Citrus Fruits

for Southern and Coastal Georgia

Prepared by:
Gerard W. Krewer, Former Extension Fruit Specialist
Arlie A. Powell, Former Extension Horticulturist

Reviewed by Robert Westerfield

 Table of Contents

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Historical Background of Citrus in the United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Selecting Varieties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Sweet Types of Citrus.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Acid Types of Citrus.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Rootstock Selection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Pollination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Establishment and Care of Young Citrus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Site Selection and Spacing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Tree Selection and Planting Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Fertilization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Cold Protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Cold Hardiness and Factors Affecting Freeze Damage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Care of the Bearing Tree.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Other Cultural Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Fruit Shedding.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Leaf Drop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Fruit Splitting.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Insect and Disease Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
 Citrus Fruits for Southern and Coastal Georgia
Citrus plants are very versatile around the home and may be used as individual specimens, hedges or container plants.
Their natural beauty and ripe fruits make them attractive additions to the South Georgia home scene. Cold-hardy varieties
that receive recommended care may grow successfully in the coastal and extreme southern areas of the state (and to a
lesser degree in more northern locations). Areas where citrus are best adapted within the state are shown in Figure 1.

The most significant limiting factor to citrus culture in these areas is damage from severe winter temperature. The
following brief history of citrus culture in the United States vividly illustrates the devastating effect of winter freezes.

Figure 1: Citrus is best adapted to Zone A. With adequate cold protection, cold hardy selections may be grown in Zone B with some
success. Citrus can be grown in lower Zone C, but extensive cold protection measures will be needed in some years.

Historical Background of Citrus in the U.S.

Citrus was first introduced into the continental United States by early Spanish explorers at Saint Augustine, Florida, in
1565. Considerable time elapsed before citrus was introduced into Arizona (1707) and California (1769).

History indicates that citrus plants have been grown for many years in gardens near the Gulf of Mexico and even as far
north as Charleston, South Carolina. Small satsuma plantings were developed in the Gulf states as early as the 1890s but
were destroyed by the freezes of 1894-95 and 1899. Plantings resumed until the freeze of 1916-17 struck, killing
thousands of acres. By the early 1940s the hardy satsuma had again made a comeback, with some 12,000 acres growing
in the Gulf states of Louisiana, Alabama and northern Florida. But freezes in the two decades following World War II
mostly eliminated these plantings. Currently the main commercial areas are on the Gulf Coast of Louisiana and Florida.

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 Selecting Varieties
Sweet Types of Citrus
The three general classes of citrus that produce sweet fruits are mandarins, sweet oranges and grapefruit. All of these
citrus types develop into attractive, medium- to large-size trees. However, some are better adapted to South Georgia
conditions than others.

Mandarins
This citrus class includes a large group of loose-skinned, deeply-colored, highly-flavored fruits. They are sometimes
referred to as the kid-glove (easily peeled) fruits. Within this group are the mandarins, satsumas, tangerines and tangerine
hybrids. The terms mandarin and tangerine are used interchangeably for a number of loose-skinned fruits, depending
upon where they are grown. For example Dancy is called a tangerine in Florida and a mandarin in California. Unlike
other types of citrus, crosspollination is required for optimum fruiting of a number of tangerine varieties and hybrids.

Satsuma - The highest degree of success and greatest satisfaction in growing citrus in Georgia will be realized with the
satsuma. It will withstand colder temperatures, produce more consistent crops over a longer period of time and requires
less cold protection than other types of sweet citrus.

The satsuma is distinctly different from the mandarin. It is self-fruitful, has excellent cold hardiness and ripens its fruit
well ahead of any freeze problems (September to November). Owari is the most popular variety, and is generally
available at retail outlets. Fruits retain their peak quality for about two weeks, after which they may become puffy, rough
in appearance and lose flavor and juice content. Silverhill is another good variety. Changsha is seed-propagated. Some
have good flavor, but most are very seedy.

An important fact to remember when growing satsumas is that fruits become fully ripened for eating while the peel color
is still rather green. Certain fruits will ripen ahead of others, but by beginning to harvest when the first few fruits become
ripe, at least one to two weeks may be added to the length of the harvesting period.

Tangerines (Mandarin) - The next best type of citrus to plant from the standpoint of cropping and cold hardiness is the
tangerine. Satsumas and tangerines will escape damage from many freezes that will severely damage grapefruit and sweet
oranges.

Dancy and Ponkan are exceptionally good tangerine varieties that produce quality fruits. However, their fruits may not
develop good flavor before early- to mid-December, so they may be exposed to freezing temperatures before attaining
optimum ripeness. The Ponkan reportedly is less cold-resistant than most mandarins. Its fruits lose quality and the rind
puffs if it is not picked when ripe. Earlier-ripening selections such as the Clementine (Algerian) tangerine should be
planted where possible. Dancy and Ponkan are self-fruitful, but Clementine requires cross-pollination from another
tangerine or tangerine hybrid. The tangerine hybrids described below provide some exceptionally good early-maturing
varieties that should be of interest to the homeowner.

Tangerine Hybrids - Tangelos are tangerine-grapefruit hybrids that produce loose-skinned, tangerine-like fruits.
Orlando is an ideal selection for homeowner use. It is cold hardy and produces excellent quality fruits that ripen early
(October to December). Dancy, Clementine or some other variety should be planted with Orlando for cross-pollination.
Other early-season (October to November) tangerine hybrids that could be grown include Lee, Robinson, Osceola, Nova
and Page. All of these hybrids require cross-pollination for best fruiting.

Sweet Oranges
Sweet oranges may be grown along the lower coastal area with a fair degree of success if adequate cold protection is
provided each year. Hamlin is suggested if fruits are desired primarily for juice. Its cold-hardiness is equal or superior to
other sweet orange varieties; however, hard freezes (20 degrees F and lower) will severely damage them. Fruits are
commercially seedless (six seeds or fewer per fruit) and ripen early (October to November). Ambersweet is another
sweet orange suggested for trial.

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The naval orange is recommended for growing seedless fruit that will be eaten fresh. Navel oranges often
produce light crops and aren't usually as fruitful as sweet orange varieties (non-navel types) such as Hamlin.
Suggested varieties include Washington, Dream and Summerfield. All ripen their fruits relatively early
(October to December).

Grapefruit
Because of a lack of outstanding cold hardiness, grapefruit should be grown along the same lower coastal area
as sweet oranges. Although numerous selections are available, the Marsh (white seedless) and Redblush or
Ruby (red seedless) varieties are the most frequently planted. Both produce excellent quality fruit and have few
to no seeds. (For those homeowners who prefer exceptionally high fruit quality, the white seedy varieties Royal
and Triumph are suggested.) Marsh and Ruby fruits may be harvested as early as late September and October,
but their quality significantly improves if they remain on trees until November and December. The Star Ruby,
released by Texas A&M University, is an outstanding red, seedless grapefruit.

Acid Types of Citrus

There are a number of hardy acid-type fruits available for homeowner use. These plants make attractive ornamental
specimens and provide delightful fruits. All are self-fruitful and do not require cross-pollination.

Kumquats
Kumquats are the most cold hardy of the commonly grown acid citrus fruits, tolerating temperatures as low as 15 to 17
degrees F. They possess a delayed resumation of growth in the spring, which helps avoid late freeze damage. The
kumquat is one of the most widely used citrus plants around the home and develops into an attractive shrub-like tree that
bears small orange-like fruit about one inch in diameter. Fruits may be eaten fresh, peel and all, or used in making jellies,
marmalade and candies. Several varieties are available, but only three are commonly propagated: Nagami, Marumi and
Meiwa. Nagami fruit are oblong to pear-shaped and have acid pulp; the others are sweeter and rounder. Meiwa, which
produces nearly-round, sweet fruit, has become one of the most popular for home planting.

Calamondins
This small, round fruit looks somewhat like a tangerine and has very acid pulp. It is attractive as an indoor or container
plant. Fruits are yellow to orange colored, and are readily used as a substitute for limes and lemons. Calamondins have
good cold hardiness (low 20s).

Lemons
Meyer, one of the most cold-hardy lemon selections, is recommended for home planting because it produces good crops
of large, practically seedless, juicy lemons. The fruit ripening period usually lasts for several months, beginning in late
summer. Plants developed from cuttings are often used around the home. Inherent cold hardiness approximates that of the
sweet orange (mid 20s).

Lime Hybrids
The Eustis limequat is a very cold-hardy lime-kumquat hybrid and makes a very attractive small plant. It is popular as a
container plant. Limequats produce fruit resembling the lime in appearance and quality and may serve as an excellent
lime substitute. Cold hardiness is about equivalent to the tangerine (low 20s). Lakeland and Tavares are two less-
popular varieties occasionally found in retail outlets.

Rootstock Selection
Proper rootstock selection is crucial. Trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) is a superior rootstock for satsumas, oranges,
kumquats and tangerines and is strongly recommended. It induces good cold hardiness in the scion variety and results in
favorable yields and high fruit quality. About the only other rootstocks of value are sour orange, Cleopatra mandarin and
certain citranges (a cross of sweet orange and trifoliate orange) such as Rusk and Carrizon. Cleopatra mandarin is an
outstanding rootstock for mandarins-tangerines. Sour orange is incompatible as a rootstock for kumquats.

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 Pollination
With the exception of Clementine tangerine and certain tangerine hybrids such as Orlando tangelo, citrus trees are self-
fruitful and do not require cross-pollination. Self-fruitful types of citrus may be grown as single trees.

Establishment and Care of Young Citrus

Site Selection and Spacing
Citrus trees produce fruit best when grown in full sun. Citrus trees planted under live oaks or pines produce only light
fruit crops, but often survive freezes since warmer air may be trapped under the sheltering trees.

Avoid planting trees near septic tanks or drain fields. Tree roots may clog the drain, and soaps and cleaning supplies,
used in the home may prove toxic to the trees.

Citrus trees do best on well-drained sandy loam soils, but will grow on many soil types if good water drainage is
provided. If drainage is problem, plant on wide raised beds. Citrus plants that develop into trees, such as satsumas and
tangerines, may be planted as close as 10 to 15, feet apart although a spacing of 15 to 20 feet is ideal. Small citrus plants
such as kumquats may be spaced as close as six to 10 feet.

If possible, locate citrus plants in a protected area, such as near a home or some other structure, preferably on the south
side. This type of location provides maximum protection from severe freezes. Usually the wind associated with South
Georgia cold weather comes from the north to northwest.

Tree Selection and Planting Procedures

Most citrus trees for home plantings are purchased in containers, or balled and wrapped in burlap. Healthy one-year-old
budded trees should be ½- to ¾-inch in caliper and two-year old trees usually measure ¾- to 1¼-inches in caliper (caliper
is trunk diameter measured one inch above bud union). These trees are the ideal size for home planting. Acid-type fruit
plants are usually purchased in smaller sizes. Planting can be done any time during the year, although late winter to early
spring (after danger of freezing temperatures has passed) is ideal. A planting site four to five feet in diameter should be
cleaned of all weeds and grasses and the soil thoroughly spaded.

Dig a hole large enough to accommodate the root ball. Remove the plant from the container and place it in the hole,
keeping the top of the root ball level with the soil surface. If the tree is pot-bound, make vertical cuts at several locations
around the ball to stimulate new root development. Fill the hole about one-half full with soil, add water and tramp firmly
to settle soil and remove air pockets. Allow the water to settle, finish filling the hole with soil and apply water again.
Pack the soil firmly around the trunk, adding additional soil if needed. Do not apply any fertilizer in the planting hole, as
root damage may result. Around the tree, construct a water basin 30 to 36 inches in diameter and four inches high. Water
twice weekly for the first two weeks unless rainfall is adequate. Gradually reduce the number of waterings to once
weekly during periods of little or no rainfall.

The first growing season is critical in the life of a citrus plant. Water is essential. Keep an area at least four feet in
diameter beneath the tree free of weeds and lawn grass to minimize competition for nutrients and water. If dense lawn
grass is allowed to re-establish close to the tree trunk, the small tree will grow rather slowly because of intense
competition.

At the time of planting, the branches should be cut back to six- to 12-inch stubs (this pruning is sometimes already
completed when plants are purchased). This practice helps balance the top of the tree with the functional root system and
stimulates vigorous regrowth. Very little pruning should be required during the first growing season except to remove
sprouts that arise below the scaffold limbs (the primary structural branches originating from the tree trunk).

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Ideally, scaffold branches should not be allowed to develop lower than 18 to 20 inches from the soil. The natural
branching habit of citrus results in structurally sound trees; thus, the type of tree training normally practiced with peaches
and apples is unnecessary.

Fertilization
Newly-planted trees should not be fertilized until growth begins in the spring. If possible, use a complete fertilizer such
as an 8-8-8 or 10-10-10, which contains micronutrients. A suggested fertilizer schedule for the first three years is given in
Table 1. Fertilizer applications should not be made between August 1 and February 15 during the first two years to avoid
inducing untimely growth flushes during the winter.

During the first year, spread fertilizer in a 30-inch circle, and avoid placing any against the trunk. In subsequent years the
fertilized area should be gradually increased. A good rule of thumb is to fertilize an area twice the diameter of the tree
canopy.

Ordinary lawn and shrub fertilizer may be used for citrus trees; however, it fertilizer may only contain the primary plant
food elements nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. For the best performance, apply a fertilizer containing the secondary
and micronutrients (magnesium, manganese and copper). The latter two elements, plus zinc and boron as needed, may
also be supplied through nutritional sprays. Some garden centers and nurseries sell special citrus fertilizers that
incorporate micronutrients.

TABLE 1. Suggested Fertilizer Schedule for Young Citrus Trees*

(Lbs. of 8-8-8 fertilizer per tree)
Grow ing Season M arch 1 April 15-30 June 1-15 July 15-30
1 2
First /3** ½ /3 1
1
Second 1 1 /4 1½ 1 3/ 4
Third 1 3/ 4 2 2½ 3
*This schedule is designed for citrus plants that develop into medium to large trees. Only half these
amounts, or less, will be needed for small, shrubby citrus plants such as kumquats, limequats,
calamondins, etc.

**Make this application after growth begins in the spring, usually four to six weeks after planting.

Cold Protection
Even the most cold-hardy young citrus trees cannot withstand freezing temperatures as well as more mature, bearing
trees. Before the first freeze, trees up to four years of age should be banked with clean soil to a height of about 15 inches.
Soil banks should be removed after the last chance of freeze in the early spring. Wrapping material with good insulating
properties such as fiberglass or foam rubber also make effective protectors and may be used in lieu of soil banks. These
materials should be a minimum of six inches thick and must make good contact with the soil. Special microsprinklers
can also be used to protect the trunks during freezes. When the trees grow larger, the microsprinkler is placed in the
lower part of the in the tree to protect the trunk and lower scaffold limbs.

When only a few plants are involved, protective covers may be used when severe freezes occur. On extremely cold
nights, placing one or two electric light bulbs beneath the cover provides good protection.

Sprinkler irrigation can also be used to protect citrus during some freezes. Start applying ¼-inch of water per hour when
temperatures drop below freezing and continue until temperatures rise above 32 degrees F. If possible, support weak
limbs to prevent breakage from ice. The ice should be clear and icicles should be present. If the ice is milky white,
increase the volume of water being applied. See www.smallfruits.org for a chart to determine if overhead irrigation can
be used for freeze protection.

5
Cold Hardiness and Factors Affecting Freeze Damage
Citrons, lemons and limes are most easily killed by freezing temperatures. Temperatures from the mid- to high-20s will
readily kill or severely damage these plants. Sweet oranges and grapefruit are somewhat more cold hardy and usually
require temperatures in the low- to mid-20s before incurring major damage to large branches. Tangerines and mandarins
are quite cold hardy, usually withstanding temperatures in the low 20s before significant wood damage occurs. Among
the edible types of sweet citrus, the satsuma has the greatest degree of cold hardiness. Properly hardened bearing trees
will withstand temperatures as low as 19 to 20 degrees F without appreciable wood damage.

Citrus fruits, on the other hand, easily freeze at 26 to 28 degrees F, especially when these temperatures last for several
hours. A longer duration of freezing temperatures is required to freeze grapefruit than sweet oranges, and tangerines and
satsuma fruits are more easily frozen than either of the former.

The particular temperature at which tissue of a given plant will freeze and the degree of the damage sustained are
functions of a number of factors in addition to the species and variety involved:
• the freezing temperature reached;
• the duration of the minimal temperature;
• how well the plant became hardened or conditioned before freezing temperatures occurred (the tissue freezing
point of a hardened citrus plant may be five to six degrees lower than an unhardened plant);
• whether the plant is wet or dry (the killing temperature is two to four degrees lower for a dry citrus plant); and
• the age of the plant (a young plant cannot withstand as much cold as a more mature tree).

Some years, citrus plants seem to freeze at higher temperatures. The contributing factor seems to be the difference
between air (ambient) temperature and leaf (tissue) temperature. On a windy night with clear or cloudy skies, leaf
temperature will be approximately the same as air temperature. On a cold, clear night with little or no wind movement,
leaf temperature may easily drop 3 to 4 degrees F below air temperature because of radiation heat loss. Thus, under the
latter circumstances, while the minimum air temperature on a given night may have only been 25 degrees F, actual leaf
temperature may have reached 21 to 22 degrees F. The critical temperature is that of the leaf or fruit, not the air.

Care of the Bearing Tree

The first three years should be devoted to developing a vigorous tree with strong scaffolds. Some fruit may be borne the
second and third growing seasons, although the quality may not be too good. Trees should begin fruiting significant crops
in the fourth growing season.

Continue using the same 8-8-8 fertilizer (or equivalent) for bearing trees. Three applications per year, in February, May
or June and August or September, are suggested. Apply fertilizer from near the trunk to well beyond the leaf drip of the
tree (on large trees this usually involves fertilizing about four to six feet beyond the leaf drip). A reasonable rate of
application to maintain healthy foliage and good fruiting is about a half of a pound of the 8-8-8 fertilizer per year of tree
age (rates are for sandy soils; clay and other soils with greater inherent fertility require less fertilizer). After a number of
years, a fertilizer containing nitrogen and potassium or just nitrogen alone may prove adequate. A maximum of 1½ to 3
pounds actual nitrogen per tree per year should be adequate.

As trees age, problems may be encountered with micronutrient deficiencies. An annual nutritional spray applied in the
spring usually corrects the deficiencies. Pre-packaged nutritional spray mixes may be purchased from garden supply
dealers. These mixes should contain manganese, zinc and copper. Boron deficiencies may be corrected with foliar sprays
or soil applications. When iron deficiency symptoms develop, chelated forms should be applied to the soil.

The pH (acidity or alkalinity) of the soil in which trees are growing should be maintained between 6.0 and 7.0. Apply
dolomite, agricultural limestone or basic stag as needed to prevent the pH from dropping below 6.0. Your local county
Extension agent or garden supply dealer can assist in determining if a pH adjustment is needed.

Weed control around large bearing trees becomes somewhat less essential. However, it is generally beneficial to remove
all weeds and lawn grass from beneath the canopy of the tree. This approach also provides a more attractive landscape

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design. Do remove weeds and grass from the area immediately around the tree trunk as this growth tends to create ideal
conditions for fungal organisms such as those causing foot rot at the base of the tree. Mulches are not necessary for best
tree performance, but may be used on well drained sites. Mulching material should not be placed within 12 inches of the
trunk.

Watering bearing citrus plants will not be necessary in some years. However, adequate water should be provided as
needed, particularly during flowering and fruit setting in early spring and the dry periods of mid- to late summer. A slow
application of water over a several-hour period is preferable to a rapid "lawn-type irrigation."

Pruning citrus trees on an annual basis is unnecessary. Only remove water sprouts (suckers) and dead, damaged or
diseased limbs. Make all cuts flush with the trunk or the next-largest branch (don't leave stubs). Seal all cuts in excess of
½-inch in diameter with a safe pruning paint—those with an asphalt base are recommended. The summer is usually an
ideal time for pruning.

Citrus plants in Georgia are always subject to injury from cold weather. If trees are only slightly damaged, pruning may
be done as soon as new growth indicates the extent of injury. However, regardless of the amount of injury sustained, no
pruning should be done until after danger of further freezes has passed. If trees incur major freeze damage, allow the first
flush of growth to mature before pruning.

Other Cultural Problems

Fruit Shedding
Homeowners frequently become concerned about the excessive shed of young blossoms and fruits in early spring. This is
a natural shedding of blossoms and fruits that is characteristic of all citrus. Another natural fruit shedding occurs in May
and June when fruits are marble-size. Keep in mind that only one or two percent (sometimes less than one percent) of the
blossoms are needed for good crops. Natural shedding of flowers and fruits prevents citrus from overproducing.

Leaf Drop
Occasionally homeowners become alarmed when healthy trees lose large numbers of their leaves. In many cases this is a
natural drop; and may be most noticeable in early spring. Citrus leaves live for 18 to 24 months and then begin shedding,
with some leaf dropping occurring throughout the year. Always be alert to other possible causes of leaf shedding,
including mite damage, excessive or insufficient soil moisture, cold damage or root diseases.

Fruit Splitting
In late summer (August to September), fruit splitting may be a problem with certain oranges and tangerines. This is a
physiological problem that usually occurs when a period of fruit growth cessation (associated with moisture stress) is
followed by a rapid increase in size as the result of a heavy rain. Other than alleviating moisture stress, little can be done
about this problem.

Insect and Disease Control

Citrus fruits may be grown successfully in the home or backyard orchards with limited control of insects and diseases.
Fruits produced without pesticide sprays may have very poor external quality as a result of mite, insect and fungus
disease damage. The tree appearance may suffer, but they are seldom critically damaged by most citrus pests. Natural
biological control will assist in maintaining pests at low population levels.

For those who prefer to spray, three cover sprays during each season are helpful. A post-bloom spray for scales, mites and
fungal diseases, a summer oil for scales and mites, and a fall mite spray are usually satisfactory.

Formulating a spray program can be somewhat difficult because of the many factors involved, including constantly
changing government regulations regarding the use of agricultural chemicals. Consult your local county Extension agent
for information on developing a spray program for home citrus trees.

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 extension.uga.edu
Bulletin 804 Reviewed February 2020
Published by the University of Georgia in cooperation with Fort Valley State University, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and counties of the state. For more information,
contact your local UGA Cooperative Extension office. The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (working cooperatively with Fort Valley
State University, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the counties of Georgia) offers its educational programs, assistance, and materials to all people without regard to race,
color, religion, sex, national origin, disability, gender identity, sexual orientation or protected veteran status and is an Equal Opportunity, Affirmative Action organization.