The Role of Community Care Coalition Program in Child

Protection: Practices and Challenges in Abune Zena Markos

Children and Adult Supporting Association

By

Addisu Tsegaye Estifanos

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION AND BEHAVIORAL STUDIES

CENTER FOR EARLY CHILDHOOD CARE AND EDUCATION
ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY

January, 2023
A.A.U
The Role of Community Care Coalition Program in Child
Protection: Practices and Challenges in Abune Zena Markos
Children and Adult Supporting Association

BY

Addisu Tsegaye Estifanos

MA Thesis Submitted to the Center for Early Childhood Care and Education
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts
in ECCE

Advisor: Girma Lemma (PhD)

January, 2023
A.AU
 ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY

CENTER FOR EARLY CHILDHOOD CARE AND EDUCATION

Letter of Approval
Signing Examine Committee

Advisor Signature Date

Internal Examiner Signature Date

External Examiner Signature Date

_______________________________ ________________ _______________

Chairman of Center Graduate program Coordinator

 Declaration!

I here with declare that the thesis entitled “The Role of Community Care Coalition Program in

Child Protection: Practices and Challenges in Abune Zena Markos Children and Adult

Supporting Association” is my original work and never been presented in any other University or

Institution.

Addisu Tsegaye Estifanos

Signature:
 Acknowledgements
First and for most I would like to thank my Almighty God. Also I would like to extend my

deepest gratitude and appreciation to my advisor Girma Lemma (PH.D) for constructive

comment from research design to an end. I have benefited a lot from your academic assistance,

guidance and comment.

I have sincere appreciation to my collegians for moral support to my attention and from whom I

got necessary materials for my research proposal. You all have given me an outstanding support,

professional assistance and timely comment. I would like also to thank all research participants

who open their office to me, community and all others, for sharing their experience and opinions.

Finally, I would like to thank my family. Especial thanks go to my lovely wife Daginash for her

immeasurable support throughout my whole of life.

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 Table of Contents
Page

Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................... i
Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................ ii
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ............................................................................................. iv
Abstracts ......................................................................................................................................... v
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1
1.1Background of the study ........................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem ...................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Objective of the Study ........................................................................................................... 4
1.3.1 General Objective .................................................................................................................................... 4
1.3.2 Specific Objective.................................................................................................................................... 4
1.4 Research Question ................................................................................................................. 5
1.5 Scope of the Study................................................................................................................. 5
1.6 Significance of the Study ...................................................................................................... 5
1.7 Limitation of the Study ......................................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATEDLITERATURE......................................................... 7
2.1 Conceptual Framework ......................................................................................................... 7
2. 2. The preschool Environment and Parents’ communication ........................................................ 7
2.2.1 Community Care ..................................................................................................................................... 8
2.2.2 Community Care Coalitions .................................................................................................................. 9
2.2.3 Community Coalition System ............................................................................................................. 10
2.2.4 Child Protection ..................................................................................................................................... 11
2.2.5 Child Protection System ....................................................................................................................... 11
2.3 Coalition Capacity Building ................................................................................................ 12
2.4Coalition Functioning........................................................................................................... 13
2.5The role of Community Coalition ........................................................................................ 14
2.6 Coalition Effectiveness ....................................................................................................... 15
2.7 Child Vulnerability.............................................................................................................. 16
2.8 Theoretical Frameworks ...................................................................................................... 17
2.9 The role of Parents’ Participation in Preschool Education ................................................. 18
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................................... 20
3.1 Research design and methodology ...................................................................................... 20
3.2 Data Sources ........................................................................................................................ 21
3.3. Methods of Data Collection ............................................................................................... 21
3.3.1 Key Informant Interviews .................................................................................................................... 21
3.3.2 Focus Group Discussion (FGD) .......................................................................................................... 22
3.3.3 Observation ............................................................................................................................................ 22
3.4 Sampling techniques ........................................................................................................... 23
3.5 Data Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 23

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CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION .......................................... 24
4.1 The Role of CCC Program .................................................................................................. 24
4.1.1 The Role of CCC in Economic Support............................................................................................. 24
4.1.2 The Role of CCC in Health Support ................................................................................................... 25
4.1.3 The Role of CCC in Referral Services................................................................................................ 26
4.1.4 The Role of CCC in Education Support ............................................................................................. 27
4.1.5 The role of CCC in Counseling Services ........................................................................................... 27
4.1.6 The Role of CCC in Capacity Building Service................................................................................ 28
4.1.7 The Role of CCC in Reunification and Reintegration Services ...................................................... 29
4.1.7.1 Providing Reunification Service ............................................................................ 29
4.1.7.2 Providing Reintegration Service ............................................................................ 30
4.2 The practices of CCC Program ........................................................................................... 31
4.2.1 Protecting Children from Economic Exploitation............................................................................. 31
4.2.2 Utilizing Cash Transfer to Enhance Child Protection....................................................................... 31
4.2.3 Utilizing Animation to Child Right Advocacy.................................................................................. 32
4.2.4 Mobilizing Community through Street Theater ................................................................................ 32
4.2.5 Promoting Children Participation in Society ..................................................................................... 33
4.2.6 Supporting Child Development ........................................................................................................... 33
4.2.7 Providing Psychological and Emotional Support.............................................................................. 34
4.3 The challenges of CCC Program ......................................................................................... 34
4.3.1 Structural Challenge .............................................................................................................................. 35
4.3.2 Financial Challenge............................................................................................................................... 36
4.3.3 The Accreditation Challenge ............................................................................................................... 37
4.3.4 Professional Challenge ......................................................................................................................... 38
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ............................................. 40
5.1 Conclusion........................................................................................................................... 40
5.2 Recommendation ................................................................................................................. 42
References ..................................................................................................................................... 44
Appendixes ................................................................................................................................... 49

iii
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
ACRWC: African Charter on the Right and Welfare of the Child

BoLSA: Bureau of Labour and Social Affairs

BoWCA: Bureau of Women and Children affairs

CCCs: Community Care Coalitions

CCGs :Community Care Groups

CSOs :Civil Society Organizations

EBP:Evidence Based Practice

FDRE : Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

FGM/C : Female Genital Mutilation or Cutting

GTP: Growth and Transformation Plan

GOs: Governmental Organizations

ID:Identification Card

IGAs: Income Generating Activities

MoLSA :Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs

MoWA :Ministry of Women Affairs

MoWCA: Ministry of Woman and Children Affairs

NGOs : Non-Governmental Organizations

NSPP: National Social Protection Policy of Ethiopia

PLWHA: People Living with HIV /AIDS

UNCRC: United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child

UNICEF : United Nations International Children Emergency Fund

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 Abstracts
The purpose of this thesis is to explore the Role of Community Care Coalition Program in Child
Protection: Practices and Challenges in Abune Zena Markos Children and Adult Supporting
Association. In doing so, the researcher has used qualitative research approach mainly
secondary sources. Review of books, scientific articles and recently completed in-country works
and researches involving document analysis has been made. For primary sources, the researcher
has conducted key informant interviews, observation and administered focus group discussions.
The research findings of this thesis indicate that the main roles of Community Care Coalitions
are Economic strength, education, health and referral services. Furthermore, the practices of
Community Care Coalitions are protecting children from economic exploitation, utilizing cash
transfer, using animation for child right advocacy, mobilizing community through street theatre,
promoting children participation in society, supporting child development and providing
emotional and psychological support. Reflecting on the above findings research result suggests
that; the identified packages of practices have brought changes to the lives of selected venerable
children and families at three different levels as high, medium and low. Capacity building,
resource mobilization and data collection as strategy by Community Care Coalitions have
guided positive change to happen on the lives of beneficiaries. Structural, financial and
accreditation and professional challenges have negatively affected Community Care Coalitions
functioning. Focusing on local resource, knowledge, institution, integrating formal and informal
actors and using planned program are the key sustainability pillars of Community Care
Coalitions.

v
 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1Background of the study
Communities have their own means of managing crises faced by their members in traditional
societies. They have been supporting each other during times of impoverishment, accidents,
chronic problems, sickness and death of members. The supports for such circumstances come
from Idir, Ekub and Mahiber1 (Mezegbu, 2007). Often, community problems or issues are too
large and complex for any one agency or organization to tackle. In these circumstances, putting
together a coalition of groups and individuals can be an effective strategy for changing the
programs and policies in schools, business, government and other relevant sectors that are
needed to solve the problem or achieve the goal. In community, children are among our most
vulnerable populations. The injustices suffer many children are unspeakable and occur in all
corners of the globe in all walks of life. The term “child protection” is very broad and can
encompass a wide range of issues. Custody and support, child abuse and neglect, violence
against children, child prostitution, child pornography, sex tourism, child labor, and trafficking in
children are just some of the issues that arise when discussing child
protection(JohnsHopkinsUniversity,2013).

However, communities have their own means of managing crises faced by their members in
traditional societies. However, the role of community based support systems is most of the time
treated as informal and has been less emphasized in literature (Kassaw, 2006).

Community care coalitions (CCCs) are different from traditional support network. Community
care coalitions follow system based approach unlike traditional support networks. Coalitions
integrated formal, informal and local Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) unlike traditional
support networks focusing on members and their contribution. Community based child
protection groups are sustainable when they are owned and driven by community, in this case by
community care coalitions (Save the children 2013)

Community care coalitions are groups of individuals and/or organizations at local level
that join together for common purpose of expanding and enhancing care for People living with
HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) and most vulnerable children in communities. Groups providing care
directly are community care groups (CCGs), those with mainly a coordination role are called

1
CCCs. CCCs include heads of churches, volunteers, the government, businesses, NGOs and
CBOs providing material and financial support locally (Caitlin, Medley, Michael& Kevin,
2010)

Historically, CCC as a program has begun to be implemented in the western world. In Britain,
Community Care Coalitions were used for treating and caring for physically disable and
mentally ill people at their homes. Institutional care was the target of widespread criticism during
the 1960s and 1970s. The government then adopted a community care policy that mainly aimed
to maintain individuals in their own homes or wherever possible, rather than providing care in a
long-stay institution or residential establishment. As a result, the policy was found to be the best
option from a humanitarian and moral perspective and it is also cheaper and effective (CADCA,
2013)

According to National Social Protection Policy of Ethiopia, (2015), CCCs shall be

strengthened and expanded to play significant role in the implementation of productive and
social safety net programs. Social protection is part of social policy framework that focuses on
reducing poverty, social and economic risk of citizens, vulnerability and exclusion by taking
measures through formal and informal mechanisms to ascertain accessible and equitable growth
to all (NSPP, 2015, p.7).

Child protection is therefore, one component of social protection focusing on system based
measure to problems encountering vulnerable children. Accordingly, the policy gives special
attention to vulnerable children and others under difficult circumstances. Currently, there are 6.6
million orphans out of which hundred thousand are street children in Ethiopia (UNICEF, 2018).
This indicates rampant child vulnerability in the country. The major child protection services that
have been provided by CCCs to vulnerable children are health, nutrition and education, for
supporting children and family. In providing services, coalitions need skills like, leadership,
management, coordination and reporting and use service delivery strategies. Major challenges
that affected the functioning of coalition are low awareness and low initiative of members
(CCCimplementation guideline, 2010).

As indicated in the guideline, in Ethiopia, services provided to vulnerable children are

formal for governmental and CSOs and informal for local community members and most

2
importantly, both operate independently. Joint actions of formal and informal support systems
guided by implementation manual are current attempts starting from 2015 for sustaining child
protection locally through CCCs supported by policy. Thus, the major purpose of this study is
to explore the role of community care coalitions for child protection by emphasis on Practices
and Challenges in the Case of Abune Zena Markos Children and Adult Supporting Association.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

As observed, CCC program was believed to be started in 1960s and those practices strengthened
in 1970s. Those coalitions, however, were mostly used for solving problems related with health
and child protection.

In the Ethiopian context, community care coalitions are being implemented to help
the needy. The Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs together with the Ministry of Women
and Children Affairs are working on organizing and supporting such coalitions. They work
together with non-governmental organizations and other care groups. UNICEF involves in
the coalitions for child protection in five regions (UNICEF, 2011). Similarly, World Vision
works with community care groups and community care coalitions in Africa and around the
world.

In the field of research some studies have been conducted on the role of community care
coalition focusing on coalition formation, capacity building, functioning, role and effectiveness.
Kegler & Honeycutt (2010) have conducted a study on the influence of community context on
coalitions in the formation stage. They found that community participation, geography, politics,
history, norms and values have influenced coalition for agency selection, staffing and leadership,
membership, processes and structure.

Most of the studies that have been conducted so far on community care coalition have
focused on community facilitation and mobilization for health service in western context. To my
information, only few studies are conducted by Binega (2013),Ababe (2016) and Firehiwot
Woldesilassie (2019) and HermelaTamasgen (2018) on the areas of community care coalitions in
Ethiopia. However their study areas were limited only too few coalitions out of twenty providing
different services. Abebe (2016) authored another study. The author focused on Community Care
Coalitions for child protection in Assosacity administration.

3
Exploring the effectiveness of community care coalitions to protect
vulnerable and orphan children in Addis Abeba, Keraniosub city is the study area of the third
research by Yeshewahareg (2016). Hermele Temesgen (2018) also explored on Effects and
outcomes of Community Care Coalitions on Child Protection in Gullele Sub- City woreda3,
Addis Ababa. As one can understood from above, those studies focused on explaining the major
services provided by community care coalitions for children and on child vulnerability issues.

Therefore, aforementioned studies have gone through limited number of coalitions. The gap that
the researcher saw include: the situation in community care coalition in study area is far from
this expectation. Most of the public and private school Child Care, and Education centers in rural
towns are not having full patronage from parents. Equally, children of preschool age that are yet
to be enrolled into Child protection could be seen in large numbers in many homes within
communities in the study area. If this problem continued in the same manner children cannot get
any benefit from community and also unable to develop their protection to them. So the major
objective of this study is emphasizing on Practices and Challenges community care coalition for
child protection and identifies the problems related to it and to suggest feasible solution that
enable to mitigate the problems.

Thus, the researcher thinks that the Practices and Challenges of community care coalition for
child protection may be emphasizingby methods and techniques parents employ in their children.

1.3 Objective of the Study

1.3.1 General Objective

The general objective of this study is to explore the role of community care coalition for
child protection emphasizing on Practices and Challenges in the AbuneZenaMarkos Children
and Adult Supporting Association.

1.3.2 Specific Objective

1. To investigate major role of community care coalition in child protection services provided to
vulnerable children in Abune Zena Markos Children and Adult Supporting Association
2. To explore the practices employed by community care coalition in providing child
protection service in AbuneZena Markos Children and Adult Supporting Association

4
3. To examine the challenges of community care coalition in child protection services provided
to vulnerable children in Abune Zena Markos Children and Adult Association service.
4. To investigate sustainability of community care coalitions programming in the study area.

1.4 Research Question

1. What are the major role of community care coalition in child protection services provided to
vulnerable children in Abune Zena Markos Children and Adult Supporting Association?
2. How performs the employed by community care coalition in providing child protection service
of Abune Zena Markos Children and Adult Supporting Association?
3. What are the main challenges of community care coalition in child protection services
provided to vulnerable children in Abune Zena Markos Children and Adult Supporting
Association?
4.How can community care coalitions ensure service sustainability of child protection in the
study area?

1.5 Scope of the Study

Community Care Coalitions are being implemented in different regions of Ethiopia.
However, the study focuses on the role of community care coalition programme practiced in
Abune Zena Markos Children and Adult Supporting Association?

1.6 Significance of the Study

The primary significance of this study may help policy makers to identify practices and
challenges of community care coalition in child protection and inspire their sense of
responsibility. Thus, it is crucial for anyone who wants to know the role of community care
coalition program in child protection by emphasize on Practices and Challenges. It has also
significance for child protection and community development activists who are interested in
advocating for the right of children. The study explored the roles of community care coalition for
child protection service the study identified and analyzed key child protection services delivered
by community care coalition to vulnerable children and their families. By forwarding community
care coalition to focus on changing norms that predispose children to violence and abuse, this
study addressed the research questions stated. Offer clue and pave a way for further study that
may be conducted in depth.

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1.7 Limitation of the Study
From the very beginning, it was intended to investigate the role of community care coalition for
child protection emphasizing on Practices and Challenges of Abune Zena Marcos Childers and
Youth Association. However, because of scarcity of enough time this study was confined it only
on the stated area. In addition, it would have been better if the study had been conducted at
different area. Another limitation was that while collecting data through interview some
respondents were afraid to give responses freely. However, all necessary information was given
to solve these problems and to make this study complete.Therefore, the paper will only show a
bird’s eye view about community care coalition program by take in to account practices and
challenges of Abune Zena Marcos Childers and Youth Association

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 CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATEDLITERATURE
This chapter offers conceptual definitions of different terms and theories. In other words, it was
grounded by conceptual definition of community care, community care coalition, child
protection and grounded by theories which help as a road map to the subject under study.
Moreover, it identifies International best practices and approaches to community care coalition
and its challenges. Moreover, this chapter covers an enquiry into how concepts and theories are
understood and how to identify practices and challenges of community care coalition as context.

2.1 Conceptual Framework

2. 2. The preschool Environment and Parents’ communication

The preschool climate is also one of the factors that affect parents’ participation. Communication
knowledge, meeting preference, time, personal affairs, economic problems (Cock Burn, 2004), parents
and teachers’ attribution are also other constraints. Parents beliefs about what is important, necessary
and permissible for them to do with and on behalf of their children; The extent to which parents believe
that they can have a positive influence on their children’s education; and Parents’ perceptions that their
children and school want them to be involve.
Parent preschools communication facilitates children’s skills and knowledge development. A
child’s first experiences in school are often parents’ first experiences as critical stakeholders in
their child’s formal schooling. Parent school relationship during preschool may also allow
parents to develop skills in working collaboratively with school personnel. Parent involvement
may be particularly important for children from low-income families. The preschool years are
therefore an optimal time to establish good communication between to familiarize parents of
children at-risk for academic difficulties with the skills children need to acquire prior to entering
elementary school (File, & Juan, (2010). The social development of a child is influenced by
parental. So, effective communication between parents and school is vital on the child’s social
development as his or her parents directly correlates with the relationships and social behavior
the child will have throughout life.

The relationship between parents and their child will also influence different aspects of his or her
social development. For example, when a child is very young, the child will look to parents to
see how to respond to ambiguous situations as a form of social referencing. In this manner, the

7
child learns proper social behavior from imitating the behavior of the parents specifically; a child
will learn how to address conflict from the influence of his or her parents.

Throughout each form of psychosocial development, parents play a vital role in the positive
development of their child. Parents who influence the development of their child in a positive
manner tend to have particular qualities and characteristics. These parents tend to be responsive,
demanding, accepting and emphasize discussion and interaction (Collins., 2000) It is evident
that parents greatly influence the development of their child. In the emotional sense, a positive
parental influence can help a child establish a healthy personality and reach identity
achievement. Parents also aid in the development of their child’s moral reasoning and judgment
skills through supportive discussions and conversations.

Lastly, a close, secure relationship between the child and his or her parents influences the social
behavior of the child in the future. The environmental aspect of development is especially
important in the psychosocial development of a child (Collin. 2000). Scholars suggest that
parents’ involvement in children’s education may come through their participation in both home
and school activities and that such parental involvement enhances children’s educational
achievement. It has been suggested that families that have both parents undertaking the role as
disciplinarian and authoritarian and are more involved with the family have children with higher
academic achievement (Walker, 2004).

2.2.1 Community Care

In any community, there are different groups of people who are poor and vulnerable,
in need of support and protection. However, communities have their own mechanism to
support those groups. Community care is providing the services and supports necessary for
such groups of people to be able to live as independently as possible in their own homes or in
homely setting in the community (Slater, 1994).According to White & Harris, 2001)community
care is an aspect of the modernization agenda for social services which continues to stress the
importance of a consumer-focused strategy. The strategy based on principles such as care should
be provided to people in a way that supports their independence and respects their dignity;
services should meet people’s specific needs.

8
2.2.2 Community Care Coalitions
According to Ababe (2016), communities have their own means of managing crises faced by
their members. They have been supporting each other during times of impoverishment,
accidents, chronic problems, sickness, and death of members. Communities in Ethiopia have a
strong tradition of supporting and caring for their members who are poor, destitute, and
vulnerable. A range of community formations and structures exist in the Country with varying
roles, but with
common objectives of providing care, support and protection. Those traditional compassionate
systems are elements of social capitals. We can mention different carrying systems that are
traditional such as–Iddir, Mahber, Iqub, Debo and others. These are support mechanisms
focusing on making contributions in resolving the social and economic problems of the poor,
destitute and vulnerable (Mezgebu, 2007).

Community care coalitions are one of the tools to achieve community development.
Community care coalition is defined as group of individuals representing diverse
organization, factions or constituencies within a community who agree to work together to
achieve a common goal (Butterfoss & Kegler, 2002). Community coalition can also be
defined as a group that involve multiple sectors of the community, and who come together to
address community needs and solve community problems (Wolf, 2000).

Community care coalitions are groups of individuals and/or organizations at local

level that join together for common purpose of expanding and enhancing care for most
vulnerable children and people living with HIV/AIDS in communities. Community care
coalitions include heads of churches, volunteers, the government, businesses, NGOs and
CBOs providing material, financial and physical support at local level. Including individuals
and organizations at the local level in coalitions is important because they are best able to
understand the strengths, needs, and challenges of the children and families in their
community. Community members are able to identify intervention strategies, which are
feasible and most appropriate within the community context (Mead, 2013).
Community coalition is different from other forms of coalitions. Community
coalitions are composed of community members focusing mainly on local issues than
national issues, addresses community needs, builds community assets, and helps resolve

9
community problems through collaboration (Wolf, 2000). Effective community care
coalitions engage the community in coalition building or formation.
Community care coalitions consists different groups and individuals as members.
Those members are called coalition groups. Coalition groups are supposed to be broad based
and widely inclusive community structure. Broad community engagement is essential to
strengthen the capacity of the community to identify, understand, and address complex
problems (World Vision, 2005).

Coalitions begin with an initial core group of committed member. The coalition effectiveness
increases when the core group expands to include a broad constituency representative of the
diversity of the community. Community care coalitions that are established to protect orphan and
vulnerable children includes all stakeholders that are concerned and already taking action to
protect orphan and vulnerable children (World Vision, 2005).

As observed, the coalitions could include community-based organizations, local NGOs, churches
and other faith based organizations. It also includes schools, traditional leaders, health care
facilities, political leaders at local level, parents’ groups, youth groups and clubs, micro finance
groups, saving clubs, orphan and vulnerable children themselves, households caring, human
rights and child advocacy groups, local businesses and similar other groups

2.2.3 Community Coalition System

According to (Cannan& Warren, 2003), the systematic interaction among community members
and their interdependence make up social capital. Institutions within communities and their
relations with community groups, religious organizations, and different other organizations are
important aspects of community system social networking institutions bring community
members together. Those networks could be considered as an important aspect in
community system. Community care coalitions should work together with the community. For
coalition’s effectiveness, the participation of the given community is crucial. The community
should participate from the problem identification stage to the end (World Vision, 2005).

In another words, communities should be the one who define the problem, discuss on the
strategies, and implement them. Therefore, for coalitions to work with the community, the
existing community systems play the bigger role. Community’s context, their history,

10
collaboration, leadership, membership, structure, politics, processes, community readiness, and
other factors influence the coalitions. (Butterfoss, Lachance, & Orians, 2006)

2.2.4 Child Protection

According to 1989 United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, Child can be defined
as a human being below the age of 18, unless majority under the law applicable to the child is
attained earlier. Children being vulnerable to myriads of risks that endanger their survival
need to be protected by several kinds of mechanisms. The UN defines child protection as
prevention and response to violence, exploitation and abuse against children (UN, 1989).
Child protection (CP) is an effort to safeguard children from actions or situations that
place their healthy development and well-being at risk (Medrano & Toussaint, 2012).
Physical, sexual, emotional or psychological abuse, commercial sexual exploitation, child
trafficking, child labor, abuse in the home, school, and community, and harmful and abusive
traditional practices, such as female genital mutilation (FGM) and child marriage are risks
that put in danger the healthy development and well- being of children.

As one knows, children are physically, mentally, and emotionally immature and unable to
adequately protect themselves from the aforementioned risks. Hence, inability of children to
protect themselves from dangers necessitates protection mechanisms to be put in place. Every
child has the right to be safe from harm. Nevertheless, every year the lives and physical,
mental and emotional well-being of millions of children around the world are threatened by
maltreatment such as abuse, neglect, violence and exploitation. Studies from around the world
shows that approximately 20 percent of women and 5to 10 percent of men reportedly having to
been sexually abused are children. Other studies show that between a quarter and a half of all
children report severe and frequent physical abuse(WHO, 2006). In addition, it is estimated that
215 million children are involved in child labor, which is a form of child exploitation, and 115
million of them are involved in hazardous work (ILO, 2010).

2.2.5 Child Protection System

Child protection system is a systematic synergy of laws and policies, meaningful coordination
across government departments and between sectors at different levels. Child protection can be
well ensured if efforts to prevent risks and response to violence, abuse and exploitation are
organized. Multiple governmental and non-governmental actors should work in cooperation for
11
its effectiveness. Preventive and responsive services with a skilled child protection workforce,
adequate funding, children’s voice, and participation andan aware and supportive public are
mandatory elements in child protection system (Feneyrol, 2011).

Child protection system involves several actors in particular state and can also be transcend to
global system to solicit support in such domains as education, justice and health. Systematic
child protection avoids the fragmented efforts by several actors. As risks to child protection
increased, concerted efforts to avert problem should be promoted. The child
protection system looks at the circumstances that challenge children’s well-being as a web of
threats rather than taking them one by one. It addresses all of the issues that children in
multiple circumstances might face and the structural and root causes of gaps in prevention and
response (Medrano & Toussaint, 2012).

However, child protection system is certainly successful in protective environment.

UNICEF developed Protective Environment Framework to promote multidisciplinary, multi
sectorial and holistic approach to child protection. According to UNICEF, a protective
environment is one where all actors from children and health workers to governments and the
private sector committed to their responsibilities to ensure that children are protected from
abuse and exploitation (UNICEF, 2006).

2.3 Coalition Capacity Building

After forming a coalition, a critical factor vital for coalition functioning indicating the
failure and success of coalition depends on the level of capacity building. Capacity building
according to Miller (1987), on his study of entrepreneurship as a community coalition approach
to health care reform was linked to using capacity building efforts to regional and national
networking of community entrepreneurial initiatives to accelerate both local innovation and
national reforms with in communities.

Capacity building is necessary for changing the mind setting of members in working with
different issues of coalition. Discrepancy between aggregated aspiration level for communities
and their capabilities of the opportunity structure leads to discrepancies. Communities that care
coalitions with greater organizational linkages, and to a lesser extent, coalitions whose members
acquired more new skills were more successful in achieving community wide adoption of a

12
scientific prevention approach. Coalitions with greater organizational linkage and who gained
new skills are successful in program implementation (Valerie, 2014). These empirical evidences
explicitly indicate the necessity of capacity building in coalition and how it creates difference
between those with capacity building efforts and those without.

Capacity building, according to Sanchez, Sanders, Andrews, Hale & Carrillo (2014) was
linked with the length of time. Their finding states the presence of an association between length
of membership and decision making, positive leadership and shared vision. Long term coalition
members were significantly more likely to report greater agreement with the quality and process
of decision making than those with fewer years. The relationship between length of
membership and positive leadership may also indicate a relationship between length of
membership and greater control over decision making. Long term members were also
significantly more likely to report characteristics of positive leadership, including getting things
done, seeking others views, consensus for decision making and working with others.

2.4Coalition Functioning
Coalition functioning is one of the key areas in community care coalition research,
involves members of coalition to perform duties in line with the coalition goal. Riggs,
Nakawatase and Pentz (2008) stated that intervention for community coalitions can be effective
in enhancing internal community coalition functioning, specifically as this functioning pertains
to planning for adoption and implementation of evidence based prevention programs in a
community. Feinberg, Greenberg & Osgood (2012) on their research have elaborated the
correlation between readiness and coalition functioning and perceived effectiveness as quite
strong.
Readiness may be considered determinant of the kinds of strategies appropriate for a community.
For communities low in readiness, alternative approaches may include the development of local
institutional and leadership infrastructure rather than directly funding complex coalition efforts.
The scales of readiness index indicated democratic-oriented community leadership that seeks
grassroots participation like leadership, competent to manage conflict, feeling connected to the
community as important areas to consider for such intervention.
Thus, the management of internal processes may be more important for success than the
management of external relations. Other study by Valerie, Hawkins & Oesterle (2015) has come

13
up with the existence of a positive relationship between coalition functioning and coalition
capacities. Higher Coalition functioning may increase the coalition capacities that lead to greater
coalition achievements (in this case, community leader reports of science-based
prevention).Further studies conducted by Brown, Feinberg, Valerie, Shapiro & Greenberg (2013)
have contributed findings supporting the coalition functioning and coalition ability in supporting
program implementation. The evidence further stated that, coalition member’s knowledge of the
communities that care model was clearly the best predictor of implementation support, especially
for evidence based practice. Thus, coalition members understanding of a science based approach
to prevention and the activities related to installing communities that care likely enhances
coalition efforts to support the implementation of evidence based programs with fidelity.

Several aspects of coalition functioning including leadership or governance, internal cohesion,

and fidelity to the communities that care model, community relations, and low need for technical
assistance predict a coalition’s ability to support high quality evidence based program
implementation. Funding agencies, trainers, and technical assistance providers can best support
coalition’s abilities to foster high quality implementation of evidence based practice (Brown,
Feinberg &Greenberg, 2010).

Ebaugh, Chafetz and Pipes (2007) on their research “entitled collaboration with faith based
social service coalitions stated that nonprofit organizations” (including faith based organizations)
have been making in collaboration and alliances with other nonprofit agencies as well as
business and government entities. Their finding has revealed that the degree of religiosity of the
faith based coalitions is most predictive of weather the coalition will collaborate with
secular organizations and with government agencies at all levels.

2.5The role of Community Coalition

The role played by community structures like community care coalition is vital in
providing human services to disenfranchised segments of the population. The finding obtained
from journal articles supports this premise. The provision of psychosocial support as one
separate care and support package within community care coalitions, create significant difference
between beneficiaries level of service satisfaction, relationship between service providers and
service receivers (Binega, 2013).

14
Strong correlation between expert rated general and innovation specific capacities may be
partly due to shared method variance but is also consistent with the conceptualization of coalition
capacity. The relationship between economic strengthening efforts and outputs, greater
utilization of group resources was associated with greater number of policy changes (Nargiso,
Egan, Karen & Florin, 2012). But other research outputs reviled that clarity of goal for
coordinated care and the importance of organization to the implementation of community care
policies are stressed through their role of care programming as a tool in the evaluation of service
integration (Challis and Hugman, 1993).

2.6 Coalition Effectiveness

Effectiveness is the major factor bringing local community coalition to the achievement
of desired goal which in turn lays a foundation for sustainable community development. The
study conducted by Yang, Foster, Fishman, Collins and Ahan, (2012) on developing problem
solving framework has stated that coalitions are more likely to produce community changes and
thus achieve important intermediate outcomes when they develop their operational and problem
solving capacities and pursue more comprehensive array of strategies. Coalitions are more likely
to pursue a breadth of comprehensive strategies when they have strong operational and problem
solving capacity. The pursuit of more comprehensive strategies is in turn related to higher level
of community changes.
The extent of providing protection to members of the family, at primary (family level)
secondary (hospital level) and tertiary (policy level) is weak and better mechanism of arranging
service efficiency which should be the mandate of all concerned (Segal, 1979). According to a
team of researchers, Frazee, Stahmer, Lewis, Feder and Reed, (2012) on building a research
community collaborative to improve community care for infants and toddlers at risk for Autism
spectrum disorders, the bridge collaborative as coalition was highly productive by attainment of
all its initial goals and the large number of tangible products targeting multiple audiences by
integrating all concerned partners in to coalition programming.

Other evaluative research conducted by Butterfoss (2006) on process evaluation for

community participation and its intermediary role in health and social change outcomes indicated
that coalitions often recruit less diverse partners than desired with higher proportion of females,
middle age and minority race professionals. Perhaps the focus should be achieving substantive

15
representation, where members are selected by and accountable to community interests. As per
this finding, measurements of process indicators alone are insufficient and researchers and
evaluators must learn innovative ways to tie process evaluation to intermediate and long term
goal attainment. This indicates the necessity for recruitment and diversity of coalition members
and necessity of linking process and outcome indicators for coalition’s long term goal
attainmentfor effectiveness.

2.7 Child Vulnerability

Conflict, poverty, natural disaster and epidemics are major factors undermining the availability
of child protection practice (Landgren, 2005, p.14). Child protection, a response of child
vulnerability is complicated task in which the society believes, children should be protected from
harm, but they also raise the point that the outsider should not intrude in to the personal
relationships. In this regard, the importance of building community based child protection system
is important in order to address the holistic needs of vulnerable children (Beckett, 2003).

Ethiopia has ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC)
in 2011 and designed favorable policies and national plans to address the plights of children
(UNICEF, 2008).However, the emphasis directed to mitigate the problems of children living
under difficult circumstances still requires much more effort from all concerned actors. In this
regard, various governmental and nongovernmental organizations are making efforts to support
children in general and children under difficult circumstances in particular through different
modes of care and services (MoWA, 2009).
Despite the fact that the practice of rendering child care services for unaccompanied
children has a long history in the country, it was not until 2001 that standardized regulatory
mechanisms named alternative childcare guidelines were developed(MoWA, 2009). This was
made possible by a joint undertaking of the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs and the Italian
Development Cooperation as part of the interventions to alleviate the problems of children under
difficult circumstances in the country. Accordingly, the national guideline consisting of services
on institutional care, community based child support programs, adoption, foster care and child
family reunification were developed in 2001 (MoWA, 2009).

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2.8 Theoretical Frameworks
According to Hermela (2018), explain theoretical framework as a visual or written product,
which explains either graphically or in narrative form, the main things to be studied such as the
key factors, concepts, or variables and the presumed relationships among them. It is a visual
display or a picture of what a theory says in line with the phenomenon being studied.
Social Capital Theory explains that existing healthy social networks in a given
community are important assets for successful community initiatives (Hustedde, 2008).
Understanding and bridging such capitals will bring effective results. This study deals with
the community care coalitions that work on child protection with respect to
the arguments of social capital theory. The research is made under the concept that argues
understanding the community, identifying social capitals and using them appropriately helps
for effective and sustainable community work.

Similarly, System Theory emphasizes on the need to focus on the existing social
structure and social institutions for effective community initiatives (Tamas& et.al, l987).
Social systems play greater role on community-based programs. This study explores whether
or not the coalition under study identified the existing social structures and systems and use
them efficiently. This study is designed under the main belief that community care coalitions,
as other similar community development tools, should take the community, and its various
elements, as a center. Community care coalitions as program could solve certain community
problems and contribute to the realization of community development. It should take the
community itself as a center. Asset based approach argues that such programs should identify
and use the community assets rather than its needs in its every step (IACD, 2009).

The study agrees with this idea. Any action that intends to bring change in a community should
start with what the community has. Principles under the national social protection policy of
Ethiopia (2015) go in line with the main concept of asset-based approach to community
development. Identifying and mobilizing local assets to come up with positive changes is the
most important component of the policy. The policy aims to avoid dependency so that the
development will sustain. This concept is promoted in the asset-based approach to community
development. The approach suggests that development can be community or Outsider initiated.
But development ‘by the community, for the community’ will be efficient (Haines, 2008).

17
The policy seeks to build or release the capacity of community members to continue
to drive their own development by starting with what already exists in the community (NSPP,
2015). Participation, inclusiveness, accountability, and transparency are the other main
elements, which indicate the effectiveness of community based activities. This study will deal
with the role, practices and challenges of community care coalitions with respect to such
elements in the lens of asset based approach and the social protection policy that goes in line
with the approach.

2.9 The role of Parents’ Participation in Preschool Education

Parents’ participation has typically been defined as parents’ engagement in activities such as
volunteering at school, communicating with teachers, participating in academic activities at home,
and attending school events, meetings, and conferences Hill & Taylor (2000). In the national policy
framework for ECCE of Ethiopia MoE (2010), Parents and other care givers are the most important
in the life of the child. They play a key role in children’s development. Their role is to socialize the
children and inculcate life principles and spiritual, cultural, and moral values for his/her
character development. Managing and expansion of early child care and education is not a task to be
left to single organization or body. Ramsay and Johnson (cited in Zaray, 2011, p.31) particularly
emphasized the cooperation work of the school and parents to promote the holistic development of the
child. According to them, the two most significant environments for the child are the home and the
school. Although, these two environments impact the child separately the experience in one
environment also affects the other.
According to Hurry (2001) “having regular and good communication and partnership between
teachers and parents is essential for consistent positive experience both at home and in school”. Parental
involvement in school helps the teacher understand the child more and better and able to work
together effectively (Robinson, 1996). Similarly Hurry (2001) further explained that home-school or
parent- teacher relationship help to create what the children are like, better understand with regard to
preschool education, an opportunity for parents to meet other parents and learn from their
experiences. Home and school are the two worlds for preschool children where total development takes
place. Thus, school administrators and teachers have to create strong alliance with partners.

The importance of parents’ attitudes in preschool is that it influence the academic achievement
in next educational grades. Parental attitude in preschool includes not only meeting the
18
children’s needs for education, but also supporting children’s development (Kocyigita,
2015). Some special benefits of parental involvement at a preschool level are improvement in
reading level and students showing improvement in their understanding, which allows them to
move to the next level (Huang, & Mason, 2008). Academic achievement in subsequent
school grades is determined during preschool (Kocyigita, 2015).
As National Children’s Resource Centre (2006.p 9) “Parents have a crucial role to play in
relation to their children’s overall self-esteem and more specifically the image that child parental
involvement in their education an important source of continuity from birth through-out preschool years,
and even to adult hood.” Parent involvement facilitates children’s development of pre-literacy
skills such as phonological awareness and letter name knowledge Powell et al., (2010). These skills
have been shown to be essential for later school success. Over, the transition to preschool marks the
beginning of an important relationship of home and school (Powell et al, 2010).
The relationships that you build with parents as a teacher will bring about collaboration between home and
school to enhance children’s development. Contemporary research suggested that the most effective
programs for young children are those which involve their families. Family involvement and attitudes in
early childhood program can range from simple talks when only there is a problem to frequent and regular
participation ( Burn ,2004,). In ideal situation, parents and teachers work closely in a variety of ways.

Wolfendale (1983) Pointed out that parents have been traditionally been viewed as clients and not as
parents. She argued that the concept client impulses that parents are dependent upon experts’ opinions
passive in receipt of services need of redirection preferable to decision making and perceived as
inadequate and deficient. In contrast to the clients concept, the parents concept include these
characteristics, parents are active and central in decision making and perceived. And its
implementation parents are able to contribute to as well as receive services (reciprocally) and parents share
responsibility. Thus parents and professionals are mutually accountable ( Curtis(1981). Curtis further
stated that one way of making closer link between home and school is to organize workshop/meeting for
parents in early child learning. Both parents and the school need to share common perception and
responsibilities about the child mutual involvements, accountability and cooperation as well as
reciprocal communication systems are more vital (Seigel, (2002),( as cited in Girma , 2011 ).

19
 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter contains the research design, the research method, the population, sample size and
sampling techniques, instruments of data collection, the procedures of data collection and the
method of data analysis.

3.1 Research design and methodology

Research design is the master plan that specifies methods and procedures to do the study and
method is a style of conducting a research work which is determined by the nature of the
problem (Singh, 2006).To realizes this purpose the researcher was employed qualitative
methods. Thus, In order to understand properly the existing on role of community care coalition
program in child protection: practices and challenges in Abune Zena Markos children and adult
supporting association a descriptive survey design were used to carry out the study. This method
involves the gathering of information qualitatively information to inquiry quite qualitative
(subjective question) data (Creswell, 2003).Qualitative approach relies on extensive use of
primary and secondary sources. ‘Qualitative studies typically involve key informant interviews
and Focus Group Discussion’. In other words, it employs methods of data collection and analysis
that are non-quantitative, aims towards the exploration of social relations, and describes reality
as experienced by the respondents. In exploratory focus groups, researcher interview groups of
users about an existing information and facts. Therefore, it helps researcher to identify the
participant’s attitudes, satisfactions and dissatisfactions, discover opportunities and issues, spark
ideas and develop theories (Baxter and Jack, 2008).

To accomplish this study, the research method was qualitative approaches with more emphasis
on qualitative approach as the leading methods. Qualitative approach emphasized because
assessing the Abune Zena Markos Children and Adult Care Association made through tender in
Addis Ababa can better understood by collecting large qualitative data’s. Furthermore, the
qualitative approach employed and incorporated in the study helps to validate and triangulate the
data.
In other words, it emphasizes the qualities of entities, processes and meanings that are
systematically examined and explained. Hence, these methods enable the researcher to explore
individuals or group observations and practices on specific phenomenon to get detail information
on the research area. Moreover, it is an approach that allows the researcher to examine people’s

20
experience in detail from the perspectives of research participants (Hennink, 2010). Therefore,
qualitative approach enables the researcher to provide interpretive tools to explore The Role of
Community Care Coalition Program in Child Protection: Assessment Practices and Challenges in
The Case of Abune Zena Markos Children and Adult Supporting Association. To accomplish
this purpose, both secondary and primary sources of information have been collected and
carefully analyzed.

3.2 Data Sources

To get more detail information on role of community care coalition program in child protection
practices and challenges in Abune Zena Markos children and adult supporting association the
data were gathered through primary and secondary source.
Primary data- Primary data were gathered through field surveys, personal interviews, observation
and FGD. While Secondary sources of information were data used in this research were the
documents of the organization under the study (Abune Zena Markos); certain relevant documents
from the sample school, different research reports from MoE, website, books, report, magazines
and private sectors who manage education were used.

3.3. Methods of Data Collection

3.3.1 Key Informant Interviews

A key informant interview is in-depth interviewing one of the data collection method used in
qualitative research techniques. Boyce defined key informant interviews as a qualitative research
technique that involves conducting intensive individual interview with respondents to explore
their respective views, experiences and motivations on a particular situation (Boyce, 2006). In
fact key informant interviews provide crucial conversations to find out detailed and primary
information about the subject under study from the interviewee.

Key informant interview are a method of data collection that involves researcher to ask open-
ended question (O’Leary, 2014). The technique enables the researcher to ask respondents open-
ended questions that are relevant to the problem under study. Hence, for the study at hand open-
ended interview questions were prepared and zoomed in to the research participant’s particularly
with CCC officers and member of the academia, and other groups were considered in interview.
The interview were used for some individuals with three journalists, two university students, two

21
analysts and two from teachers / women’s associations with one government official from the
justice office. To test interview,17 respondents from the schools even female and ten male
participants were taken. The purpose of interview was used to obtain more clarification and
details to collected data from the respondent through face to face discussion.

3.3.2 Focus Group Discussion (FGD)

Focus group discussion is another significant method for collecting qualitative data. “FGD is
important to generate rich understanding of many participants at once” (O’ Leary, 2014). By
using FGD, the researcher aimed to acquire information from discussants on case study area.The
moderator plays an important role in facilitating discussion drawing on questions relevant to the
problem under study. This method helps to produce shared information and views from the
discussion with a mixed composition of (heterogeneous groups) in terms of significant from all
sex, ages and professional statuses of the participant as much as possible (Freitas and Popjoy,
1998). To such end, researcher was conducted one FGD with the total of eight participants: six
are male while two are females. Open ended question were set for respondents to gather in depth
information from Abune Zena Markos in order to get the relevant information going the
researcher were selected school leaders and community elders to get reliable information through
face to face communication. To get the important information FGD contain 6 groups and each
group has 6 members which include 36 respondents from Abune Zena Markos school were
participated.

3.3.3 Observation
Observation is a ‘systematic description of behavior, events and art facts in the social setting
chosen for study’ (Marshall and Rossman, 1989). Researcher used observation methods to
enhance other empirical data collected. It enables to describe the nature and content of the
existing situation of the case study area to support the relevant data. The author have observed
how CCC orally and reality on the ground. In particular, on January, 2021 the author closely
observed the Abune Zena Marko sChildrens and Adult Care Association. These and other
personal observations assisted me in understanding the existing content and situation of the event
around the researcher area.

22
Ground truth data's on the field were collected by direct observation on the selected area for this
study. The researcher observed and collected the necessary visual information with the help of hand
held camera from the existence of Abune Zena Markos Childrens and Adult Care Association.
Observation used by the researcher in order to get more information to accurate the information gets
from the other tools.

3.4 Sampling techniques

This study adopted a purposive sampling method in order to determine samples of informants.
This makes the researcher purposively to select the respondents from the total study population’
(Tongco, 2007). For Teddlie and Yu (2007), purposive sampling is a ‘method of selecting certain
units or cases based on a specific purpose rather than randomly’. Sampling is necessitated to
gather in-depth information from a smaller number of carefully selected participants (ibid).
Accordingly, the author has selected research participants on personal judgment. Participants
who have particular knowledge of the phenomena under investigation were picked. Their
experience or proximity with the study topic is back grounded. The significant data obtained
from the fieldwork was first recorded in a notebook and later transcribed. The source was
analyzed translating recorded note from different local language into English, by using thematic
analysis techniques. Thematic is a ‘method that is often used to analyze data in primary
qualitative research’ (Thomas and Harden, 2008). It emphasis on identifying, coding and
examining themes within data collected. Thus, researcher have tried to employ this analysis
along with pinpointing, describing and coding since these techniques allow identifying ideas
within the data implicitly and explicitly.

3.5 Data Analysis

In accordance with the data that were collected from different sources; the data gathered through
interview and document analysis, were categorized thematically the of issues rose. After the
classification, each of the variables were analyzed and interpreted. Then depending on the nature
of the research the data were gathered, analyzed using different statistical tools. Accordingly, the
respondents report and the nature of the basic questions the following techniques were used. The
data collected from school communities, FGD and interview given from experts are used in
descriptive statics.

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 CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the findings of the study and their interpretations. Therefore, the purpose of
this section is to present and discus the data in particular reference to the role of community care
coalition program in child protection: assessment of practices and challenges in the case of
Abune Zena Markos children and adult supporting Association. The data have been obtained
through interview, carefully conducted with different academia, from CCC officers and other
stakeholders. Observation, Focus Group Discussion was also administered. To the end of this,
the chapter explained by taking in to account or categorized in to three basic fronts through 4.1-
The role of CCC, 4.2 -The Practices of CCC 4.3- The challenges of CCC on the area of study
based on data collected through different techniques which is explained under this study.

4.1 The Role of CCC Program

The role of Community Care Coalition in different services for OVCs and their caregivers are
paramount. Those services are economic strengthening, health, education, referral, counseling
and training, prevention against child labor. Data reveal that, the CCC coalition provides
economic, social and cultural support, family reunification and reintegration service for children.
Accordingly, the roles of CCC in the study area are organized as follows.

4.1.1 The Role of CCC in Economic Support

Like other support CCC provides economic support services for its beneficiaries. Data reveal that
the beneficiaries in case study area get direct cash support every month. Accordingly, the CCC
provides 450 birr for an OVC for their caregivers per month from its account. The money is
provided for those caregivers to help their living. The caregivers spend 400 birr for some house
hold expenses and the rest have50 birr in save account opened by the name of the child.

The finding by (Nargiso, Egan and Karen & Florin 2012) states the relationship between
economic strengthening efforts with greater number of policy changes. However this research
agrees with this finding due to policy change that enabled the incorporation of CCC in to policy
documents that ultimately resulted in the delivery of service packages. This service with
supportive supervision form CCC improved their living condition than the past. In line with the
above objective, the participants of the study area were expressed their ideas as follows:

24
According to participants, the money is saved for the child’s future college expense. The CCC
consistently follows up on the monthly saving. This economic support also helps the child’s
morale to have special objective to stand on his personal feet and economic self-independent for
the future. According to data obtained by interviewer, the numbers of the children are benefited
from the services; the type of support provided and the source of support are needed.
Then Bureau of Labour and Social Affairs communicates the source of fund to be notified to the
community care coalition according to which the numbers of beneficiaries are determined. The
third main actor was the City Micro Finance Office. Bureau of Labour and Social Affairs and
Micro Finance office formalize their agreement with memorandum of understanding and
communicate community care coalition. The revolving loan was free from interest and has a time
range of two years where the households save some amount of money.

4.1.2 The Role of CCC in Health Support

From those OVCs and their caregivers who are benefiting from services by the CCC some of
them need serious health checkups. The services are being provided to beneficiaries such as
children and their forgivers. The result of with 2nd member of FGD respondents replied that:

The beneficiaries of the CCC get free health services whenever

they face health problems and they have identification cards that
help them get free health services from government health facilities
in the community. The CCC helps them get their IDs. Whenever
children and their forgivers encounter health problem they can
visit their nearest health facilities to get necessary services for free.
Another respondent who participated in an in-interview said that:

Due to illness, my father cannot make a living and he always stay at

home. My grandmother on the other hand, begs on the street and earns
some money and when I sick I can easily visit the woreda health center
for holding free treatment card without looking for money or waiting for
my family to take me there.

From above observation one can understood that as all the children and caregivers who
participated in interview and FGD ideas that they are easily get free health services whenever

25
they are sick. The services also include the supplying of medication for children who are living
with HIV/AIDS. To support this participant 6 of the KII who live with HIV/AIDS said that ‘I
benefited a lot from the special health treatment I get from the woreda health station, which
includes access to the necessary special medication’. Therefore from above observation one can
understand that the role of CCC in health support is paramount.

4.1.3 The Role of CCC in Referral Services

The CCC has partnership with different government institution said:

The CCC link its beneficiaries with different higher health institutions
through was health services. When referring cases to higher health
institutions is needed the Coalition directly write a letter for institutions
from which the support is needed. In this way the beneficiaries get the
necessary service from the partner institution. Though the problem is the
city children and women affairs bureau didn’t prepare the necessary
legal bases for CCC's referral services.

The CCC could achieve these services because it’s under the umbrella of
woreda administration and the executive used his executive power to
ensure the CCC’s referral services.

The data obtained from interview result reveal that because of the above reality, the
CCC has no strong legal bases and the letter written in the name of the
woredaadministration and signed by the head that resolves the problem of the
accreditation and plays an important role on the effectiveness of the referral system.
In support of this, a single child with a serious health problem mentioned that
‘‘even though I got a free health care card, I could not find sufficient health care
services from woredas health station. Likewise even if the CCC has written a letter
of cooperation for referral hospital I could not find enough health support’’. She
prefers to find an efficient health care service.

26
4.1.4 The Role of CCC in Education Support
The CCC provides same materials that are crucial for the children study like school uniform,
exercise books, pen, pencil, rubber and related equipment’s at the beginning of new academic
year. According to KII 5 & 7;

The children find those materials very helpful. Some however, complain
about the quality and quantity of exercise books they get from the CCC.
They wish to get guides and dictionaries from the CCC because English is
the subject most of the student are very important and they are not good
enough and happy if they get tutor classes if the subject they found difficult.
However, most of the students have brothers and sisters. But they are the
only child getting from the family because of the financial shortage of the
CCC faces. Because of this, the child has to share the school materials with
brothers and sisters. Although the institution believes that it has enough
supply of school materials to provide for the children every year. They said
that the CCC understand that it would be faultless if it could increase the
evidences of educational support through guide books, rulers, rubbers,
sharpeners and others. They also said that our institution through its
member teachers follow the children. However it did not start tutor classes
for the students. It is the part of institutional plan.

4.1.5 The role of CCC in Counseling Services

As Ababe pointed out that (2016), Counseling and training service directly focuses on
caregivers. The CCC along with some organizations prepares trainings on different issues. They
deliver such services along with different events such as women’s day and child rights day. To
support of this, the participant of FGD 4thhas mentioned that:

The CCC follows vulnerable children at school through member teachers. If

those teachers found out that children are facing some difficulties and
problems, they directly discuss and council them to solve the problem. Despite
they trust that the provision of counseling is important to dealing with the
problem those vulnerable children and caregivers may face and which directly

27
 exert a negative impact on the lives of the OVCs, the CCC has not yet
strengthened these services.

4.1.6 The Role of CCC in Capacity Building Service

The foundation of all community care coalition support package was considered as specific
support given to vulnerable children, the families and community surrounding their
neighborhoods. Capacity building refers to a set of capacity development program intended
to enhance the capacity of children, family and their local community and sectors to increase
their support for the prevention and response of major problems triggering child protection
service. This may include business development service training as capacities building to
households for engaging them to income generating activities (Ababe, 2016).

Moreover, according to data gathered HIV/AIDS prevention and traffic accident training given
to children at school and short and long term training and experience sharing event made by
sectors and CCC. With regards to community members community dialogues and short
advocacy events are the part of capacity building programs. Therefore, capacity building
program delivered by CCC and sector offices was divided in to four categories. These are
capacity building programs for community care coalition members, for local community, for line
sectors like ‘ketana’ leaders under the scope of the kebele.

The capacity building program is most of the time delivered to the planned targets in line with
the schedule of annual work plan. Unexpected changes in the environment affect the
effectiveness of capacity building program. CCC has delivered various capacity building
activities to member of the community. Personal interview with participants indicated that they
have delivered capacity building training four times this year for sector representatives’
community care coalition members, ketene leaders and local community residents respectively.
‘This training was entitled supporting poor children child protection in our kebele. Two children
has migrated from south region and one resident has send his child to school and lift this
migrants home keepers in his yard’

In line with the above objective, the participants of the study area were expressed their ideas as
follows:

28
 Dwellers reported to CCC and we check them with police and started
discussing the reason. In our kebeles there is a program called
development army through which we provided training to households on
child feeding and nutrition. Always in our kebele we have one day
community dialogue with a member of the community every Thursday.
Sometimes we arrange coffee ceremony for discussion when we engage
institution which takes from one hour to two hours. In our kebele there are
one of five associations for household of this vulnerable children and they
report when child harmed happens in their neighborhoods. With this
association the problem encountered by one mother is supported by other 4
members.

From this one can understand as CCC communication and referral with local community
structure has led to the identification of services gaps and beneficiaries eligible for intervention,
still significant amount of vulnerable children are out of services. Strengthening resource
mobilization capacity coupled with referral leakage can led to the identification of overlook
beneficiaries and services gaps. The center of this was full ownership of high government
officials of CC programming for integrated local community development.

4.1.7 The Role of CCC in Reunification and Reintegration Services

According to data obtained from different tools CCC have delivered reunification and
reintegration service for children who are not living with their families and community. The data
gained through document analysis from Bureau of Labourand Social Affairs indicated that
decrease in the role of the family, the use of agents who were migrated children from the area of
origin and interest of children to engage in early work are the major causes for children to leave
their family and community. According to the document analysis households with poor
economic status and those that do not follow their children day to day activity has lost their
children than those who follow their children.

4.1.7.1 Providing Reunification Service

Based on the data collected through FGD with CCC officials, children who left their home or
place of origin have been engage in sale of lottery ticket, sale of groundnut and transporting that
to hotels, bar and restaurant and also home of the individuals. CCC have collaborated with sub

29
city administration police department officers for the screened children to be reunified to their
family of origin after informing their respective labor and social affairs to protect their children
from migration. Five children (three boys and two boys) were reunified to their families in
Shashamene, Wolaytasodo and Hawasa cities by covering their transportation cost. Despite all
this effort reunification services remained challenge for CCC. To justify the following statement
is clearly stated by KII 4 in depth interview:

Reunification is the least successful program for our Keble’s CCC. This is
because; the reunified children come from towns and kebeles which is difficult
to succeed without the support of the sector operating in the child’s place of
origin. At the study area periodwe recruited and discussed with children to
reunify them with their family and prepared transportation their
subsistencecosts by starting from Addis Ababa to their home.

The data obtained from participants outlined the challenging the nature of unification program.
This is due to multilayered nature of the pushing factor that forces the child to leave the area of
origin. The services gaps and situation that expose child to other exploitation and abuse in the
areas of destination made it less successful. The main focus of the CCC future reintegration
programming should have to consider factor pushing child in the family setting in the area of
origin and destination. 21184848

4.1.7.2 Providing Reintegration Service

‘Community care coalitions have also planned to reintegrate children who stopped their
education and living in different circumstances to the community where they are originated’.
According to the data gained from key informant interview with KII-5,

Reintegration program is most of the time planned as intervention program for

children who lost both of the parents and who have no relatives to live with.
Reintegration helps the child in the community when they are born, then living
with different culture of their destination place. With this regards CCC have
reintegrated children to the resettlement kebeles around institutions by
communicating with their local community and their respective kebeles.

30
4.2 The practices of CCC Program
4.2.1 Protecting Children from Economic Exploitation
Research findings suggests that the association has help the child with local communities,
employers and NGOs to catalyze the steps necessary to change the attitude and practices which
perpetuate child labor. Through community mobilization and awareness rising, the association
specializes in working with communities from the bottom upwards to raise awareness about
child labor, forced labor and about what makes a community vulnerable to phenomena.

Moreover, it invests in improving in quality of education including the construction of

rehabilitation of basic school infrastructures, provision of education materials and training of
teachers. Also uses school as basis for fostering in an improved awareness of child labor issues
and establishing monitoring system to track school enrolment and attendance.

The server K I 1 said:

The provision of basic service as a child labor and force power are driven or
exacerbated by poverty, the association supports community projects that
enhance the children access to basic services, such as health care, water or
sanitation. This reduces the cost of families (in terms of both money and
time)of meeting their basic needs and minimize the pressure that force the
poorest households to put their children to work in order to supplement the
household productive capacity and income. In livelihood support, to tackle
the poverty that underscore exploitation in economy with other specialized
agencies also works to improve the sustainability of livelihoods in community
to live poor households a higher level and greater stability of income.

4.2.2 Utilizing Cash Transfer to Enhance Child Protection

The findings of the research suggest that as cash transfers can help to reduce the rate of early
marriage by making girls’ education and employment opportunities a condition of receipt of cash
transfer. One of the informants who participate in 4thFGD share this idea said:

31
 The use of cash transfer while still under explored may be an important element
of a broad child protection framework including awareness raising and
vocational training which can effectively reduce child exploitation.

4.2.3 Utilizing Animation to Child Right Advocacy

Researcher observed that teachers with their IT partners work on the animate method to produce
advocacy messages in their work and campaigns. This involves child participation throughout
the process of producing animated films. Children use animation to discuss their concerns, report
on their situation and educate other children and adults about issues and important to their lives.
Through this medium children are able to tell their stories free of external effects such as social
pressure. ‘Animation taps in to children’s creative potential to enable them to express
themselves. The method is aimed at providing children with a space to discuss and advocate for
their rights’. The children are fully responsible for making all parts of the film. They write the
story, draw and color the characters in the film, and give voices to the characters they create.

4.2.4 Mobilizing Community through Street Theater

By using children and other stakeholders the association recognizes the vulnerability of children
from poor, marginalized communities and use Theater to build awareness on children’s rights
and health. Through a theater-based approach, the Institution mobilizes community-led action to
combat inequality in health care, lack of access to justice and violence against children. Children
are empowered through their participation in theater. Efforts concentrated on working with rural
and urban children. Therefore, theater creates a forum where children can voice their concerns
and demands.

K I -6 state her idea in related to the role and important street theater to protect child from harm
full pressure as follows:

Theater helps the child and their communities to overcome inhabitation

by providing a platform for open discussion of sensitive issue like sexual
violence and human trafficking. Through theatre, we can highlight the
cause and effect of sex tourism, trafficking and mobilizing communities
to be active agents in protecting children from abuse. Street-theater also
builds awareness on the consequences of trafficking and the tricks and

32
 trends used by traffickers to proliferate exploitation. By support
community networks through inclusion of village women, youth and
health workers and other government officials in theater production are
sensitized to the issues while building involved actors’ communication,
advocacy, and leadership skills. This is the best way that we can
practice CCC.

4.2.5 Promoting Children Participation in Society

Data gathered through interview, focus group discussion and from informants suggest that the
institution operates on the Addis Ababa city to crate, initiate and promote activities for children
to check during their leisure and assists and supports parents in raising their children. “All
programming designed societies of the institution is based on the wish, interests and needs of
children represented in the FDRE constitution on the Rights of the Child and involves children
from birth through the culmination of their elementary school education.” The association also
provides programs on cultures and art including the creation of children books at the festival of
children creation in a society. Other initiatives in the field of education include raising awareness
and knowledge of preventive health and social services that contribute to child health
development. Likewise, children’s Week and Messages of Children for Adults was another
innovative campaign practices which promote children’s needs and underscore their important
participation within society.

4.2.6 Supporting Child Development

Abune Markos (the case study area) offers essential program for children to educate, support,
and nurture Child and their families. KI-1 states:
The institution has to empower the next generation of the country of
the country through their model of inter-connected core services.
Through its center of excellence and strategic local partnership it
invests on child development and encourages active township
participation in the success of its youngest generation. The community
garden and park also provides meals for the children who utilize the
facilities which includes vegetable gardens, computer rooms and safe
play areas monitored and staffed by community volunteers.

33
The program at the center focused on early child and youth development and family support
services. In this way network are strengthen to create community support system that encourage
child development bolster the family unit and ultimately positively impact the progress of the
children. Therefore, ‘the services may provide were intended to help strengthen families and
develop children’ “from cradle to career”.

4.2.7 Providing Psychological and Emotional Support

Data reveal that this program was beginning as the first initiative of its kind since September,
2019 to initiate debate on the issue of child abuse. It focuses on emotional health of children and
adult peoples with special consideration for orphan child. Given taboo nature of the topic the
issue is addressed within more holistic framework, utilizing a broader emotional health dialogue.
To end the program raises awareness on child sexual abuse at schools, hospitals, and streets. Key
I 4 and 5 share their ideas as follows:

The association was rises consciousness on child sexual abuse child body
protection and emotional health of youth while teaching important life skills at
training and seminar with other stakeholders in the community. Advocacy is
also another facet of the association work most recently through a public
awareness campaign “Stop Child Sexual Abuse,” that included over 500
participants. Also identify local partners with whom it teaches life skills
education. This proficiency courses are conducted at schools representing a
range of socio economic background facilitating the emotional development of
young students by including such feelings, anger management, self-esteem and
self-acceptance, gender equality, body protection and communication skills.

The institution also actively enhances the capacity of interested stakeholders on issues related to
child sexual abuse through the establishment of Child Protection Committees, which involve
community members who voluntarily conduct awareness-raising initiatives within their
respective communities.

4.3 The challenges of CCC Program

Societal factors that keep protection abuses under wraps was make direct measurement of child
protection difficult. This is dangerous for the concerned standards data collection efforts may not

34
capture the situation of marginalized children. This idea was supported by (Landgren), 2005
children tend to be invisible in the general demographic and household survey and particular
vulnerable to exploitation and abuse.

It appears easier to measure the prevalence or incidence of practices that have widespread
public and official acceptance including female genital mutilation/cutting, child marriage,
recourse to detention and institutionalization, corporal punishment in home and school. Some
protection issues while socially accepted are nonetheless not readily revealed because they speak
to an underlying crime or source of shame. Where direct measurement were problematic as in
case of child trafficking, sexual abuse and child soldier, seeking to quantify abused children may
not be the best use of resource.

Therefore, child protection service through employing strategies by community care coalition is
triggered by different type of challenges. These challenges have influenced the role and practices
of community care coalition program intervention at Abune Markos Children and Adult Care
Associations. These challenges are embedded into different causal factors which are varying
depending on the level of professional engagement, organizational structure and commitment of
heads and respective officers.

According to the data gathered from different sources; Key Informant Interview, focused group
discussion, Questionnaires, Observation and others the major challenges that affected child
protection program in Abune Markos Children and Adult Care Associations can be organized as
follows. These are, structural challenge, financial and accreditation challenge and professional
challenge.

4.3.1 Structural Challenge

Data reveal that one of the challenges affecting community care coalition’s service delivery in
case study area is structural constraints. Data collected from document review of the subject
under study their CCC structure has affects their community care coalition intervention. CCC
follow bottom up approach in their program planning, monitoring, evaluating and reporting. This
means that planning is initiated implemented by CCC offices. For doing so, coalition offices
established at local level need to strengthen their capacity to build the institution.

35
For the purpose of this, the existing CCC programming has some structural barriers. Well
organized office structure, beyond importance brings services effectiveness. The current office
setting does not allow CCC program officers to precede their work simultaneously. The key
Informant 4, have shared his experience of how office setting affect their program delivery. He
states challenges of office structure as follows:

In the morning we come to CCC office. But the office doesn’t have
enough furnished space for us so when the chair, vice chairperson and
secretary take a table the remaining other will go to other office and
do our task there. Therefore, the office has limited space and furniture.

One can observe from above conclusion as office set up has its own role on the success
rate of coalitions programming. Well organized office has high tendency of attracting
workers and reduce occupational hazards when compared to the opposite. This shows
negative consequence of structural barriers on the function coalition.

4.3.2 Financial Challenge

Community care coalition is ‘a community based social protection system intended to
catalyze local community development in general and child protection in particular’.
Catalyzing child protection with in local community requires financial resource.
According to the community care coalition implementation guideline, community care
coalitions activate financial resources from the local community, organization and from
concerned governmental and civil society organizations with which they work (Ababe,
2016). Depending on the data generated from focus group discussion with community
care coalitions, main source of their financial resource are gained from local community,
Government another Civil Society Organizations.

The major challenge that affected CCC program implementation as a financial constraint
was the imbalance between the collected financial resources and the needed finance by
children and families living in a poor economic situation. The allocated amount of budget
by institution didn’t allow the implementation of child protection program by
implementing sectors.

36
‘The other challenge was considering child protection as single institutional program only
implemented by budget allocated to one sector’. The non-allocation of reasonable budget to child
protection coordinating program offices was stated by different participants. Key informant
interview conducted with KI-2 stated that:

The annual budget allocated by institution was very limited. In this

year the allocated budget was unable to cover program beyond the
two quarters and we have no budget for the coming half years. We
have no option to conduct training support CCC officers and arrange
advocacy program in the institution.

Furthermore, CCC members and participants of FDG 2, 3 and 6 mention that:

Resource mobilization committee members walk through community holding the

voucher to collect money. They said most business institution and some
individual always suggests permanent participation. They ask CCC members to
visit them every month on regular basis. However, FDG 2 participants said
even if the community suggests so, the coalition has limitations for visiting the
community. He said that members have other responsibilities and engagement
that in a way make walking through the community to permanently collect
money difficult. However, the FDG 6 participants said that the coalition has a
plan to make a permanent visit through a community to collect money.

4.3.3 The Accreditation Challenge

The problem related with accreditation is the other main problem of the CCC case study area.
Research findings suggest that as long as there is a belief that communities could solve their
problems by themselves, there is no need of functioning organizations like NGOs. A sufficient
attention needs to be given to CCCs. Since CCC is a big project it could bring basic change
throughout the country. However such a bigidea is not getting enough attention it deserves. Local
media in the country are not covering the issue properly. Promoting the project and creating
awareness in the country could have strengthened the CCCs because; lack of accreditation and
promotion limits the effectiveness of referral system that the CCCs use.
According to KII- 3, 5 and FGD2 participants,

37
 The absence of strong legal basis for the establishment of CCCs resulted in
getting very less attention and such operational materials are not fulfilled. They
said: the coalitions were not organized under any formal proclamation by the
concerned body. That in a way make significant group. From KII 3 and FGD 2
it is possible to teach concerned bodies particularly the city Women and
Children Affairs Office, which is responsible for initiating the organization of
community care coalitions throughout the sub city is not following their work
and providing any kind of assistance.
However, the sub city mentioned that shortage of work force has limited it from a strong
follow up on coalitions’ work (KII 7). Likewise, the city women and children affairs
office on its behalf said: it is not making any records and following coalition because it is
working on arranging some legal grounds in order to strengthen CCCs (KII 4). As Ababe
(2016) writes, resource mobilization was highly connected with community care coalition
accreditation. “According to the community care coalition implementation guideline
accreditation refers the process by community care coalitions to pass the process of legal
recognition so as to receive issued financial slip”. ‘This was issued from Bureau of
Finance for ensuring financial transparency during times of collecting resource. During
their establishment, community care coalitions are not accredited’. This has challenged
their resource mobilization, but community care coalitions have decided to collect
resource by using the voucher used by community, government and NGOs.

4.3.4 Professional Challenge

The other critical factor challenging CCC protection program is the limited engagement of
professional in child protection. According to data collected from interview with CCC officer’s
chairperson leading CCC are not trained on profession related to child protection. ‘This has
directly affected the child protection program by CCC’. The other professional challenges were
observed by sector coordinating and sector supporting CCC.

According to the data gained from key informant interview with KI-3, low professional
engagement with community care coalitions child protection program as follows:
As child protection coordinating organization we work closely with all government sector
s related to child protection. In doing so, I have observed the variation in program

38
implementation practices with sector s which hired professional that fit to the stated post
and those that does not hired professional who fit to stated post and those that does not
hire the right professional for the position.

Naturally, child protection program needs generalist and specialist service. The
inability of sectors in recruiting the right professional has affected the role and practices
of coalitions functioning’. Other KII conducted with bureau of women and child affairs
of the N?L sub city has indicated that same of them have hired as a social work
professional for the post that are even stated as a social worker. Even though professional
workers are key change agent by community based child protection like CCC, trained
professional needed to support the service delivery. This indicate that professional and
paraprofessional have to work together for providing kangaroo mother care for
vulnerable children and their family

39
 CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
This study is conducted with the objective of investigating the role, practices and challenges of
CCCs for child protection. Accordingly, three major research questions were addressed focusing
on major child protection services packages delivered, major role of CCC, employed practices
and pressing challenges of CCCs for the three objectives respectively. The tools used under this
study were interview, FGD, observation and document review as data gathering tools. Thematic
analysis approach was the main data analysis method used for coding, categorizing and creating
theme to fit to research objective. Therefore, key conclusions drown form the three major
research questions are summarized as follows.

5.1 Conclusion
The analysis of findings the role, practice and challenges of child protection services indicated
that, the service package delivered by CCC have brought positive changes to living condition of
vulnerable children and their families at three different level. The first category of finding
indicated those programs that have high success rates by bringing significant change on their
lives. These categories are key categories packages like economic strengthening, health support,
education support capacity building, delivery of rehabilitation device and counseling.

The second and third categories are those that are partially succeeded and les succeeded
packages in CCC program that have brought medium level and some change of their lives. These
include referral service, preventing and responding to child labor and child participation and
reunification and reintegration service respectively. The other components states that CCC has
provided coordinated and referred vulnerable children and their families to access free health
service. Educational material and supports given by CCC have increased Childs access to
education besides capacity building program support other nine service packages. The provision
of rehabilitation for disabled children by CCC has improved their wellbeing coupled with
reduction of breakdown in the family due to counseling service by CCCs.

As far as referral service is concerned it was effective in CSOs than governmental and private
organizations in supporting vulnerable children and their families for issues that are under the
area of intervention. Weak collaboration in the area of origin and destination was the underlying
cause for non-reduction of child labor despite prevention and response program

40
delivered by CCCs. The efforts made to reunify and reintegrate children did not brought
strong success due to weak economic capacity of family, the influence of brokers, weak follow
up of parents and child interest in early age work. In the study area child participation was very
low. This was resulted from low awareness, the existence of multiple child problems and
considering child participation programs as the least priority areas by CCCs and sectors.
The strategies employed by CCCs have guided CCCs to bring positive change on the life
of children and their families. This ascertained the direct linkage between the effectiveness of
service and employment of appropriate strategy. Local resource mobilization
by CCCs as the second strategy has catalyzed the delivery of service packages. This indicated
direct relationship of resource mobilization ability and effectiveness of CCCs functioning.

The collection, organizing and documentation of data as third strategy, decreased the amount of
time needed in the service delivery that reduced the pending of service schedules for
intervention. As the analysis of the finding on challenges encountered by CCCs depicted that, the
challenges identified by CCCs negatively affected its functioning. Resolving accreditation and
structural barriers, mobilizing resource and linking service with professionals was the major
challenges of the CCC. The CCCs structure has hindering effect on its functioning due to the
shortage of space and office supply. Though finance is a key input for effective implementation
of CCC program, financial challenges have brought the opposite effect. Accreditation challenge
has affected success of resource mobilization and functioning negatively. The low existence of
professionals in CCC programming is the other bottleneck affecting the functioning of CCCs.

Despite the triggering effect by challenges above, CCCs have ensured sustainability in
child protection service. Its sustainability factor was due to its focus of local resource, local
knowledge and institutions, planned intervention and the linkage of formal and informal actors.
The use of vast array of strategies is the other component of service sustainability besides
analyzing the relation of CCCs and traditional support networks based on their scope, purpose
and accreditation system. Analyzing the relationship was important to utilize the issues to which
they contribute their role, practices and challenges. Due to these, sustainability factors depicted
that CCCs are not ad hock program and sustains the child protection service provision for longer
period as a community development.

41
5.2 Recommendation
This section recommends some helpful mechanism that would help to develop role, practices and
encounter the challenges of community care coalitions. Recommended idea could be
implemented by coalition itself and some of them require a collective effort with the community
and concerned bodies.

 The coalition should fight dependency thinking in the community that challenges the role
and practices of the coalition. It also puts CCC positive effort under question especially
among the community member who could not directly benefit from its effort. The CCC
should work in resolving such kinds of awareness gaps in line with its efforts to raise
awareness on social protection. Diversifying and support the services shall augment the
success of the coalition in general.
 The CCC should work on preparing more tutor classes to support the student’s to perform
well in their education. On the other hand, the referral system should follow the health
service. That way both education and health services could become most effective. In
addition, increasing teachers and school’s participation ease the difficulty to help the
children on their study by using local resource.
 Arranging a loan to be paid back on long-term basis would be essential in changing
the standard of living of the communities. In this regard, the coalition may facilitate a
loan to the families of OVCs from woreda. The energy and wish of independence on the
side of the beneficiaries are important ingredients in the efforts of changing the lives.
 The coalition could start loan service from providing small amount of loan for OVC
caregivers from its saving account. It could provide the service for the caregivers after
organizing them under groups, which could be a solution for financial shortage the CCC
could face when implementing the service.
 The coalition should work more on resource mobilization. In order to operate effectively,
the CCC needs to mobilize the existing resources in the community. The coalition should
first identify all the resources that are available in the community, and further discussion
how to mobilize and use them. Members of the resource mobilization committee, which
is responsible for this specific job, should work on resource identification and on how to
mobilize them.

42
As it was discussed in the previous chapter, the coalition group is not diversified enough to the
level it is supposed to be. The CCC should work on diversification of its group.
Diversified coalition group is very much important in strengthening the coalition itself. It also
eases community mobilization and augments the coalition’s acceptance by the community.
Beneficiary’s participation should be another focus area which needs enough attention. This
includes children and caregivers’ participation.

 Children should be the major actors in the CCC’s activities. They should get the chance
to show the strengths and gaps of the service provider, the CCC. The CCC through
diversifying the participation should study the level of satisfaction and identify gaps.
Beneficiaries’ participation is also important to diversify and strengthen services. The
study argued that diversification of services would bring positive changes on the lives of
OVCs and various problems that are affecting the lives of the children should get
solution. The CCC should also focus on strengthening the existing services.
 The CCC needs a strong follow up and support networks from higher concerned
governmental institutions such like the sub city and the city’s women and children affairs
offices. Beside, government should give due focus in strengthening this organization. The
activities of the coalition deserve promotion and in this regard, the role of Medias is
pivotal.

43
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 Appendixes
Appendixes: In-depth Interview Guide for Vulnerable Children

The purpose of this questionnaire is to collect relevant data for the study entitled the role of
community care coalition in child protection services provided to vulnerable children in Abune
ZenaMarkos Children and Adult Supporting Association. Hence, your responses have vital
contribution for the success of this study as well. You are kindly requested to read all questions
and fill the questionnaire with genuine responses. Be sure that your responses will not be used
for other purposes other than academic purpose.

Please note the following points before you start filling the questionnaire:

You do not need to write your name on questionnaire paper. Read all the instructions before
attempting to answer the questions. There is no need to consult others to fill the questionnaire.
Please provide appropriate responses by putting (x) mark on your choice from one of the
suggested alternatives. Please do not leave the questions not answered.

Thank you in advance!!

Part I: General Information and Personal Data

8.1.1. Socio Demographic Information of Participant

1.Sex…………………………..
2.Age…………………………
3.Place of birth………………..
4. Place of living……………….
5. Religion……………………..
6. Education level………………
8.1.2 Family background

8. With whom are you living currently?

9. Do you have children in your family besides you? If yes how many?
10. Does your parents engaged in job? If yes what are they? If not why?
11. Does your parents educated at any level? If yes at to what level?If no why?

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12. Does anyone support you besides your family? If yes who, when and how?
13. Does any member of your family member died? If yes what was the cause and when?
8.1.3 Major Child Protection Services delivered to Children
1. Have you ever received health service from community care coalition? if yes what are
they? when is delivered?

2. Have you ever been received educational material from community care coalition? If yes
what are the types? When is it given, what are the processes involved? If no why?
3. Do you think that business development service training is important for your families? If
yes does any of your family have taken IGAs? If yes how and when?
4. Does any of your family have physical disability? If yes have any one your family
members received rehabilitation devices from community care coalition? If yes what are
the types?

5. Do any of your family member received counseling service from community care
coalition? If yes on what issues? If no to whom do you report during conflict?
6. Have any of your family members received economic support service (revolving
loan and cash transfer) for nutritional support and income generating activity? If yes,
what is the amount, when is it given and how are you using it and preferred area of work?
7. Have you ever received service from other organization by referral linkage created by
community care coalition? If yes, what type services and from which organization? Probe
from (governmental, nongovernmental, and private organizations).
8. Have you ever been separated and reintegrated to your family? If yes when and why?
What are the processes involved, challenges encountered and pushing factors out of
home?
9. Have you ever been participated on services delivered to children by community care
coalition? If yes when regularly, sometimes, rarely, not at all.If no why?
10. Can you share me about your personal narratives on how you become vulnerable?
11. Do you have other points you want to add to this interview that can support the study?
Thank you very much for your cooperation and response!

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Annex 8.2.

Key Informant Interview Guide for Concerned Sectors

8.2.1.Socio Demographic Information of Participants
1.Sex……………………………………
2. Age…………………………………..
3. Religion………………………………
4. Education level………………………
5.Marital status…………………………
6. Position in the organization………….
7. Year of experience……………………
Major issues to be addressed
1. Would you please tell me about how you understand community care coaltions?
2. Would you please share me about how understand child protection service?
3. Do you think that community care coalition have role for child protection? If yes what
are the roles? If no why and in what way? Probe major institutions engaged and
feedback mechanisms.
4. Does your bureau have policy and strategy documents for monitoring and oversight of
community care coalition program for child protection? If yes what are they? If no in
what other mechanisms do you use?
5. Can you tell me about the major programs you implemented, coordinated or referred in
your bureau for reducing child vulnerability?
6. Have you ever faced challenges in providing intervention to vulnerable children? If so
what are they? If not how do you managed to reduce their negative effect?
7. Do you participate children in community care coalition programming? If yes on what
issues and in what time range? If no why?
8. Do you think that community care coalition’s child protection service is sustainable? If
yes in what ways? If no what other mechanisms need to be employ for sustainability?
9. Is there anything you want to add to this interview?
Thank you very much for giving me your valuable time and data!!

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Annex 8.3.

In-depth Interview Guide for Community Care Coalition Chair Persons

8.3.1.Socio Demographic Information of Participants
1.Sex……………………………………
2. Age…………………………………..
3. Religion………………………………
4. Education level………………………
5. Marital status………………………..
6. Position……………………………...
7. Experience…………………………..
Major Issues to be Addressed
1. Does your community care coalition provide any type of child protection service? If yes
what are the types? If no how do you support vulnerable children and their families? Probe
(heath, education, economic strengthening).
2. Does your community care coalition use any strategies for providing child protection
service? If yes what are they? If no how do you deliver your service?
3. Have you ever encountered challenges in your community care coalition delivery of child
protection service? If yes what are they, if not in what way did you reduced their effects?
4. Do you think that community care coalition has relationship traditional support network like
Idir, Equb and Mahiber? If yes in what dimensions?
5. Do you think that community care coalition can ensure child protection sustainability? If yes
in what way? If not in what other ways do you thick can support sustainability?
6. Do you think that community care coalition bring service integration? If yes explain? If no in
what ways? Probe (GO, NGOs and CBOs involved)
7. Does your community care coalition participate children in coalition program? If yes when?
If no why? Probe (frequently, sometime rarely and not at all).
8. What other issues do you think are left?
Thank you very much!!

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Annex-8.4.

FGD Guide for Community Care Coalitions

8.4.1. Major Child Protection Services provided to Vulnerable Children by Community
Care Coalitions
1. Would you share to me major child protection service packages your community care
provided to vulnerable children and their families?
Economic support(Cash, revolving loan), How much in birr?In what time
range? what was the process involved?
Educational materials provided to vulnerable children? What are the types? In what
time range and where is it given?
Reintegrated vulnerable children with their families by community care coalition? In
what time range? From where (origin) to where (destination)?
Capacity building training given by community care coaltions to children and their
families received? Probing (Training family, sectors, community for supporttheir
Referral service children and families?Probing (GOs, CSOs and private organizations).
Physical rehabilitation service (Wheel chair, cranch, shoes).
8.4.2. Major strategies employed by community care coalitions
2. Would you share to me the strategies used by your community care coalitions for child
protection service delivery?
Mobilize local resource get resource for your programming? Probing (Financial,
Material Human resource)
Data Collection- Probing (by age, sex, service need to guide intervention, referral, for
media).
8.4.3. Challenges encountered and Service Sustainability
12. Would you please tell me the challenges triggering your community care coalition in
providing child protection service?? Probe (financial, office)
13. Tell me about your perception of the relationship between community care coalition and
traditional support networks?
14. In what ways do you thick can community care coalition ensure service sustainability?
15. Would you please share to me major actors involved in community care coalition
program implementation. Probe (government and nongovernmental organizations).

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Annex-8.5. FGD Guiding Questions for Vulnerable Children
1. Explain to me basic health services you or your family received from CCC?
2. Would you share me major education services provided to you by CCC?
3. Does community care coalition reintegrated children in your family? How? When? Why?
4. Does community care coalitions’ given capacity building for you and your families? When?
5. Explain economic support activities that are given to you and your families?
6. Have you ever received counseling referral service by CCCs? If yes when? On what issue?
8. Do you think that community care coalitions mobilize local resource for child protection? If
yes what are the types?
9. Have you ever been registered by CCCs up to know? If yes when and for what purpose?
10. Have any of your child family members received physical rehabilitation service? When,
what are the types?
Thank you very much!
8.6. FGD Guiding Questions for Female Households
1. Explain to me basic health services you or your family received from community care
coalitions’?
2. Would you tell me major education services provided to your children by community care
coalitions?
3. Does community care coalition reintegrated children in your family? If yes when?
4. Does community care coalitions’ delivered capacity building training for you and your
families? If yes when and on what issues?
5. Explain economic support activities that are given to you by community care coalition?
6. Have you ever received counseling referral service by CCCs in your Kebele? If yes when and
on what issue?
8. Do you think that community care coalitions’ mobilize local resource for child protection
service? If yes what type?
9. Have your family ever been registered by community care coalitions up to know? If yes when
and for what purpose?
Thank you very much for supporting me!

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Annex 8.7.

Observation Guide on Services delivered by Community Care Coalitions,

Vulnerable Children and household’s situation
1. The living condition of the children, housing, food item they consume and their interaction
with family, guardian or significant other with whom the child is living with.
2. The status of children in school, the material received and child communication with teacher
and class mates.
3. Child participation during decisions made by community care coalition in their meeting
about children.
4. Physical rehabilitation service a child received.
5. Destitute household’s engagement in economic support(IGAs) activities shop, pity
trade?

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