (d) Germans 1
3. On what charges was Louis XVI Guillotined?
(a) Misgovernance (b) Cruelty
(c) Treason (d) Absolute rule 1

7
4. By whom was the 'social contract' written?
(a) Voltaire (b) Rousseau
(c) Adam Smith (d) Gorky 1
5. In which one of the following groups of Hemisphere India is located?
(a) Eastern and Western Hemisphere
(b) Northern and Southern Hemisphere
(c) Eastern and Northern Hemisphere
(d) Land and Water Hemisphere 1
6. Which one of the following features is related to the lower course of the river?
(a) Delta (b) Meander
(c) Ox-bow Lake (d) Gorge 1
7. How many member countries are there in UN General Assembly? Select the correct alternative
from the following :
(a) 142 (b) 192
(c) 182 (d) 132 1
8. Which one of the following international organizations is responsible for maintaining peace
and security among countries of the world?
(a) General Assembly
(b) Security council
(c) International Court of Justice
(d) International Monetary fund 1
9. When did the Constituent Assembly adopt the Constitution of India? Select the correct
alternatives from the following :
(a) 26th January, 1949 (b) 26th January, 1950
(c) 26th November, 1949 (d) 26th December, 1950 1
10. Who was the chairman of the Drafting Committee for making the constitution of India? Choose
the correct answer from the following :
(a) Rajendra Prasad (b) Baldev Singh
(c) H.C. Mookherjee (d) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar 1
11. Which one of the following is not a factor of production?
(a) Land (b) Labour
(c) Capital (d) Purchasing power 1

8
12. Which among the following is not an item of fixed capital?
(a) Tools (b) Raw Materials
(c) Machines (d) Building
13. Which one of the following activity is not associated with the primary sector?
(a) Agriculture (b) Forestry
(c) Education (d) Mining 1
14. Which one of the following is not an activity of tertiary sector?
(a) Transport (b) Banking
(c) Manufacturing (d) Tourism 1
15. Which one of the following is an important component of disaster preparedness?
(a) Conducting Mock drills, training and practice
(b) Implementing the disaster management plan
(c) Setting up of Medical camps
(d) Activating the emergency operations 1
16. Which one of the following is a slow onset hazard?
(a) Volcanic eruption (b) Floods
(c) Landslides (d) Drought

Part II
Note : Attempt any one group i.e. Group A or Group B or Group C from the following :

Group A
17. Explain the significance of French revolution on the history of France. 3
18. Explain Lenin's 'April Theses'. 3

Group 'B
17. Explain Lenin's 'April Theses'. 3
18. Why did Weimar Republic set up in Germany after the first world war, become unpopular?
Give three reasons. 3

Group 'C'
17. Why did Weimar Republic set up in Germany after the first world war become unpopular?
Give three reasons. 3

9
18. Explain the significance of French revolution in the history of France. 3
19. What is the latitudinal extent of India? How does it influence our lives? Explain giving two
examples. 1+2=3
20. Name the three parallel ranges of the Himalayas. Write main feature of each range.
1½+1½=3
21. How are the Peninsular rivers of India different from those of the Himalayas? Give any three
points of distinction. 3x1=3
22. Explain any three difficulties faced by the people in a non-democratic country. 3x1=3
23. Write any three arguments against democracy. 3x1=3
24. Why is human capital the most important factor of production? Give three reasons. 3x1=3
25. How have countries like Japan become rich and developed? Explain three reasons. 3x1=3
26. Give the meaning of disaster risk. Mention the four elements of emergency disaster
management. 1+2=3
27. Explain any three effects of floods. 3x1=3
Note : Attempt any one group i.e. Group A or Group B or Group C from the following :

Group A
28. Despite various reforms introduced by Robespierre, why was his reign termed as reign of
terror? 4
29. Evaluate the main features of Stalin's collectivization programme. 4

Group B
28. Evaluate the main features of Stalin's collectivization programme. 4
29. What effects did Nazism have on the school system? Give four points. 4

Group C
28. What effects did Nazism have on the school system? Give four points. 4
29. Despite various reforms introduced by Robespeire, why was his reign termed as reign of
terror? 4
30. Which are the two physical divisions of the Peninsular plateau? Write three characteristics of
each division. 1+1½+1½=4
31. Describe any four points in favour of democracy. 4
32. Explain any four salient features of Indian constitution. 4
33. Explain the four requirements of the production of goods & services. 4
34. How does unemployment affect the overall growth of an economy? Explain by giving four
points. 4

10
35. Three features (1-3) are marked on the given political outline map of India. Identify these
features with the help of following information and write their correct names on the lines marked
in the map.
1. The state having longest international boundary.
2. The smallest state in respect of area.
3. Important river of South India. 1+1+1=3
OR
Locate and label the following on the same political outline map of India. 3x1=3
a. Mount K2
b. Tropic of Cancer
c. Aravali Range
Note : The following question is for the visually impaired candidates only in lieu of map Q.no. 35.
(i) Which is the smallest state of India in respect of area?
(ii) In which state is Aravali mountain range?
(iii) Name the highest mountain peak of India. 3x1=3

11
Outline Political map of India for Question No. 35.

12
 CBSE Class 9 Social Science Sample Paper SA - 2 SET - 1

TERM II (SA-II)

Subject- Social Science

Class- IX
Time 3 Hours Maximum Marks-90

General Instructions: -

1. The question paper has 30 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.
2. Questions from serial number 1 to 8 are very short answer questions. Each
question carries 1 mark.
3. Questions from serial number 9 to 20 are 3 marks questions. Answer of
these questions should not exceed 80 words each.
4. Questions from serial number 21 to 26 are 5 marks questions. Answer of
these questions should not exceed 120 words each.
5. Question number 27 to 28 is map questions. After completion, attach the
map inside your answer book.
6. Questions number 29 to 30 of OTBA are 5 marks each questions.
lkekU; funsZ'k%&
1- iz'u i= es dqy 30 iz'u gSA lHkh iz'u vfuok;Z gSA
2- iz'u la[k;k 1 ls 8 rd vfr y/kqmRrjh; iz'u gSA lHkh iz'u ds fy, 1 vad fuf'pr gSA
3- iz'u la[;k 9 ls 20 rd ds iz'u 3 vad ds gSA bu iz'u ds mÙkj 80 'kCnksa ls vf/kd ugh gksus
pkfg,A
4- iz'u la[;k 21 ls 26 rd ds iz'u ikWp vad ds gSA bu iz'uksa ds mÙkj 120 'kCnksa ls vf/kd ugh
gksuk pkfg,A
5- iz'u la[;k 27 vkSj 28 ekufp= iz'u gS tks rhu vad Hkwxksy rFkk 3 vad bfrgkl ls gaSA iz'u
iwjk gksus ij ekufp= dks mÙkj iqfLrdk esa layXu djsaA
6- iz'u la[;k 29 vkSj 30 vks0 Vh0 ch0 ,0 iz'u gS tks ikWp&iWkp vad ds gSA

1. Which community played cricket for the first time in India? 1

Hkkjr esa igyh ckj fdzdsV fdl leqnk; ds yksxksa us [ksyk ?

OR vFkok
 What was the cockade ?

dkWdsM D;k Fkk ?

2. In which type of natural vegetation Silver fur is found? 1

fdl izdkj dh izkd`frd ouLifr esa flYoj Qj o`{k ik;k tkrk gS ?

3. How many seats in Lok Sabha is reserved for Scheduled caste? 1

vuwlwfpr tkfr;ksa ds fy, yksdlHkk esa fdruh lhVsa vkjf{kr gS ?

4. Who founded the political party Lok Dal ? 1

Ykksdny Ukked jktuhfrd ny dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh ?

5. What is the tenure of the member of Rajya Sabha ? 1

jkT;lHkk ds lnL;ksa dk dk;Zdky fdrus o’kksZa dk gksrk gS ?

6. What is the accepted calorie requirement per person in urban area in India?

Hkkjr esa “kgjh {ks=ksa esa izfr O;fDr izfrfnu fdruh Lohd`r dSyksjh dh vko';drk gS ? 1

7. What is buffer stock ? 1

cQj LVkWd D;k gS?

8. In which year the most devastating famine of India occurred in Bengal? 1

Hkkjr dh lcls Hk;kud vdky fdl lky caxky esa iM+k ?

9. Why did the people of Bastar raise the revolt against the Britishers. ? 3

cLrj ds yksxksa us vaxzstkas ds fo:} fonzksg D;ksa fd;k ?

OR vFkok

Discuss the lifestyle of Banjaras.

Caktkjksa ds jgu&lgu ds <ax dh ppkZ djsaA
 OR vFkok

Why were the threshing machines opposed by the poor farmers in

England?

baXyS.M ds xjhc fdlku Fkzsf'kax e'khu dk fojks/k D;ksa dj jgs Fksa ?

10.Mention any three causes of deforestation in India under colonial rule. 3

vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu ds nkSjku Hkkjr esa ouksa ds fouk'k ds fdUgha rhu dkj.k fy[ksaA

OR vFkok

How did the life of the Pastoralists change under colonial rule ?

vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu ds nkSjku pjokgksa ds thou esa D;k cnyko gq, ?

OR vFkok

Why were the Indian farmers reluctant to grow opium?

Hkkjrh; fdlku vQhe dh [ksrh ds izfr D;ksa mnklhu Fks?a

11.Why did Mahatma Gandhi Condemn the Pentangular Tournament? 3

egkRek xkW/kh us isaVkX;qyj VwukZesaV dh vkykspuk D;ksa dh ?

OR vFkok

Mention any three changes in women’s clothing style as a result of the two
world wars.
nks fo'o ;q}ksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i efgykvksa ds iks'kkd 'kSyh esa vk, fdUgha rhu ifjorZuksa dk
o.kZu djsaA

12.Explain any three features of Monsoon rain. 3

Ekkulwuh o’kkZ dh fdUgha rhu fo'ks’krkvksa dks fy[ksa ?

13.What are the controlling elements of the climate of an area? Explain any
three. 3
 fdlh Hkh {ks= dh tyok;q dks fu;af=r djus okys dkjd dkSu&dkSu gSa ? fdUgh rhu dh O;k[;k
djsaA
14.What steps are taken by the government to conserve the flora and fauna in
India? 3

Hkkjr esa ljdkj }kjk ikniksa ,oa thoksa dh lqj{kk ds fy, D;k&D;k dne mBk, x, ?

15.“ Lok Sabha is more powerful than Rajya Sabha “ . Explain by giving any
three reasons. 3
yksdlHkk jkT;lHkk ls T;knk 'kfDr'kkyh gSA fdUgh rhu dkj.kksa }kjk O;k[;k djsaA
16.What are the main powers of the Prime Minister? 3

Ikz/kkuea=h dh izeq[k 'kfDr;k¡ D;k&D;k gS?

17. How India is a secular Country? 3

Hkkjr ,d /keZfujis{k jkT; dSls gS ?

18. Explain any three major reasons of poverty in India. 3

Hkkjr esa fu/kZurk ds fdUgha rhu izeq[k dkj.kksa dk o.kZu djsaA

19. What are the main features of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
Employment Guarantee Act, 2005? 3

egkRek xka/kh jk"Vªh; jkstxkj xkjaVh vf/kfu;e 2005 dh izeq[k fo'ks’krk,W D;k&D;k gS?

20. Why the Buffer stock is created by the Government? 3

cQj LVkWd dk fuekZ.k ljdkj ds }kjk D;ksa fd;k tkrk gS?

21. How the changes in forest management in the colonial period affected the
following groups of people. (2 ½x2=5)

(a) Shifting Cultivators (b) Plantation Owners

vkSifuosf'kd dky ds ou izca/ku esa vk, ifjorZuksa us bl lewgksa dks dSls izHkkfor fd;k
¼d½ >we [ksrh djus okys dks
¼[k½ ckxku ekfydksa dks
 OR vFkok

Give reasons to explain why the Masai Community lost their grasing land.

eklkbZ leqnk; ds pkjkxkg muls D;ksa fNu x, ? dkj.k crk,W

OR vFkok

What were the advantages or disadvantages of mechanical harvesting

machines in the USA ?

vesfjdk esa Qly dkVus okyh e'khuksa ds Qk;ns&uqdlkku D;k&D;k Fks?

22. List any five developments that have taken place in cricket after 1970? 5
1970 ds ckn fdzdsV ds fodkl ds fy, mBk, x, fdUgha ikWp dneska ¼iz;klkas½ dk mYys[k djsaA

OR vFkok

What were theSumptuary laws in France.

Qzkal ds lEipqvjh dkuwu D;k Fks?

23. Write short note on the followings: 5

(a) Tropical Evergreen Forests

(b) Tropical Deciduous Forests.

fuEufyf[kr ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fy[ksaA
¼d½ m’VdfVca/kh; lnkcgkj ou
¼[k½ m’VdfVca/kh; i.kZikrh ou

24. What are the significant features of the National Population Policy? 5

jk"Vªh; tula[;k uhfr dh eq[; fo'ks’krk,¡ D;k gS?

25. What are the challenges to free and fair elections? 5

Lora= ,oa fu"i{k pquko dh D;k&D;k pqukSfr;kW gS?

26. Right to freedom is not only a right but also a group of many rights. Explain.
Lora=rk dk vf/kdkj dsoy vf/kdkj ugha vfirq vusd vf/kdkjksa dk lewg gSA O;k[;k djsaA 5

27. On an outline political map of world locate and label the followings:(1 ½ x2=3)

(a) Java (b) Bastar

fn, x, fo'o ds jkthfrd ekufp= ij fuEufyf[kr dks n'kkZ,W
¼d½ tkok ¼[k½ cLrj

OR vFkok
On an outline political map of world locate and label the followings.

(a) Areas of Raika Community

(b) Masailand
fn, x, fo'o ds jkthfrd ekufp= ij fuEufyf[kr dks n'kkZ,W
¼d½ jkbdk leqnk; dk {ks= ¼[k½ eklkbZ {ks=

OR vFkok
On an outline political map of world locate and label the following.

(a) London (b) Kolkata

fn, x, fo'o ds jktuhfrd ekufp= ij fuEufyf[kr dks n'kkZ,W
¼d½ yanu ¼[k½ dksydkrk

28. On an outline political map of India locate and label the following. (1x3=3)

(a) Areas having less than 20cm rainfall

(b) Place of the Highest rainfall in the world.
(c) Areas having more than 400 cm rainfall
fn, x, Hkkjr ds ekufp= ij fuEufyf[kr dks n'kkW,W&
¼d½ 20 ls0eh0 ls de o’kkZ okyk {ks=
¼[k½ fo'o esa lokZf/kd o’kkZ okyk LFkku
¼x½ 400 ls0eh0 ls vf/kd o’kkZ okyk {ks=
 OTBA
29. Who was Hardeep Singh? Why Hardeep Singh approached his friend 5
Gurpreet Singh?
Or
Write a note on Green Revolution?
gjnhi flag dkSu Fks\ gjnhi flag vius fe= xqjizhr flag ds ikl D;kas x, \
vFkoka
gfjr ØkfUr ij ,d fVIi.kh fy[ksaA
30. What is the role of Milk Co-operative societies in nation building? 5
Or
What do you mean by Land Reforms? Why it was introduced after
independence?
nqX/k &lgdkjh lfefr dh jk’Vª fuekZ.k esa D;k Hkwfedk gS\
vFkoka
Hkwfe lq/kkj ls vki D;k le>rs gS\a Lora=rk ds ckn mls D;ksa ykxw fd;k x;k\

Q.No. 27.
Q. No. 28.
 CBSE Class 9 Social Science Sample Paper SET - 1

SOCIAL SCIENCE
TIME-3hours SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER CLASS-IX
Maximums Marks-80
Instructions:
1. The question paper has 36 questions in all. All questions are
compulsory.
2. Marks are indicated against each question.
3. The question paper consists of two parts i.e Part I and Part II. Part I
of the question paper contains Multiple Choice Questions(MCQs)
from serial number 1 to 16 of 1 mark each. These sixteen questions
of Part I are to be answered on a separate sheet provided. This part
has to be completed in first 30 minutes only and the answer sheet
must be handed over to the invigilator before starting Part II.
4. In part II of the question paper, there are twenty questions from
serial no. 17 to 36 which are to be attempted in 2 hours and 30
minutes. This part should be attempted only after the stipulated time
given for Part I.
5. Questions from serial number 17 to 32 are 3 marks questions.
Answer of these questions should not exceed 80 words each.
6. Questions from serial number 33 to 35 are 4 marks questions.
Answer of these questions should not exceed 100 words each.
7. Question number 36 is a map question of 4 marks for Geography
only. After completion, attach the map inside your answer book.

PART-1
Q1. Which was the first white Indian cricket club? 1
(a) Oriental cricket club, Bombay
(b) Calcutta cricket club
(c) Chennai cricket club
(d) None of these
OR

National women suffrage association was headed by whom?

(a) Lucy stone
(b) Brahimaika saree
(c) Mrs. Stanton
(d) None of these

Q2. From which of the following khadi was obtained? 1

(a) Silk
(b) Jute
(c) Homespun yarn
(d) None of these
OR
When leg before law was implemented in India?
(a) 1700
(b) 1721
(c) 1774
(d) 1800
Q3. Which valley is called as “paradise on the earth? 1
(a) Brahmputara
(b) Indus valley
(c) Kashmir valley
(d) None of these

Q4. What is the duration of monsoon? 1

(a) 100-120 days
(b) 300days
(c) 30 days
(d) 7 days

Q5. According to ferrels law the winds turn in which direction in northern
plan? 1
(a) Right
(b) Left
(c) South
(d) North

Q6. Wild ass is found in which place of India? 1

(a) Gulf of manner
(b) Runn of kuchha
(c) Arravali hills
(d) Sunder bans

Q7. India is divided in to how many constituencies? 1

(a) 543
(b) 423
(c) 79
(d) 500

Q8 Under which preside ship 27% of reservation was given to SEBC? 1

(a) Sarvapali Radha Krishnan

(b) Gyanijyal Singh
(c) V.V.Giri
(d) B.P. Mandel

Q9. A bill became law when the P.M. signs in it 1

(a) Majority in the supports of it
(b) Presidents sign on it
(c) Chief justice agree with it
(d) None of these

Q10. Which of the following right is available in our constitution? 1

(a) Right to work
(b) Right to live hood
(c) Right to protect one culture
(d) None of these
Q11. Which of the following is a secondary activity? 1
(a) Quarrying
(b) Communication
(c) Forestry
(d) Tourism

Q12. In which year SGSY was implemented in INDIA? 1

(a) 1999
(b) 1998
(c) 2000
(d) 1985

Q13. According to the report of 2001 which Country stood first in poverty? 1
(a) Indonesia
(b) Bangladesh
(c) Pakistan
(d) Nigeria

Q14. Earth quake in Bhuj was occurred in which year? 1

(a) 2001
(b) 2000
(c) 2003
(d) 2002

Q15. What do you mean by ARIDITY? 1

(A) Temporary condition of water scarcity
(b) Permanent condition of water scarcity
(c) Temporary condition of food scarcity
(d) Permanent condition of food scarcity

Q16. According to Indian constitution freedom to press right belong to which

article? 1
(a) Article 20
(b) Article 17
(c) Article 18
(d) Article 19

Q17. When France becomes a constitutional monarchy? What was the

political system on it? 2+1=3
OR
Explain the role of Lenin in Russian revolution? [3]
OR
Why Nazism became popular on Germany in 1930? [3]

Q18. Write a brief note on reign of terror .Why it was collapsed? [3]

OR
What were the impacts of First World War on 1917 Russian
revolution? [3]
 OR
In what ways did the Nazi state shock to establish total control over its
people? [3]
Q19. How forest was affected by wars? [3]
OR
How did the life of pastoralists changed under colonial rule? [3]
Q20. How has an advance in technology, especially television technology
affected the development of contemporary cricket? [3]
OR
How were the political symbols of the French revolution reflected in
clothing?

Q21. What type of climate India has and why it is so? 1+2=3
Q22. How you can contribute to the protection of endangered animals and
birds? [3]

Q23. Answer the following questions from the given table (1.1). [3]

ABOSOLUTE
TOTAL
INCREASE IN THE ANNUAL
YEAR POPULATION (IN
DECADE(IN GROWTH RATE
MILLION)
MILLION)
1951 361.0 42.43 1.25

1961 439.2 78.15 1.96

1971 548.2 108.42 2.20

1981 683.3 135.17 2.22

1991 846.4 163.09 2.14

2001 1028.7 182.32 1.93

(A) Censuses have been yield regularly per…………..year.

(B) What is the difference between the population of 2001 &1951 of our
country?
(c) In which year population growth rate is highest?

Q24. What were the causes of famine in India? [3]

Q25. How South Africa reforms in to a republic country? [3]
Q26. What was the work of E.C in India? [3]
Q27. Among the three organs of state which is more powerful & how?
1.5x2=3
Q28. How the poverty line was estimated in India? [3]
Q29. Do you believe that green revolution has made India self sufficient in
food grains? Yes or no? If yes /no why? [3]
Q30. A section 0f people in India are still with out food, explain? [3]
Q31. What do you mean by hazards? Write down the different types of
hazards? 1+2=3
Q32. Write down the 3 safety measure while on rail travel? [3]
Q33. Winston Churchill described mahatma Gandhi has as a seditious
middle temple lawyers now posing as a half naked fakir.
What provoked such a comment and what does it tell about the
symbolic strength of Mahatma Gandhi dress? 2+2=4
Or
Test cricket is a unique game in many ways .In which ways it is
different from other team games. How are the peculiarities of test
cricket shaped by its historical beginnings at a village game?
2+2=4
Q34. Our Constitution gives the Rajya Sabha some special powers over the
states. But Loksabha exercises supreme power how? 4

Q35. What is unemployment &describe it? 1+1.5+1.5= 4

Q36. Show the following places on the map 4
(a) From this place Brahmputara Rivers takes a U turn & enters in to India.
(b) Tapi River rises from this range.
(c) The largest Peninsular River.
(d) World’s largest and fastest growing delta.

Question for the blind students only in lieu of Q. No.36:

(i) Name the important river of Orissa.
(ii) Name the Natural inhabitant of Wild Ass.
(iii) The state having maximum density of population in India.
(iv) Sorrow of Bihar.
 CBSE Class 9 Social Science Sample Paper SET - 2

Class : IX Sample Question Paper SET - 2 Subject : Social S

I. Very short answer type question (1 to 10 question 1 marks only)

1. What is the total length of the coastline of mainland including Andaman and Nicobar and
Lakshadweep?
2. The neighbouring countries that share their boundaries with India are?
3. Which are the main causes of rock displacement?
4. Name any four factors which are responsible for creating and modifying the relief to its
present form.
5. Which river has the largest basin in India?
6. An area through which a river and its tributaries flow is called ------------.
7. Name the main production activity of Palampur.
8. Give two examples of fixed capital.
9. How can the population of a nation becomes human capital?
10. What is social exclusion?
11. what was the name of parliament of France
12. what was convention
13. where did first socialist government form
14. what do you mean by suffragete movement
15. who was the friend of Karl Marx
16. where had Hitler born
17. direct democracy is being practiced in which country
18. Why is it not possible to have direct democracy in India
19. on which date the constitution of Indian Republic come into force
20. who was the president of constituent assembly

II. Short answer type questions (3 marks)

21. How does India occupy an important strategic position in South Asia?
22. What are the major sources of river pollution?
23. Explain the problems which arise due to unequal distribution of land?
24. How has human capital formation helped India
25. describe the role of philosophers in French Revolution
26. why Hitler committed to suicide
27. how is India a democratic country
28. what was apartheid
III. Long answer type questions (5 marks)

29. How did the northern plains come to existence? Also mention two features of these
plains.
30. What do you understand by human capital formation? Highlight two initiatives each of
Indian government to enhance health and education facilities?
31. What are the major features of poverty?
32. what were the outputs of French Revolution
33. what are the features of democracy
34. how South Africa become an example of a modern democratic country
35. locate the following on the given outline map of Europe
• Paris
• Austria
• Germany

36. On the outline political map of India, locate and label the following:
• Karakaroam range
• Anai mudi peak
• Chilika lake
 CBSE Class Social Science Sample Paper SET - 3

Class : IX
Sample Question Paper SET - 3 Subject : Social S

I. Very short answer type question (1 to 10 question 1 marks only)

1. What is the latitudinal extent of India?
2. Which canal has reduced the India’s distance from Europe by 7000km?
3. What is Khadar?
4. Name some of the depositional features formed by the rivers in the plain?
5. Which is the largest delta in the world?
6. What is the total length of the Indus river?
7. Name two examples of working capital?
8. The clay used by a potter is an example of which type of capital?
9. Name any four factors which can improve the quality of human resources?
10. What is vulnerability?
11. define aristocracy
12. what was the state in France
13. in which year did USSR disintegrate
14. who were kulaks
15. Who are jar Nicholas 2
16. what was reichstag
17. write the name of five democratic countries
18. write any one provision of a democratic country
19. what do you mean by republic country
20. what is a secular country

II. Short answer type questions (3 marks)

21. Why is India called a subcontinent?

22. Write a short note on NRCP?
23. “Capital is a basic need in agriculture”.How is it arranged by Indian farmers? Explain.
24. How are working conditions for women in unorganised sector different from those in the
organised sector? Explain.
25. what was the role of middle classes on the onset of the French Revolution
26. why Hitler become a powerful dictator of Germany
27. define Democracy
28. mention any three contrast between black and white in South Africa
III. Long answer type questions (5 marks)

29. Explain the formation of Peninsular plateau. Write any four of its distinct features.
30. Why is human resource important for development? Explain.
31. Describe the poverty trends in India since 1973?
32. describe the role of women in French Revolution
33. write any four facts in the favour of democracy
34. write a note on Nelson Mandela
35. locate the following places on the given outline map of Europe
• Milan
• France
• Prussia
36. On the outline political map of India,locate and label the following?
• The Jaintia hills
• Malwa plateau
• Lingonamakki reservior
 CBSE Class 9 Social Science Sample Paper SET - 4

Class : IX Sample Question Paper SET - 4 Subject : Social Science

I. Very short answer type question (1 to 10 question 1 marks only)

1. What is the longitudinal extent of India?

2. Which state does not share any international boundary?
3. What is a distributary?
4. What is Bhangar?
5. Name the largest tributary of Ganga?
6. The sunderban delta is the home of which animal?
7. Which is the most abundant factor of production?
8. What is physical capital?
9. Give two examples of tertiary sector?
10. What is poverty?
11. what was estate general
12. what do you mean by feudal system
13. what was the name of parliament of Russia
14. what do you mean by April thesis
15. who was the head of provisional government
16. who were liberals
17. define Democracy according to Lincoln
18. write any one fact against democracy
19. how many years Nelson Mandela spent in prison
20. what is the full form of ANC

II. Short answer type questions (3 marks)

21. How has been the mountain passes be helpful in India since historic times? Explain.
22. Mention three characteristics of lakes?
23. What problems did farm labourers face in terms of unemployment? Explain any three
problems.
24. What is seasonal unemployment? What are the factors responsible for seasonal
unemployment?
25. explain the term reign of terror
26. what do you mean by Nazim
27. write any three facts in against of democracy
28. what do you mean by constituent assembly
III. Long answer type questions (5 marks)

29. Compare the main features of western coastal plains and eastern coastal plains.
30. What are the major factors responsible for unemployment in India?
31. Identify the various groups vulnerable to poverty?
32. write the social structure of French society before 1789
33. explain broader meaning of democracy
34. compare the two types of democracy
35. locate the following places on the given outline map of Europe
• England
• Poland
• Italy
36. On the outline political map of India locate and label the following?
• The Aravali ranges
• Kanchengunja peak
• The Kosi river
 Social Science
Sample Question Paper
Term-I
(October-2011)
Class IX

Time: 3hours M.M.: 90

Instructions :
1. The question paper has 31 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.
2. Marks are indicated against each question.
3. Questions from serial number 1-10 are Multiple Choice Questions. Each question carries
one mark.
4. Questions from serial number 11 to 22 are 3 mark questions. Answer of these questions
should not exceed 80 words each
5. Questions from serial number 23 to 30 are 5 mark questions. Answer of these questions
should not exceed 120 words each.
6. Question number 31 is a map question of 4 mark from Geography only. After completion,
attach the map inside your answer book.
1. On what charges was Louis XVI Guillotined?
(a) Misgovernance (b) Cruelty
(c) Treason (d) Absolute rule 1
2. By whom was 'social contract' written?
(a) Voltaire (b) Rousseau
(c) Adam Smith (d) Gorky 1
3. In which one of the following groups of Hemispheres India is located?
(a) Eastern and Western Hemisphere
(b) Northern and Southern Hemisphere
(c) Eastern and Northern Hemisphere
(d) Land and Water Hemisphere 1
4. Which one of the following features is related to the lower course of the river?
(a) Delta (b) Meander
(c) Ox-bow Lake (d) Gorge 1

5
5. Which one of the following is the best way to establish democracy in a country?
(a) Foreign aggression by a democratic country.
(b) People’s struggle within their own country.
(c) Resolution by the U.N. General Assembly.
(d) Voluntary support by the majority of the people. 1
6. Which one of the following international organizations is responsible for maintaining peace
and security among countries of the world?
(a) U.N. General Assembly
(b) U.N. Security Council
(c) International Court of Justice
(d) International Monetary Fund 1
7. Who one of the following was the chairman of the Drafting Committee for making the
Constitution of India?
(a) Rajendra Prasad (b) Baldev Singh
(c) H.C. Mookerjee (d) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar 1
8. Which among the following is not an item of fixed capital?
(a) Tools (b) Raw Materials
(c) Machines (d) Building
9. Which one of the following activities is associated with the primary sector?
(a) Pottery (b) Basket weaving
(c) Education (d) Mining 1
10. Which one of the following is an activity of tertiary sector?
(a) Agriculture (b) Forestery
(c) Banking (d) Manufacturing 1
11. Explain Lenin's 'April Theses'. 3
OR
Why did Weimar Republic set up in Germany after the first world war become unpopular?
Give three reasons. 3x1=3
12. Explain any three main features of Stalin's collectivization programme. 3x1=3
OR
Explain any three effects of Nazism on the school system? 3x1=3
13. What is the latitudinal extent of India? How does it influence our lives? Explain giving two
examples. 1+2=3

6
14. Name the three parallel ranges of the Himalayas. Write three features of northern most range
of the Himalaya.
1½+1½=3
15. Name the three types of plate boundaries. Explain one characterstic of each. 1½+1½=3
16. How are the peninsular rivers of India different from those of the Himalayas? Give any three
points of distinction. 3x1=3
17. Explain any three difficulties faced by the people in a non-democratic country. 3x1=3
18. State any three arguments against democracy. 3x1=3
19. Why do we call India a secular democratic republic? Explain. 3
20. Why is human capital the most important factor of production? Give three reasons. 3x1=3
21. How have countries like Japan become rich and developed? Explain three reasons. 3x1=3
22. What are the various activities which are classified with three main sectors? Name each
sector with suitable examples. 3x1=3
23. Despite various reforms introduced by Robespeire, why was his reign termed as reign of
terror? Explain. 5
24. Explain the circumstances that helped the middle class in bringing social and economic
changes in France in the 18th Centrury. 5
25. Explain any five changes introduced by Bolsheviks in Russia after October Revolution of
1917. 5x1=5
OR
Explain any five features of political policy adopted by Hitler after coming to power in 1933.
5x1=5
26. Which are the two physical divisions of the Peninsular plateau? Write four characteristics of
each division. 1+2+2=5
27. What is democracy? Explain any four features of a democrative set up? 1+4=5
28. Why do we need a constitution? Describe any three main functions of the constitution.
2+3=5
29. Explain the four requirements of the production of goods and services. What are the items
that come under physical capital? 4+1=5
30. What are the two types unemployment found in rural areas? How does unemployment affect
the overall growth of an economy? Explain by giving four points. 1+4=5
31.1. Two features (1-2) are marked on the given political outline map of India. Identify these features
with the help of following information and write their correct names on the lines marked in the
map.
1. A mountain range
2. An important river of South India.

7
31.2. Locate and label the following on the same political outline map of India.
a. Mount K2
b. Tropic of Cancer 2+2=4
Note : The following question is for the visually impaired candidates only, in lieu of map Q.no. 31.
(31.1) Which is the smallest state of India in respect of area?
(31.2) In which state is Aravali mountain range?
(31.3) Name the highest mountain peak of India.
(31.4) What is the latitude of Tropic of Cancer? 4x1=1

8
 Social Science
Marking Scheme
Class IX

1. (c)
2. (b)
3. (c)
4. (a)
5. (d)
6. (b)
7. (d)
8. (b)
9. (d)
10. (c)
11. Lenin put three demands which were known as Lenin's 'April Theses'.
They were :
i. The war be brought to a close.
ii. Land be transferred to the peasants.
iii. The banks be nationalized.
These three demands to be explained. 3x1=3
OR
After the defeat of Germany in the war, the German emperor abdicated and Weimer
Republic was proclaimed by the National Assembly with a federal structure.
1. This republic, however, could never become popular. The people made this government
responsible for accepting the humiliating treaty of Versailles.
2. People made this government responsible for the miseries experienced by the people.
3. The Weimer Republic was being made to pay for the sins of the old empire. The
supporters of the Weimer Republic mainly socialists, Catholics and Democrats
became easy targets of attack in nationalist circles.
4. Democracy and republican government was yet a new idea, the importance of which
was not easily comprehended by the common people.
5. Any other relevant point
(Any three points) 3x1=3

9
12. Main features of Stalin’s collectivization programme:
i. All the peasants were forced to cultivate in collective farms. (Kolkhoz)
ii. The bulk of land and implements were transferred to the ownership of collective farms.
iii. Peasants worked on the land and the Kolkhoz profit was shared.
iv. Some peasants resisted the authorities and destroyed their livestock.
v. Those who resisted collectivisation were punished.
vi. Many were deported and jailed.
(Any three points.) 3x1=3
OR
1. All schools were 'cleared' and purified.
2. Children were first segregated. German and Jews could not sit together or play together.
3. Eventually all undesirable children such as jews and gypsies were thrown out of schools.
4. Good German children were subjected to prolonged period of Nazi Schooling. 1x4
Any three points 3x1=3
13. Latitudinal extent : 6º4'N to 37°6'N 1 mark
Influence :
1. Tropic of Cancer divides the country into two equal parts.
2. Thus India is situated in tropical and temperate zones.
3. Northern part of India has high annual range of temperature whereas the southern part
has low annual range of temperature
4. The latitudinal extent influences the duration of the day and night as one moves from
south to north
5. Duration of day and night varies from 45 minutes in the extreme south to 5½ hours in
the extreme north.
6. Any other relevant point.
(Any two points to be explained) 2 marks 1+2=3
14. Parallel Ranges
1. Himadri / Greater Himalaya / Inner Himalaya
2. Himachal / Lesser Himalaya
3. Shiwaliks 3x½ = 1½
Himadri
Features of :
i. It is the most continuous range

10
 ii. Consisting of the loftiest peaks with an average height of 6000 metres.
iii. The folds are asymmetrical in nature.
iv. Composed of granite
v. It is perennially snow bound.
(Any three features.) 3x½=1½ mark
15. Names of plate boundaries
(i) Convergent Boundary
(ii) Divergent Boundary
(iii) Transform Boundary 1½ marks
B- Characteristics
(i) Plates come towards each other and form convergent boundary.
(ii) Plates move away from each other and form divergent boundary
(iii) Here plates move horizentally past each other and form transform boundary.
1½ marks 1½+1½=3
16. The Peninsular Rivers The Himalayan Rivers
(i) A large number of the peninsular rivers Most of the Himalayan rivers are perennial.
are seasonal. They depend on rainfall. They depend on rainfall as well as on
melting of snow.
(ii) The peninsular rivers have shorter and They have long courses from their source
shallower courses. to mouth.
(iii) They hardly perform erosional activity They perform intensive erosional activity
even in their upper course. in their upper courses.
(iv) Major rivers are Mahanadi, Godavari, Major rivers are Indus, Ganga and
Krishna, Kaveri, Narmada and Tapi Brahmaputra
(v) Any other point of distinction
(Any three points) 3x1=3

17. i. People do not have any rights.

ii. They can't choose or change their rulers.
iii. There is no real freedom to express one's opinion.
iv. There are no political associations, organized protests & political actions.
v. Any other relevant point.
(Any three points to be explained) 3x1=3

11
18. i. Leaders keep changing in a democracy. This leads to instability.
ii. Democracy leads to corruption for it is based on electoral competition.
iii. Elected leaders do not know the best interest of the people. It leads to wrong decisions.
iv. It delays decision making process.
v. Any other relevant point.
(Any three points) 3x1=3
19. (i) India is called secular because its citizens have complete freedom to follow and
practise any religion of their own choice.
(ii) Democracy means that India has a government where people enjoy equal political
rights, elect their rulers who are accountable
(iii) Head of the state ie India’s President (Rashtrapati) is elected and is not hereditary
3x1=3
20. (a) Human capital refers to the people who possess the knowledge and enterprise to put
together the other factors of production.
(b) Investment in human capital yields a return just like investment in physical capital.
(c) It is essential as physical capital cannot produce goods and services on their own.
(d) Any other relevant point.
(Any three points to be explained.) 3x1=3
21. (a) The countries like Japan do not have any natural resources. They import the needed
resources.
(b) They have invested in human resource especially in the field of education & health.
(c) Efficiency & technology evolved by people have made these countries rich &
developed.
(d) Any other relevant point.
(Any three to be explained) 3x1=3
22. Human occupations are classified into three categories
1. Primary occupation : Agriculture, Animal Husbandary, Forestry, Fishing, Mining
and Quarrying.
2. Secondary Occupation: Manufacturing industry, building construction work etc.
3. Tertiary Occupation : Transport, Communication, Commerce, Administration and
other services (such as teaching, medical etc.) 3x1=3
23. The Jacobin government under Robespierre abolished monarchy and declared France as a
Republic, a form of government where people elect the government, including the Head of the
State. 1 mark
Inspite of bringing these landmark changes, his period was referred to as a reign of terror.

12
 1. He followed a policy of severe control and punishment.
2. Examples of his policies, like maximum ceiling on wages and prices and rationing of
meat and bread.
3. All those who opposed him were considered enemies of the republic, were arrested,
imprisoned and tried by a revolutionary tribunal.
4. If found guilty they were guillotined.
5. Any other relevant point.
(Any four points) 4x1=4 marks 1+4=5
24. The circumstances that helped the middle class in bringing social and economic changes in
France in 18th century:
(a) American war of Independence
(b) Spread of new philosophy
(c) Expansion of Trade
(d) The belief of the lawyers and administration that no group in society should be privileged
by birth.
(e) Rise of new ideas that society should be based on freedom and equal laws and
opportunities for all.
(f) Any other relevant point.
(Any five points to be explained) 5x1=5
25. The changes introduced by the Bolsheviks after October Revolution (1917) 5
(a) Nationalisation of Bank
(b) Land declared social property
(c) Land distributed among nobility.
(d) Partition of houses according to family requirement
(e) Banned old titles of aristocracy
(f) New uniforms designed for officials
(Any five points to be explained) 5x1=5
OR
Policies adopted by Hitler once he came to power in 1933.
(a) Suspended civil rights.
(b) Communists sent to consertration camps.
(c) Introduced Enabling Act.
(d) Banning of all political parties and trade unions.
(e) State control over economy, media, army and Judiciary.

13
 (f) Creation of special serveillance and security forces.
(g) Any other relevant point.
(Explain any five points.) 5x1=5
26. Physical division of Peninsular Plateau:
(A) Central Highlands (B) Deccan Plateau
Characteristics ½+½=1 mark
A. i. Lies to the north of Narmada river.
ii. It covers a major area of the Malwa plateau.
iii. It is bound by the Vindhyan range in the south and Aravalis on the north
west.
iv. The Central Highlands are wider in the west and narrower in the east.
v. The eastward extensions are locally known as the Baghelkhand,
and Chotanagpur.
vi. Any other relevant point.
(Any four characteristics.) 4x½=2 marks
B. i. The Deccan plateau is a triangular landmass.
ii. It lies to the south of the Narmada river.
iii. Satpura range flanks its broad base in the north while Mahadev, the Kaimur
and Maikal ranges form its eastern extensions.
iv. It is higher in the west and slopes gently eastwards.
v. Its extension towards northeast, locally known and the Meghalaya as Karbi-
Anglon plateau.
vi. Any other relevant point.
(Any four characteristics.) 4x½=2 marks
1+2+2=5
27. Democracy is a form of government in which the rulers are elected by the people or any other
relevant definition. 1 mark
i. A democratic government is a better government because it is more accountable to
the people.
ii. Democracy improves quality of decision making.
iii. Democracy provides a method to deal with differences and conflicts.
iv. Democracy enhances the dignity of citizens.
v. Any other relevant point.
(Any four points to be described) 4x1=4 marks 1+4=5

14
28. We need a constitution because it is the supreme law of a country which not only determines
the relationship among the people living in a territory, but also the relationship between the
people and the government. 2 marks
(a) The constitution generates a degree of trust and coordination that is necessary for
different kinds of people to live together.
(b) It specifies how the govt. will be constituted, who will have power to take which
decisions.
(c) It lays down limits on the power of the government and tells us what the rights of the
citizens are.
(d) It expresses the aspirations of the people about creating a good society.
(e) Any other relevant point.
(Any three points.) 3x1=3 marks 2+3=5
29. The four main requirements for the production of goods and services are:
(a) Land and other natural reasons.
(b) Labour i.e. people who carry out the work for production.
(c) Capital i.e. varieties of inputs are required for production such as (i) fixed capital (ii)
working capital
(d) Human capital. 4x1=4 marks
Example of Physical Capital.
(i) Fixed capital eg tools, machines (ii) Working capital eg raw material.
1 mark 4+1=5
30. l The two types of unemployments are (i) seasonal (ii) disguised 1 mark
l The unemployment has detrimental impact on the overall growth of an economy.
(a) It is a wastage of man power resource.
(b) It increases the economic overload.
(c) It tends to increase the number of dependant population.
(d) Increase in unemployment is an indicator of a depressed economy.
4x1=4 1+4=5
31. Filled in map attached
For visually impaired candidates.
(31.1) Goa
(31. 2) Rajasthan
(31.3) Mt. K2

(31.4) 23 N 4+1=5

15
Q. 31.

Outline Map of India (Political)

Mt. K2
a

ES
NG
I RA 1
L c 1
0

AVA 23 N
2
AR b
TROPIC OF CANCER

RIVER KAVERI
2

16
 ®
ADDITIONAL
PR ACTICE

SOCIAL
SCIENCE 9
Updated Answer Key

DNA education
New Delhi-110002
 India and the Contemporary World–I

1 the FreNCh reVoLUtIoN

Worksheet-1
French society during the Late eighteenth Century
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. The French Revolution broke on 14th July, 1789.with the storming of the fortress-prison, the Bastille.
2. The Bastille was hated by all, because it stood for the despotic power of the king.
3. On 14th July, 1789 Bastille was demolished by the people .The fortress was demolished and its stone
fragments were sold in the markets to all those who wished to keep a souvenir of its destruction.
4. The French society in the 18th century was divided into three estates. The first estate consisted of the
clergymen, the second estate consisted of the nobles and the third estate consisted of the common
people most of whom were peasants.
5. The two classes of people who belonged to the third estate in France were big businessmen, merchants,
small peasants, landless labour, servants, etc.
6. The Church too extracted its share of taxes called tithes(a tax levied comprising one-tenth of the
agricultural produce) from the peasants,and finally, all members of the third estate had to pay taxes
to the state.

II. short Answer type Questions

1. The middle class of France emerged as educated and wealthy society. They were against the system
of privileges given to the Clergy and the Nobility. They had more deepen ideas on equality and
democracy. They believed that no group in society should be privileged by birth. Rather, a person’s
social position must depend on his merit. These ideas envisaging a society based on freedom and
equal laws and opportunities for all. They created a mass movement and spread awareness about
stopping this. Also, the social writers and novelists introduced the idea of liberation and freedom in
their books.
2. In the 18th century, middle class was a social group who earned their wealth through an expanding
overseas trade and from the manufacture of goods such as woolen and silk textile. In addition to
merchants and manufacturers it also included lawyers and administrative officials. They were well
educated and believed that
i. no group in society should be privileged by birth.
ii. a person’s social position must depend on his merit.
iii. a society must be based on freedom and equal laws and opportunities for all.
iv. this idea was maintained by Locke, Rousseau and Montesquieu.
III. Long Answer type Questions
1. The economic conditions of France that led to revolution were as follows:
i. When Louis XVI was crowned the new king found the royal Treasure empty.

2
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ADDITIONAL
PR ACTICE SOCIAL SCIENCE-9
 ii. Under Louis XVI France have the 13 American colonies to gain their independence from Britain.
iii. They were added more than a billion livres to a debt that had already rising to more than two
billion livres .
iv. Lenders who gave the state credit now began to charge 10% interest on loans
v. During the period of Louis XVI the royal treasury of the state also became empty because of
extravagant expenses office Queen Marie Antoinette.
2. The members of the first and second estates were exempted from paying any taxes to the king. The
Church too collected its share of taxes called tithes from the peasants, and finally, all members of the
third estate had to pay taxes to the state. Each estate in the estate general assembly had only one vote.
So this became important reason for French Revolution.

Worksheet-2
the outbreak of the revolution
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. King Louis XVI was the king at the time of revolution that took place in France in 1789.
2. The nobility along with clergy were the sections of the French society to give up their power after the
French Revolution of 1789.
3. Constitution of 1791 gave political rights only to the richer sections of society.
4. Only men above 25 years of age who paid taxes equal to at least 3 days of a labourer’s wage were
given the status of active citizens, that is, they were entitled to vote.
5. One of women’s main demands was that women enjoy the same political rights as men. Women were
disappointed that the Constitution of 1791 reduced them to passive citizens. They demanded the right
to vote, to be elected to the Assembly and to hold political office.
6. Jean Jacques Rousseau proposed the concept of the Social Contract proposing a form of government
based on a social contract between people and their representatives.
II. short Answer type Questions
1. Men above the age of 25 who paid taxes equal to 3 labourers were considered as active citizens and
only those people were entitled to the vote in France.
Three rights given to the people by the constitution were:
• Right to Live
• Freedom of Speech
• Freedom of Opinion
2. On the night of 4 August, 1789, the Assembly passed a decree abolishing the feudal system of
obligations and taxes. Members of the clergy too were forced to give up their privileges. Tithes were
abolished and lands owned by the Church were confiscated.

III. Long Answer type Questions

1. The population of France rose from about 23 million in 1715 to 28 million in 1789. This led to a rapid
increase in the demand for food grains. Production of grains could not keep pace with the demand.
So the price of bread which was the staple diet of the majority rose rapidly. But wages did not keep
pace with the rise in prices. So the gap between the poor and the rich widened. Things became worse
whenever drought or hail reduced the harvest. This led to a subsistence crisis.

3
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ADDITIONAL
PR ACTICE SOCIAL SCIENCE-9 Answer Key
2. They were facing acute food scarcity. Finally, the agitated common mass stormed and destroyed
the Bastille, the symbol of the king’s despotic and tyrannical rule on 14 July, 1789. The condition
of the countryside was also not good. Peasants looted hoarded grains and burnt down documents.
A large number of nobles fled from their houses. Louis XVI finally accorded recognition to the
National Assembly and accepted the principle that his powers would from now on be checked by a
constitution.The feudal system of obligations and taxes was also abolished. Members of the clergy
were forced to give up their privileges.

Worksheet-3
France Abolishes Monarchy and Becomes a republic
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. Maximilian Robespierre followed a policy of severe control and punishment in France.
2. These Jacobins came to be known as thesans-culottes, literally meaning ‘those without knee breeches’.
Sans-culottesmen wore in addition the red cap that symbolised liberty.Women however were not
allowed to do so.
3. One of the most revolutionary social reforms of the Jacobin regime was the abolition of slavery in the
French colonies.
4. A large group among the Jacobins decided to start wearing long striped trousers similar to those worn
by dock workers. This was done to look similar to common people and look different from nobles.
This was a way of showing the end of the power exercised by the wearers of knee breeches (knee
breeches were worn by the nobles in the French society). These Jacobins came to be known as the
sans-culottes, literally meaning ‘those without knee breeches’.
5. Marseillaise, the patriotic song composed by the poet Roget de L’Isle. It was sung for the first time by
volunteers from Marseilles as they marched into Paris and so got its name. The Marseillaise is now
the national anthem of France.
6. Maximilian Robespierre was the leader of the Jacobin Club in France.

II. short Answer type Questions

1. He followed a policy of severe control and punishment. All those whom he saw as being ‘enemies’
of the republic ex-nobles and clergy, members of other political parties, even members of his own
party who did not agree with his method were arrested, imprisoned and then tried by a revolutionary
tribunal. If the court found them guilty, they were guillotined. The guillotine is a device consisting of
two poles and a blade with which a person is beheaded. It was named after DrGuillotin who invented
it.Thus, in Robespierre’s policies there was no scope of moderation. Even his supporters got tired of
them in due course. Finally, he was convicted by a court in July 1794, arrested and on the next day
sent to the guillotine.
2. Two reforms introduced by Napoleaon Bonaparte in France were:
He abolished privileges based on birth, established equality before law and secured the right to
property. He introduced uniform systems of weights and measures provided by the decimal system.
Initially many believed Napoleon as a liberator who would bring freedom for the people. Many of
his reforms were exported to the regions under French control. These left a long lasting effect on the
society.

4
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ADDITIONAL
PR ACTICE SOCIAL SCIENCE-9
III. Long Answer type Questions
1. To ensure equality in the society, Robespierre took following measures :
(i) Issued laws placing maximum ceiling on wages and prices.
(ii) Meat and bread were rationed.
(iii) Peasants were forced to sell grains at fixed prices.
(iv) Use of white flour was forbidden.
(v) All were required to eat plain bread and a loaf of whole wheat.
(vi) Instead of Monsieur and Madame all were citoyen and citoyenne.
(vii) Churches were shut down and buildings were converted into barracks or offices.
2. The period from 1793 to 1794 is known as the Reign of Terror. Maximilian Robespierre sentenced to
death all those persons who he considered as enemies of the republic, whether they were ex-noble,
clergy, and members of any political parties; including Jacobins. The executions were completed
after trial by revolutionary tribunal. At that time Robespierre followed a policy of severe control and
punishment. Because of forcible implementation of laws, even supporters of Robespierre started the
demand for change. Finally, Robespierre arrested and guillotined in July 1794. Reign of Terror ended
with the end of Robespierre.

Worksheet-4
Did Women have a revolution?
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. Olympe De Gouges and Madame Roland were the two prominent revolutionary women of France.
2. The revolutionary government in the early years introduced several laws to improve the condition of
women in France:
(i) State schools were created and schooling was made compulsory for all girls.
(ii) Women could no longer be forced to marry against their wishes.
(iii) Marriage was made into a contract, entered into freely and registered under civil law.
(iv) Divorce was made legal and could be applied for by both women and men.
(v) Women could now train for jobs, could become artists or run small businesses.
3. Women were disappointed by the constitution of France in 1791 because they were not given the
same political rights as men i.e, right to vote, to be elected to the assembly and to hold political office.
4. The Society of Revolutionary and Republican Women (Société des Citoyennes Républicaines
Révolutionnaires, Société des républicainesrévolutionnaires) was the most famous female-led
revolutionary organization during the French Revolution.

II. short Answer type Questions

1. In the beginning, the revolutionary government introduced some laws to improve the status of women
in society. These were
i. Schooling was made compulsory for all girls.
ii. Their fathers could no longer force them into marriage against their will. If they did so, they
were punished.
iii. Marriage was made into a contract entered into freely and it was registered under civil law.

5
®
ADDITIONAL
PR ACTICE SOCIAL SCIENCE-9 Answer Key
2. Women were not allowed to work during the 18th century in France. They thought that women
were only permitted to the kitchen and to look after their children. They were not allowed to make
decisions for their family. But finally they got the independence to make decisions and to vote after
a long struggle.

III. Long Answer type Questions

1. Yes, women in France too took active part in the French revolution in 1789 andafter. During the
Revolutionary years, they started their own political clubs, journals and newspaper. The revolutionary
government introduced laws that helped improve the lives of women.
The revolution carried out by the women of France triggered the international suffrage movement,
for the next two centuries. As a result of this movement, in 1946, the women of France won the right
to exercise their franchise and equal wages.
2. The most notable demand of women during the French revolution was the “right to vote” and equal
wages. In order to discuss and raise voice for their demands, they started many “political clubs” and
“newspapers”, among which “the society of revolutionary” and “Republican women were famous.”

Worksheet-5
the Abolition of slavery
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. The Abolition of Slavery in the French colonies was one of the most revolutionary social reforms of
the Jacobin regime.
2. The slave trade began in the seventeenth century. French merchants sailed from the ports of Bordeaux
or Nantes to the African coast, where they bought slaves from local chieftains.
3. A triangular slave trade took place between Europe, Africa and the Americas.
4. Slavery was finally abolished in France in 1848.
5. It was finally the Convention which in 1794 legislated to free all slaves in the French overseas
possessions. Slavery was finally abolished in French colonies in 1848.

II. short Answer type Questions

1. Abolition of slavery became possible in France by the following ways:
(i) The slave trade began in the 18th century.The National Assembly held long debates about whether
the rights of man should be extended to all Frenchsubjects including those in the colonies.
(ii) Convention in 1794 legislated to free all slaves in the French overseas possessions.
(iii) However, Napoleon reintroduced slavery.Finally slavery was abolished in 1848.
2. Triangular slave trade, also known as the transatlantic slave trade took place between the 16th century
and early 19th century. European Colonial powers bought or captured Africans as the slave, which
were then traded to the Caribbean and American territory to grow cash crops for the colonial powers.

III. Long Answer type Questions

1. One of the most revolutionary social reforms of the Jacobin regime was the abolition of slavery.
An acute shortage of labour in the French Caribbean colonies, Martinique, Guadeloupe and San
Domingo, led to a triangular slave trade between Europe, Africa and America in the 17th century.

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 The National Assembly held long debates. Finally the Convention in 1794 passed laws freeing slaves
in the French overseas possessions but it was last for a short terms. After ten years, slavery was
reintroduced by Napoleon. Finally, it was abolished in 1848.

Worksheet-6
the revolution and everyday Life
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. The important law that soon came into effect after storming of Bastille in the summer of 1789 was
the abolition of censorship.
2. Battle of Waterloo sealed the fate of France in 1815.
3. In 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself Emperor of France.
4. Napoleon was finally defeated in Battle of Waterloo in 1815.
5. Tipu Sultan and Rammohan Roy are the two social reformers of India who responded to the ideas of
revolutionary France.
II. short Answer type Questions
1. The three consequences of the French Revolution on France were:
(i) Feudalism of France was thrown away by the people.
(ii) Privileges of church, nobles were abolished.
(iii) Monarchy was abolished and Republic was established in France.
2. The democratic rights we enjoy today whose origins could be traced to the French Revolution are:
• Right to Equality
• Right to Freedom
• Freedom of Speech and expression
• Right against exploitations
• Right to Justice

III. Long Answer type Questions

1. The ideas of liberty and democratic rights were the most important legacy of the French Revolution.
It inspired the Germans, Italians, and Austrians to overthrow their oppressive regimes.
(i) Ideas of equality and democratic spread from France to other European countries and feudalism
was abolished.
(ii) Colonial people reworked the idea of freedom from bondage into their movements to create
sovereign nation states.
(iii) It was the first movement to adopt the ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity.
(iv) The declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen gave rights such as right to life, freedom of
speech, equality before law, etc.
(v) Women were given many rights. They could not be forced to marry against their will, divorce
was made legal, schooling was made compulsory and they could train for jobs.
2. After the French Revolution, France became a constitutional monarchy and later a republic. Some of
the changes that were brought in the society by the French Revolution were:

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 The principles of liberty, equality and fraternity inspired the French. Kings, nobles and clergy
were forced to give up their privileges. Tithes were abolished and lands owned by the Church were
confiscated.
The French who paid taxes could not vote for electing their government.
The revolutionary wars brought losses and economic difficulties to the people. While the men were
away fighting at the front, women were left to cope with the tasks of earning a living and looking
after their families.

Worksheet-7
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. →b) 2. →a) 3. →b) 4. →a) 5. →c) 6. →b)

II. Fill in the blanks

1. France 2. political 3. Jacobin 4.Women 5. 1804

III. Very short Answer type Questions

1. Passive Citizens were those who had no property rights or voting rights.
2. The term Old Regime used to describe the political and social system of France prior to the French
Revolution. Under the regime, everyone was a subject of the king of France as well as a member of
an estate and province.
3. Maximilien Robespierre was a radical democrat and key figure in the French Revolution of 1789.
Robespierre briefly presided over the influential Jacobin Club, a political club based in Paris.
4. The clergy and nobility constituted the privileged estates.

IV. short Answer type Questions

1. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen is one of the most important papers of the French
Revolution. This paper explains a list of rights, Right to Life,Freedom of Speech, Freedom of
OpinionEquality before law,Liberty.
2. The most notable demand of women during the French revolution was the “right to vote” and equal
wages. In order to discuss and raise voice for their demands, they started many “political clubs” and
“newspapers”, among which “the society of revolutionary” and “Republican women were famous.”

V. Long Answer type Questions

1. The main features of the French Constitution of 1791 drafted by the National Assembly were as
follows:
i. Constitutional Monarchy The Constitution made France a Constitutional monarchy.
ii. National Assembly It was indirectly elected. It had the power to make laws and exercise control
over the king and the ministers.
iii. Right to Vote Only men above 25 years of age who paid taxes equal to atleast 3 days of a
labourer’s wage were given the status of active citizens, were entitled to vote. The remaining

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 men and all women, children and youth below 25 years were classified as passive citizens who
had no voting rights.
iv. Power Distribution among different Institutions The powers were distributed among the different
institutions as the nobility and clergy were stripped off their powers.
v. The Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen The Constitution began with the declaration of
the Rights of Man and Citizen. It included various rights such as the right to life, freedom of
speech, freedom of opinion and equality before law.
2. The representatives of the third estate viewed themselves as spokesmen for the whole French nation.
They assembled in the hall of an indoor tennis court in the grounds of Versailles on 20th June,
1789. They declared themselves as a National Assembly. They decided not to disperse until they
had drafted a constitution for France which would curtail the power of the monarch. Mirabeau and
Abb’eSieye’s were the prominent leaders of National Assembly while the National Assembly was
busy at Versailles, drafting a constitution. Bastille was stormed and peasant’s revolt spread in the
countryside.

VI. Assertion-reasoning
1. →a)
2. →d)
The ideas of liberty and democratic rights spread from France to the rest of Europe during the
nineteenth century, where feudal systems were abolished.

VII. source-based questions

1. →a) 2. →c) 3. →b) 4. →d)

soCIALIsM IN eUroPe AND the

2 rUssIAN reVoLUtIoN
Worksheet-1
the Age of social Change
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. One of the groups which looked to change society was the liberals. They wanted a nation which
tolerated all religions. Liberals also opposed the uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers. They wanted
to safeguard the rights of individuals against governments.
2. Conservatives believed in traditional and cultural values. They were the people who supported
monarchy and nobility. They believed that privileges of the monarchy and nobility should exist. After
the French Revolution, they contended that gradual changes should be brought in the society.
3. They wanted a nation where the government should be elected by a majority of the population and
some of them wanted women to participate in the same.
4. Louis Blanc (1813–1882) wanted the government to encourage cooperatives and replace capitalist
enterprises. He believed that cooperatives should be formed with the cooperation of the people and
its profit should be divided according to the work done by members.

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II. short Answer type Questions
1. Socialists were against private property. They saw it as the root of all social ills of the time. They
argued that individuals owned the property that gave employment but the propertied were concerned
only with personal gain and not with the welfare of those who made the property productive. So, if
society as a whole rather than single individuals controlled property, more attention would be paid to
collective social interests. Socialists wanted this change and campaigned for it.
2. Although the liberals argued for a representative elected Parliamentary Government, they were not
democratic because they did not believe in universal adult franchise, i.e. the right of every citizen to
vote. They felt that mainly men of property should have the right to vote. They were not in favour of
women’s suffrage.
3. Liberals and radicals were often property owners and employers. They acquired wealth through
industrial ventures and trade, they firmly believed that such efforts should be encouraged that its
profits would be reaped if the workforce in the economy was healthy and citizens were educated.
They put forth that societies could develop if the poor could labour, freedom of individuals was
ensured and those with capital could operate without restraint.

III. Long Answer type Questions

1. There was a requirement of social and economic change and to make that happen Liberals and
Radicals started a movement and became revolutionaries. They wanted to implement changes which
included rights of individuals as the high class of society treated individuals as their property and
they paid them less and made them work more. They also concentrated on the problem of Housing
and Sanitation and planned to educate the individuals.
2. Socialists formed an international body – namely, theSecond International.Workers in England and
Germany began forming associations to fight for better living and working conditions. They set up
funds tohelp members in times of distress and demanded a reduction of working hours and the right
to vote. In Germany, these associations worked closely with the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and
helped it win parliamentary seats. In Germany, these associations worked closely with the Social
Democratic Party (SPD) and helped it win parliamentary seats. By 1905, socialists and trade unionists
formed a Labour Party in Britain and a Socialist Party in France.

Worksheet-2
the russian revolution
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. Karl Marx wanted workers to overthrow capitalism and the rule of private property.
2. In 1914, Tsar Nicholas II ruled Russia and its empire.
3. Besides the territory around Moscow, the Russian empire included current-day Finland, Latvia,
Lithuania, Estonia, parts of Poland, Ukraine and Belarus. It stretched to the Pacific and comprised
today’s Central Asian states, as well as Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan.

II. short Answer type Questions

1. Marx believed that the condition of workers could not improve as long as private capitalist had profit
motive. Workers had to overthrow capitalism and the rule of private property. Workers must construct

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 a radically socialist society where all property was socially controlled. This would be a communist
society, the natural society of the future.
2. Peasants cultivated most of the land that was owned by the nobility, the Crown and the Orthodox
Church. Nobility had no respect except in few cases. Peasants demanded the land of the nobles to be
distributed to them. Often they refused to pay rent and even murdered landlords. Such events were
on rise all over Russia.

III. Long Answer type Questions

1. Socialist had different visions of future. Robert Owen (1771-1858), a leading English manufacturer,
sought to build a cooperative community called New Harmony in Indiana (USA). Some other
socialists felt that cooperatives could not be built on a wide scale only through individual initiative
only. Governmentto encouraged cooperatives and replace capitalist enterprise. The same view was
propagated by Louis Blanc in France. It was said that cooperatives were to be associations of people
who produced goods together and divided the profits according to the work done by members. More
ideas were added to this body of arguments by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Marx argued that
industrial society was ‘capitalist’ who owned resources and invested in the factories. The profit was
produced by workers but they did not gain anything. Their condition could improve only if they were
freed from the clutches of capitalist exploitation. Control of means and factors of production by the
workers themselves can be the basis of such a socialist society. For this, workers had to construct
a radically socialist society where all property was socially controlled. This would be a communist
society.
2. Russia in the 19th century was ruled by the Tsar who was an autocrat. Hence, liberals and democrats
along with the peasants began to demand the framing of a constitution for the country. 1904 was a
bad year for the Russian workers. While the prices of essential commodities increased, the wages
of the workers declined. Workers demanded increase in pay and reduction in working hours. In
1905, the procession led by Father Gapon reached the Winter Palace. The workers were attacked
by the police and the guards. This event came to be known as the Bloody Sunday. This event along
with countrywide strikes and walkouts by workers, farmers and educated middle class preceded the
Russian Revolution of 1905.

Worksheet-3
the February revolution in Petrograd
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. Tsar dismissed the first Duma within 75 days of its election because he did not want any reduction in
his power and anyone to question his authority.
2. Workers’ quarters and factories were located on the right bank of River Neva whereas on the left bank
the fashionable areas, the Winter Palace, and official buildings were located.
3. In February 1917, food shortages were deeply felt in the workers’ quarters.
4. Soviet and Duma leaders formed a Provisional Government to run the country.

II. short Answer type Questions

1. The effects of the February Revolution in Russia were as follows:
The Tsar abdicated and monarchy was brought down. Soviet and Duma leaders formed a Provisional

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 Government to run the country. Russia’s future would be decided by a constituent assembly, elected
on the basis of universal adult suffrage.
2. Lockout took place at a factory on the right Bank of the river Neva on 22nd February, 1917 in
favour of the workers at the left Bank of the river. They had a bad time due to severe winter and food
shortages and therefore they wanted their demands to be fulfilled for their survival. In many factories,
women led the way to strikes. This came to be called the International Women’sDay.

III. Long Answer type Questions

1. The main events of the February Revolution of 1917 were as follows:
(a) February Revolution
(i) 22 February Lockout of a factory was done on the right bank of the river Neva in Petrograd.
(ii) 23 February Sympathy strike was done by workers in 50 factories. Demonstrating workers
reached the centre of the city, surrounding the government buildings. Curfew was imposed
and the demonstrators dispersed.
(iii) 24 and 25 February Demonstrations done again by workers. Cavalry and police were called
out to control them.
(iv) On 25 February Government suspended the Duma (Russian Parliament).
(v) On 26 February Demonstrators returned in force to the streets of the left bank.
(vi) On27 February Workers ransacked the Police Headquarters. Streets were thronged with
people shouting slogans demanding bread, better wages, lesshours of work and democracy.
Cavalry was called out once again, but they refused to fire on the demonstrators. By evening,
soldiers and striking workers formed a ‘Soviet’ (council) which was called the Petrograd
Soviet.
(vii) On 28 February A delegation met the Tsar. Army commanders advised him to abdicate.
(viii) On 2 March Tsar abdicates. Duma leaders and others form a provisional government. Who
was Involved; the Leaders and its Impact Both men and women workers were involved.
There were no particular leaders. The effect was that it brought down the autocratic
monarchy.

Worksheet-4
What Changed after october? the Global Influence of
the russian revolution and the Ussr
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. Bolshevik party was renamed Russian Communist (Bolshevik) after October Revolution.
2. Budeonovka was Soviet hat that was chosen to assert change in army uniform.
3. Aurora protected the Winter Palace during the October Revolution in 1917 in Russia.
4. Cheka was the secret police set up by the Bolsheviks to clamp down on its critics.

II. short Answer type Questions

1. Tsarist Russia is termed as a repressive society because large tracts of land were owned by nobility,
Crown and the Orthodox Church. Nobles enjoyed privileges at the cost of common people. Political
parties were illegal. No one could raise voice against the aristocratic class. Tsar enjoyed unconditional

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 power without being responsible to anyone.
2. Russia followed autocracy. Tsar was not subject to parliament. This made Tsar the autocrat of all
Russia. The liberals in Russia campaigned to end this state of affairs.The following steps were taken
by Tsar just before the Russian Revolution to ascertain his authority. All political parties were declared
illegal in Russia. Every possible effort was taken to crush the rebellion and revolution against Tsar.

III. Long Answer type Questions

1. The following steps were taken by Tsar Nicholas II after Russian Revolution to maintain his authority:
i. During the 1905 Revolution, the Tsar allowed the creation of an elected consultative Parliament
or Duma.
ii. After 1905, most committees and unions worked unofficially, since they were declared illegal.
Severe restrictions were placed on political activity.
iii. The Tsar dismissed the first Duma within 75 days and the re-elected second Duma within three
months.
iv. He changed the voting laws and packed the third Duma with conservative politicians. Liberals
and revolutionaries were kept out.
2. The global influence of Russian Revolution was as follows:
i. In many countries, communist parties were formed on the line of Russia.
ii. It gave the world a new economic system known as socialism.
iii. The Bolsheviks encouraged colonial people to follow their experiment. It inspired a number of
freedom movements in other countries.
iv. Many non-Russians from outside the USSR participated in the Conference of the Peoples of the
East and the Bolsheviks founded—Comintern. Some even received education in the USSR’s
University of the Workers of the East.
v. By the time Second World War broke, socialism has acquired a global face.
vi. Though by the end of the twentieth century, the image of USSR as a socialist country declined,
yet it’s socialist ideals were respected and rethought in many ways suiting individuals interests.

Worksheet-5
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. →b) 2. →c) 3. →d) 4. →c) 5. →d) 6. →b)

II. Fill in the blanks

1. liberals 2. Russia 3. Russia 4. Tsar Nicholas II

III. Very short Answer type Questions

1. After the French Revolution the conservatives became receptive to some kind of change.
2. Conservatives were against any kind of political or social change in the earlier 18th century.
3. ‘Conservatives’ accepted that some change was inevitable, but believed it had to be brought about
through a slow process.

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4. By 1905, socialists and trade unionists formed a Labour Party in Britain and a Socialist Party in
France.

IV. short Answer type Questions

1. The workers were divided into social groups in Russia—
i. Some workers were closely linked with their villages while others settled in cities permanently.
ii. The division among the workers was on the basis of their skills they possessed. Metal workers
were on the high level as their work required training.
iii. Apart from males, women also formed a considerable working force in the factories though they
were paid less than the males.
2. Bolsheviks were the majority group led by Vladimir Lenin who thought that in a repressive society
like Tsarist Russia, the party should be disciplined and control the number and quality of its members.
They were the group who conducted the Russian Revolution.Mensheviks were a group of people who
represented a minority section of the society and they believed in gradual changes and establishment
of a parliamentary form of government (France and Britain).They did not believe in revolution but
wanted to bring changes through democratic means.

V. Long Answer type Questions

1. The following developments took place in Europe in support of socialism—
i. An international body, called the Second International was formed by the socialists to coordinates
the efforts of the workers.
ii. Workers Associations were formed to fight for better living and working conditions.
iii. Funds were set up to help the members in times of distress.
iv. Workers demanded a reduction in working hours and the right to vote.
v. In many places in Europe, these associations worked closely with the Social Democratic Party
and helped it in win parliamentary seats.
vi. vi. In 1905, socialists and trade unionists formed Labour Party in Britain and Socialist Party in
France.
2. Bolshevik Party accepted the ‘April Theses’ because of the following reasons:
i. The Provisional Government under Kerenskii failed to fulfil the aspirations of the people
like land to the tiller, peace, control of industries by the workers, etc. Rather it became more
unpopular.
ii. The government was under the influence of landowners, army officials and industrialist that
affected its decisions.
iii. Lenin felt that time had come to seize the power from the government.
iv. People’s demands were included in the programmealong with exit from the war and nationalization
of banks.
v. Lenin’s view was accepted when the Provisional Government began suppressing the Bolsheviks.

VI. Assertion-reasoning
1. →b)
2. →d)

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 The socialist had a different vision of the future. They demanded that government encourage
cooperatives and replace capitalist enterprises.

VII. source-based questions

1. →b) 2. →c) 3. →a) 4. →d)

3 NAZIsM AND the rIse oF hItLer

Worksheet-1
Birth of the Weimar republic
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. German Parliament is known as Reichstag.
2. Article 48 of the Weimar constitution gave the President the powers to improve emergency, suspend
civil rights and rule by decree.
3. Deputies were now elected to the German Parliament or Reichstag, on the basis of equal and universal
votes cast by all adults including women.
4. Adolf Hitler was appointed chancellor of Germany on January 30, 1933 following a series of electoral
victories by the Nazi Party.

II. short Answer type Questions

1. The Weimar Republic set up in Germany became unpopular because the Germans were not ready to
accept them as it was against their tradition. Most of them believed that the miseries experienced by
them were because of Weimar Republic. Weimar Republic accepted the humiliating treaty of Versailles.
2. The causes for the rise of Nazism were humiliating Treaty of Versailles, growing fear of Communism,
economic crisis, resurgence of Militant Nationalism and absence of strong opposition. The causes
for the rise of Fascism were discontentment after the Treaty of Versailles, Economic crisis, political
instability, class conflicts and leadership provided by Mussolini.

III. Long Answer type Questions

1. i. The system of proportional representation made it difficult for a one party to achieve a majority.
This leads to a rule by coalitions.
ii. Article 48 gave the President the power to impose emergency, suspend civil rights and rule by
decree.
iii. Due to 20 different coalition governments being formed, people lost confidence in the democratic
Parliamentary system, as it offered no solutions to their problems.
These defects lead Weimar Republic as a unstable and vulnerable to dictatorship.
2. Under the shadow of the Second World War, Germany had waged a genocidal war, which resulted
in the mass murder of selected groups of innocent civilians of Europe. The number of people killed
included 6 million Jews, 200,000 Gypsies, 1 million Polish civilians, 70,000 Germans who were
considered mentally and physically disabled, besides innumerable political opponents. Nazis devised

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 an unprecedented means of killing people, that is, by gassing them in various killing centres like
Auschwitz. The Nuremberg Tribunal sentenced only eleven leading Nazis to death. Many others
were imprisoned for life. The retribution did come, yet the punishment of the Nazis was far short of
the brutality and extent of their crimes. The Allies did not want to be as harsh on defeated Germany
as they had been after the First World War. Everyone came to feel that the rise of Nazi Germany could
be partly traced back to the German experience at the end of the First World War.

Worksheet-2
hitler’s rise to Power
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. National Socialist German Workers Party was the original name of Nazi party.
2. Hitler viewed war as the way out of the approaching economic crisis.
3. On 30 January, 1933, President Hindenburg offered the Chancellorship, the highest position in the
cabinet of ministers, to Hitler.
4. Jews were considered as the worst sufferers in Nazi Germany.

II. short Answer type Questions

1. World War I, ended with the Allies defeating Germany and the Central powers in November,
1918.The Peace Treaty at Versailles with the Allies was a harsh and humiliating treaty. Germany lost
its overseas colonies, a tenth of its population, 13 per cent of its territories, 75 per cent of its iron and
26 per cent of its coal to France, Poland, Denmark and Lithuania.The Allied Powers demilitarised
Germany to weaken its power. Germany was forced to pay compensation amounting to 6 billion.
2. The role of women in Hitler’s Germany are as follows:
i. According to Hitler’s ideology, women were radically different from men.
ii. The democratic idea of equal rights for men and women was wrong and would destroy society.
iii. While boys were taught to be aggressive, masculine and steel-hearted, girls were told that they
had to become good mothers and rear pure blooded Aryan children.
III. Long Answer type Questions
1. i. Once in power, the Nazis quickly began to implement their dream of creating an exclusive racial
community of pure Germans by physically eliminating all those who were seen as ‘‘undesirable’’
in the extended empire were mentally or physically unfit Germans, Gypsies, blacks, Russians,
Poles.
ii. But Jews remained the worst sufferers in Nazi Germany. They were stereotyped as ‘killers of
Christ and usurers’. Until medieval times, Jews were barred from owning land.
iii. They survived mainly through trade and money lending. They lived in separately marked areas
called ‘ghettos’.
iv. They were often persecuted through periodic organised violence and expulsion from land.
v. All this had a precursor in the traditional Christian hostility towards Jews for being the killers
of Christ. However, Hitler’s hatred of the Jews was based on pseudo-scientific theories of race,
which held that conversion was no solution to ‘the Jewish problem’. It could be solved only
through their total elimination.

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2. The Nazi party emerged as the largest party in the German parliament because the most apparent being
the Great Depression. The Weimar Republic did little to remedy the country’s economic downfall and
Hitler was presented as a saviour to the humiliated German people living in economic and political
crises. Nazi propaganda stirred hopes in times when banks were shut down, unemployment reigned
and destitution was a common sight. At such a time, Hitler promised jobs, restoration of national
dignity and a better future. Consequently, the Nazi Party became the largest party with 37% votes in
the Reichstag.

Worksheet-3
the Nazi Worldview
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. Nazi Party, by name of National Socialist German Workers’ Party, political party of the mass
movement known as National Socialism.
2. ‘Superior Aryan’ was the most superior race, according to Hitler.
3. The Third Reich – meaning “Third Realm” or “Third Empire” – alluded to the Nazis’ conceit that
Nazi Germany was the successor to the earlier Holy Roman Empire (800–1806) and German Empire
(1871–1918).
4. German for “living space,” this term refers to policies and practices of settler colonialism proliferated
in Germany from the 1890s to the 1940s.

II. short Answer type Questions

1. The ideology of the Nazis regarding the Jews were—
• All schools were cleansed and purified under Nazism. Those teachers were dismissed who were
found to be Jews or seen as politically unreliable.
• German and Jew children were not allowed to sit or play together.
• All the undesirable children—Jews, Gypsies, and the physically handicapped were dismissed
from schools and finally were taken to gas chambers in the 1940s.
2. (a) Hitler borrowed his racist ideology from thinkers like Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer.
(b) Darwin was a natural scientist who tried to explain the creation of plants and
animals through the concept of evolution and natural selection. Darwin never
advocated human intervention in what he thought was a purely natural process of selection.
(c) Herbert Spencer later added the idea of survival of the fittest. According to this idea, only
those species survived on earth that could adapt themselves to changing climatic conditions.
However, his ideas were used by racist thinkers and politicians to justify imperial rule over
conquered peoples.

III. Long Answer type Questions

1. Nazi ideology specified that there was racial hierarchy and no equality between people.
i. The blond, blue-eyed Nordic German Aryans were at the top, while the Jews were located
somewhere on the lowest rung of the ladder.
ii. The number of people killed by Nazi Germany was 6 million Jews, 200,000 Gypsies, 1 million
Polish civilians, 70,000 Germans.
iii. Nazism glorified the use of force and brutality. It ridiculed internationalism, peace and democracy.

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 iv. Nazi Germany became the most dreaded criminal state. Hitler chose war as the way out of
approaching the economic crisis.
v. Germany invaded Poland. This started a war with France and England in September, 1940.
2. Basically, the Nuremberg Laws meant that the ‘undesirables’ had no rights to live along with the
other citizens. These included Jews, Gypsies, ‘Blacks’ and other nationalities like Polish and Russian
people. These laws, promulgated in 1935, stated that.
(i) Only persons of German or related blood would be German citizens, enjoying the protection of
the German Empire.
(ii) Marriages between Germans and the ‘undesirables’ were forbidden. Extramarital relations
between them also became a crime.
Other legal measures included—
• Boycott of Jewish businesses.
• Expulsion of Jews from government services.
• Confiscation and forcible selling of the properties of Jews.

Worksheet-4
Youth in Nazi Germany
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. It is a Nazi youth groups for children below 14 years of age.
2. The Youth League of the Nazis was founded in 1922. Four years later it was renamed Hitler Youth.
3. All schools were ‘cleansed’ and ‘purified’. This meant that teachers who were Jews or seen as
‘politically unreliable’ were dismissed.
4. Racial science was introduced to justify Nazi ideas of race.
II. short Answer type Questions
1. ‘Good German’ children were subjected to a process of Nazi schooling, a prolonged period of
ideological training. School textbooks were rewritten. Racial science was introduced to justify Nazi
ideas of race. Stereotypes about Jews were popularised even through maths classes. Children were
taught to be loyal and submissive, hate Jews, and worship Hitler. Even the function of sports was to
nurture a spirit of violence and aggression among children. Hitler believed that boxing could make
children iron hearted, strong and masculine.
2. i. Though Hitler said that in my state the mother is the most important citizen, it was not true.
ii. All mothers were not treated equally. Women who bore racially desirable children were awarded,
while those who bore racially undesirable children were punished.
iii. Women who bore ‘desirable’ children were entitled to privileges and rewards. They were given
special treatment in hospitals and concessions in shops and on theatre tickets and railway fares.
III. Long Answer type Questions
1. All the young men above the age of 18 years were expected to serve in the armed forces and enter one
of the Nazi organisations. At the tender age of 10 they had to join ‘Jungvolk’ —Nazi youth groups
for children below 14 years of age. At 14 years of age they enrolled in the Nazi Youth Organisation
called ‘Hitler Youth’.The German youth were educated in the spirit of National Socialism by these

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 youth organisations. They were taught to worship war, glorify aggression and violence, condemn
democracy, hate Jews, communists, gypsies and all those who were called ‘undesirable’.
2. The Nazis proceed to realized their murderous racial ideology by eliminating the ‘undesirables’ in the
following manner—
i. Jews remained the worst sufferers in Nazi Germany. From 1933–1938 Jewish business was
boycotted, they were expelled from government services and their properties confiscated. From
1939–1945 Jews were kept in Ghettos, in extreme poverty and misery and eventually they were
killed in gas chambers.
ii. Germany occupied north-western Poland. Poles were forced to leave their homes and property, to
be occupied by the ethnic Germans. Poles were sent to the final destination of the ‘undesirables’.
iii. Members of Polish intelligentsia were murdered in large number in order to keep the entire
people intellectually servile.
iv. Polish children who looked like Aryans were forcibly snatched and examined by race experts. If
the passed the test, they were raised in German families and if not sent to orphanages, most of
them died.
v. Poland had some of the largest ghettos and gas chambers where Jews were killed.

Worksheet-5
ordinary People and the Crimes against humanity
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. Jews wanted the world to remember the atrocities and sufferings they had endured during the Nazi
killing operations was called the Holocaust.
2. The mass killing or extermination of Jews was called Holocaust.
3. Jews were considered as the worst sufferers in Nazi Germany. This was because the Nazis considered
them as a precursor in the traditional Christian hostility.
II. short Answer type Questions
1. Do it yourself.
III. Long Answer type Questions
1. The Nazi Party rose to power with an anti-Semitic racial ideology. However, the anti-Jewish
campaign was not conducted according to a blueprint, rather it evolved. Before the outbreak of
the war, political and economic factors, as well as public opinion both inside and outside Germany
influenced the evolution of Nazi anti-Jewish laws and measures.The main purpose of the anti-Jewish
policy between 1933 and 1939 according to the racial theory was to isolate German Jewry from
German society. These laws sought to uproot and dispossess Jews economically from daily life in
Germany and encourage them to leave their homeland. These laws limited and humiliated Jews on a
daily basis.

Worksheet-6
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. →d) 2. →c) 3. →d) 4. →d) 5. →d) 6. →b)

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II. Fill in the blanks
1. Economic crisis 2. Reichstag 3. Weimar 4. Italy 5. dictatorship in Germany

III. Very short Answer type Questions

1. On 30 January, 1933, President Hindenburg offered the Chancellorship to Hitler.
2. Nazis devised an unprecedented means of killing people, that is, by gassing them in various killing
centres like Auschwitz.
3. On 3 March 1933, the famous Enabling Act was passed. This Act established dictatorship in Germany.
4. UK, France, USSR and USA were the four countries included in the Allied Powers in World War II.

IV. short Answer type Questions

1. Hitler formally announced his violation of the Treaty of Versailles in March, 1935.Hitler claimed
that he was trying to make Germany equal in position to the other European powers.Since European
nations had not followed the policy of disarmament, German rearmament was a necessity.
2. The victory of Nazism in Germany led to the destruction of democracy and establishment of
dictatorship. It also led to the militarism and preparation for the war. In Germany, all other political
parties were banned except the Nazi Party. Nazism opposed Socialism and Communism, so the
advocates of these philosophies were either jailed or killed.
IV. Long Answer type Questions
1. After establishing his dictatorship in Germany, he took major steps towards the economic
reconstruction. Hitler assigned the responsibility of economic recovery to the economist Hjalmar
Schacht who aimed at full production and full employment through a state-funded work-creation
program me. In foreign policy also, Hitler acquired quick successes. He pulled out of the League
of Nations in 1933, reoccupied the Rhineland in 1936, and integrated Austria and Germany in
1938 under the slogan, one people, One empire, and One leader. He then went on to wrest German
speaking Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia and gobbled up the entire country. In all of this he had
the unspoken support of England, which had considered the Versailles verdict too harsh. These quick
successes at home and abroad seemed to reverse the destiny of the country. Hitler chose war as the
way out of the approaching economic crisis. Resources were to be accumulated through expansion of
territory. In September, 1939, Germany invaded Poland. This started a war with France and England.
In September, 1940, a Tripartite Pact was signed between Germany, Italy and Japan, strengthening
Hitler’s claim to, international power. Hitler now moved to achieve his long-term aim of conquering
Eastern Europe. He wanted to ensure food supplies and living space for Germans. He attacked the
Soviet Union in June, 1941. In this historic blunder Hitler exposed the German western front to
British aerial bombing and the eastern front to the powerful Soviet armies.
2. In the 20th century Germany was a powerful Empire. During the First World War Germany took
up the cause of Austria against the Allies. Many countries joined the war hoping to gain something,
without realizing the fact that the war would prolong and drain Europe of its resources. Though
Germany made initial gains by occupying France and Belgium, the Allies became stronger when
the US joined them in 1917 and defeated Germany and the Central Powers.The defeat of Germany
resulted in the abdication of the German Emperor. This gave an opportunity for the parliamentary
parties to bring in a change, in German politics. A democratic constitution with a federal structure
was formed by the National Assembly, which met at Weimar and the Weimar Republic came into
existence.

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VI. Assertion-reasoning
1. →d)
2. →a)

VII. source-based questions

1. →c) 2. →a) 3. →b) 4. →d)

Forest soCIetY AND

4 CoLoNIALIsM
Worksheet-1
Why Deforestation?
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. The disappearance of forests is referred to as deforestation.
2. This created a problem of timber supply for the Royal Navy.
3. To run locomotives, wood was needed as fuel, and to lay railway lines sleepers were essential to hold
the tracks together.
4. From the 1860s, the railway network expanded rapidly in India.

II. short Answer type Questions

1. Five causes of deforestation in India under the Colonial rule were:
i. Increase in population, leading to growth in demand for food, and extension of land under
cultivation at the expense of forests.
ii. Colonisation by the British encouraged production of commercial crops.
iii. Increased demand for timber due to expansion of railways and for ship building purposes.
iv. The colonial government thought forests as unproductive and hence cleared them for building
dams and laying down cities.
v. Large areas of forests were also cleared to make way for plantation crops.
2. By the early nineteenth century, the oak forests in England were fast vanishing. Britain being a naval
power required timber on a large scale for building ships. The British sent many search parties to
India to look into the possibilities of securing timber from the country. As India had dense forest
cover, trees were fell recklessly to export timber to Britain to build ships.

III. Long Answer type Questions

1. Nomadic and Peasant Communities Nomadic and peasant communities moved about in the mountains
and deserts and in the plains and plateaus of India and Africa. The peasant communities formed an
important part of the population in both the countries during the Colonial era. When the Colonial
government established control over the forests it affected the peasant communities in a big way.
The peasant communities always moved from place to place with their cattle. When forests were
destroyed by the government to expand agriculture, the Nomads lost grazing fields for their cattle.
This brought a lot of hardship to the peasant communities.

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2. Various restrictions: The Forest Act meant severe hardship for villagers—across the country. After
the Act, all their forest activities like cutting wood for their houses, grazing their cattle, collecting
fruits and roots, hunting and fishing became illegal.
Impact on cultivators: Shifting cultivation was the most common cultivation practised by the
people. But this was banned because European foresters regarded this harmful for the forests.
Displacement of the people: To protect the forests, the Europeans started displacing villagers without
any notice or compensation.
Various taxes: The Europeans started imposing heavy taxes on the forest people.
Loss of livelihood: The Europeans started giving large European trading firms, the sole right to trade
in the forest. Grazing and hunting by local people were restricted. In the process, many pastoralists
and nomadic communities lost their livelihood.

Worksheet-2
the rise of Commercial Forestry
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. Dietrich Brandis was the German expert.
2. Brandis set up the Indian Forest Service in 1864 in India.
3. The Imperial Forest Research Institute was set up at Dehradun in 1906.
4. Indian Forest Act of 1865 was enacted to protect the forests.

II. short Answer type Questions

1. In scientific forestry, natural forests which had lots of different types of trees were cut down. In
their place, one type of tree was planted in straight rows. This is called as plantation. Forest officials
surveyed the forests, estimated the area under different types of trees, and made working plans for
the forest management. They planned how much of the plantation area to cut every year. The area cut
was then to be replanted so that it was ready to be cut again in some years.
2. In shifting cultivation, parts of the forest are cut and burnt in rotation. European colonization in
India banned Shifting Cultivation because shifting cultivation made it harder for the government to
calculate taxes. Therefore, the government decided to ban shifting cultivation.
European foresters regarded this practice as harmful for the forests. They felt that land which was
used for cultivation every few years could not j grow trees for railway timber.There was also the
added danger of the flames spreading, and burning valuable timber.

III. Long Answer type Questions

1. Five causes of deforestation in India during the colonial rule were:
i. The British considered forests as wildernesses which must be brought under cultivation to
enhance the income of the state. Thus, large tracts of forest lands were cleared for cultivating
land.
ii. Due to high demand, forests in Britain were disappearing. This created a problem for British
Royal navy as wood as required to build ships. The British started exploring Indian forests on a
massive scale.
iii. Forests were destroyed to supply sleepers for railways and to further expand areas under
railways.

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 iv. The colonial government thought forests as unproductive and hence cleared them for building
dams and laying down cities.
v. Cash crops were expected to bring huge revenues. So large areas of natural forests were cleared
to make way for tea, coffee and rubber plantations.
2. Shifting cultivation has been prevalent among many tribal communities in India. This is a type of
subsistence farming in which a small patch of land is cleared by slashing and burning the vegetation.
Ash is then mixed with the soil and crops are grown. The patch of land is utilised for a couple of years
and is then left fallow for 10 to 12 years.
The colonial officials regarded this practice as harmful for the forests. They were afraid that an
accidental fire could destroy valuable timber. Moreover, the shifting cultivators were difficult to
control in revenue collection. The government hence banned shifting cultivation.
This affected many families. Many people were forced to work in low paying jobs, some were forced
to migrate to cities in search of job. However, some people tried to resist the new laws through small
and large rebellions.

Worksheet-3
rebellion in the Forest
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. The tribal people of Bastar started the Bastar rebellion in year 1910 AD. Bastar rebellion was started
by the Bastar Tribes.
2. Bastar is located in the southernmost part of Chhattisgarh and borders Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and
Maharashtra.
3. In 1905, the colonial government imposed laws to reserve two-thirds of the forests, stop shifting
cultivation, hunting and collection of forest produce.
4. A number of different communities live in Bastar such as Maria and MuriaGonds, Dhurwas, Bhatras
and Halbas.

II. short Answer type Questions

1. The people of Bastar believed that each village had got its land by the Earth, and in return, they had
to look after the Earth by making some offerings at each agricultural festival. Because each village
knew its boundaries, the local people looked after all the natural resources within that boundary.
People of Bastar were most worried because the colonial government proposed to reserve 2/3rd of
the forests in 1905 and stop shifting cultivation, hunting and collection of forest produce.

III. Long Answer type Questions

1. When the colonial government proposed to reserve two-thirds of the forest in 1905, and stop shifting
cultivation, hunting and collection of forest produce, the people of Bastar were very worried. Some
villages were allowed to stay on in the reserved forests on the condition that they worked free for the
forest department in cutting and transporting trees, and protecting the forest from fires. Subsequently,
these came to be known as ‘forest villages’. People of other villages were displaced without any
notice or compensation. For long, villagers had been suffering from increased land rents and frequent
demands for free labour and goods by colonial officials. Then came the terrible famines, in 1899-

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 1900 and again in 1907-1908. Reservations proved to be the last straw.
These conditions thus led to a revolt by the people of Bastar.
2. Bastar is located in the southernmost part of Chhattisgarh and borders Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and
Maharashtra. A number of different communities live in Bastar such as Maria and MuriaGonds,
Dhurwas, Bhatras and Halbas. They speak different languages but share common customs and beliefs.
i. The people of Bastar believe that each village was given its land by the Earth, and in return, they
look after the earth by making some offerings at each agricultural festival.
ii. They show respect to the spirits of the river, the forest and the mountain. The local people look
after all the natural resources within the boundary. If people from a village want to take some
wood from the forests of another village, they pay a small fee called devsari, dand or man in
exchange.
iii. Some villages also protect their forests by engaging watchmen and each household contributes
some grain to pay them.
iv. Every year there is one big hunt where the headmen of villages in a pargana (cluster of villages)
meet and discuss issues of concern, including forests.

Worksheet-4
Forest transformations in Java
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. The Kalangs of Java were a community of skilled forest cutters and shifting cultivators.
2. Dutch implemented scientific forestry in Indonesia.
3. SurontikaSamin was a villager who lived in Randublatungvillage , a teak forest in Indonesia.
II. short Answer type Questions
1. The Dutch enacted forest laws in Java to restrict villagers’ access to forests. Villagers were punished
for grazing cattle, transporting wood without a permit or travelling through forests with horse carts
or cattle.
2. The Kalangs of Java in modern day Indonesia were a community of skilled forest cutters and shifting
cultivators of land. They were considered an extremely important human resource since without
them, harvesting of teak was almost impossible. The Kalangs’ expertise were extremely important for
the rulers of the Java kingdom, since without them, building of palaces would prove difficult. This is
evident from the fact that when the Mataram kingdom of Java split in the year 1755, the 6,000 Kalang
families were equally divided between the two new kingdoms.
III. Long Answer type Questions
1. The First World War and the Second World War had a major impact on the forests across the world.
This impact is stated below:
(i) In India, the Forest Department cut trees freely to meet British war demands.
(ii) In Java, the Dutch followed ‘a scorched earth’ policy, just before the Japanese occupied the
region. They destroyed sawmills and burnt off huge piles of giant teak logs so that they would
not fall into Japanese hands.
(iii) The Japanese exploited the forests recklessly for their own war industries and forced forest
dwellers to cut down forests.

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 (iv) Many villagers took this opportunity for the expansion of cultivation land by cutting down the
forests.
(v) After the war, it was difficult for the Indonesian forest service to get back this land.
(vi) In India people needed more agricultural land for cultivation for its increasing population. Forest
department desired to control the land and excluded people from it. These different interests, led
to a conflict between them.
2. The Saminist Movement started in the last decade of the 19th century in Java. SurontikoSamin of
Randublatung village, a teak forest village headed the movement.
The Dutch government forced the farmers to pay taxes on land and restricted villagers, access to
forest by enacting the Forest Law in Java.
Samin questioned state ownership of the forest. He argued that the state had not created the wind,
water, earth and wood, so it could not own it.
Soon a widespread movement started. Samin’s sons-in-law took the leadership. By 1907, 3000
families started following the ideas of Samin. Some of the rebels protested by lying down on their
land, when the Dutch came to survey the land. Some even refused to pay taxes or fines or perform
free labour.

Worksheet-5
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. →b) 2. →a) 3. →a) 4. →b) 5. →a) 6. →c)

II. Fill in the blanks

1. nineteenth 2. Railways 3. Dehradun 4. shifting 5. Indonesia

III. Very short Answer type Questions

1. BirsaMunda was the tribal leader of Chhotanagpur.
2. GundaDhur led the rebellion of Bastar during British rule.
3. The river Indrawati winds across Bastar east to west.
4. Dutch implemented scientific forestry in Indonesia.

IV. short Answer type Questions

1. Forests are affected by wars because forest products are used for fulfilling various needs and
requirement during war. In the case of India, during the First World War and the Second World War
the forest department cut trees freely to meet British war needs. During the Second World War in
Java just before the Japanese occupied the region, the Dutch followed ‘a scorched Earth policy’,
destroying sawmills and burning huge piles of giant teak logs so that they did not fall into Japanese
hands. The Japanese exploited the forests recklessly for their war industries, forcing villagers to cut
down forests. Many villagers took this opportunity to expand cultivation in the forests. Thus, wars
also led to destruction of forests. The First World War and Second World War had a major impact on
forests. In India, working places were abandoned and trees were cut freely to meet British demand
for war needs.In Java, just before the Japanese occupied the region, the Dutch followed the ‘scorched

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 earth policy’ destroying saw mills, burning huge piles of giant teak logs so that they could not fall
into Japanese hands.
2. i. Colonial forestry meant severe hardship for villagers across the country. After the Act, all their
everyday practices cutting wood for their houses, grazing their cattle, collecting fruits and roots,
hunting and fishing became illegal.
ii. The government ban shifting cultivation. As a result, many communities were forcibly displaced
from their homes in the forests.
iii. Some had to change occupations, while some resisted through large and small rebellions.People
of other villages were displaced without any notice or compensation.

V. Long Answer type Questions

1. (a) Shifting cultivators: New forest laws banned shifting cultivation. For shifting cultivators, it
was devastating because there was a problem for their survival. Many of them were forced
to migrate to take up some other occupations. Many others were forced to work in the tea
plantations.
(b) Nomadic and pastoralist communities: Grazing of animals was banned under the new forest
laws. It made the life of pastoralist communities difficult. Herds of animals were their only
source of livelihood. The nomadic communities were declared as criminal communities. This
made their life miserable because they could no longer move freely.
(c) Firms trading in timber/forest produce: Because of huge demand of timber, it was boon for
the timber merchants. They must have seen good growth in their incomes.
(d) Plantation owners: Land was given at cheaper rates to the plantation owners. Labour was also
made available to them at very low wages. Moreover, new policies were made which prevented
the workers from going back to their home villages. It was a win-win situation for the plantation
owner.
(e) Kings/British officials engaged in shikar: Killing of ferocious animals; like tiger or wolves
was monetarily rewarded. Moreover, hunting was viewed as a sign of bravely and valour. The
Kings and British officials must have enjoyed the new found honour in the society.
2. The Dutch first imposed rents on land being cultivated in the forest and then exempted some
villages from these rents if they worked collectively to provide free labour and buffaloes for cutting
and transporting timber. This was known as the ‘blandongdiensten system’. Later, instead of rent
exemption, forest villagers were given small wages, but their right to cultivate forest land was
restricted.

VI. Assertion-reasoning
1. →a)
2. →c)
The Adivasi leaders tried to negotiate but the British surrounded their camps and fired upon them.
The villagers who participated in the rebellion were flogged and punished, and was marched through
the villages. Therefore, most fled into the jungles.

VII. source-based questions

1. →a) 2. →c) 3. →b) 4. →d)

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 PAstorALIsts IN
5 the MoDerN WorLD
Worksheet-1
Pastoral Nomads and their Movements
I. Very short Answer types Questions
1. Nomads are people who do not live in one place but move from one area to another to earn their
living.
2. Kafila is a group of nomadic people who move together for their journey. Example: Kafila of
GujjarBakarwals with their herds during their seasonal movement from higher to lower hills.
3. Bhabar is A dry forested area below the foothills of Garhwal and Kumaun.
4. Bugyal is a vast meadow in the high mountains.

II. short Answer type Questions

1. The pastoral groups have to consider many factors to sustain their life.
i. They had to judge how long the herds could stay in one area, and know where they could find
water and pasture.
ii. They needed to calculate the timing of their movements, and ensure that they could move
through different territories.
iii. They had to set up a relationship with farmers on the way, so that the herds could graze in
harvested fields and manure the soil. They combined a range of different activities – cultivation,
trade,and herding – to make their living.
2. Climatic conditions are primarily responsible for the movement of the pastoralists. In winter, when
the high mountains are covered with snow, the nomadic pastoralists of the mountains move to the low
hills. With the onset of summer, they start their backward journey. This pattern of cyclical movement
between summer and winter pastures was typical of many pastoral communities of the Himalayas,
including the Bhotiyas, Sherpas and Kinnauris.
III. Long Answer type Questions
1. There are essentially two forms of pastoralism. They are known as nomadism and transhumance.
i. Nomadism: It follow a seasonal migratory pattern that can vary from year to year. The timing
and destination of migration are determined primarily by the needs of herd animals for water
and fodder.
ii. Transhumance: It follow a seasonal livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures. In
mountain regions, it implies movement between higher pastures in summer and lower valleys in
winter.
2. The pastoral nomads were found in different parts of India such as in the mountains, on plateaus,
plains and deserts. Five pastoral nomads found in different parts of India are as follows:
i. In the mountains: The GujjarBakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir were great herder of goat and
sheep. They moved annually between their summer and winter grazing grounds. In summer, the
Gujjar herders went up to the high meadows - the bugyals, and in winter they came down to the
dry forests of the Bhabar.

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 ii. On the Plateaus: Dhangars were an important pastoral community of Maharashtra. Most of
them were shepherds, blanket weavers, and other are buffalo herders. They grew kharif and rabi
crops like bajra, rice.
iii. The Gollas, Kurumas and Kurubas were pastoral communities that lived in Karnataka and
Andhra Pradesh. The Gollas herded cattle. The Kurumas and Kurubas reared sheep and goats
and sold woven blankets. They cultivated small patches of land and got engaged in a variety of
petty trades also.
iv. On the plains: Banjaras were yet another well-known group of graziers. They were to be found
in the villages of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.
v. In Deserts: Raikas lived in the deserts of Rajasthan. During the monsoons, the Riakas of
Barmer, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur and Bikaner stayed in their home villages and by October when
these grazing grounds were dry and exhausted they moved out in search of other pasture and
water, and returned again during the next monsoon.

Worksheet-2
Colonial rule and Pastoral Life
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. Some forests which produced commercially valuable timber like deodar or sal were declared
‘Reserved Forests’. No pastoralists were allowed to access to these forests.
2. Forests which produced non-commercial wood were called Protected forest. In these forests some
customary grazing rights of pastoralists were granted. But their movements were restricted.
3. Customary rights are the Rights that are used by the people by custom and tradition.
4. In 1871, the colonial government in India passed the Criminal Tribes Act. By this Act many
communities of craftsmen, traders and pastoralists were classified as Criminal Tribes. They were
stated to be criminal by nature and birth.

II. short Answer type Questions

1. The life of the pastoralists changed under the colonial rule in the following ways:
i. The grazing grounds available for their herds shrank. Pastoralists reduced the number of cattle
or began to find new pastoral lands.
ii. The shepherds and cattle herders could no longer pasture their cattle freely in forests.
iii. Many rich pastoralists settled down at one place and began to cultivate land. They left their
nomadic life.
iv. Poor pastoralists were hit hard by the colonial policies and they lost their cattle. Nowhere to go,
they began to work as daily wage labourers in the agricultural fields.
v. Many pastoralists adjusted to the colonial rule. They reduced the number of cattle and also
began to look for new sources of earning.
2. The British appointed chiefs of different sub-groups of Masai, who were made responsible for the
affairs of the tribe (Masai).
There was a wide gap between the chiefs and the pastoralists. The chiefs were not honest at all. They
had a regular income with which they could buy animals, goods and land. Many of them began living

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 in towns and became involved in trade. These chiefs had both pastoral and non-pastoral income and
could buy animals when their stock was depleted.
But the life of the poor pastoralists was full of miseries. They depended only on their livestock. In
times of war and famine, they lost nearly everything. They had to go looking for work in the towns.
Some worked as charcol, burners, others did odd jobs.
III. Long Answer type Questions
1. Nomads are people who do not live in one place but move from one area to another to earn their
living. Their main occupation is cattle rearing for which they need availability of water and pastures
for grazing their animals.
i. The pattern of cyclical movement between the summer and winter pastures was typical of many
pastoral communities of the Himalayas, including the Bhotiyas, Sherpas, and Kinnauris.
ii. All of them had to adjust to seasonal changes and make effective use of available pastures in
different places. When the pastures was exhausted or unusable in one place they moved their
herds and flock to new areas. When the water and pasture get depleted, they move again and
keep repeating the cycle.
iii. This continuous movement also allowed the pastures to recover. It prevented their overuse as
well.
2. The laws brought a lot of hardship to the pastoralists.
i. The laws led to a serious shortage of pastures, which was very important for the nomads. Under
the new laws grazing lands were taken over and turned into cultivating fields and thus the
available area of pastureland declined.
ii. The reservation of forests meant that shepherds and cattle herders could no longer freely graze
their cattle in the forests.
iii. The reservation of forests forced the pastoralists to confine themselves in notified village
settlements.
iv. The restrictions and reservations enforced by the colonial government threatened the very
livelihood of the pastoralists and many had to resettle and adapt themselves to the new ways of
the world.

Worksheet-3
Pastoralism in Africa
I. Very short Answer type Questions.
1. The title Maasai derives from the word Maa. Maa-sai means ‘My People’. The Maasai are traditionally
nomadic and pastoral people who depend on milk and meat for subsistence.
2. In pre-colonial times Maasai society was divided into two social categories – elders and warriors.
3. The elders in Maasai society formed the ruling group and met in periodic councils to decide on the
affairs of the community and settle disputes.
4. The warriors consisted of younger people, mainly responsible for the protection of the tribe. They
defended the community and organised cattle raids.

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II. short Answer type Questions
1. Pastoral communities of Africa are Bedouins, Berbers, Maasai, Somali, Boran and Turkana. Most of
them now live in the semi-arid grasslands or arid deserts where rainfed agriculture is difficult.
i. They raise cattle, camels, goats, sheep and donkeys; and they sell milk, meat, animal skin and
wool.
ii. Some also earn through trade and transport, others combine pastoral activity with agriculture.
iii. Still others do a variety of odd jobs to supplement their meagre and uncertain earnings from
pastoralism.
2. From the colonial period, the Maasai were bound down to a fixed area, confined within a reserve,
and prohibited from moving in search of pastures. They were cut off from the best grazing lands and
forced to live within a semi-arid tract prone to frequent droughts. Since they could not shift their
cattle to places where pastures were available, large numbers of Maasai cattle died of starvation
and disease in these years of drought. As the area of grazing lands shrank, the adverse effect of the
droughtsincreased in intensity. The frequent bad years led to a steady decline of the animal stock of
the pastoralists.

III. Long Answer type Questions

1. During the colonial period the Maasai community underwent the following changes:
i. One of the problems the Maasais have faced was the continuous loss of their grazing lands. The
Maasai lost about 60% of their pre-colonial lands.
ii. Colonial government in east Africa also encouraged local peasant communities to expand
cultivation. As cultivation expanded, pasturelands were turned into cultivated fields. Maasai
were confined to an arid zone with uncertain rainfall and poor pastures.
iii. Large areas of grazing land were also turned into game reserves like the Maasai Mara and
Samburu National Park in Kenya.
iv. The social changes in Maasai society occurred at two levels. First, the traditional difference
based on age, between the elders and warriors, was disturbed. Second, a new distinction between
the wealthy and poor pastoralists developed.
v. The chiefs appointed by the colonial government often accumulated wealth over time. But the
life of the poor pastoralists who depended only on their livestock was different.
2. The Maasais lost their grazing lands due to the following reasons:
i. In 1885, Maasai land was cut in half by an international boundary between British Kenya and
German Tanganyika.
ii. The best pastures were reserved for white settlements, and the Maasai tribes were given arid zone
with uncertain rainfall and poor pastures into a small area in South Kenya and North Tanzania.
iii. The British colonial government in East Africa also encouraged local peasant communities to
expand cultivation. As cultivation expanded, pasturelands were turned into cultivated fields.
iv. Large areas of grazing land were also turned into game reserves where pastoralists were not
allowed to enter.
v. This lack of good grazing lands and a two-year drought led to losses of almost 60% cattle
belonging to the Maasai tribes.
Thus, with the expansion of British colonisation, the Maasai community lost their grazing lands.

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 Worksheet-4
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. d. 2. c. 3. b. 4. d 5. c 6. a
II. Fill in the blanks
1. Jammu and Kashmir 2. Himachal Pradesh 3. Siwalik range
4. East Africa 5. East Africa
III. Very short Answer type Questions
1. Banjaras were yet another well-known group of graziers. They were to be found in the villages of
Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.
2. The Raikas combined cultivation with pastoralism.
3. Tanganyika attained independence in 1961 and united with Zanzibar to form Tanzania in 1964.
4. The warriors consisted of younger people, mainly responsible for the protection of the tribe. They
defended the community and organised cattle raids.
IV. short Answer type Questions
1. Banjaras were the pastoral community of North India. They were found in the villages of UP, Punjab,
Rajasthan, M.P. and Maharashtra.
i. They moved in the villages of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and
Maharashtra.
ii. In search of good pasture land for their cattle, they moved over long distances.
iii. They sold plough cattle and other goods to the villagers in exhange for grain and fodder.
2. Climatic conditions are primarily responsible for the movement of the pastoralists. In winter, when
the high mountains are covered with snow, the nomadic pastoralists of the mountains move to the low
hills. With the onset of summer, they start their backward journey. This pattern of cyclical movement
between summer and winter pastures was typical of many pastoral communities of the Himalayas,
including the Bhotiyas, Sherpas and Kinnauris.

V. Long Answer type Questions

1. The Provision of Forest Act:
i. The Act divided forest into three categories, viz ‘reserved forests’, where no pastoral activity
was allowed, protected forests where pastoral activity was strictly regulated and needed permit
to entry, and village forest.
ii. The pastoralists could no longer remain in an area, even when forage was available. The grass
was available in ample quantity in forests. They had to move because of the time limit of the
permit. If they overstayed they were liable to fines.
The Criminal Tribe Act had following provisions:
i. Many communities of craftsmen, traders and pastoralist were classified as Criminal Tribes.
ii. They were stated to be criminal by nature and birth.

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 iii. They were expected to live only in notified village settlements and not allowed to move without
permit.
iv. The village police was to keep strict watch on them.
2. The colonial government wanted to rule over a settled population.They wanted the rural people to
live in villages, in fixed placeswith fixed rights on particular fields. Such a population was easyto
identify and control.
i. Those who were settled were seen aspeaceable and law abiding; those who were nomadic
wereconsidered to be criminal.
ii. In 1871, the colonial government inIndia passed the Criminal Tribes Act.
iii. By this Act manycommunities of craftsmen, traders and pastoralists were classifiedas Criminal
Tribes. They were stated to be criminal by natureand birth.
iv. Once this Act came into force, these communities wereexpected to live only in notified village
settlements.
v. They were not allowed to move out without a permit. The village police kept a continuous watch
on them.

VI. Assertion-reasoning
1. →d)
The pastoralists had to calculate the timing of their movements, and ensure that they could move
through different territories. They had to judge how long the herds could stay in one area, and know
where they could find water and pasture.
2. →b)
Large areas of traditional grazing grounds for Maasai herds were turned into game reserves and the
Maasai pastoralists were not allowed to enter these reserves. They were not allowed to hunt animals
or graze their herds in these areas. They were confined to a small area and continuous grazing in the
small area deteriorated the quality of pastures.

VII. source-based questions

1. →c) 2. →b) 3. →d) 4. →a)

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 Contemporary India–I

1 INDIA – sIZe AND LoCAtIoN

Worksheet-1
Location and size
I. Very short Answer types Questions
1. India lies in the Northern Hemisphere.
2. The main land extends between latitudes 8°4’N and 37°6’N.
3. Longitudinal extent of India is 68°7’E and 97°25’E.
4. The Tropic of Cancer (23° 30’N) divides the country into almost two equal parts.

II. short Answer type Questions

1. i. India lies entirely in northern hemisphere between latitudes 8°4’N and 37°6’N and longitudes
68°7’E and 97°25’E.
ii. Tropic of Cancer which passes through India divides the country into almost two equal halves.
iii. Total landmass of India has an area of 3.28 million square km. which accounts for about 2.4
percent of the total geographical area of the world.
iv. It is the seventh largest country in the world in terms of landmass.
v. India has a land boundary of about 15,200 km and the total length of the coast line of the
mainland including Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep is 7,516.6 km.
2. The Tropic of Cancer occurs at the latitude approximately (23° 30’N). It is important because it
divides the country into almost two equal parts. To the southeast and southwest of the mainland, lie
the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep islands in Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea
respectively.

III. Long Answer type Questions

1. Tropic of Cancer passes through the almost half of the country implies that India receives a tropical and
sub-tropical type of climate. This has its implications for the climate of India as well as influences the
duration of day and night.
i. Places on either side of the Tropic of Cancer experience tropical climate.
ii. The tropical monsoon type of climate that India experiences is extreme on account of the Tropic
of Cancer.
iii. Places further south of Indian Union away from the Tropic of Cancer have more equable
climate being closer to equator.
iv. Places further north of the Tropic of Cancer have subtropical climate.
v. The sun shines directly on the Tropic of Cancer on 21st June or Summer Solstice.
vi. Countries in the Northern Hemisphere including India experience summer during this part of the
year.

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2. As the south is near to the equator the day and night duration is almost the same as the sun rays are
parallel in this region and for almost 12 hours. But as one goes towards the north the distance from
the equator increases and so does the difference in the duration of day and night.Thus the latitudinal
extent influences the duration of day and night as one moves from north to south.

Worksheet-2
India and the World
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. The trans Indian Ocean routes, which connect the countries of Europe in the West and the countries
of East Asia.
2. Suez canal was opened in the year 1869.
3. The ideas of the Upanishads and the Ramayana, the stories of Panchtantra, the Indian numerals and
the decimal system thus could reach many parts of the world.

II. short Answer type Questions

1. i. The exchange of ideas and commodities between India and the rest of the world since ancient
times is due to the fact that passes between the mountains and the sea routes enabled trade and
the spread of Indian ideas in the rest of the world.
ii. The ideas of the Upanishads and the Ramayana, the stories of Panchtantra, the Indian numerals
and the decimal system thus could reach many parts of the world.
iii. The spices, muslin and other merchandise were taken from India to different countries.

III. Long Answer type Questions

1. India has contributed significantly to the making of the world history.
i. India has a long coastline on the Indian Ocean. It is her eminent position in the Indian Ocean
which justifies the naming of an ocean after it.
ii. India’s contacts with the world have continued through the ages but her relationships through the
land routes are much older than her maritime contact. The various passes across the mountains
in the north have provided passages to the ancient travellers. These routes have contributed in
the exchange of ideas and commodities since ancient times.
iii. The ideas of the Upanishads and the Ramayana, the stories of Panchtantra, the Indian numerals
and the decimal system have reached many parts of the world
2. The central location of India at the head of the Indian Ocean is considered of great significance due
to the following reasons:
i. It has given India a strategic advantage due to the Trans Indian ocean routes which connect the
countries of Europe in the West and the countries of East Asia.
ii. This helps India to establish close contact with West Asia, Africa and Europe from the Western
coast and with Southeast and East Asia from the Eastern coast.
iii. The vast coastline and the natural harbours have benefited India in carrying out trade and
commerce with its neighbouring and distant countries.
iv. It has given India a distinct climate than the rest of the Asian Continent

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 Worksheet-3
India’s Neighbours
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. In India there are 28 states.
2. In India there are 8 union territories.
3. India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Maldives, Bhutan, and Pakistan are the countries that constitute
Indian Subcontinent.

II. short Answer type Questions

1. Union Territories on the western coast of India are Diu and Daman and Dadra and Nagar Haveli.
Union Territory on the eastern coast of India is Puducherry.
2. States which do not have International Boundary or lie on the coast are
i. Haryana
ii. Jharkhand
iii. Madhya Pradesh and
iv. Chhattisgarh

III. Long Answer type Questions

1. States each having common frontiers with China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar are as follows:
i. China: Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh
ii. Pakistan: Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat
iii. Bangladesh: Bihar, West Bengal, Jharkhand, Assam, Meghalaya and Tripura
iv. Myanmar: Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram
2. The Indian landmass is centrally located between east and west Asia. The part that is attached to the
Asian continent connects India (through land routes and mountain passes) to the various countries
lying to its north, west and east. The part that protrudes into the Indian Ocean connects India to
Pakistan, west Asia countries in the west and the countries of east Asia. The strategic location of India
has contributed to the exchange of ideas and commodities, through land and sea, since ancient times.
So, India has strong geographical and historical link with neighbours.

Worksheet-4
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. (b) Odisha and (d) Rajasthan 2. (b) Rajasthan 3. (c) 2004 4. (d)1869

II. Fill in the blanks

1. India is situated in the Northern Hemisphere.
2. India has a total geographical area of 3.28 lakh sq. km.
3. India is divided into two equal halves by the Tropic of Cancer.

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4. Kanniyakumari is located closer to the Sunset point.
5. Rajasthan is the largest state of India in area.

III. Very short Answer type Questions

1. Barren Island is an island located in the Andaman Sea. It is the only confirmed active volcano in
South Asia, and the only active volcano along a chain of volcanoes from Sumatra to Myanmar.
2. Since the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, India’s distance from Europe has been reduced by 7,000
km.
3. A strait is a narrow passage of water which connects two large water bodies.
4. Sri Lanka is the neighbouring country of India which is an island.

IV. short Answer type Questions

1. The day and night are nearly of the same duration at the equator. As Kanyakumari is quite near the
equator at 8°4’N the day-night difference is hardly one hour there, and therefore, the duration of day
and night is hardly felt at Kanyakumari. On the other hand, as we move away from the equator to the
poles the variations in duration of day and night become greater. Kashmir is over 30° away from the
equator and so the difference in duration of day and night is more there and we feel that difference.
2. A place is classified as a subcontinent when it is part of a continent but is considered either
geographically or politically as an independent entity or it is smaller than a continent.
India is different from other countries of Asia because:
i. India is a subcontinent while other countries in Asia are not.
ii. It is separated by other countries through reliefs like mountain, rivers etc.
iii. It is a diverse country. It consists of myriad variety of culture, customs, traditions, whereas it
can’t be seen in other Asian countries.
iv. It is not a landlocked country and has ocean named after it
v. It has great physical diversity like deserts, mountains, river etc.

V. Long Answer type Questions

1. India’s contacts with the world have continued through the ages, but her relationships through the
land routes are much older than her maritime contacts. The various passes across the mountains in the
north have provided passages to the ancient travellers. The main contribution of land routes to India
in ancient times are
i. Trade: Trade flourished through the land trade routes. The Silk route passing through the
Himalayas is an excellent example. The spices, muslin and other merchandise were taken from
India to different countries.
ii. Expansion of scientific knowledge: Land routes enabled the expansion of scientific knowledge;
important breakthroughs in science, technology, and mathematics were communicated to far
across lands through ancient routes.
iii. Learning of other nations and cultures: The land routes also helped in the understanding of the
cultures and traditions of other nations. The influence of Greek sculpture and the architectural
styles of dome and minarets from West Asia can be seen in different parts of our country.
iv. Exchange of Ideas: These routes have contributed in the exchange of ideas and commodities
since ancient times. The ideas of the Upanishads and the Ramayana, the stories of Panchtantra,
the Indian numerals and the decimal system thus could reach many parts of the world.

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2. The knowledge of latitude and longitude is important for people because
i. It helps them to understand and locates the geographical location and globe better.
ii. The use of latitudes and longitudes offer a better and quick grasp of geographical facts.
iii. It determines the time zones of the different regions of the world.
iv. With the help of longitudes and latitudes, it is easy to calculate local time and standard time.
v. Longitudes and latitudes also help in calculating the distance from one place to another.

VI. Assertion-reasoning
1. →c)
India’s contact with the world have continued through the ages but her relationships through the land
routes are much older than her maritime contacts. The various passes across the mountains in the
north have provided passages to the ancient travellers.
2. →a)

VII. source-based questions

1. →c) 2. →b) 3. →d) 4. →a)

2 PhYsICAL FeAtUres oF INDIA

Worksheet-1
Major Physiographic Divisions
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. The Earth has been formed out of seven major and minor plates.
2. Convergent boundary is formed when two tectonic plates move towards each other. So,
their direction might be towards each other.
3. Divergent boundary is formed when two tectonic plates move away from each other. So,
their direction might be away from each other.
4. The Peninsular Plateau is the oldest landmass of India.
5. The Tethys Ocean also called the tethys sea or the Neotethys, was an ocean during much of the
Mesozoic Era located between the ancient continents of Gondwana and Laurasia, before the opening
of the Indian and Atlantic oceans during the Cretaceous Period.

II. short Answer type Questions

1. The three types of plate movements on the Earth are as follows:
Coverage boundary: When some plates come towards each other, they form a convergent boundary.
It may also be called folding movements.
Divergent boundary: When some plates move away from each other they form a divergent boundary.
It is also called faulting movements.

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 Transform boundary: In the event of two plates coming together, they may either collide and
crumble or may slide under the other and form the transform boundary.
2. Shivalik ranges are prone to landslides and earthquakes due to the following reasons:
i. They are weak in nature as they are formed of alluvium, gravel and sediments.
ii. They are located at the convergent tectonic plates of Eurasian and Indo-Australian plates which
is a threat for landslides.
iii. The formation of the Shiwalik Mountains from unconsolidated sediments is the biggest reason
for earthquakes and landslides.

III. Long Answer type Questions

1. The major physiographic divisions of India are:
i. The Himalayan Mountains
ii. The Northern Plains
iii. The Peninsular Plateau
iv. The Indian Desert
v. The Coastal Plains
vi. The Islands
Two points of significance of the Himalayas and the Northern plains are as follows:
The Northern Plains
i. Northern Plains are thickly populated.
ii. These are agriculturally very productive.
iii. They are necessary to feed the country.
Himalayan Region
i. They form a natural wall along the northern borders which is difficult to cross.
ii. They also protect us from cold winds coming from north.
2. The following are the two factors responsible for the geographical shape of India:
i. Divergent and convergent drifts are the two forces that caused two continental plates split and
overlap.
ii. The extent and position of the continents have been developed due to the inclination of these
crustal strata over millions of ages. The modern land-form characteristics and reliefs of India are
the part of this process.

Worksheet-2
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (b)

II. Fill in the Blanks

a. Gondwana b. fertile c. alluvial d. igneous e. Lakshadweep Islands.

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III. Very short Answer type Questions
1. The Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats.
2. Purvachal or the Eastern hills and mountains.
3. According to the ‘Theory of Plate Tectonics’ the effects of the movement of the plates are:
i. Change in position and size of continents
ii. Formation of ocean basins
iii. Evolution of the present landforms and relief of India
4. Barchans are a crescent-shaped shifting sand dune. Barchans face the wind predominantly from one
direction. They are found in sandy deserts.

IV. short Answer type Questions

1. Plate tectonics is the theory that states that Earth’s outer shell is divided into several plates that
glide over the mantle. The plates act like a hard and rigid shell compared to Earth’s mantle. This
strong outer layer is called the lithosphere. Plate tectonics is the modern version of continental drift.
According to this theory, the crust i.e., the upper part of the Earth has been formed out of seven major
and some minor plates. The movement of these plates resulted in building up of stresses within the
plates, leading to folding, faulting and volcanic activities.
2. The Malwa Plateau lies between the Aravali hills and the Vindhya range. The Aravali hills lie to the
west of the plateau and the Vindhya range lies to its south. The part of the peninsular plateau lying to
the north of the Narmada river, covering a major area of the Malwa plateau, is known as the Central
Highlands. The Malwa plateau lies in Madhya Pradesh. It is composed of extensive lava flows. There
are rolling plains separated by flat-topped hills. The plateau is largely broken in form of ravines near
the Chambal Valley in its east.

V. Long Answer type Questions

1. The significance of Northern Plains:
i. It is the largest alluvial tract of the world extending for a length of 3200 km from the mouth of
Indus to the mouth of Ganga.
ii. These have been formed by three rivers – Ganga, Indus and Brahmaputra along with their tributaries
It contains very fertile alluvial soil
iii. They are densely populated physiographic division of India and are believed to be highly
productive in terms of agriculture.
iv. Northern plain has a big network of roads and railways which has developed large scale
industrialisation and urbanization and this led to the development of trade and commerce in
northern plains.
v. In northern plain there are many religious places along the banks of sacred rivers. Here flourished
the religions of Budha and Mahavira and the movements of Bhakti and Sufism
2. The different physiographic regions of India complement each other and make the country richer in
its natural resources.
i. The mountains are the major sources of water and forest wealth.
ii. The northern plains are the granaries of the country. They have provided the base for early
civilizations.

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 iii. The plateau is a storehouse of minerals, which has played an important role in the industrialization
of the country.
iv. The coastal region and island groups provide sites for fishing and port activities.
Thus, the diverse physical features of the land have immense future possibilities of development.

VI. Assertion-reasoning
1. →a)
2. →d)
The Northern plains is agriculturally a very productive region of India.

VII. source-based questions

1. →d) 2. →a) 3. →b) 4. →c)

3 DrAINAGe

Worksheet-1
Drainage systems in India
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. The area drained by a single river system is called a drainage basin.
2. Ganga River basin is the largest river basin in India.
3. The Indian rivers are divided into two major groups:
a. the Himalayan rivers; and
b. the Peninsular rivers.
4. The rivers that have water throughout the year are called perennial rivers. In India Himalayan Rivers
like Ganga and Brahmaputra are perennial rivers. These are both rainfed and formed through melting
of the glaciers.
5. A rectangular drainage pattern develops on a strongly jointed rocky terrain.
6. The river Indus rises in Tibet, near Lake Mansarowar. Flowing west, it enters India in theLadakh.

II. short Answer type Questions

1. The three features of peninsular rivers are are follows:
i. A large number of peninsular rivers are seasonal, as their flow depends on rainfall.
ii. These rivers have shorter and shallower courses.
iii. Most of the peninsular rivers originate in the Western Ghats and flow towards the Bay of Bengal.
2. The streams within a drainage basin (the area drained by a single river system) form certain patterns
which are Dendritic, Trellis, Radial and Parallel drainage systems.

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III. Long Answer type Questions
1. The river pattern is also termed as drainage system of the river that naturally forms due to the
topography of the lands. The four patterns formed by the rivers are as follows:
i. Dendritic pattern: The dendritic drainage pattern develops where the river channel follows
the slope of the terrain. The stream with its tributaries resembles the branches of a tree, thus the
name dendritic.
ii. Trellis: This drainage pattern develops when a river is joined by its tributaries approximately at
right angles. This drainage pattern also develops where hard and soft rocks exist parallel to each
other.
iii. Rectangular: This drainage pattern develops on a strongly jointed rocky terrain.
iv. Radial Pattern: This drainage pattern develops when streams flow in different directions from
a central peak or a dome like structure.
2. Main characteristics of the Ganga river system are as follows:
i. The headwaters of the Ganga called the ‘Bhagirathi’ is fed by the Gangotri Glacier and joined
by Alkananda at Devaprayag in Uttarakhand.
ii. At Haridwar, the Ganga emerges from the mountains on to the plains.
iii. Its tributaries flood parts of the northern plains every year, causing widespread damage to life
and property but enriching the soil for the extensive agricultural lands.
iv. Enlarged with the waters from its right and left bank tributaries, the Ganga flows eastward till
Farakka in West Bengal. This is the northern most point of Ganga Delta.
v. The mainstream flows southwards into Bangladesh and is joined by the Brahmaputra.
vi. This mighty river along with Brahmaputra flows into the Bay of Bengal and the delta formed by
these rivers is known as Sunderban delta.

Worksheet-2
Lakes, role of rivers in the economy, river Pollution
I. Very short Answer type Questions.
1. Freshwater lakes are of glacial origin. Most of the freshwater lakes are in the Himalayan region. In
other words, they formed when glaciers dug out a basin, which was later filled with snowmelt.
2. The Wular lake, the Dal lake, Bhimtal, Nainital, Loktak and Barapani are some other importantfreshwater
lakes.
3. Lakes too becomes seasonal during summers. During summer season the temperature rises. Due to
this rise in temperature several Lakes face a huge amount of water scarcity which then may lead to
the complete evaporation of water causing the Lake to become dry. But it is all different in the rainy
seasons, when due to excess of rainfall Lakes are again replenished with the excess of Rainwater.
4. January 14, 1986
5. The objective of NRCP is to reduce the pollution load in rivers through implementation of various
pollution abatement works, thereby improving their water quality.
II. short Answer type Questions
1. Most of the freshwater lakes are in the Himalayan region. They are of glacial origin. In other words,
they formed when glaciers dug out a basin, which was later filled with snowmelt. The Wularlake in

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 Jammu and Kashmir, in contrast, is the result of tectonic activity. It is the largest freshwater lake in
India. The Dal lake, Bhimtal, Nainital, Loktak and Barapani are some other important freshwater
lakes.
2. NRCP stands for National River Conservation Plan. It is a scheme launched in 1955 and is funded by
the Central Government. It was launched to conserve the rivers, control river pollution and upgrade
the water quality of rivers etc. NRCP looks after the sewage treatment and Interception and diversion
of sewage and establishment of Sewage Treatment Plants and River front development, low cost
sanitation, afforestation etc have been the main components of pollution abatement schemes under
the NRCP.
III. Long Answer type Questions
1. Most of the freshwater lakes are in the Himalayan region. They are of glacial origin. In other words,
they formed when glaciers dug out a basin, which was later filled with snowmelt. The Wularlake in
Jammu and Kashmir, in contrast, is the result of tectonic activity. It is the largest freshwater lake in
India. The Dal lake, Bhimtal, Nainital, Loktak and Barapani are some other important freshwater
lakes.
2. Rivers and lakes are of a great value to human beings.
i. They help to moderate the climate and environment of nearby areas.
ii. They provide water for various domestic uses.
iii. They provide fertility to the soil.
Role of rivers in economy:
i. Rivers have been of fundamental importance throughout the human history. Water from the river
is a basic natural resource, essential for various human, agricultural and industrial activities.
ii. The river banks have attracted the settlers from ancient times. Thesesettlements have also
become big cities.
iii. Rivers provide primary channels of inland transportation, not directly in the form of navigable
waterways, but also indirectly through their valleys, where roads, railway lines and other routes
are built.
Importance of Lakes:
i. A lake helps to regulate the flow of a river. During heavy rainfall, it prevents flooding and
during the dry season it helps to maintain an even flow of water.
ii. Lakes are a valuable source for developing hydel power.
iii. They moderate the climate of the surrounding, maintain the aquatic ecosystem, enhance natural
beauty, help develop tourism and provide recreation.

Worksheet-3
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (b)

II. Fill in the blanks

1. drainage 2. single 3. long 4. seasonal 5. Tibet

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III. Very short Answer type Questions
1. The word ‘Drainage’ denotes a river system of an area.
2. River Narmada has very small tributaries that join it at right angles, hence the drainage pattern is
trellis.
3. The largest tributary to the Ganga is the Ghaghara.
4. The broad relief features of the subcontinent control the drainage systems of India.
5. Godavari is the largest peninsular river in India.
6. Man-made water-bodies are formed by constructing a dam across a flowing river in order to regulate
the flow of water. These are known as reservoirs. These artificial lakes are constructed to store water
for power generation, irrigation, and can be put to domestic and industrial use.
IV. short Answer type Questions
1. A large water body which is surrounded by land is called a lake. Most of the lakes are permanent,
while some contain water only during the rainy season. Lakes are formed by the action of glaciers
and ice sheets, by wind, river action and by human activities.
2. The undesirable changes in the quality of water due to the mixing of pollutant is called as water
pollution. Water pollution can be caused by addition of:
i. Undesirable substances like fertilisers and pesticides or any poisonous substances.
ii. Sewage directly entering a water body.
iii. Hot water from the power plant that increases the temperature and reduces the dissolved oxygen
in water thus killing the aquatic organisms.
iv. Industrial effluents or radioactive substances in the water body.
We can take following measures to check water pollution:
i. The sewer lines should not be directly connected to the water body.
ii. We should not throw our garbages or domestic waste in the water body.
iii. Prevent dumping of toxic compounds in the water bodies.
iv. Washing of clothes should be avoided near water bodies as it adds a lot of detergents to it.
v. Plant trees near the banks of the river to check soil erosion otherwise erosion leads to siltation
of water body.

V. Long Answer type Questions

1. Himalayan Rivers
i. The Himalayan rivers originate from the snow-covered mountains.
ii. These rivers have large basins and catchment areas.
iii. These rivers flow through deep nearly I-shaped valleys
iv. These rivers are perennial in nature and receive water both from the monsoon and the melting
of the snow.
v. These rivers are suitable for navigation as they flow over plain areas.
vi. These rivers form large deltas near their mouth.
Peninsular Rivers
i. The Peninsular rivers mostly originate from peninsular plateaus.
ii. These rivers have small basins and catchment areas.

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 iii. These rivers flow through broad and shallow valleys
iv. These rivers are seasonal in nature as they receive water only from the monsoon rain.
v. These rivers are not suitable for navigation as they flow over uneven land in plateau areas.
vi. These rivers form estuaries or smaller deltas.
2. Rivers are known as the lifeline of human civilisation. Rivers have been of fundamental importance
throughout the human history. Water from the river is a basic natural resource, essential for various
human activities.
i. The river banks have attracted the settlers from ancient times. These settlements have also
become big cities.
ii. Most of the ancient civilisations and cities have developed near the river banks as water was
available for agriculture, domestic purposes and other needs.
iii. Rivers are used as a means of transport. People take their merchandise to far away places and
travel to different places through rivers.
iv. Rivers provide hydel power that is essential to run many industries.

VI. Assertion-reasoning
1. →b)
The Wular Lake in Jammu and Kashmir formed due to tectonic activities.
2. →a)

VII. source-based questions

1. →c) 2. →b) 3. →d) 4. →a)

4 CLIMAte

Worksheet-1
Climate Controls
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. Dras is the coldest place in India.
2. Mawsynram is a village in the East Khasi Hills district of Meghalaya state in northeastern India, 65
kilometres from Shillong. It receives the highest rainfall in India.
3. Part of India that experiences the highest diurnal range of temperature is Thar Desert.
4. The word monsoon is derived from the Arabic word ‘mausim’ which literally means season.
‘Monsoon’ refers to the seasonal reversal in the wind direction during a year.

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II. short Answer type Questions
1. Weather Climate
It is the day to day condition of the atmosphere. It is the average weather conditions of a place
that exist over a long period of time.
Weather of a place does not remain constant. Climate of a place remains constant over a long
period of time.
2. India has a monsoon type of climate as its climate is influenced by the monsoon winds. The monsoon
type of climate is based on distinct season and season of reversal of monsoon winds. This happens
due to the differential heating of land and water bodies and pressure situations. When air moves
from high pressure area over the southern Indian Ocean, it crosses equator and turns right to the low-
pressure situation over the Indian subcontinent. These winds blow over the warm oceans, pick up
moisture from them resulting into rainfall in India.

III. Long Answer type Questions

1. Rainfall is unevenly distributed in India because of several reasons:
i. Rainfall depend upon various climatic features. For example, the presence of mountains affects
the distribution of rainfall. The moisture laden winds when strike the windward side of the
mountains causes rainfall. The places located on the leeward side of the mountains get scarce
rainfall. This is the reason that Mumbai receive more rainfall than Pune. North eastern India
get most of its rainfall in this manner. The Eastern side of the Western Ghats or Ladakh also get
scarce rainfall.
ii. Heavy rainfall is recorded in hilly and forested regions. Forested regions like Assam, the Ganga
delta and the Western Ghats receive abundant rainfall.
iii. The regions falling first in the path of moisture laden winds receive more rainfall than the places
that fall last. For example, Patna receive more rainfall than Delhi from the Bay of Bengal branch
of Monsoon winds.
iv. The unpredictability of the monsoon along with phenomena like monsoon troughs, El-Nino and
depressions lead to uneven distribution of rainfall.
v. Of late, climatic changes because of global warming have resulted in unpredictable rainfall
pattern all over the world including India.
2. There are six major controls of the climate of a place:
i. Latitude: Due to the curvature of the earth, the amount of solar energy received varies according,
to latitude. As a result, air temperature generally decreases from the equator towards the poles.
ii. Altitude: As one goes from the surface of the earth to higher altitudes, the atmosphere becomes
less dense and temperature decreases. The hills are therefore cooler during summers.
iii. Pressure and wind system: The pressure and wind system of any area depend on the latitude
and altitude of the place. Thus, it influences the temperature and rainfall pattern.
iv. Distance from the sea: The sea exerts moderating influence on climate. As the distance from
the sea increases, its moderating influence decreases and the people experience extreme weather
conditions. This condition is known, continentality which means very hot during summer and
very cold during winters.

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 v. Ocean Currents: Oceans along with onshore winds affect the climate of the coastal areas. For
instance, any coastal area with warmish-cold currents flowing past it, will’ be warmed or cooled
if the winds are onshore.
vi. Relief features: High mountains act as a barrier for cold or hot winds. They may also cause
precipitation, if they are high enough and lie in the path of rain, bearing winds. The leeward side
of the mountains remains, relatively dry.

Worksheet-2
Factors Affecting India’s Climate
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. Northeast trade winds prevail over India in winter season.
2. Ocean currents are warm and cold according to the temperature. Ocean currents are caused by the
rotation of the earth, force of prevailing winds, amount of salinity and the presence of the continental
ejections etc.
3. There are two types of ocean currents e.g., warm and cold currents.
4. Tropic of Cancer passes through the centre of India.

II. short Answer type Questions

1. Jet stream is a narrow belt of high altitude westerly winds blowing in the troposphere.
i. Subtropical westerly jet streams blow south of the Himalayas all the year round except in
summers. It also results in creating western cyclonic disturbances in north and north western
parts of India.
ii. Subtropical easterly jet stream blows over Peninsular India during summer months.
2. Coriolis force is an apparent force caused by the earth’s rotation. The Coriolis force is responsible
for deflecting winds towards the right in the northern hemisphere and towards the left in the southern
hemisphere. This is also known as ‘Ferrel’s Law’.

III. Long Answer type Questions

1. Five factors that affect the climate of India are:
i. Latitude: The Tropic of Cancer passes through the middle of the country from the Rann of
Kuchchh in the west to Mizoram in the east. Almost half of the country, lying south of the
Tropic of Cancer, belongs to the tropical area. All the remaining area, north of the Tropic, lies
in the sub-tropic. Therefore, India’s climate has characteristics of tropical as well as subtropical
climates.
ii. Altitude: As we go above the sea level, the temperature starts declining. Thus, temperature
decreases with an increase in altitude.
iii. Pressure and wind system: The pressure and wind system of any area depend on the latitude
and altitude of the place. Thus, it influences the temperature and rainfall pattern.
iv. Relief Features: Many relief features such as the mountains affect the climate of India.
Himalayas greatly influence the climate of the country. It acts as a barrier to the cold winds
which arise from Central Asia. They also act as a barrier to the monsoon winds bringing rainfall
to regions lying on the wind ward side.

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 v. Surrounding Seas: India is a peninsular country with its three sides surrounded by water bodies.
Coastal areas experience moderate influence of the seas. The regions located far away from the
sea experience an extreme climate.
2. South West Monsoon North East Monsoon
They blow from south-west to north-east They blow from north-east to south-west
from June to September. from the month of Dec., Jan. and Feb.
These are onshore humid winds because they These are offshore dry winds because they
blow from sea to land. blow from land to sea.
These are warm winds as they come from They are rather cool winds.
lower latitudes near equator.
These warm and humid winds cause These cold and dry offshore winds give no
widespread rainfall. rains to India except Coromandel coast.
These winds are known for their vagaries or They do not suffer from the vagaries.
uncertainties.

Worksheet-3
the Indian Monsoon, the onset of the Monsoon and Withdrawal
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. The sudden onset of rain due to south-west monsoon winds is often termed as burst whereas when
the south west monsoon winds fail to bring rain for two or more weeks during the rainy season it is
known as break in the monsoon.
2. The rainiest months are July and August.
3. The withdrawal of the monsoon begins in northwestern states of India by early September. By mid-
October, it withdraws completely from the northern half of the peninsula. The withdrawal from the
southern half of the peninsula is fairly rapid. By early December, the monsoon has withdrawn from
the rest of the country.
4. In simple words, retreating means withdrawal. So, withdrawal of south-west monsoon winds from
skies of north India during months of October and November is known as retreating monsoon. The
withdrawal is gradually and takes about three months.

II. short Answer type Questions

1. The months of October-November form a period of transition from hot-rainy season to dry winter
conditions. The retreat of the monsoon is marked by clear skies and rise in temperature. While day
temperatures are high, nights are cool and pleasant. The land is still moist. Owing to the conditions
of high temperature and humidity, the weather becomes oppressive during the day. This is commonly
known as ‘October heat’.
2. The periodic development of warm ocean current along the coast of Peru as a temporary replacement
of the cold Peruvian current, is called EL-Nino.
Features of EL Nino:
i. The presence of the EL-Nino leads to an increase in sea-surface temperatures.
ii. It weakens the trade winds in the regions and causes heavy rainfall, floods or droughts in different
regions of the world.

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III. Long Answer type Questions
1. The Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ,) is a broad trough of low pressure in equatorial latitudes.
It is located roughly between 5° S and 5° N latitude. It is most active over continental land masses
by day and relatively less active over the oceans. This is where the northeast and the southeast trade
winds converge. This convergence zone lies more or less parallel to the equator but moves north or
south with the apparent movement of the sun.That is why it is called Inter-tropical Convergence Zone
(ITCZ)
2. Characteristics of monsoon rainfall in India:
i. Indian climate is a monsoon type of climate.
ii. Monsoon climate is characterised by weather conditions that change from season to season.
iii. This type is mostly experienced in interior parts of the country rather than coastal areas.
iv. The duration of the monsoon varies from 100 to 120 days from early June to mid-September.
v. Around the time of its arrival, the normal rainfall increases suddenly and continues constantly
for several days. This is known as ‘burst’ of the monsoon.
vi. The monsoon has a tendency to have ‘breaks’; thus, it has wet and dry spells. In other words,
monsoon rains take place only for a few days at a time.
vii. The alternation of dry and wet spells vary in intensity, frequency and duration.
Effects of the monsoon: Without monsoons India would have been a desert. In India monsoon
usually lasts from July to September. Ninety percent of rainfall in India is due to monsoon.
i. The Indian landscape, its animal and plant life, the entire agricultural calendar and the life of the
people, including their festivities revolve around this phenomenon (monsoon).
ii. A large part of the country’s agriculture is mainly dependent upon the monsoon rains. It provides
water for agriculture and also for domestic purposes.
iii. The monsoon winds bind the whole country by providing water to set the agricultural activities
in motion.
iv. It is often irregular in its arrival and its retreat sometimes disturbs the farming schedule of
millions of farmers all over the country.

Worksheet-4
the seasons, Distribution of rainfall
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. Mango showers are the other name of Pre-monsoon showers in Kerala and Karnataka.
2. The withdrawal of the monsoon begins in northwestern states of India by early September. By mid-
October, it withdraws completely from the northern half of the peninsula
3. Mahawat is the name given to winter rainfall in the North-West plains.
4. Most parts of India receive rainfall in the months of June-September.

II. short Answer type Questions

1. Four main seasons of India are:
i. the cold weather season (Winter) – December to February
ii. the hot weather season (Summer)-March to May

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 iii. the advancing monsoon (The Rainy Season) – June to September
iv. the retreating monsoon (The Transition Season)-October to Novemeber
2. The monsoon is a seasonal modification of the general planetary wind system. Monsoon winds are
most powerful in India and China. During summer, the interior of Asia become hot and low pressure
develops there. On the other hand, the water surface of Indian ocean remains cooler and the pressure
gradient is towards the heated interior. So, monsoon wind blows from water to land, it is moist and
brings lots of rain. In winter the water is warmer than the land surface. As a result, the wind blows
from the interior towards the ocean so it is cold and dry.

III. Long Answer type Questions

1. Hot Weather Season in India:
i. India experiences the hot weather season from the month of March to May.
ii. The temperature in the northern plains of India is between 42 to 45°C and in the Deccan plateau,
between 35 to 38°C.
iii. Towards the end of May, an elongated low-pressure area develops in the region extending from
the Thar Desert to Patna and Chotanagpur plateau.
iv. During the hot weather season, strong, gusty, hot, dry winds known as the ‘Loo’ blows. Direct
exposure to these winds may even prove to be fatal.
v. Dust storms are very common during the month of May in northern India. These storms bring
temporary relief as they lower the temperatures.
vi. This is also the season of localised thunderstorms associated with violent winds and torrential
rains known as Kaal Baisakhi in West Bengal
2. The distribution of rainfall is uneven in India due to the following reasons:
i. Latitudinal extent: The tropical and coastal regions and plains receive more rainfall than the
plateau and desert regions in the interior.
ii. Relief and topography: The windward side of mountains and hills receive more rainfall than
leeward side.
iii. The vagaries of the monsoon: The unpredictability of the monsoon alongwith phenomena like
monsoon troughs and depressions lead to uneven distribution of rainfall.
iv. Rainfall depends on following factors which affect rainfall chances:
a. amount of water to be evaporated i.e. rate of evaporation
b. wind speed and direction
c. clouds movement

Worksheet-5
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (b)

II. Fill in the blanks

1. Monsoon 2. Weather 3. Cold 4. Mawsynram 5. Clear, rise

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III. Very short Answer type Questions
1. El Nino flows along the coast of Peru.
2. Winds that give maximum rainfall to India are south west monsoon. These winds bring rains towards the
end of the summer due to high pressure built in the Indian Ocean. These monsoon strikes Malabar Coast
in the month of June and by November leaves the country. Most of the food production in India depends
on these monsoons.
3. These jet streams are located approximately over 27°-30° north latitude, therefore, they are known as
subtropical westerly jet streams.
4. Variability of rainfall is higher in the place with less/minimum rainfall. A variability of over 60% in
the western part of Rajasthan, northern part of Jammu and Kashmir and interior parts of the Deccan
plateau.

IV. short Answer type Questions

1. The Coriolis force is responsible for deflecting winds towards the right in the northern hemisphere
and towards the left in the southern hemisphere. These winds are responsible for causing south west
Monsoon.
2. Tamil Nadu is located on the eastern coast of India. South India usually receives rainfall from south
west monsoons. But these south west monsoons arising from Arabian Sea gets obstructed by Western
Ghats. Hence, Tamil Nadu receives most of its rain from north east and retreating monsoons during
winter season. Moreover, many low-pressure systems develop in the Bay of Bengal during this period
and move towards the east coast of Tamil Nadu causing heavy rainfall.

V. Long Answer type Questions

1. Difference between the Summer and winter monsoon:
i. Summer Monsoon blow during the months of June to September. While winter monsoon blows
during the months of December to February.
ii. Summer Monsoon blow from the high-pressure area on the sea to the low-pressure area on the
land. Winter Monsoon blow from the high-pressure area on land to the low-pressure area on the
sea.
iii. Summer Monsoon bring rain to the greater part of India. Winter Monsoon bring a little rain only
to the Tamil Nadu coast.
iv. Summer Monsoon blow into India in two branches, i.e., the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal
branches. Winter Monsoon have only one branch.
2. The pressure and wind conditions over India are unique in the following ways:
i. During winter, a high pressure area develops north of the Himalayas.
ii. Cold dry winds blow from this region to the low pressure areas over the oceans to the south.
iii. In summer, a low pressure area develops over interior Asia as well as over northwestern India.
iv. This causes a complete reversal of the direction of winds during summer.
v. Air moves from the high pressure area over the southern Indian ocean in a south-westerly
direction, crosses the equator and turns right towards the low pressure area over the Indian sub-
continent.
vi. These winds are known as south-west monsoon winds.
vii. These winds blow over the warm oceans, gather moisture and bring widespread rainfall over the
mainland of India.

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VI. Assertion-reasoning
1. →b)
As the distance from the sea increases, its moderating influence decreases and the people experience
extreme weather conditions. This condition is known as continentality, that is, very hot during
summers and very cold during winters.
2. →c)

VII. source-based questions

1. →b) 2. →d) 3. →c) 4. →a)

NAtUrAL VeGetAtIoN
5 AND WILDLIFe
Worksheet-1
relief, Climate and ecosystem
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. Natural vegetation refers to a plant community, which has grown naturally without human aid and
has been left undisturbed by humans for a long time.
2. Virgin Vegetation refers to a plant community which has grown naturally without human aid and has
been left undisturbed by humans for a long time.
3. Flora is the plant life occurring in a particular region or time, generally the naturally occurring or
indigenous—native plant life. For example- plants.
4. Fauna represents all the animal species found in a particular region at a particular time. These are the
naturally occurring animal species of the particular area. For example- birds.
5. The ecosystem is the community of living organisms in conjunction with non-living components of
their environment, interacting as a system.

II. short Answer type Questions

1. Endemic species are the ones that belong to a particular area, whereas, exotic species are those which
belong to some other region but are introduced in a foreign region. Endemic species are restricted to
a particular area whereas exotic species are not.
2. India is a diversified country with vast variety of flora and fauna. It supports the growth of large
variety of species of flora and fauna. The main reason is that India has favourable climate, availability
of mineral, freshwater resources, suitable climatic conditions, soil fertility, and varied topographic
conditions like plains, plateaus, mountains etc.

III. Long Answer type Questions

1. The following factors are responsible for the huge diversity in flora and fauna kingdom in our country:
i. Land: Land affects the natural vegetation directly and indirectly. The nature of land influences
the type of vegetation. The fertile level is generally devoted to agriculture. The undulating and

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 rough terrains are areas where grassland and woodland develop and give shelter to a variety of
wildlife.
ii. Soil: Different types of soil provide basis for different types of vegetation. The sandy soils of
the desert support cactus and thorny bushes while wet marshy, deltaic soils support mangroves
and deltaic vegetation. The hill slopes with some depth of soil have conical trees.
iii. Temperature: Temperature along with humidity in the air, precipitation and soil determine the
character and extent of vegetation. On the slopes of the Himalayas and the hills of the peninsula
above the height of 915 metres, the fall in temperature affects the types of vegetation and its
growth and changes it from tropical to subtropical temperature and alpine vegetation.
iv. Sunlight: The variation in duration of sunlight at different places also affect the growth of trees.
Due to longer duration in sunlight, trees grow faster in summers.
v. Precipitation: In India almost the entire rainfall is brought in by the advancing southwest
monsoon (from June to September) and retreating north-east monsoons. Areas of heavy rainfall
have more dense vegetation as compared to other areas of less rainfall.
2. Due to excessive exploitation of plant and animal resources by human beings, the ecosystem is under
constant threat. We can save our ecosystem by following the below mentioned steps:
i. Reduce, reuse, and recycle: Cut down on what we throw away. Follow the three ‘R’s’ to
conserve natural resources and landfill space.
ii. Conserve water: The less water we use, the less runoff and wastewater that eventually end up
in the ocean.
iii. Plant a tree: Trees provide food and oxygen. They help save energy, clean the air, and help
combat climate change. Habitat destruction is the main threat to 85 percent of all threatened and
endangered species. We can help reduce this threat by planting native trees, restoring wetlands
or cleaning up beaches in our area.
iv. Don’t send the chemicals into the waterways. Choose non-toxic chemicals in the home and
office.
v. Do not buy products made from endangered animals or their parts, you can stop wildlife
trafficking from being a profitable enterprise.

Worksheet-2
types of Vegetation
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. Some of the commercially important trees found in tropical evergreen forests are ebony, mahogany,
rosewood, rubber and cinchona.
2. Tropical Deciduous forests are the most widespread forests of India.
3. The dry deciduous forests are found in areas having rainfall between 100 cm and 70 cm.
4. Acacia and palm are two useful trees of the Thorn forest.

II. short Answer type Questions

1. Tropical Evergreen Forests:
i. Tropical evergreen forests are found in those regions which receive more than 200 cm of rainfall.
ii. The trees of the tropical evergreen forests do not shed their leaves at a same time as there is no

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 particular season for shedding their leaves.
iii. Some of the species of the trees in these forests are ebony, mahagony, rosewood and rubber.
Deciduous Forests:
i. Deciduous forests are found in the regions which receive rainfall between 200-70 cm.
ii. The trees of the deciduous forests shed their leaves for about six to eight months during the dry
season.
iii. Some of the species of the trees in these forests are sandalwood, teak and sal.
2. Four characteristics of the mangrove tidal forests are as follows:
i. Mangrove forests stabilise the coastline, reducing erosion from storm surges, currents, waves,
and tides.
ii. Intricate root system of mangroves also makes these forests attractive to fish and other organisms
seeking food and shelter from predators.
iii. They grow in areas with low oxygen soil, where slow moving waters allow fine sediments to
accumulate.
iv. Mangrove forests only grow at tropical and subtropical latitudes near the equator because they
cannot withstand freezing temperatures.

III. Long Answer type Questions

1. Thorny type of vegetation is found in Rajasthan due to the following reasons:
i. Rajasthan is an arid area which receives less than 75 cms of annual rainfall. This rainfall does
not support dense forests.
ii. The loss of moisture is also high due to transpiration as the region has high temperature. Trees
have needle shaped thorns to prevent loss of moisture.
2. Evergreen forests are restricted to heavy rainfall areas of the Western Ghats. Evergreen forests are
found on the western slopes of Western Ghats because:
i. They are at their best in areas having more than 200 cm of rainfall with a short dry season. The
trees reach great heights up to 60 metres or even above.
ii. Since the region is warm and wet throughout the year, it has a luxuriant vegetation of all kinds
— trees, shrubs and creepers giving it a multi-layered structure.
iii. Western Ghats get more than 200 cms of annual rainfall with very short dry season. Temperature
is uniformly high at 30°C and 80% humidity.
Therefore, Evergreen forests are found on the Western Ghats.

Worksheet-3
Wildlife
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. One-horned rhinoceroses are found in the jungles of Assam and West Bengal.
2. Wildlife Protection Act was implemented in 1972 in India.
3. India is the only country in the world that has both tigers and lions.
4. Endangered species are the organisms whose number have reduced drastically and if not conserved
will become extinct. The two examples of endangered species are Amur tiger, red panda and Asiatic

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 elephant.

II. short Answer type Questions.

1. Three measures to protect wildlife are as follows:
i. Forests should be conserved, so that the natural abode of wildlife is preserved too.
ii. Hunting should be restricted.
iii. Human interference should be banned in forests.
iv. Awareness should spread for the protection of wildlife amongst local people.
2. Some of the wetlands of India are popular with migratory birds. During winter, birds, such as Siberian
Crane, come in large numbers. One such place favourable with birds is the Rann of Kachchh. At a
place where the desert merges with the sea, flamingo with their brilliant pink plumage come in
thousands to build nest mounds from the salty mud and raise their young ones.

III. Long Answer type Questions

1. The government has taken many steps in order to protect Indian wildlife. They are as follows:
i. The Indian Wildlife Act was passed by the government in 1972 for the protection of plants and
animal species.
ii. The Act banned hunting and poaching of animals and provided legal protection to their habitats.
iii. The central and state governments have established many wildlife sanctuaries and national parks
in order to protect forests.
iv. Various projects regarding the conservation of endangered species such as tiger and one-horned
rhino have been initiated by the government.
v. The government, through the introduction of a joint management programme, has involved
local communities in the management of forests.
2. Six bio-reserve set up in India are as follows:
i. The Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve emerged with a vision of protection and preservation
of wildlife. It is a non-use conservation area and biosphere reserve in the Satpura Range of
Madhya Pradesh state in central India. The conservation area was created in 1999 by the Indian
government. UNESCO designated it a biosphere reserve in 2009.
ii. Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is the largest reserve amongst all the Biosphere Reserves in India.
The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is an International Biosphere Reserve in the Western Ghats and
Nilgiri Hills ranges of South India. The Nilgiri Sub-Cluster is a part of the Western Ghats, which
was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2012.
iii. The Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve encompasses a large part (some 85%) of the island of
Great Nicobar, the largest of the Nicobar Islands in the Indian Union Territory of Andaman and
Nicobar Islands. In the year 2013, it was included in the list of Man and Biosphere program
of UNESCO to promote sustainable development based on local community effort and sound
science.
iv. Situated amidst the Valley of Flower Nanda Devi National Park (7816 m) is the heart of
biosphere reserve located in northern India in Uttarakhand. It is the home of many endangered
species like Himalayan Black Bear, Snow Leopard, and Brown Bear and marked as a favourite
hotspot among the mountaineers and trekking enthusiast.
v. The significant biosphere reserve which is shared by two states- Madhya Pradesh and

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 Chhattisgarh covering a total area of 383,551 hectares (3835.51 km2). It preserves the natures
best Flora and Fauna and source of the three major river systems The Narmada, Johilla and The
Son River.
vi. The large shallow gulf formed into the Laccadive Sea, the Indian Ocean that lies in the
southeastern part of India and west coast of Sri Lanka Is known as Gulf of Mannar. Located
on the southeastern tip of the subcontinent, the Gulf of Mannar is known to harbour over 3,600
species of flora and fauna, making it one of the richest coastal regions in Asia.

Worksheet-4
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple choice Questions
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (b)

II. Fill in the blanks

1. Plants 2. Conical 3. Tropical deciduous Forests 4. Mangrove 5. India

III. Very short Answer type Questions

1. The two factors that form flora and fauna of natural environment are as follows:-
i. Land
ii. Soil
iii. Climate
iv. Sunlight
v. Precipitation or rainfall
2. Biomes are large areas on Earth with similar conditions, such as similar climates and similar living
organisms. There are two main categories of biomes - Terrestrial biomes and Aquatic biomes.
3. Tropical Deciduous Forests are the most widespread forests of India and are popularly as Monsoon
Forests. Tropical deciduous forests are found in the regions, which receive rainfall between 70 and
200 cm.
4. The two states in which tigers are found are Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.

IV. short Answer type Questions

1. Forests are useful to human beings in the following ways:
i. Forests are renewable resources and play a major role in enhancing the quality of environment.
ii. They modify local climate, control soil erosion, regulate stream flow, support a variety of
industries and provide livelihood for many communities.
iii. They control wind force and temperature and cause rainfall
iv. Forests also provide a livelihood for many communities.
v. They also offer panoramic or scenic view for recreation.
vi. They control the wind force and temperature and cause rainfall.
vii. They provide humus to the soil and shelter to wildlife.

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2. India is a land of rich biodiversity of wildlife or flora and fauna but there are some threats to its rich
biodiversity. Some of them are:
i. Poaching: There are some mammals whose body parts like skin, teeth etc. are highly precious
and highly priced in the markets. This demand leads to the extinction of these mammals due
to hunting and poaching. Hunting is also be done as a sports exercise. This is a threat to the
biodiversity of Indian wildlife.
ii. Habitat destruction: As the population of the country is increasing, the demand for more land,
more infrastructure and more production of crops are also increasing. For this, we clear the
forest which is home to many species of animals. Deforestation is destructing the habitats of
wildlife.
iii. Resource mismanagement: Increased tourism without proper regulation has led to pollution
of air and water and environmental degradation. This is also a major threat to the extinction of
flora and fauna.

V. Long Answer type Questions

1. Bio-reserves are the areas where, plant and animal species are protected. They are created so that this
natural heritage can be transmitted to future generations.
Uses of biospheres reserves:
i. In each biosphere reserve, the core aim is to preserve wildlife, the flora and the fauna in their
natural forms.
ii. The surrounding zone would be utilised for research and experimentation in developing forests
and other products.
2. India is rich in its wildlife. It has more than 89,000 of animal species, more than 1200 species of birds
and about 2500 species of fish.
i. Elephants are found in the hot wet forests of’ Assam, Kamataka and Kerala. One-homed
rhinoceros live in swampy and marshy lands of Assam and North-west Bengal.
ii. Rann of Kutch and Thar desert are habitat of wild asses and camels. Lions are found in Gir hills
of Gujarat and Tigers in the Sunderbans of West Bengal.
iii. The Himalayas harbour a wide wild variety of animals, e. g., yaks, snow-leopards, bear, Tibetan
antelope, etc.
iv. In rivers, lakes and coastal areas, turtles, crocodiles and gharials are found.

VI. Assertion-reasoning
1. →c)
Different types of soil provide basis for different types of vegetation. The deltaic forests have rich
mangrove forests.
2. →d)
Excessive exploitation of the plants and animal resources by human being have disturbed the
ecosystem. Main causes for this are hunting by greedy hunters for commercial purposes.

VII. source-based questions

1. →c) 2. →b) 3. →a) 4. →d)

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 6 PoPULAtIoN

Worksheet-1
Population size and Distribution
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. India’s population as on March 2011 stood at 1,210.6 million, which account for 17.5 per cent of the
world’s population.
2. India population is equivalent to 17.7% of the total world population. India ranks number 2 in the list
of countries (and dependencies) by population.
3. The population density of India in the year 2011 was 382 persons per sq km.
4. The sex ratio in the country has always remained unfavourable to females. In 2011-2013, it was
revealed through a population census with the Sample Registration System (SRS) that the sex
ratio of India was 909 females per 1000 of males.

II. short Answer type Questions

1. The three population density zones in India are high, moderate and low.
i. The high population density zone, which has a population density greater than 500 persons per
sq km, consists of the states Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal and Kerala.
ii. The low density zone, which has a population density lesser than 100 persons per sq km, consists
of the states Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram and Jammu and Kashmir.
iii. The remaining states fall in the moderate population density zone with 250-500 persons living
per sq km.
2. Both these terms are related to population of a country.
i. Absolute number is the magnitude or actual size of the growth of a population. Actual number
may be derived by subtracting the previous year population from the current year. For example
last year population was 100 and this year it is 150 so the absolute number of growth is 50.
ii. Annual growth rate is the overall percentage of population growing in a particular year. For
example if it is said that annual growth rate of a population is 5% then it means that there is an
increase of 5 people per 100 people in a given year.

III. Long Answer type Questions

1. Advantages and disadvantages of a high population density are below
i. Advantages:
• Huge consumer market
• Huge consumer spending
• High labour supply and cheap labour cost
• Multiple infrastructure projects can be run simultaneously
• Taxable income is high.

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 ii. Disadvantages:
• Poverty
• Low income per capita
• No government Programme is ever enough to cover whole population.
• Any subsidy will result in huge debt on government.
• High density population have more chance of spreading infection. More prone to famine
amd disease.
• Burden on economy
• More exploitation of natural resources, pollution, deforestation
• More use of water resources
• more competition for survival
2. The distribution of population in the world is uneven. Some areas are very crowded while some are
sparsely populated. There are various reasons behind uneven distribution:
i. Geographical factors: Favourable topography, availability of mineral and freshwater resources,
favourable climate and soil fertility are some of the reasons affecting population distribution.
Indo-Gangetic Plains, Diamond Mines of South Africa, etc, are densely populated.
ii. Social and cultural factors: Areas of better housing, education and health facilities are more
populated. Places of religious and cultural significance also attract people e.g., Varanasi,
Jerusalem, etc.
iii. Economic factors: Places having more industries, transportation and communication facilities
provide better employment opportunities. People are attracted to these places because of these
reasons, e.g., Mumbai, Osaka etc.

Worksheet-2
Population Growth and Processes of Population Change
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. Density of population is defined as the number of persons per sq.km. The population density of India
in 2011 was 382 per sq.km. Bihar with 1,106 population persons per sq.km is most thickly populated
state followed by West Bengal (1,028) and Kerala (860).
2. Birth rate is the number of live births per thousand persons in a year. It is a major component of
growth because in India, birth rates have always been higher than death rates.
3. Migration is the movement of people across regions and territories. Migration can be internal (within
the country) or international (between the countries).
4. Tertiary activity consists of all service occupations. Transport, communication, trade, health,
education and administration are important examples of tertiary activities. These tertiary activities
help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors.

II. short Answer type Questions

i. Both these terms are related to population of a country.
a. Absolute number is the magnitude or actual size of the growth of a population. Actual number
may be derived by subtracting the previous year population from the current year. For example
last year population was 100 and this year it is 150 so the absolute number of growth is 50.

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 b. Annual growth rate is the overall percentage of population growing in a particular year. For
example if it is said that annual growth rate of a population is 5% then it means that there is an
increase of 5 people per 100 people in a given year.
ii. Migration is the movement of people across different states and regions. When people migrate within
the boundaries of the country, it is called internal migration. International migration refers to the
migration of people between countries. Migration is an important determinant of population change
as it not only changes the size of population but also affects the population composition of urban and
rural areas.
If we take an example of India, we find that the urban population of the country has increased from
17.2% in 1951 to 27.7% in 2001 due to the migration of people from villages to the cities in search
for better job opportunities.

III. Long Answer type Questions

1. The Government of India started a comprehensive Family Planning Programme in 1952 in order
to improve the health and welfare of the people. The National Population Policy was formulated in
2000 with the following aims:
i. To formulate policies for imparting free and compulsory education to children up to 14 years of
age
ii. To make policies to reduce infant mortality rates
iii. To undertake programmes to achieve the universal immunisation of children in India
iv. To promote delayed marriage for girls
v. To stress on the improvement of lives of adolescents by protecting them from unwanted
pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases
vi. To provide adolescents with proper food supplements
2. There are various causes responsible for the rapid growth of population in India.
• Birth rate is the number of live births per thousand persons in a year. It is a major component of
growth because in India, birth rates have always been higher than death rates.
• Poverty is another factor which is mostly responsible for the rapid growth of population. Small
children in poor families are put to work and this helps to increase the family income. Children
in poor families are considered as assets.
• Epidemic like cholera, smallpox, plague, malaria etc. which too away lakhs of lives has been
successfully controlled an even completely eliminated. The number of people dying in diseases
has fallen.
• Due to the development of medical science and invention of life saving drugs the death rate
has sharply declined. Spread of health care facilities and hospitals in rural areas has created
consciousness among the people about their health.
• The drinking water facilities food and other sanitation measure has helped to people to escape
from death. This reduces the death rate to a marked extent in India.
• The infant mortality rate has declined due to mass immunization programmes and proper medical
treatment to the children. When infant mortality rate decreases death rate also increases leading
to heavy population growth.
• Migration is another important point which is responsible for the higher growth rate of population.
Is is seen that large number of people migrate from foreign counties to India and permanently
stay here. Although this factor is not very crucial yet has increased the population of our country.
These are the most important factors responsible for the population explosion in our county.

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 Worksheet-3
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (b)

II. Fill in the blanks

1. Uttar Pradesh 2. Area 3. Population density 4. Internal 5. One-fifth

III. Very short Answer type Questions

1. Its population growth rate is 1.13%, ranking 112th in the world in 2017. India has more than 50% of
its population below the age of 25 and more than 65% below the age of 35.
2. In simple terms, population density refers to the number of people living in an area per square
kilometre.
3. Growth of population refers to the change in the number of inhabitants of a country/territory during
a specific period of time, say during the last 10 years. Such a change can be expressed in two ways:
in terms of absolute numbers and in terms of percentage change per year.
4. The growth rate of population indicates the rate at which the population is growing. In estimating
the growth rate the increase in population is compared with the base population. It can be measured
annually or over a decade.

IV. short Answer type Questions

1. A census is an official survey of the population of a country that is carried out in order to find out how
many people live there and to obtain details of such things as people’s ages and jobs.
2. Sex Ratio is defined as the number of females per 1000 males in the population. Two reasons
responsible for unfavourable Sex Ratio in India :
i. People prefer to have a baby boy rather than a baby girl.
ii. People go through pre-natal sex determination test. In case of a girl child, they abort the child.

V. Long Answer type Questions

1. There are various causes responsible for the rapid growth of population in India.
• Birth rate is the number of live births per thousand persons in a year. It is a major component of
growth because in India, birth rates have always been higher than death rates.
• Poverty is another factor which is mostly responsible for the rapid growth of population. Small
children in poor families are put to work and this helps to increase the family income. Children
in poor families are considered as assets.
• Epidemic like cholera, smallpox, plague, malaria etc. which too away lakhs of lives has been
successfully controlled an even completely eliminated. The number of people dying in diseases
has fallen.
• Due to the development of medical science and invention of life saving drugs the death rate
has sharply declined. Spread of health care facilities and hospitals in rural areas has created
consciousness among the people about their health.

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 • The drinking water facilities food and other sanitation measure has helped to people to escape
from death. This reduces the death rate to a marked extent in India.
• The infant mortality rate has declined due to mass immunization programmes and proper medical
treatment to the children. When infant mortality rate decreases death rate also increases leading
to heavy population growth.
• Migration is another important point which is responsible for the higher growth rate of population.
Is is seen that large number of people migrate from foreign counties to India and permanently
stay here. Although this factor is not very crucial yet has increased the population of our country.
These are the most important factors responsible for the population explosion in our county.
2. The distribution of the population according to different types of occupation is referred to as the
occupational structure. In India, there is an enormous variety of occupations. Occupations are
generally classified as primary, secondary and tertiary.
i. Primary activities include agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry, fishing, mining, and quarrying
etc.
ii. Secondary activities include manufacturing industry, building and construction work etc.
iii. Tertiary activities include transport, communications, commerce, administration and other
services.
iv. In India, about 64 percent of the population is engaged only in agriculture. The proportion of
population dependent on secondary and tertiary sectors is about 13 and 20 percent respectively.
v. But recently there has been an occupational shift in favour of secondary and tertiary sectors
because of growing industrialisation and urbanisation.

VI. Assertion-reasoning
1. →a)
2. →d)
In India, most migrations have been from rural to urban areas.

VII. source-based questions

1. →c) 2. →d) 3. →b) 4. →a)

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 Democratic Politics

WhAt Is DeMoCrACY?
1 WhY DeMoCrACY?
Worksheet-1
What is Democracy?
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. “Democracy is government of the people, by the people and for the people”.
2. Abraham Lincoln gave this definition that “Democracy is government of the people, by the people
and for the people”.
3. Estonia and Switzerland have versions of Direct Democracy.
4. Basic principles of Democracy are Rule of law, freedom of press, respect of human rights, active
political processes and enlightened citizens.

II. short Answer type Questions

1. Democracy is a form of government that allows people to choose their rulers. it is the government of
the people, for the people and by the people.
Features:
i. Only leaders elected by people rule the country.
ii. People have the freedom to express their views.
iii. Certain political freedom is enjoyed by the people.
2. Democracy is based on consultation and discussion. A democratic decision always involves many
persons, discussions and meeting. When a number of people put their heads together, they are able
to point out possible mistakes in any decision. Even though this takes time but taking time over
important decisions is a must. This reduces the chances of rash or irresponsible decisions. Thus,
democracy improves the quality of decision making.

III. Long Answer type Questions

1. The success of democracy in a country depends upon the active cooperation of the people in the
affairs of the government and upon their capacity of fully realizing their responsibility. All this may
be possible if the following conditions are fulfilled:
i. Better and advanced educational system should be provided to all rich and poor.
ii. Alertness of the people is essential condition without which the true idea of democracy cannot
be realized.
iii. An elaborate system of self- governing institutions like village panchayats, municipalities,
district boards, etc. is essential.
iv. The citizens should possess a high degree of civic sense.
v. A keen spirit of toleration is essential for constructive criticism and healthy discussion.
vi. Individual liberty is the core of democracy.

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 vii. A written constitution is also essential for a success of democracy.
viii. Extremes of wealth and poverty impede the success of democracy to a very great extent.
2. Merits of democracy:
i. A democratic government is a better government because it is a more accountable form of
government.
ii. Democracy improves the quality of Decision Making.
iii. Democracy provides a method to deal with differences and conflicts.
iv. Democracy allows people to correct their own mistakes.
v. In a democracy, people rule themselves as leaders are elected by them
Demerits of democracy:
i. Democracy is all about political competition and power play. There is no scope for morality.
ii. Consultation in a democracy from many people leads to delays.
iii. Not knowing the best interest of the people by the elected leaders leads to bad decisions.
iv. Democracy leads to corruption for it is based on electoral competition.

Worksheet-2
Features of Democracy
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. It was an order issued by President Musharaff in which the President can dismiss the national or
provincial assemblies. The work of the civilian cabinet is supervised by a ‘National Security Council’
which is dominated by military officers.
2. It was an order issued by President Musharaff in Pakistan.
3. Chinese parliament is called QuanguoRenminDaibiaoDahui (National People’s Congress).
4. Since its independence in 1930, Mexico holds elections after every six years to elect its President.

II. short Answer type Questions

1. Democracy allows us to correct our own mistake. As in democracy the main power is with the
citizens so, if they make a wrong choice in choosing the representative then it can be changed. They
can vote others and the mistake would be corrected.
2. A democratic government cannot do whatever it likes simply because it has won an election. Every
major decision has to go through a series of consultations. Every office bearer has certain rights and
responsibilities assigned by the constitution and the law. A democratic government rules within limits
set by constitutional law and citizens rights.

III. Long Answer type Questions

1. Democracy better than any other form of government because:
i. A democratic government is a better government because it is a more accountable form of
government.
ii. Democracy improves the quality of Decision Making
iii. Democracy provides a method to deal with differences and conflicts.
iv. Democracy allows people to correct their own mistakes

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 v. It is an accountable and legitimate form of the government
vi. It promotes equality among citizens
vii. It enhances the dignity of the citizens.
2. Till 2000, Mexico was not a democratic country.
i. The country has never been under a military or dictator’s rule. But until 2000 every election was
won by a party called PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party).
ii. Opposition parties did contest elections, but never managed to win.
iii. The PRI was known to use many dirty tricks to win elections. All those who were employed in
government offices had to attend its party meetings.
iv. Teachers of government schools used to force parents to vote for the PRI.
v. Media largely ignored the activities of opposition political parties except to criticise them.
vi. Sometimes the polling booths were shifted from one place to another in the last minute, which
made it difficult for people to cast their votes.
vii. The PRI spent a large sum of money in the campaign for its candidates.
As a result, Mexico under the PRI has been a non-democratic country.

Worksheet-3
Why Democracy?
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. A democratic government is a better government because:
i. it is an accountable form of government.
ii. Democracy improves the quality of decision making.
iii. Democracy provides a method to deal with differences and conflicts.
iv. Democracy enhances the dignity of citizens.
2. China’s famine of 1958-1961 was the worst recorded famine in world history.
3. The main role of citizens in promoting democracy is to vote. They participate in the decision-making
of the country. They can stand and compete in elections. citizens have to work for the development
of the democracies because the democracy is for the people by the people and from the people.

II. short Answer type Questions

1. Democracy is based on consultation and discussion. A democratic decision always involves many
persons, discussions and meetings. When a number of people put their heads together, they are able
to point out possible mistakes in any decision. This takes time. But there is a big advantage in taking
time over important decisions. This reduces the chances of rash or irresponsible decisions. Thus
democracy improves the quality of decision-making.
2. i. Democracy is always based on the principle of political equality.
ii. The citizens are not the under the rulers but they are self- rulers.
iii. The right of Adult Franchise has given the right to all adults to vote and thus express their view
about the most leadership.
Hence, Democracy enhances the dignity of a citizen.

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III. Long Answer type Questions
1. Democracy provides a method to dealwith differences and conflicts.
i. In any society people are bound to have differences of opinions and interests. These differences
are particularly sharp in a country like ours which has an amazing social diversity.
ii. People belong to different regions, speak different languages, practise different religions and
have different castes.
iii. They look at the world very differently and have different preferences. The preferences of one
group can clash with those of other groups.
iv. This problem can be solved by brutal power but that would cause resentment and unhappiness.
v. However, there are free and fair elections. In a democracy, no one is a permanent loser or a
permanent winner.
vi. Different groups can live with one another in harmony and peace. Different groups may not be
able to live together for long in such a way. In a country like India, democracy keeps our country
together.
2. The essential values attached to the democratic system in India are as follows:
i. India is a “Sovereign” Nation. This indicates it is no longer under the ownership of any colonists
or emperor.
ii. India is a Socialist State. The term “Socialism” was attached in 1976 in the preamble. The world
socialist signifies that India is accountable for its citizen to present them cultural, business and
administrative justice.
iii. India is a “Secular” State. This word is inserted in the Preamble by 42nd amendment. It declares
that all religions should enjoy a balance of State and Honour.
iv. India is a “Democratic” country. It has given the right to votes to all the citizens of the country.
People can elect their government through the system elections after every five years.
v. India is a “Republic”. This word declares that India is not under any rule of any monarch.
President of India is the elected head of state.

Worksheet-4
Broader Meanings of Democracy
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. The most common form that democracy takes in our times is that of a representative democracy.
2. A representative government is a type of government comprised of politicians who represent certain
individuals or groups. In most cases, these representatives are voted for by citizens through a
democratic process.

II. short Answer type Questions

1. A democratic decision involves consultation with and consent of all those who are affected by that
decision. Those who are not powerful have the same say in taking the decision as those who are
powerful. There are pre-existing rules and procedures that allow for a mainstream resolution to the
issue. Also, there is not one person responsible for making a decision; rather, the decision is made by
a group of people. Therefore, democratic decision-making is dependent on a group, instead of one
leader.

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2. As in good democracy, every needs of people is fulfilled but in a minimal democracy some needs are
not fulfilled (e.g., many Poor’s sleep at night without getting food, many people are good in studies
but are sitting at home they are not getting any job, etc).
But most of the country including India have minimal democracy and almost no country has a good
democracy. In this way democracy helps us to distinguish between minimal and a good democracy.

III. Long Answer type Question

1. In a democracy, every citizen has to have the right to vote and the right to be elected to government.
i. For democratic elections to take place, it is necessary that citizens should have the right to
express their opinion, form political parties and take part in political activities.
ii. For instance, the army rulers of Myanmar are not elected by the people. Those who happen to
be in control of the army become the rulers of the country.
iii. Secondly, dictators like Pinochet are not elected by people. This also applies to the case of
monarchies.
iv. Thirdly, the kings of Nepal and Saudi Arabia rule not because the people have chosen them to
do so but because they happen to be born into royal family.

Worksheet-5
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (c)

II. Fill in the Blanks

1. democracy 2. autocratic 3. equal 4. Representative 5. majority votes.

III. Very short Answer type Questions

1. A referendum is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular
proposal. This proposal may be a constitution, a new law or a specific governmental policy.
2. In Saudi Arabia women do not have the right to vote.
3. ZANU-PF party led struggle for independence in Zimbabwe.
4. Before contesting elections, a candidate needs the approval of the Chinese CommunistParty. Only
those who are members of the Chinese Communist Party or eight smaller parties allied to it were
allowed to contest elections held in 2002-03. The government is always formed by the Communist
Party.

IV. short Answer type Questions

1. China:
i. In China, the elections do not offer people any choice.
ii. They have to choose the ruling party and the candidates approved by it.
Mexico:
i. In Mexico, the people seemed to have a choice but practically they did not have any choice.
ii. There was no way that the ruling party could be defeated, even if the people were against it.

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2. Democracy may not have a single definition. A country becomes democratic when it follows all
principles of democracy. These are:
i. Democracy is a form of Government in which the rulers are elected by the people.
ii. In a democracy, all major decisions are made by the elected leaders.
iii. In a democracy, free and fair elections should be held regularly.
iv. Democracy should be based on the principle of one person, one vote and one value.
v. There is Rule of Law and Respect for Rights.

V. Long Answer type Questions

1. Features of democratic government
i. Democracy is the best form of government as the rulers are accountable to the people and have
to fulfill their needs.
ii. In a democratic government, people elect their rulers and have right in decision making.
iii. There is freedom of expression and people enjoy political rights.
iv. Examples of democratic government are India, USA
Features of non-democratic government
i. The rulers are not accountable to the people and their needs
ii. In non-democratic governments, people do not elect their rulers and have no right in decision
making.
iii. There is no freedom of expression and people do not enjoy fundamental rights.
iv. Examples of non-democratic government are: Saudi Arabia, Zimbabwe
2. Since its independence in 1980, Zimbabwe has been ruled by ZANU-PF, the party that led the freedom
struggle.
i. Its leader, Robert Mugabe, has been ruling the country since then. Elections have been held
regularly and always won by ZANU-PF.
ii. President Mugabe is popular but also uses unfair practices in elections. Over the years his
government has changed the constitution several times to increase the powers of the President
and make him less accountable.
iii. Opposition party workers are harassed and their meeting disrupted. Public protests and
demonstrations against the government are declared illegal.
iv. There is a law that limits the right to criticise the President.
v. Television and radio are controlled by the government and give only the ruling party’s version.

VI. Assertion-reasoning
1. →c)
The elections must offer a real choice between political alternatives. And it should be possible for the
people to use this choice to remove the existing rulers, if they wish so.
2. →a)

VII. source-based questions

1. →a) 2. →c) 3. →a) 4. →d)

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 2 CoNstItUtIoNAL DesIGN
Worksheet-1
Democratic Constitution in south Africa
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. Apartheid was the name of a system of racial discrimination unique to South Africa.
2. In politics, political equality refers to a situation where all citizens of a particular country are free to
exercise their political freedom through the voting process without having any bias.
3. South Africa since 1994 transitioned from the system of apartheid to one of majority rule. The election
of 1994 resulted in a change in government with the African National Congress (ANC) coming to
power.
4. The autobiography of Nelson Mandela is The Long Walk to Freedom.

II. short Answer type Questions

1. The apartheid system was particularly oppressive for the blacks.
i. They were forbidden from living in white areas.
ii. They could work in white areas only if they had a permit.
iii. Trains, buses, taxis, hotels, hospitals, schools and colleges, libraries, cinema halls, theatres,
beaches, swimming pools, public toilets, were all separate for the whites and blacks. This was
called segregation.
iv. They could not even visit the churches where the whites worshipped.
v. Blacks could not form associations or protest against the terrible treatment.
2. South African Constitution is described as the Supreme Law in the country. This Constitution was
developed and finalizes as recently as 1996 and has been amended 17 times since then.
i. The South African constitution is built on equality of all races and man and women, democratic
values, social justice and human rights.
ii. This constitution gave to its citizens the most extensive rights available in any country.
iii. Together, they decided that in the search for a solution to the problems, nobody should be
excluded, no one should be treated as a demon.
iv. They agreed that everybody should become part of the solution, whatever they might have done
or represented in the past.

III. Long Answer type Questions

1. In developing a constitution-making process, it is important for the main groups involved to reach
agreement on a set of principles intended to guide the process. These are often referred to as “guiding
principles”.
i. In case of South Africa, the oppressor and the oppressed in this new democracy were planning
to live together as equals.
ii. It was not going to be easy for them to trust each other. They had their fears.

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 iii. After long negotiations both parties agreed to a compromise.
iv. The whites agreed to the principle of majority rule and that of one person one vote. They also
agreed to accept some basic rights for the poor and the workers.
v. The blacks agreed that majority rule would not be absolute. They agreed that the majority would
not take away the property of the white minority.
2. The South African constitution inspires all the democrats all over the world. The changes that were
bought in the constitution of South Africa were as follows.
i. Discriminatory laws were repealed. The whites agreed to the principle of one person one vote
and some basic rights for poor and workers.
ii. The blacks agreed that the majority rule will not take away any rights of whites. A compromise
was made between both white and blacks to maintain harmony in the country.
iii. The ban on political parties and restrictions on media were lifted.
iv. Nelson Mandela was released after 28 years of imprisonment.

Worksheet-2
Why do we Need a Constitution?
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. Constitution contains the laws that are to be followed by the people of the country, the fundamental
rights and duties of the people, directive principles, powers to be exercised by certain tiers of the
government and the nature of the government of the country.
2. It was promulgated by President Nelson Mandela on 18 December 1996 and came into effect on 4
February 1997, replacing the Interim Constitution of 1993.
3. The current constitution, the country’s fifth, was drawn up by the Parliament elected in 1994 in
the South African general election, 1994. It was promulgated by President Nelson Mandela on 18
December 1996 and came into effect on 4 February 1997, replacing the Interim Constitution of 1993.
4. The South African constitution emerged as a model of democracy. It inspires democrats all over the
world.

II. short Answer type Questions

1. The South African example is a good way to understand why we need a constitution and what do
constitutions do. After long negotiations both parties agreed to a compromise. While making a
constitution for South Africa, the blacks agreed that majority rule would not be absolute. They agreed
that the majority would not take away the property of the white minority.
2. A Constitution of a country is a set of written rules that are accepted by all people living together in
a country. A constitution performs several functions:
i. It generates a decree of trust and coordination that is necessary for different kind of people to
live together.
ii. It species how the government will be constituted, who will have power to take which decisions.
iii. It lays down limits on the powers of the government and tells us what the rights of the citizens are.
iv. It expresses the aspirations of the people about creating a good society.

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III. Long Answer type Questions
1. A constitution was necessary in the newly born democracy in South Africa because
i. Its previous constitution had been based on the racist principles that were behind the apartheid
regime.
ii. People of South Africa were struggling against the system of apartheid. They needed to change
the point of view of the white people for the blacks.
iii. As the blacks or the native people of South Africa were facing discrimination on the colour
basis, they needed a constitution to protect their rights.
iv. In order to do this, it needed a new constitution. It needed a new constitution that would be
different from the old, racist constitution. It had to have a new constitution to erase the racism
that pervaded the old.
2. A Constitution is necessary because of the following reasons:
i. It is an important law of the land. It determines the relationship of the citizens with the
governments.
ii. It lays down principles and guidelines which are required for people belonging to different
ethnic and religious groups to live in harmony.
iii. It specifies on how the Government would be elected and who will have the power and the
responsibility to take important decisions.
iv. It outlines the limits on the power of the Government and tells us about the rights of the citizens.
v. It expresses the aspirations of the people about creating a good society.

Worksheet-3
Making of the Indian Constitution
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. The constitution is considered as a supreme law because it is the highest law. All other laws have to
be conformed to the constitution.
2. Dr B R Ambedkar was the chairman of drafting committee.
3. A constituent assembly or constitutional assembly is a body or assembly of popularly elected
representatives which is assembled for the purpose of drafting or adopting a constitution or similar
document.
4. The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly was held on 9 December 1946.

II. short Answer type Questions

1. Indian constitution makers were inspired by the following countries:
i. Ideals of French Revolution
ii. Parliamentary democracy of Britain
iii. Bills of Rights in US and
iv. Socialist Revolution in Russia
2. The drafting of the Constitution was done by an assembly of elected representatives called the
Constituent Assembly.
i. Elections to the Constituent Assembly were held in July 1946.

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 ii. Its first meeting was held in December 1946.
iii. The Constituent Assembly was also divided into the Constituent Assembly of India and Pakistan
after the partition.
iv. The Constituent Assembly that wrote the Indian Constitution constituted as many as 299
members.
v. It adopted the Constitution on 26 November, 1949, but it came into effect on 26 January, 1950.

III. Long Answer type Questions

1. Five major factors which contributed to the making of Indian constitution are as follows:
i. National Movement: Our national movement was not merely a struggle against a foreign rule.
It was also a struggle to rejuvenate our country, and to transform our society and politics.
ii. Role of Leaders: Leaders like Moti Lai Nehru, Jawahar Lai Nehru and others had played very
important role in making of Indian Constitution. In 1928, MotiLalNehru Drafted a Constitution
for India.
iii. Role of British Rule: The familiarity with political institutions of colonial rule also helped
develop an agreement over the institutional design.
iv. British Rule and the Legislative Institutions: The experience gained by Indians in the working
of the legislative institutions proved to be very useful for the country in setting up its own
institutions.
v. World Event or Revolutions: Many of our leaders were inspired by the ideals of French
Revolution, the practice of Parliamentary democracy in Britain and the Bill of Rights in USA.
So, they incorporated some good points of the Constitutions of these countries in the Indian
Constitution.
2. Preamble is an introductory statement to the Constitution which contains the ideals on
which the Constitution is based and the basic underlying principles of the Constitution.
Importanc of the Preamble can be stated as follows
i. The Preamble contains the philosophy on which the entire Constitution has been built. It provides
a standard to examine and evaluates any law and action of government to find out whether it is
good or bad. Hence, it is the soul of the Constitution.
ii. The Preamble shows the way the government ought to run. It declares India to be a sovereign,
socialist, secular and democratic republic.
iii. It envisages justice-social, economic and political-for all its citizens. It seeks to give the citizens
all types of freedoms-freedom of thought and expression, freedom of belief and worship etc.
iv. The Preamble mentions people as the source of the Constitution. It seeks to provide equality of
status and opportunity to all individuals and thus promotes a sense of brotherhood among all
citizens.

Worksheet-4
Guiding Values of the Indian Constitution
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. The unusual achievement for the Indian Constitution is that no extensive number of a social group
or administrative party has ever doubted the legitimacy of the Constitution. In general terms, the

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 Assembly described segments from diverse language accumulations, classes, groups, denominations,
and ownership.
2. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
3. It means people have supreme right to make decisions on internal as well as external matters. No
external power can dictate the government of India.
4. It means the head of the state is an elected person and not a hereditary position.

II. short Answer type Questions

1. The Preamble of Indian Constitution provides a philosophy and values of Constitution.
The constitution declares India a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic, assuring its
citizens justice, equality and liberty, and endeavours to promote fraternity.
2. The Indian constitution has embodied the basic values into institutional arrangements in the following
ways:
i. Inclusion of Universal Adult Franchise by giving all the citizens of India the right to vote and
contest elections.
ii. Right to freedom and equality to be granted. Since India remained under British control for a
long time and being a country of diversities, it needed equality.
iii. It also proposed for protecting the rights of minorities in the constitution of independent India.

III. Long Answer type Questions

1. Constitution is a very long and detailed document. Therefore, it needs to be amended quite regularly
to keep it updated.
i. The constitution described the institutional amendments in a very legal language.
ii. The basic institutional design is not very difficult to understand.
iii. Like any constitution Indian constitution lays down a procedure for choosing persons to govern
the country.
iv. It defines who will have how much power to take decisions. And it puts limits to what government
can do by providing some rights to the citizen that cannot be violated.
2. The Preamble is the introduction to the Constitution. It contains the philosophy on which the entire
Constitution has been built. It provides a standard to examine and evaluate any law and action
of government, to find out whether it is good or bad. It is the soul of the Indian Constitution.
The major ideals enshrined in the Preamble of the Indian Constitution are as follows:
i. We the people of India: The Constitution has been drawn up and enacted by the people through
their representatives and not handed to them by a king or any outside power.
ii. Sovereign: People have supreme right to make decisions on internal as well as external matters.
iii. Socialist: Wealth is generated socially and should be shared equally by the society.
iv. Secular: Citizens have complete freedom to follow any religion.
v. Democratic: A form of government where people enjoy equal rights, elect their rulers and hold
them accountable.

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 Worksheet-5
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (c)

II. Fill in the blanks

1. black 2. democrats 3. basic 4. 1937 5. soul

III. Very short Answer type Questions

1. Segregation means a practice when trains, buses, taxis, hotels, hospitals, schools and colleges,
libraries, cinema halls, theatres, beaches, swimming pools were all separate for the whites and the
blacks in South Africa.
2. Nelson Mandela was a South African leader who was tried with imprisonment for opposing apartheid,
the policy which favoured racial discrimination and whites were given power over blacks in South
Africa.
3. Constitution is a set of written rules and regulations that embodies the formation of government.
4. The Constitution of India was adopted on 26 November, 1949.

IV. short Answer type Questions

1. The Preamble is an introductory statement in a Constitution which states the reasons and the guiding
values of the Constitution. It is significant due to the following reasons:
i. The terms sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic, republic in the Preamble suggests the nature
of the state.
ii. It provides a standard to examine and evaluate any law and action of government.
2. As protests and struggles againstapartheid had increased, thegovernment realised that they couldno
longer keep the blacks undertheir rule through repression.
i. Thewhite regime changed its policies.
ii. Discriminatory laws were repealed.
iii. Ban on political parties andrestrictions on the media were lifted.
iv. After 28 years of imprisonment,Nelson Mandela walked out of thejail as a free man.
v. Finally, at themidnight of 26 April 1994, the newnational flag of the Republic of SouthAfrica
was unfurled marking thenewly born democracy in the world.
vi. The apartheid government came toan end, paving way for the formationof a multi-racial
government.

V. Long Answer type Questions

1. South Africa framed the finest Constitution of the world that inspires Democrats all over. It is the
inspiration for the world. From being the most undemocratic nation to framing the finest Constitution
in the world, South Africa is an example for all the democratic nations. The Constitution is the
example of the sheer dedication of the people who struggled for it
i. It took two years of discussion to frame the Constitution. South Africa has made its constitution

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 just like an ideal constitution for every country to follow.
ii. The Constitution gave extensive rights to its citizens.
iii. This new democracy of South Africa entitles both the Whites and Blacks to stay together in the
nation, without the following racism.
iv. While framing the Constitution, both the black majority and the white minority was afraid of
safeguarding their interests.
v. After negotiations both the communities compromised to the principle of majority rule and
principle of one person one vote.
vi. They agreed that the majority would not take away the rights of the minority.
2. Several key words have been used in the Preamble of the Indian Constitution:
i. We, the people of India: The constitution has been drawn up and enacted by the people through
their representatives, and not handed down to them by a king or any outside powers.
ii. Sovereign: People have supreme right to make decisions on internal as well as external matters.
No external power can dictate the government of India.
iii. Socialist: Wealth is generated socially and should be shared equally by society. Government
should regulate the ownership of land and industry to reduce socio-economic inequalities.
iv. Secular: Citizens have complete freedom to follow any religion. But there is no official religion.
Government treats all religious beliefs and practices with equal respect.
v. Democratic: A form of government where people enjoy equal political rights, elect their rulers
and hold them accountable.
vi. Republic: The head of the state is an elected person and not a hereditary position.
vii. Justice: Citizens cannot be discriminated on the grounds of caste, religion and gender. Social
inequalities have to be reduced.
viii. Liberty: There are no unreasonable restrictions on the citizens in what they think, how they
wish to express their thoughts and the way they wish to follow up their thoughts in action.
ix. Equality: All are equal before the law. The government should ensure equal opportunity to all.
x. Fraternity: All of us should behave as if we are members of the same family. No one should treat
a fellow citizen as inferior.

VI. Assertion-reasoning
1. →d)
The African National Congress (ANC) was the umbrella organization that led to the struggle against
the policies of segregation or apartheid.
2. →b)
The party that ruled through oppression and brutal killings and the party that led the freedom struggle
sat together to draw up a common constitution. It was the determination of the people of South Africa
to work together, to transform bitter experiences into the binding glue of a rainbow nation that made
this change possible.

VII. source-based questions

1. →b) 2. →a) 3. →d) 4. →c)

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 3 eLeCtorAL PoLItICs
Worksheet-1
Why elections?
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. Election Commission ensures free and fair elections in India.
2. Chaudhry Devi Lal led the movement ‘Nyaya Yudh’.
3. A country is divided into many separate units or areas for the purpose of holding elections. Each area
in which elections are held is known as a constituency. People living in a constituency elect their own
representative from their constituency.
4. Candidates are elected by the people through elections.

II. short Answer type Questions

1. i. Devi Lal, an opposition leader in Haryana lead a movement called ‘Nyaya Yudh’ (struggle for
justice).
ii. He promised to waive the loans of farmers and business men if he became the chief minister.
This promise made him the chief minister in 1987 state elections of Haryana.
iii. He formed a new party Lok Dal
2. Elections are the essence of democracy because they allow people to exercise their fundamental
power of voting to elect their rulers. In a democracy the citizens choose the people/politicians who
will represent them in governing the country. It is the active participation of the people that makes
democracy a great success. According to each country’s constitution elections are held at regular
intervals to give the citizens a chance to vote for who will represent them. In most democracies the
politicians who receive a majority of votes are elected into government.

III. Long Answer type Question

1. Challenges to free and fair elections in India are as follows:
i. Candidates and parties with a lot of money may not be sure of their victory but they do enjoy a
big and unfair advantage over smaller parties and independents.
ii. In some parts of the country, candidates with criminal connection have been able to secure a
‘ticket’ from major parties.
iii. Some families tend to dominate the political parties; tickets are distributed to relatives from
these families.
iv. Very often, elections offer little choice to ordinary citizens as both the major parties are similar
to each other in their policies and practices.
v. Smaller parties and independent candidates suffer a huge disadvantage as compared to the bigger
parties.
2. The minimum conditions of a democratic elections are as follows:
i. Everyone should be able to choose. This means that everyone should have one vote and every vote

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 should have equal value.
ii. There should be something to choose from. Parties and candidates should be free to contest elections
and should offer some real choice to the voters.
iii. The choice should be offered at regular intervals. Elections must be held regularly after every few
years.
iv. The candidate preferred by the people should get elected.
v. Elections should be conducted in a free and fair manner where people can choose as they really wish.

Worksheet-2
What is our system of elections?
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. In a democratic election, the list of those who are eligible to vote is prepared much before the election and
given to everyone. This list is officially called the Electoral Roll and is commonly known as the Voters’
List.
2. Universal Adult Franchise means that everyone should have one vote and each vote should have equal
value. No one should be denied the right to vote without a good reason. Every citizen has the right to vote,
regardless of his or her caste, religion or gender.
3. Some criminals and persons with unsound mind can be denied the right to vote, but only in rare situations.

II. short Answer type Questions

1. Candidates who wish to contest elections have to make a legal declaration, giving full details of:
i. Serious criminal cases pending against the candidates.
ii. Details of the assets and liabilities of the candidates and their family; and
iii. Educational qualifications of the candidates.
This information has to be made public. This provides an opportunity to the voters to make their
decision on the basis of the information provided by the candidates.
2. In an election, the voters make many choices:
i. They can choose who will make laws for them.
ii. They can choose who will form the government and take major decisions.
iii. They can choose the party whose policies will guide the government and law-making.

III. Long Answer type Questions

1. i. In a democratic election the list of people eligible to vote is prepared much before the election. This
list is officially called the Electoral Roll and is commonly known as the Voters’ List.
ii. This is an important step for it is linked to the first condition of democratic election.
iii. Everyone should get equal opportunity to choose representatives.
iv. Everyone deserves to have an equal say in decisions that affect them.
v. The electoral roll is normally revised every year to add the names of those who are to turn 18 on the
1st January of that year or have moved into a constituency and to remove the names of those who
have died or moved out of a constituency.

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2. The procedure for nomination of candidates for elections are as follows:
i. Anyone who can be a voter can also become a candidate in elections.
ii. The only difference is that in order to be a candidate the minimum age is 25 years, while it is only 18
years for being a voter.
iii. There are some other restrictions on criminals etc. but these apply in very extreme cases.
iv. Political parties nominate their candidates who get the party symbol and support.
v. Party’s nomination is often called party ‘ticket’.
vi. Every person who wishes to contest an election has to fill a ‘nomination form’ and give some money
as ‘security deposit’.
vii. Recently, a new system of declaration has been introduced on direction from the Supreme Court.
Every candidate has to make a legal declaration, giving full details of :
a. Serious criminal cases pending against the candidate;
b. Details of the assets and liabilities of the candidate and his or her family; and
c. Educational qualifications of the candidate.
This information has to be made public. This provides an opportunity to the voters to make their
decision on the basis of the information provided by the candidates.

Worksheet-3
What Makes elections in India Democratic?
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. An election commission is a body charged with overseeing the implementation of electioneering process
of any country. The election commission has a duty to perform election related activities in an orderly
manner. For election related problems, Election Commission is responsible.
2. The President appoints the Chief Election Commissioner of India.
3. Election Commission is responsible for free and fair elections in India.
4. EVM is the electronic Voting Machine used to record votes.

II. short Answer type Questions

1. Three provisions which make election commission an independent body are:
i. The Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) is appointed by the President of India. But once appointed,
the Chief Election Commissioner is not answerable to the President or the government.
ii. During the election period, the EC can order the government to follow some guidelines, to prevent
use and misuse of governmental power to enhance its chances to win elections, or to transfer some
government officials.
iii. When on election duty, government officers work under the control of the EC and not the government.
2. In elections a lot of unfair practices are used. Some of these are given below:
i. Inclusion of false names and exclusion of genuine names in the voters’ list.
ii. Misuse of government facilities and officials by the ruling party.
iii. Excessive use of money by rich candidates and big parties.
iv. Intimidation of voters and rigging on the day of polling.
v. Booth capturing is also done by several influential candidates for winning elections.

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III. Long Answer type Questions
1. The role of the Election Commission in conducting the free and fair elections is as follows.
i. Election Commission takes decisions on every aspect of conduct and control of elections from
the announcement of elections to the declaration of results.
ii. It implements the Code of Conduct and punishes any candidate or party that violates it.
iii. It allots election symbols to parties and independent candidates.
iv. During the election period, the Election Commission can order the government to follow some
guidelines, to prevent use and misuse of governmental power to enhance its chances to win
elections, or to transfer some government officials.
v. When on election duty, government officers work under the control of the Election Commission
and not the government.
2. The changing trends of people’s participation in elections in India are as follows:
i. People’s participation in election is usually measured by voter turnout figures. Turnout indicates
the per cent of eligible voters who cast their vote. In India, the turnout figures over last few
decades have either remained stable or gone up.
ii. In India, the poor, illiterate and underprivileged people vote in larger proportion as compared to
the rich and privileged sections. This is in contrast to western democracies.
iii. Common people in India attach a lot of importance to elections. They feel that through elections,
they can bring pressure on political parties to adopt policies and programmes favourable to
them.
iv. The interest of voters in election-related activities has been increasing over the years. During the
2004 elections, more than one-third voters took part in a campaign-related activity.
v. More than half of the people identified themselves as being close to one or the other political
party. One out of every seven voters is a member of a political party.

Worksheet-4
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (c)

II. Fill in the blanks

1. Representative 2. 543 3. 324 4. President 5. Chief Election Commissioner

III. Very short Answer type Questions

1. Elections are held in democracies to enable people to choose their own representatives. In any
democratic country, all citizens neither have the time nor the knowledge to participate in law-making
process. Besides, because of large populations, it is not possible for the people to frame laws for
themselves. Thus, elections are held in every democratic country.
2. Candidates are elected by the people through elections.
3. A reserved constituency is one which is reserved for scheduled tribes and castes in both Parliamentary
and Assembly Elections. General candidates are not allowed to contest elections from these
constituencies.

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4. An election manifesto is essentially a list of policies that a political party says it will enact if it is
voted into oce at a general election.

IV. short Answer type Questions

1. Elections in India are considered democratic because of the following reasons:
i. Every citizen has been given a right to vote i.e. to choose their representative, without
discrimination and their vote being considered equal.
ii. It offers the citizens and parties to content elections freely and fairly.
iii. It also provides the citizens a variety of choices to choose their representatives.
iv. It presents the citizens with a choice to choose their leader at regular intervals.
2. Major functions of the Election Commission are:
i. Its biggest function and responsibility is to conduct free and fair elections.
ii. It implements the Code of Conduct few days before and during polling. It can punish any
candidate who violates the code of conduct.
iii. The Election Commission during election period may instruct the government to follow certain
guidelines and ensure that the ruling party does not misuse the governmental powers.
iv. During elections, every government employee works under the control of the Election
Commission and not the government.

V. Long Answer type Questions

1. A set of norms and guidelines to be followed by political and contesting candidates during election
time is known as model code of conduct.
According to this, no party or candidate can
i. Use any place of worship for election propaganda.
ii. Use government vehicles, air crafts and officials for elections.
iii. Once elections are announced, ministers shall not lay foundation stones of any project.
2. There are two types of elections that take place in India.
i. When elections are held regularly after every five years this is called a general election.
ii. But sometimes election is held only for one constituency to fill the vacancy caused by death or
resignation of a member. This is called a by-election.
iii. Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha (Assembly) elections are held regularly after every five years.
iv. After five years the term of all the elected representatives comes to an end.
v. The Lok Sabha or Vidhan Sabha stands ‘dissolved’.

VI. Assertion-reasoning
1. →d)
The Election Commission is independent and powerful. When election officials come to the opinion
that polling was not fair in some booths or even an entire constituency, they order a repoll.
2. →a)

VII. source-based questions

1. →c) 2. →a) 3. →d) 4. →b)

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 4 WorkING oF INstItUtIoNs
Worksheet-1
how is a Major Policy Decision taken?
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. The three organs of the government are legislature, judiciary and executive.
2. The arrangements which are made in modern democracies to run the government.
3. The three institutions responsible to run the democratic government in India are:
i. The Prime Minister and the Cabinet
ii. The Civil Servant
iii. The Supreme Court
4. The President is the head of the state and the formal authority on the country.

II. short Answer type Questions

1. Political institutions are needed for political institutions due to the following reasons:
i. To take decisions: Countries need political institutions to take decisions regarding the welfare
of the people. Institutions formulate various policies and programmes.
ii. Implementation: The decisions which have been taken are to be implemented. So countries
need institutions to implement the decisions.
iii. To solve the disputes: Institutions are also needed to solve the disputes between various
institutions.
iv. To take right decisions: Institutions help the governments to take the right decisions.
2. Working with institutions involves rules and regulations, meetings, committees and routines, often
leading to delays and complications. But some of these delays are very useful as they provide an
opportunity for a wider set of people to be consulted in any decision. They make it difficult to rush
through a bad decision.

III. Long Answer type Questions

1. In recent years the Courts have given several judgments and directives to protect public interest and
human rights.
i. Anyone can approach the courts if public interest is hurt by the actions of government. This is
called public interest litigation.
ii. Public Interest Litigation (PIL) is a practice or a technique that focuses on the citizens of the
country.
iii. The courts intervene to prevent the misuse of the government’s power to make decisions.
iv. They check malpractices on the part of public officials.
v. That is why the judiciary enjoys a high level of confidence among the people.
vi. The main purpose of this school of jurisprudence – PIL is to protect the people of the nation.

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2. The Government of India appointed the Second Backward Classes Commission in the year 1979. B P
Mandal was the head of Mandal Commission. Thus, it was popularly known as Mandal Commission.
It was appointed in order to:
i. determine the criteria to identify the Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBCs) in
India.
ii. to recommend steps to be taken for their advancement.
The commission gave its report in 1980 and made following recommendations
a. 27% of the government jobs be reserved for the Socially and Educationally Backward Classes.
b. The report and recommendations were discussed in the Parliament. On 6th August 1990, the
Government of India took a formal decision to implement the recommendations.

Worksheet-2
Parliament
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. Supreme Court is the final authority for making laws in the country.
2. Two Houses of Parliament are:
i. Lok Sabha (Lower House)
ii. Rajya Sabha (Upper House)
3. Tenure of Lok Sabha is 5 years.
4. Lok Sabha is better placed with regard to control over the executive. Lok Sabha exercises control
over the executive more effectively than Rajya Sabha because it is a directly elected body. Lok
Sabha has the power to make laws, ask questions and amend the Constitution.

II. short Answer type Questions

1. Rajya Sabha – the Upper House of the Parliament – is not subject to dissolution. But one-third of its
members retire every two years.
i. Elections to this House are conducted every 2 years. The members are elected by the method of
indirect election.
ii. The representative of each state is elected by the elected members of the Legislative Assembly
of States and Union territories by means of Single transferable vote through Proportional
representation.
iii. The Rajya Sabha is to consist of not more than 250 members – 238 members that represent the
States and Union Territories and 12 members who are nominated by the President of India, those
who have earned distinction in the fields of literature, art, science and social service.
iv. The distribution is on the basis of population. Also, according to Schedule 4 of the Constitution,
quota of members of each state is fixed.
2. Functions of Speaker of Lok Sabha are as follows:
i. Power to regulate proceedings of the House:
• He adjourns the House or suspends the meeting in absence of a quorum.
• He presides over the joint sitting of the two houses of the Parliament.
• He can allow a secret sitting of the House at the request of the Leader of the House.

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 ii. Disciplinary Functions:
• He maintains the order and decorum in the house for conducting its business and regulating the
proceedings.
iii. Administrative Functions:
• He has control over the Lok Sabha Secretariat. He appoints the employees of the Secretariat,
determines the service rules for them and supervises their work.
• He has the responsibility for the upkeep of the records of the proceedings of the House.

III. Long Answer type Questions

1. The Parliament of India is a bi-cameral legislature. It consists of two houses- Rajyasabha & Lok
Sabha and President of India. Parliament makes law with the help of its both the chambers. Laws
passed by the parliament and approved by the president are enforced in the whole country.
Legislative Powers: All the subjects in our constitution are divided among state, union and concurrent
lists. In concurrent list Parliamentary law is over riding than state legislative law. Constitution also
have powers to make law with respect to state legislature in following circumstances:
i. When Rajya Sabha passes a resolution to that effect
ii. When national emergency is under operation
iii. When two or more states request parliament to do so
iv. When necessary to give effect to international agreements, treaties and conventions
v. When President’s rule is in operation.
Judicial Powers:
i. It has the power to impeach the President, the Vice-President, the judges of the Supreme Court
and the High Court.
ii. It can also punish its members or outsiders for the breach of privilege or its contempt.
2. The Lok Sabha exercises more powers than the Rajya Sabha:
i. Any ordinary law needs to be passed by both the Houses. But if there is a difference between the two
Houses, the final decision is taken in a joint session in which members of the Houses sit together.
Since the Lok Sabha has a larger number of members, their view is likely to prevail in such a meeting.
ii. The Lok Sabha exercises more powers in money matters. Once the Lok Sabha passes the budget of
the government or any other money-related law, the Rajya Sabha cannot reject it. The Rajya Sabha
can only delay it by 14 days or suggest changes in it. The Lok Sabha may or may not accept these
changes.

Worksheet-3
Political executive
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. People who are elected by the citizens for a specific period of time are known as the political
executive. Political leaders taking big decisions fall under this group.
2. Council of Ministers is the official name for the body that includes all the Ministers.
3. It usually has 60 to 80 Ministers of different ranks. Cabinet Ministers are usually top- level leaders of the
ruling party or parties who are in charge of the major ministries. Usually the Cabinet Ministers meet to
take decisions in the name of the Council of Ministers.

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4. The Prime Minister chairs the meetings of the Cabinet. The Cabinet Secretary is arguably India’s most
powerful bureaucrat.

II. short Answer type Questions

1. The Council of Ministers is the official name for the body that includes all the Ministers. It usually has 60
to 80 Ministers of different ranks.
i. Cabinet Ministers are usually top-level leaders of the ruling party or parties who are in-charge of the
major ministries. Usually the Cabinet Ministers meet to take decisions in the name of the Council of
Ministers. Cabinet is thus the inner ring of the Council of Ministers. It comprises about 20 ministers.
ii. Ministers of State with independent charge are usually in-charge of smaller ministries. They
participate in the Cabinet meetings only when specially invited.
iii. Ministers of State are attached to and required to assist Cabinet Ministers.
2. Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha
Tenure Five years but it can be dissolved before the It is a permanent House. A member stays for
expiry of its term. 6 years. Members are indirectly elected.
Elections Members are directly elected
Powers i. Money bill: Money bill can originate i. Money bill cannot originate in the Rajya
only in Lok Sabha Sabha.
ii. Change in the money bill: It has the ii. It has no powers to bring any change in
powers to bring changes in the money the money bill. It can provide suggestions
bill. or can delay the bill by 14 days.
iii. Council of Ministers: Council of iii. The Rajya Sabha has no powers to
Ministers is controlled by the Lok Sabha. control the Council of Ministers.

III. Long Answer type Questions

1. Powers of the Indian Parliament are as follows:
i. Parliament is the final authority for making laws in any country. This task of law making or
legislation is so crucial that these assemblies are called legislatures. Parliaments all over the
world can make new laws, change existing laws, or abolish existing laws and make new ones in
their place.
ii. Parliaments all over the world exercise some control over those who run the government. In
some countries like India this control is direct and full. Those who run the government can take
decisions only so long as they enjoy support of Parliament.
iii. Parliaments control all the money that governments have. In most countries the public money
can be spent only when Parliament sanctions it.
iv. Parliament is the highest forum of discussion and debate on public issues and national policy in
any country. Parliament can seek information about any matter.
2. The Prime Minister is the head of the government due to the following reasons:
i. The Prime Minister can appoint the cabinet ministers. He can also ask for the resignation of any
minister if the latter is not able to fulfill his duties. Thus, all the council of ministers hold cabinet
at the pleasure of the Prime Minister.
ii. As Chairperson of the Cabinet, he summons its meetings and presides over them. He also takes
important decisions that are related to the working of the government and the country.

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 iii. The Prime Minister is the link between the President and the cabinet ministers. All the
communications to the President regarding the policies formulated by the cabinet is made by
the Prime Minister.
iv. The Prime Minister decides the foreign policy of the country (also declaring wars and signing
peace treaties). He represents the country in key foreign summits.
v. All the key appointments in the government department and various ministries take place with
the approval of the Prime Minister.
vi. All the key economic policies are formulated by the government with the approval of the Prime
Minister.
vii. He may also give important guidelines to the Finance Minister while the preparing the budget
of the country.

Worksheet-4
the Judiciary
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. In India, judiciary consists of Supreme Court at the apex, High Courts in States and District Courts at
local level. The Indian judiciary is completely independent. It means that it is free from the influence
of the Legislature and the executive.
2. The judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts are appointed by the President on the advice
of the Prime Minister and in consultation of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
3. The constitution provides that a judge can be removed only by an order of the president, based on a
motion passed by both houses of parliament.
4. Judicial review is the power of courts to decide the validity of acts of the legislative and executive
branches of government. If the courts decide that a legislative act is unconstitutional, it is nullified.

II. short Answer type Questions

1. Independence of judiciary means
i. The judiciary is not under the control of the Legislature or the Executive.
ii. The judges do not act on the directions of the government or according to the wishes of the party
in power.
iii. That is why, all modem democracies have units that are independent of the Legislature and the
Executive.
2. It means that the Supreme Court controls the judicial administration in the country. Its decisions are
binding on all the other courts of the country. It can take up any dispute:
i. between the citizens of the country;
ii. between citizens and the government;
iii. between two or more state governments; and
iv. between the union and state governments.
It is the highest court of appeal in civil and criminal cases. It can hear appeals against the decisions
of the high courts.

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III. Long Answer type Questions
1. Judiciary in India is the most powerful due to the following reasons:
i. The judiciary in India is independent. It means it is not under the control of the legislature or the
executive. The Supreme Court and the High Courts have the power to interpret the Constitution
of the country.
ii. They can declare invalid any law of the legislature or the actions of the executive, whether at the
Union level or at the state level, if they find such a law or action is against the Constitution.
iii. Thus, they can determine the constitutional validity of any legislation or action of the executive
in the country, when it is challenged before them. This is known as the judicial review.
iv. The Supreme Court of India has also ruled that the core or basic principles of the Constitution
cannot be changed by the Parliament.
v. The powers and the independence of the Indian judiciary allow it to act as the guardian of the
Fundamental Rights. The citizens have a right to approach the courts to seek remedy in case
of any violation of their rights. The courts intervene to prevent the misuse of the government’s
power to make decisions. They check malpractices on the part of public officials.
2. The Supreme Court is the Apex court of India. The judges of Supreme court are appointed by the
President in consultation with such other judges of the supreme court and high court. The Supreme
Court is primarily a court of appeal though it hears cases in the original jurisdiction. It is the last
resort in case of appeals. It is the guarantor and guardian of Fundamental Rights and exercises the
power of judicial review to check the actions of legislative and administrative authority. It has the
power of giving an advisory opinion to the President in certain matters. It hears interstates disputes
and disputes between center and states. It issues writs for the enforcement of fundamental rights and
hears PIL (Public Interest Legislation).

Worksheet-5
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (d)

II. Fill in the Blanks

1. State 2. 1979 3. Regulations 4. Prime Minister 5. Supreme Court

III. Very short Answer type Questions

1. The institutions which take major decisions and its implementation in a country are: Legislative and
Judiciary.
2. It is the role of the civil service to assist, with integrity, honesty, impartiality and objectivity, principal
officials under the accountability system, in formulating their policies, in carrying out their decisions
and in administering public services for which they are responsible.
3. The Judiciary of India is the highest body for dispensation of justice in the country. The constitution
of India lays down that the Supreme court of India is the highest judicial body and it will do justice
without any discrimination based on gender, sex, caste and religion.
4. Lok Sabha is more powerful than the Rajya Sabha in almost all matters.

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IV. short Answer type Questions
1. A presidential system is democratic and republican government in which a head of government leads
an executive branch that is separate from the legislative branch. This head of government is in most
cases also the head of state, which is called president. This form of government exists in USA, Brazil,
Sri Lanka, etc.
2. Cabinet Ministers are usually toplevel leaders of the ruling party or parties who are in charge of the
major ministries. Usually the Cabinet Ministers meet to take decisions in the name of the Council of
Ministers. Cabinet is thus the inner ring of the Council of Ministers. It comprises about 25 ministers.

V. Long Answer type Questions

1. Differences between Political Executives and Permanent Executives:
Political Executive Permanent Executive
Executives who are elected by the people for a The permanent executives are salaried civil
specific period are called the political executives. servants who are appointed on a long-term basis.
Example-Political leaders like the Prime Minister, Persons working in civil services. For example -
Council of Ministers and so on. IAS, IFS, IPS etc.
They remain in office only so long as they command They remain in office even when the ruling party
the confidence of the majority members of Parliament. changes.Their tenure of office is fixed.
They are answerable to people for all the consequences They are not answerable to the people.
of their decisions.
They are more powerful. They take all the final They are less powerful. They do not take
decisions. decisions. Instead they assist political executives
in carrying out day-to-day administration.
2. The President exercises some discretion in selecting the Prime Minister when no single political
party has secured an absolute majority in the Lok Sabha. However, only that person can be appointed
as the Prime Minister by the President who can prove the support of some smaller groups or parties
in his favour to have a majority in the House.

VI. Assertion-reasoning
1. →b)
Parliament is the final authority for making laws in any country.
2. →d)
The judges do not act on the direction of the government or according to the wishes of the party in
power. All modern democracies have courts that are independent of the legislature and the executive.

VII. source-based questions

1. →b) 2. →c) 3. →d) 4. →a)

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 5 DeMoCrAtIC rIGhts
Worksheet-1
Life Without rights, rights in a Democracy
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. Rights are claims of a person over other fellow beings, over the society and over the government.
2. Guantanamo Bay is a United States military prison. It was a detention place for the American prisoners
who were responsible for the attack on twin towers in New York (September 11, 2001). America considered
prisoners as enemies and linked them to the attack on New York.
3. Amnesty International, an international human rights organisation, collected information on the
condition of the prisoners in Guantanamo Bay and reported that the prisoners were being tortured in
ways that violated the US laws.
4. Two rights which the constitution of south africa guarantees to its citizens are:
i. Right to privacy
ii. Right to an environment that is not harmful to the people’s health.
iii. Right to have access to adequate housing

II. short Answer type Questions.

1. Rights are very essential part for the very sustenance of a democracy.
i. Without rights, democracy will become meaningless and ineffective.
ii. For democratic elections, it is necessary that citizens should have the right to express their
opinions, form political parties and take part in political activities.
iii. Rights protect minorities from the oppression of majority. They ensure the majority cannot do
whatever it likes.
iv. The government is expected to protect citizen’s rights. But sometimes elected government may
not protect or may even attack the rights of their own citizens.
So, some rights need to be placed higher than the government so that it cannot violate them.
2. Kosovo was a province of Yugoslavia before its split. In the province, the population was
overwhelmingly ethnic Albanian. But in the entire country, Serbs were in majority.
i. A narrow minded Serb nationalist Milosevic had won the election. His government was very
hostile to the Kosovo Albanians.
ii. He wanted the Serbs to dominate the country. Many Serb leaders thought that ethnic minorities
like Albanians should either leave the country or accept the dominance of the Serbs.
iii. Massacre of thousands of Albanians was carried out by the army of their own country working
under the direction of a leader who came to power through democratic elections.
iv. Finally, several other countries intervened to stop this massacre. Milosevic lost power and was
tried by the International Court of Justice for crimes against humanity.

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III. Long Answer type Questions
1. The scope of rights has been expanding and new rights are evolving over time. They are the result of
the struggle of the people. New rights emerge as societies develop or as new constitutions are made.
The constitution of South Africa guarantees its citizens several kinds of new rights.
i. Right to privacy, so that citizens or their home cannot be searched, their phones cannot be
tapped, their communication cannot be opened.
ii. Right to an environment that is not harmful to their health or well-being.
iii. Right to have access to adequate housing.
iv. Right to have access to health care services, sufficient food and water; no one can be refused
emergency medical treatment.
2. Saudi Arabia has a monarchial government. The position of the citizens of Saudi Arabia with regard
to their Government is as listed below:
i. People cannot choose or elect their leader as the position of the king is hereditary.
ii. The king has legislative, executive and judicial powers.
iii. Citizens are not permitted to form any political associations or organisation.
iv. Freedom of speech and expression is denied to the public. Media cannot report anything against
the government in Saudi Arabia.
v. People in Saudi Arabia do not have freedom of religion. Non- Muslims can only practice their
religion in private.
vi. Many restrictions are imposed on women in Saudi Arabia. The testimony of one Saudi man is
considered equal to two women.

Worksheet-2
rights in the Indian Constitution
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. Fundamental rights are the basic rights that are essential for the individual, moral and spiritual
development of an individual.
2. The Rule of law states that all laws apply equally to all citizens of the country and no one can be
above the law. The law is equal and similar for all, be it a government official, a wealthy person or
even the President, none of them are above the law. Hence, the law cannot differentiate between
people on the basis of their religion, caste or gender.
3. The Constitution of India grants six fundamental rights to its citizens:
i. Right to Equality
ii. Right to Freedom
iii. Right against Exploitation
iv. Right to Freedom of Religion
v. Cultural and Educational Rights
vi. Right to Constitutional Remedies
4. Freedom means absence of constraints. In practical life it means absence of interference in our affairs
by others – be it other individuals or the government.

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II. short Answer type Questions
1. he Right to Freedom is considered as the ‘cluster of six freedoms’. Article 19 of Indian Constitution
guarantees the following freedoms to all the citizens
i. Freedom of speech and expression
ii. Freedom to assemble in a peaceful manner without arms
iii. Freedom to form associations or unions
iv. Freedom to move freely throughout the territory of India
v. Freedom to reside in any part of India
vi. Freedom to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.
2. The Right against Exploitation enshrined in the Indian Constitution guarantees dignity of the
individual. It also prohibits the exploitation or misuse of service by force or inducement in the
following ways:
i. It prohibits human trafficking i.e. it criminalises buying and selling of human beings like a
commodity. It also prohibits use of women or girls for immoral purposes.
ii. It prohibits slavery, begar, bonded labour or other forms of forced labour. Begar is a term used
for practice wherein the worker has to render free service to his master or at a nominal rate. The
State has been given the authority to introduce compulsory service for such persons in order to
stop the practice. The government cannot discriminate on the basis of religion, race, colour, etc.
iii. It prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 years in factories, mines and other
hazardous activities.

III. Long Answer type Questions

1. Right to equality is one of the six fundamental rights in the Indian constitution.
i. It includes equality before law, prohibition of discrimination on grounds of race, religion, gender,
and caste or birth place.
ii. It also includes equality of opportunity in matters of employment, abolition of untouchability
and titles.
iii. Every citizen, from the Prime Minister to a small farmer in a remote village, is subjected to the
same laws.
iv. No person can legally claim any special treatment or privilege just because he or she happens to
be an important person.
v. Every citizen shall have access to public places like shops, restaurants, hotels, and cinema halls.
vi. Similarly, there shall be no restriction with regard to the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads,
playgrounds and places of public resorts maintained by government or dedicated to the use of
general public.
2. The three constitutional provisions for the protection of women and children in India are:
i. Article 15 - This states that that the State shall not discriminate against any citizen based on
the grounds of religion, sex, caste, creed or place of birth. Also, 15 (3) allows the State to make
special provisions for women and children.
ii. Article 23 (a) - This article prohibits slavery, beggary or other forms of forced labour. Also,
it criminalises buying and selling of human beings like a commodity. It also prohibits use of
women or girls for immoral purposes.
iii. Article 39 (d) - It provides for equal pay for equal work for both men and women.

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 Worksheet-3
expanding scope of rights
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. No one can employ a child below the age of fourteen to work in any factory or mine or in any other
hazardous work, such as railways and ports.
2. Right to Information Act was made under the Fundamental Right to freedom of thought and
expression. Under this right we have a right to seek information from government offices.
3. Covenant is the promise made by individuals, groups or countries to uphold a rule or principle. It is
legally binding on the signatories to the agreement or statement.

II. short Answer type Question

1. The right to property is not a Fundamental Right but it is a constitutional right. According to this right
every natural or legal person is entitled to the peaceful enjoyment of his possessions. No one shall be
deprived of his possessions except in the public interest and subject to the conditions provided for by
law and by the general principles of international law.

III. Long Answer type Question

1. The three constitutional provisions for the protection of women and children in India are:
i. Article 15 - This states that that the State shall not discriminate against any citizen based on
the grounds of religion, sex, caste, creed or place of birth. Also, 15 (3) allows the State to make
special provisions for women and children.
ii. Article 23 (a) - This article prohibits slavery, beggary or other forms of forced labour. Also,
it criminalises buying and selling of human beings like a commodity. It also prohibits use of
women or girls for immoral purposes.
iii. Article 39 (d) - It provides for equal pay for equal work for both men and women.
2. i. Our Constitution and law offer a wide range of rights. Over the years, the scope of rights has
expanded.
ii. Sometimes, it leads to expansion in the legal rights that the citizen can enjoy. From time to time,
the courts have given judgements to expand the scope of rights.
iii. Certain rights like Right to Freedom of Press, Right to Information and Right to Education are
derived from the Fundamental Rights.
iv. Recently the Supreme Court has expanded the meaning of the Right to Life to include the Right
to Food.
v. So, we can say that, rights are not limited only to Fundamental Rights as enumerated in the
Constitution. In fact, Constitution provides many more rights which may not be Fundamental
Rights.

Worksheet-4
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (d)

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II. Fill in the blanks
1. Democracy 2. Restrict 3. Emergency 4. Six 5. 10 December 1948

III. Very short Answer type Questions

1. In case of infringement of the rights in a democracy citizen can approach courts to protect their rights.
2. In most democracies the basic rights of the citizen are written down in the constitution.
3. Cultural and educational rights allows importing religious instruction in minority educational
institutions.
4. Dr B R Ambedkar called Article 32 of the Indian Constitution i.e. Right to Constitutional remedies as ‘the
heart and soul of the Constitution’.

IV. short Answer type Questions

1. In India, like most other democracies in the world, some rights are mentioned in the Constitution.
These rights are fundamental to our life and therefore they are given a special status. They are called
Fundamental Rights. There are six Fundamental Rights:
(i) Right to Equality
(ii) Right to Freedom
(iii) Right to Freedom of Religion
(iv) Right against Exploitation
(v) Right to Constitutional Remedies
(vi) Cultural and Educational Rights
Fundamental Rights are an important basic feature of the Indian Constitution. The Preamble of the
Constitution talks about securing for all its citizens’ equality, liberty and justice. Fundamental Rights
put this promise into effect. They create a feeling of security amongst the minorities in the country.
They keep a check on the government.
2. Three rights of a detained person are as follows:
i. A person who is arrested and detained in custody will have to be informed of the reasons for
such arrest.
ii. Such a person shall be produced before the nearest magistrate within a period of 24 hours of
arrest.
iii. Such a person has the right to consult a lawyer or engage a lawyer for his defence.

V. Long Answer type Questions

1. Every citizen has a right not to be exploited. There are clear provisions in the Constitution that prevent
exploitation of the weaker sections of the society.
The Constitution mentions three specific evils and declares these illegal:
i. The Constitution prohibits traffic in human beings. Traffic here means selling and buying of human
beings, usually women, for immoral purposes.
ii. Our Constitution also prohibits forced labour or begar in any form.
iii. It also prohibits child labour. No one can employ a child below the age of fourteen to work in any
factory or mine or in any other hazardous work, such as railways and ports.

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2. i. The country is ruled by a hereditary king and the people. The people of Saudi Arabia have no
role in electing or changing their rulers.
ii. The king selects the legislature as well as the executive. He appoints the judges and can change
any of their decisions.
iii. Citizens cannot form political parties or any political organisations.
Rights enjoyed by Indians but not by Saudi Arabians
i. There is no freedom of religion. Every citizen is required to be Muslim. Non-Muslim residents
can follow their religion in private, but not in public.
ii. Women are subjected to many public restrictions. The testimony of one man is considered equal
to that of two women.

VI. Assertion-reasoning
1. →b)
In a democracy every citizen has to have the right to vote and the right to be elected to government.
Rights protect minorities from the oppression of majority.
2. →a)
VII. source-based questions
1. →b) 2. →d) 3. →a) 4. →c)

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 Understanding economic Development

1 the storY oF VILLAGe PALAMPUr

Worksheet-1
organisation of Production
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. Farming is the main activity of the village Palampur.
2. There are total 450 families living in Palampur village.
3. Palampur has two primary schools and one high school.
4. The aim of production is to produce the goods and services that they want.
5. The four requirements for production of goods and services is land, labour, physical capital and
human capital.

II. short Answer type Questions

1. Production requires a variety of raw materials such as the yarn used by the weaver and the clay used
by the potter. Also, some money is always required during production to make payments and buy
other necessary items. Raw materials and money in hand are called working capital. Unlike tools,
machines and buildings, these are used up in production.
2. There are four requirements of production of goods and services. These requirements are known as
factors of production. These are:
i. Land: By land we mean not only the level surface but all gifts of nature which are amenable to
human control, such as water, forests, minerals, etc.
ii. Labour: Manpower required to do the work. The mental and physical work done by people in
an organisation comes under labour.
iii. Physical Capital: It means a variety of inputs required at every stage during production. They
can be classified as:
a. Fixed capital: It includes tools, machines and building that can be used for production for
many years.
b. Working capital: Money in land and raw material that has to be used in current products
are included in working capital.
iv. Enterprise: It means need of knowledge and enterprise to put together all other factors of
production and ability to sell the produce in the market. This is also called human capital.

III. Long Answer type Questions

1. Palampur is well-connected with neighbouring villages and towns. Palampur is a well-developed
village.
i. Transportation: People of Palampur have facilities of transporting goods to other towns and
village with a good transportation system and well-developed roads.

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 ii. Markets and Education: There are small markets set up in Palampur which have all the daily
need commodities available. Kareem is also running computer classes and a good number of
students are learning there. High schools and education for women is available here.
iii. Modern facilities of agriculture: They have a well-developed system of irrigation. Electricity
came early in Palampur. They use modern machinery like tractors, harvesters etc for farming.
Use of HYV seeds and chemical fertilisers is also noticed in Palampur.
iv. Multiple cropping: Farmers of Palampur have adapted multiple cropping. They plant three
crops on a year and never leave their land idle.
2. Basis for Comparison Fixed Capital Working Capital
Meaning Fixed capital refers to any Liquidity (money in hand) and
kind of physical capital, i.e. raw materials are known as
tools, machines and buildings. working capital.
Nature It stays in business almost Working capital is circulating
permanently i.e. for more capital.
than one accounting year.
Purpose It is not used up in production Working capital is invested in
of product but invested in short term assets such as cash,
fixed assets such as land, account receivable, inventory,
building, equipment, etc. etc.
Quantity The fixed capital is needed The working capital is needed
more in quantity as compared less in quantity as compared to
to working capital. fixed capital.

Worksheet-2
Farming in Palampur
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. There is a very heavy competition among farm labourers in Palampur because there are many big
farmes in Palampur. So they hire farm labourers only during some busy seasons like the harvesting
season. Apart from this season, the farm labourers have no work for the whole year.
2. Farming is the main production activity in Palampur. 75 per cent of the people who are working are
dependent on farming for their livelihood.
3. Most small farmers have to borrow money to arrange for the capital. They borrow from large farmers
or the village moneylenders or the traders who supply various inputs for cultivation.
4. Farmers of Palampur follow multiple cropping because this method is the most common way of
increasing production.

II. short Answer type Questions

1. Four requirements for production of goods and services are as follows:
i. Land and other natural resources like water, forests, minerals Labour, i.e. people who would do
the work.
ii. Each worker is providing the labour necessary for production.

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 iii. Third requirement is physical capital, i.e. variety of inputs required at every stage during
production.
iv. Fourth requirement is knowledge and enterprise to be able to put together land, labour and
physical capital and produce an output.
2. Land is fixed in the sense that the total supply of land cannot be increased or decreased.
i. Land is the backbone for farming in Palampur.
ii. About 75% of the people are dependent on farming for their livelihood.
iii. Since 1960, there has been no expansion of land area under cultivation.
iv. And also, there is no scope to increase farm production. Hence, land is fixed for farming in
Palampur.
III. Long Answer type Questions
1. In Palampur, all land is cultivated and no land is left idle. Farmers grow three different crops in a year
with the help of well-developed system of irrigation and electricity facility:
i. During the rainy season (kharif) farmers grow jowar and bajra. These plants are used as cattle
feed.
ii. It is followed by cultivation of potato between October and December.
iii. In the winter season (rabi), fields are sown with wheat. The wheat produced is used for farmer’s
family and to sell the surplus wheat at the market at Raiganj.
iv. Sugar cane is harvested once every year. Sugarcane, in its raw form, or as jaggery, is sold to
traders in Shahpur.
2. The Main reasons to grow three different crops in a year in Palampur are:
i. A well-developed system of irrigation.
ii. Electricity came early to Palampur. It was perceived to help in transforming the system of
irrigation. As earlier Persian wheels, were used to draw water from wells to irrigate small fields.
iii. People noticed that electric-run tube wells could irrigate much large areas of land more
effectively.

Worksheet-3
Non-Farm Activities in Palampur
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. Only 25 per cent of the people working in Palampur were engaged in activities other than agriculture.
2. The market provides a place or the stop where the non-farming activities could prevail. These are
the places where the shopkeepers could send their items and gain money. Market accumulated all
the non-farming activities and provided them with ample source of income.
II. short Answer type Questions
1. Dairy is a common non-farming activity in Palampur. People raise buffaloes for milk. The buffaloes
are fed various kinds of grass, jowar and bajra. The milk is sold to a nearby village.
2. Small-scale manufacturing activity in Palampur village:
i. Small scale manufacturing in Palampur involved production on a small scale by using simple
methods. For example, use of sugarcane crushing machines to procure jaggery in the field itself.
ii. The production work was mostly carried out by family members themselves unlike big
manufacturing outlets in towns where labourers are hired in huge number.

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 iii. Very few people in the village were involved in this sector and because of small scale production,
profit earned was also less.

III. Long Answer type Question

1. There are variety of vehicles on the road connecting Palampur to Raiganj. Rickshawallahs,
tongawallahs, jeep, tractor, truck drivers and people driving the traditional bullock cart and bogey are
people in the transport services. They ferry people and goods from one place to another, and in return
get paid for it. The number of people involved in transport has grown over the last several years.

Worksheet-4
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (a)

II. Fill in the blanks

1. Farming 2. working capital 3. produce 4. multiple cropping 5. water

III. Very short Answer type Questions

1. Aim of production is to produce goods and services.
2. The standard unit of measuring land is hectare. One hectare equals the area of a square with one side
measuring 100 metres.
3. A village of the western part of the state of Uttar Pradesh resembles Palampur.
4. Villagers of Palampur sell jaggery to traders in Shahpur.
5. Farmers of Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh were the first to try out modern farming methods in
India.

IV. short Answer type Questions

1. People in Palampur are able to grow three different crops because they have electricity and well-
developed irrigation system. In the beginning, the tube wells were installed by the government and
gradually many private tube wells were also installed. Many of the farmers grew potato as the third
crop in their field.
2. It is important to increase the area under irrigation because water is very essential for agriculture. In
India, the rainfall is unevenly distributed in the country and if rainfall is less, then production will be
low, and they will be only able to grow one crop in a season. With good irrigation it will be possible
to do multiple cropping, helping to increase the yield per hectare.

V. Long Answer type Questions

1. Positive impacts of Green Revolution
i. It increased significantly the production, to almost 2.5 times in wheat between 1960 and 2010.
ii. Green Revolution has been able to save the lives of millions of people and exponentially increase
the yield of food crops.

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 iii. It improved the economic lot of farmers, and their standard of living greatly improved.
iv. It reduced the import of food grains.
2. Land:
i. Land is a fixed factor of production.
ii. It is a free gift of nature.
iii. It is a passive factor of production.
iv. Production from the same piece of land can be increased by using various modern techniques.
Labour:
i. Labour is an active factor of production.
ii. Farm labourers come either from landless families or families cultivating small plots of land.
iii. Wages are paid to the labour in lieu of the service.
iv. Labour can be either skilled or unskilled.

VI. Assertion-reasoning
1. →a)
2. →c)
Green Revolution is associated with the loss of soil fertility due to increased use of fertilisers.

VII. source-based questions

1. →d) 2. →c) 3. →a) 4. →b)

2 PeoPLe As A resoUrCe
Worksheet-1
economic Activities by Men and Women
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. ‘People as a resource’ is a way of referring to a country’s working people in terms of their existing
productive skills and abilities. As humans contribute to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), they are also
considered as resources.
2. Human resource is the best resource which can make use of all other resources like physical, natural,
etc. If there will be no human knowledge or we can say human resource then any other resources are
of no use. The natural, physical, fixed resources etc. are not human resources.
3. The activities based directly on natural resources are called primary sector. Agriculture can be taken as an
example. We have to depend, mainly upon natural resources like soil, rain, sunlight, etc. to grow crops.
Therefore, agriculture crop is a natural product. In the same way forestry, animal husbandry, mining etc.
are also included in the primary sector.
4. Human capital means the knowledge and enterprise needed to be able to put together the other factors
of production into an output for self-use or to sell in the market.

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II. short Answer type Questions
1. It includes all those activities which are directly or indirectly concerned with production,
purchase and sale of goods and services. So, the production, marketing, advertising, warehousing,
insurance, banking, etc. are all economic activities.
2. Market activities involve remuneration to anyone who performs activity for pay or profit. These
include production of goods or services including government service.

III. Long Answer type Questions

1. Education and skill are the major determinants of the earning of any individual in the market.
i. Education improves productivity and prosperity, and also improve enriched life experience.
ii. It does not only contribute towards the growth of the people but also the development of society as a
whole.
iii. Education increases national income and other cultural richness.
iv. Due to gender discrimination, women are generally denied the education and the necessary
skills to become worthy contributors to the national income.
v. As a result, majority of women have meagre education and low skill formation. This is the
reason women are paid low compared to men.
vi. Most women work where job security is not there. Various activities relating to legal protection
is meagre.
vii. However, women with high education and skill formation are paid at par with the men. Among
the organised sector, teaching and medicine attract them the most.
2. Human Capital:
i. The ability of the humans to learn and the skills that a human inherits to complete a job skillfully and
perfectly is known as human capital. Employees are the human capital of a firm.
ii. It refers to the stock of a nation›s human skills and expertise at a particular point of time.
Human Capital Formation:
• Human capital formation is the process of adding to the stock of human capital over time.
• Human capital can be developed through the creation of skilled, trained, and efficient labour force by
providing better education, health care facilities, etc.
• Highly skilled people can create new ideas and methods of production.

Worksheet-2
Quality of Population
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. The large population is an asset for the economy of the country, if the government spend money on the
people by giving education, health facilities and the job.
2. A vicious cycle may be created by an illiterate parent, who themselves are uneducated and lack in hygiene,
keep their children in a similarly disadvantaged state.
3. The quality of population depends upon the literacy rate, health of a person indicated by life expectancy
and skill formation acquired by the people of the country.
4. Education is useful in making better use of the economic opportunities available to an individual.

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II. short Answer type Questions
1. Three features of national health policy are as follows:
• Increase the expenditure in the health sector. Allocation of 55% of the total public health investment
for the primary health sector.
• Gradual convergence of all health programmes under a single field administration.
• Improvement in the ratio of nurses, doctors and beds.
2. Education helps individual to make better use of the economic opportunities available before him.
Education and skill are the major determinants of the earning of any individual in the market.

III. Long Answer type Questions

1. Sarva Siksha Abhiyan is a significant step towards providing elementary education to all children in the
age group of 6–14 years as a Fundamental Right, by the 86th Amendment of Indian Constitution.
i. As a result of government policy, primary education expanded to over five lakh villages. But this
huge expansion of schools often can not provide quality education as there are high dropout rates.
ii. In order to provide elementary education to all children in the age group of 6-14 years by 2010, the
government has started ‘Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan.’
iii. It is a time-bound initiative of the Central Government in partnership with the states, the local
government and the community for achieving the goal of universalisation of elementary education.
iv. By introducing bridge courses and back to school camps, the government tried to increase the
enrollment in elementary education.
v. Mid-day Meal Scheme has been implemented to encourage attendance and retention of children and
improve their nutritional status.
2. The government took several steps to develop the literacy level in the country. Not only that, they have
taken necessary steps to improve the overall education system in both city and rural areas. Some of the
Measurements taken by the government are:
i. There is a provision made for providing universal access, retention and quality in elementary
education with a special emphasis on girls.
ii. There is also an establishment of pace setting of schools like Navodaya Vidyalaya in each district.
iii. Vocational streams have been developed to equip large number of high school students with
occupations related to knowledge and skills.

Worksheet-3
Unemployment
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. Unemployment is defined as to exist that peoples who are willing to do work at the going wages
can›t find jobs.
2. Seasonal unemployment happens when people are not able to find jobs during some months of the
year.
3. Unemployment leads to wastage of manpower resource. People who are an asset for the economy
turn into a liability. There is a feeling of hopelessness and despair among the youth.

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4. In case of India we have unemployment in rural and urban areas. However, the nature of unemployment
differs in rural and urban areas. In case of rural areas, there is seasonal and disguised unemployment.
Urban areas have mostly educated unemployment.

II. short Answer type Questions

1. Disadvantages of unemployment are as follows:
i. Unemployment leads to wastage of manpower resource.
ii. People who are an asset for the economy turn into a liability.
iii. Unemployment tends to increase economic overload.
iv. The dependence of the unemployed on the working population increases.
Hence, unemployment has detrimental impact on the overall growth of an economy.
2. The nature of unemployment differs in rural and urban areas. In case of rural areas, there is seasonal
and disguised unemployment. Urban areas have mostly educated unemployment.
i. Seasonal unemployment happens when people are not able to find jobs during some months of
the year.
ii. In case of disguised unemployment people appear to be employed.
iii. In case of urban areas educated unemployment has become a common phenomenon. Many
youth with matriculation, graduation and post-graduation degrees are not able to find job.

III. Long Answer type Questions

1. Government has made many strategies for rural and urban areas to solve the problems of unemployment.
They are:
i. Free and mandatory education system at the school level for all the students.
ii. Easy and interest free loan to the citizens for establishing small scale industries. This will also
help the other households and local public to get earning opportunities.
iii. National Rural Employment Guarantee Act. This act provides guaranteed 100 days of
employment each year one person in a family.
2. Different types of unemployment found in India are:
i. Disguised unemployment: In disguised unemployment, people appear to be employed while
actually they are not adding to the productivity. This usually happens among family members
engaged in agricultural activity.
ii. Seasonal unemployment: Seasonal unemployment happens when people are not able to find
jobs during some months of the year. Agriculture in India is not a full-time occupation. It is
seasonal. This type of unemployment is usually found in agriculture.
iii. Educated unemployment: It has become a common phenomenon in urban areas. Many youths
with matriculation, graduation and post-graduation degrees are not able to find jobs. A study
showed that unemployment of graduates and post graduates has increased faster than among
matriculate youths.

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 Worksheet-4
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. (a) Sarva Siksha Abhiyan
2. (d) All of these
3. (d) all of these
4. (a) Non-production activity
5. (c) Third
6. (a) 1 year

II. Fill in the blanks

1. Manufacturing is included in the secondary sector.
2. Non-market activities are the production for self-consumption.
3. Sarva Siksha Abhiyan is a significant step towards providing elementary education.
4. Health is an indispensable basis for realising one’s well-being.
5. Unemployment leads to wastage of manpower resource.

III. Very short Answer type Questions

1. Population becomes human capital when there is investment made in the form of education, training
and medical care. In fact, human capital is the stock of skill and productive knowledge embodied in
them.
2. Increase in longevity of life is an indicator of good quality of life marked by self-confidence.

IV. short Answer type Questions

1. Some important features of Sarva Siksha Abhiyan are :
i. To provide useful and elementary education for all children in the 6-14 years age group.
ii. To bridge social, regional and gender gaps with the active participation of the community in the
management of school.
iii. To allow children to learn about and master their natural environment.
iv. To inculcate value-based learning among children.
v. To realise the importance of early childhood care and education.
2. Indian Government is trying their best to improve the literacy level in the country and they have taken
many necessary steps in recent times to improve the overall education system in both city and rural
areas.
i. Free education system is more and more spread by the Government in various areas of India
especially in the rural territories.
ii. In recent years Government has established more and more schools in various rural areas.
iii. Government has taken various effective schemes to spread education in various remote areas.
Sarva Siksha Aviyan Scheme is one of them. In this scheme, the government is providing
education to many students absolutely free.

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V. Long Answer type Questions
1. There are some people who regard population as liability rather than an asset. But it is not true; people
can be turned into a productive asset if we make investment on them through education, training and
medical care.
i. Just as land, water, forests, minerals are our precious natural resources, human beings are also
a precious resource. Human beings are not only consumers of national assets they can also be
creators of national wealth.
ii. In fact, human resources are superior to other resources like land and capital because they make
use of land and capital. Land and capital cannot be useful on their own.
iii. We can take an example of Japan. The country has invested in human resource, because it did
not have any natural resource. The people have made efficient use of other resources like land
and capital. Efficiency and technology evolved by people have made Japan a rich and developed
country.
2. The detrimental impact of unemployment is as follows:
i. Unemployment negatively impacts the economy of the country. This is because unemployment
creates a feel of hopelessness and depression among the unemployed people.
ii. Unemployment results in the wastage of human resource as people are not involved in any kind
of productive activities. This makes them a liability for the nation.
iii. Unemployed people are not able to support their families and educate their children. This makes
the entire family dependent on the nation, and hence, the dependence of unemployed people
increases on the working population of the country.
iv. The quality of life of an unemployed person deteriorates which also impacts the social life of a
person. This may result in people engaging in illegal activities such as theft, robbery, etc.
v. Increasing trends towards unemployment is an indicator of a depressed economy where most of
its human resource is not engaged in any productive activity.

VI. Assertion-reasoning
1. →d)
Educated parents are found to invest more heavily on the education of their child. This is because
they have realized the importance of education for themselves. They are conscious of proper nutrition
and hygiene. They accordingly look after their children’s needs for education at school and good
health.
2. →c)
Our national policy aims at improving the accessibility of healthcare, family welfare and nutritional
service with a special focus on the underprivileged segment of the population.

VII. source-based questions

1. →a) 2. →c) 3. →b) 4. →d)

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 3 PoVertY As A ChALLeNGe
Worksheet-1
two typical Cases of Poverty
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. Poverty is a situation in which a person is unable to get the minimum basic necessities of life, i.e.,
food, clothing and shelter for his or her sustenance.
2. In India, the concept of Poverty line is used as a measure of absolute poverty. So BPL (Below Poverty
Line) is a line which demarcate the people, who are living below the poverty from those, who are
living above the poverty line.
3. Mass poverty is a situation in which a large section of people in economy are deprived of the basic
necessities.
4. The four poverty ridden states in India are:
i. Bihar
ii. Orissa
iii. Chhattisgarh
iv. Jharkhand

II. short Answer type Questions

1. The major objectives of the Prime Minister Rozgar Yojna are as follows:
i. The Yojana was launched in 1993.
ii. The aim of the programme is to create self-employment opportunities for educated unemployed
youth in rural areas and small towns.
iii. Under this unemployed are helped in setting up small business and industries.
2. i. States with poverty ratio more than the national average: Orissa, Bihar, Assam, Tripura and
Uttar Pradesh are the most poverty ridden states of India. The poverty ratio in these states is
much higher than the national average. Orissa and Bihar are the poorest states with poverty ratio
of 47 and 43 respectively. Most of these states are facing rural as well as urban poverty.
ii. States with poverty ratio less than the national average: Recent studies show that in 20
states and union territories, the poverty ratio is less than the national average. There has been a
significant decline in poverty ratio in Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and West
Bengal.
iii. States with low poverty ratio: States like Punjab, Haryana, Goa, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu
Kashmir have very low percentage of population living below the poverty line.

III. Long Answer type Questions

1. Major reasons of poverty in India are as follows:
i. Lack of industrialisation: India is very backward from the industrial point of view. Hardly 3
per cent of the total working population is engaged in the large- scale industry.

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 ii. Over dependence on agriculture: Even after more than 60 years of independence more than
60 per cent of our total population still depends on agriculture for its livelihood. Due to shortage
of inputs, our agriculture is backward.
iii. Inflationary pressure: Upward trend in prices adversely affects the poor sections of the society.
iv. Unemployment: Due to lack of job opportunities, more than 90 lakhs of our total working force
is unemployed.
2. The targeted anti-poverty programmes undertaken by the government are as follows:
i. The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act was passed in September
2005. The act provides 100 days assured employment every year, to every rural household, in
200 districts.
ii. The central government will also establish National Employment Guarantee Funds. Similarly,
state governments will establish State Employment Guarantee Funds for implementation of the
scheme.
iii. Under the programme, if an applicant is not provided employment within 15 days he or she will
be entitled to a daily unemployment allowance.
iv. Another scheme is the National Food for Work Programme (NFWP) which was launched in
2004, in 150 most backward districts of the country. The programme is open to all rural people
who are in need of wage employment and desire to do manual unskilled work. Under this
scheme, foodgrains are provided free of cost to the states.

Worksheet-2
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (b)

II. Fill in the blanks

1. Prime Minister Rozgar Yozana 2. Poverty 3. 2100 4. Socialist 5. Poverty

III. Very short Answer type Questions

1. The factors of human poverty are illiteracy, population, unemployment, child labour, poor health/
malnutrition, and helplessness.
2. Level of income and level of consumption are the indicators of poverty.
3. Since people living in rural areas engage themselves in more physical work, so calorie requirement
in rural areas is higher than in the urban areas.

IV. short Answer type Questions

1. Poverty is a curse because
i. Most of the poor people live with a sense of helplessness.
ii. Poor people are debarred from the basic necessity if life, i.e. good health, drinking water etc.
2. Following are the three social indicators through which poverty is looked upon:
i. Lack of access to health care facilities.
ii. Illiteracy levels

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 iii. Lack of job opportunities.
iv. Lack of general resistance due to malnutrition
v. Lack of access to safe drinking water
vi. Lack of access to safe sanitation facilities.
(Student may write any three)

V. Long Answer type Questions

1. i. Poverty means hunger and lack of shelter.
ii. It is a situation in which parents are not able to send their children to school or a situation where
sick people cannot afford treatment.
iii. Poverty also means lack of clean water and sanitation facilities.
iv. It also means lack of a regular job at a minimum decent level.
2. i. Over a period of thirty years lasting up to the early eighties, there were little per capita income
growth and not much reduction in poverty. Official poverty estimates which were about 45 per
cent in the early 1950s remained the same even in the early eighties.
ii. Since the eighties, India’s economic growth has been one of the fastest in the world. The growth
rate jumped from the average of about 3.5% a year in the 1970s to about 6 % cent during the
1980s and 1990s. The higher growth rates have helped significantly in the reduction of poverty.
iii. Economic growth widens opportunities and provides the resources needed to invest in human
development.

VI. Assertion-reasoning
1. →b)
It is a process through which individuals or groups are excluded from facilities, benefits and
opportunities that others (their “betters”) enjoy.
2. →a)

VII. source-based questions

1. →b) 2. →d) 3. →a) 4. →c)

4 FooD seCUrItY IN INDIA

Worksheet-1
overview, role of Cooperatives in Food security
I. Very short Answer type Questions
1. Food security means availability, accessibility and affordability of food to all people at all times.
2. Food security depends upon the following factors:
i. Buffer stock
ii. Public Distribution System (PDS)

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 iii. Vigilancy of the government at the time of natural calamity
iv. Food production
3. Buffer Stock is the stock of food grains, namely wheat and rice procured by the government through
Food Corporation of India (FCI).
4. Four cooperative societies working in different states of India are as follows:
i. AMUL in Gujarat
ii. Mother Dairy in Delhi
iii. Aavin is a cooperative milk producer in Tamil Nadu
iv. Dabbawala of Mumbai is the century old cooperative society delivering tiffin.

II. short Answer type Questions

1. Food security has the following dimensions:
i. Availability of food: It means food production within the country, food imports and the previous
years stock stored in government granaries.
ii. Accessibility: It means food is within reach of every person.
iii. Affordability: It implies that an individual has enough money to buy sufficient, safe and
nutritious food to meet one’s dietary needs.
2. Major features of Public Distribution System in India are:
i. The PDS has proved to be the most effective instrument of government policy over the years in
stabilising prices and making food available to consumers at affordable prices.
ii. It has been instrumental in averting widespread hunger and famine by supplying food from
surplus regions of the country to the deficit ones.
iii. The system, including the minimum support price and procurement has contributed to an
increase in food grain production and provided income security to farmers in certain regions.
iv. It has minimized hoarding and black marketing.

III. Long Answer type Questions

1. Our government has undertaken a number of measures to provide food security to the poor. A brief account
of these measures is given below:
i. Maintenance of Buffer Stock: Our government maintains buffer stock of food grains through Food
Corporation of India.
ii. Public Distribution System: The food procured by the FCI is distributed among the poor through
ration shops. Presently, there are 4.6 lakh ration shops int the country.
iii. Nutritional Programmes: In order to provide national security, our government has launched
various schemes. In 2000 two special schemes were launched one Antyodaya Anna Yojana and
second Annapurna Schemes.
iv. The former relate to the poorest of the poor, while the latter targets senior citizens. Under AAY
scheme 35 kilograms food grains are made available t to each eligible family at the rate Rs 2 per kg
of wheat and Rs 3 per kg for rice. Under APS 10 kilograms of food grain is made available to the
eligible persons free of cost.
2. Minimum Support Price is the pre-fixed/announced price for the crop that is declared every year
by the government to the farmers before the sowing season to provide incentives (payment/insurance
for crop) for raising the production of crop.
The advantages are:-

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 i. It improves the economic condition of the farmer.
ii. It encourages crop growth of the specific type in need by the government.
iii. It ensures a market crop failure by the purchase of government.
iv. The buffer-stock increases as the crop is purchased through MSP.

Worksheet-2
Based on Complete Chapter
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (a)

II. Fill in the blanks

1. Famine 2. Province of Bengal 3. Hunger 4. Harvesting 5. 2000

III. Very short Answer type Questions

1. Punjab has high food security.
2. Singapore has absolute food security.
3. Accessibility means the food is within reach of every person.
4. FCI stands for Food Corporation of India

IV. short Answer type Questions

1. People more prone to food insecurity are as follows:
i. Food insecure in rural areas: Although a large section of people suffer from food and nutrition
insecurity in India, the worst affected groups are landless people , with little or no land to depend
upon, traditional artisans, providers of traditional services, petty self employed workers and
destitutes including beggars.
ii. Food insecure in urban areas: In the urban areas, the food insecure families are those whose
working members are generally employed in ill-paid occupations and casual labour market.
These workers are largely engaged in seasonal activities and are paid very low wages that just
ensure bare survival.
iii. Social composition and food insecurity: The social composition along with the inability to
buy food also plays a role in food insecurity. The SCs, STs and some sections of the OBCs
(lower castes among them) who have either poor land-base or very low land productivity are
prone to food insecurity.
iv. Migrants and people affected by natural disasters: The people affected by natural disasters,
who have to migrate to other areas in search of work, are also among the most food insecure
people.
v. Food insecurity within a family: A high incidence of malnutrition prevails among women.
This is a matter of serious concern as it puts even the unborn baby at the risk of malnutrition.
A large proportion Of pregnant and nursing mothers and children under the age of 5 years
constitute an important segment of the food insecure population.

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2. The National Food for Work Programme was implemented on November 14, 2004. At the district
level, the collector is the nodal officer who plans and monitors the programmes. Nearly 150 districts
of the most backward area are benefited with the generation of supplementary wage employment. It
is mainly focused on the rural poor who are in need of wage employment and willing to do manual
unskilled work.

V. Long Answer type Questions

1. Following points showcase the impact of the Green Revolution on agriculture in India:
i. It enabled Indian agriculture to make the transition from a subsistence based field to a commercial
and market oriented industry.
ii. It contributed to the development of intensive agricultural production system. It increased yields
and enabled India to achieve self-sufficiency in terms of food grain production.
iii. It enabled the adoption of new technology that created more employment opportunities in the
agricultural sector.
iv. It helped farmers to obtain increasing returns from agriculture by greater utilisation of agricultural
inputs.
v. It increased rural prosperity to a great extent.
2. Under public distribution system or the PDS, the Government has opened more than 4.6 lakh ration
shops all over the country to distribute foodgrains and other essential goods to the poor people at
reasonable rates.
Importance of Public Distribution System:
i. The PDS has proved to be the most effective instrument of government policy over the years in
stabilising prices and making food available to consumers at affordable prices.
ii. It has been instrumental in averting widespread hunger and famine by supplying food from
surplus regions of the country to the deficit ones.
iii. The system, including the minimum support price and procurement has contributed to an
increase in food grain production and provided income security to farmers in certain regions.
iv. It has minimized hoarding and black marketing.

VI. Assertion-reasoning
1. →b)
Food security depends on the Public Distribution System (PDS) and government vigilance and action
at times, when this security is threatened.
2. →a)

VII. source-based questions

1. →c) 2. →b) 3. →d) 4. →a)

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