Mountains: Science Notes
1. Definition
A mountain is a large landform that rises prominently above its surroundings, usually with
steep slopes and significant elevation.
2. Formation of Mountains
Mountains are mainly formed through tectonic activity, including:
1. Fold Mountains
○ Formed when two tectonic plates collide, causing the crust to fold.
○ Examples: Himalayas, Alps, Andes.
2. Block Mountains
○ Formed when large blocks of the Earth’s crust are tilted or uplifted between
faults.
○ Examples: Sierra Nevada, Harz Mountains.
3. Volcanic Mountains
○ Formed by the accumulation of lava and volcanic material.
○ Examples: Mount Fuji, Mount Kilimanjaro.
4. Dome Mountains
○ Formed when magma pushes up the crust without erupting.
○ Examples: Black Hills, South Dakota.
3. Parts of a Mountain
1. Peak/Summit – the highest point.
2. Slope – the side of the mountain.
3. Base – the bottom of the mountain.
4. Ridge – a long, narrow top.
5. Valley – low area between mountains.
4. Types of Mountains by Shape
● Sharp-Peaked – steep and pointed (often young fold mountains).
● Rounded – gentle slopes (older, eroded mountains).
● Volcanic – conical shape formed from lava and ash.
5. Mountain Ecosystems
● Alpine Zone – above the tree line, cold, sparse vegetation.
● Subalpine Zone – forests near the upper slopes.
● Montane Zone – dense forests on mid-slopes.
6. Importance of Mountains
● Source of rivers and freshwater.
● Rich in minerals and forests.
● Habitat for wildlife.
● Influence climate and weather patterns.
● Offer recreational activities (hiking, skiing, tourism).
7. Famous Mountains
● Mount Everest – highest mountain in the world (8,848 m).
● K2 – second highest, in Karakoram range.
● Mount Kilimanjaro – tallest in Africa.
● Rocky Mountains – North America.
● Andes – South America.
8. Interesting Facts
● Mountains are constantly changing due to erosion and tectonic activity.
● Some mountains are volcanic, while others are purely tectonic.
● Mountains affect wind patterns and rainfall through orographic effect.
