--- Section 1 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 2 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 3 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water
--- Section 4 ---
Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 5 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 6 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water
--- Section 7 ---
Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 8 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 9 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 10 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 11 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 12 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 13 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 14 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 15 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 16 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 17 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 18 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium
Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 19 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 20 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 21 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium
Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 22 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 23 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 24 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 25 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 26 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 27 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.
Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 28 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 29 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 30 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.
Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 31 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 32 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 33 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
 where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 34 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 35 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 36 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
 n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 37 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 38 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 39 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 40 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 41 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 42 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 43 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 44 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 45 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 46 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 47 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 48 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 49 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 50 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 51 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 52 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 53 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 54 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 55 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 56 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 57 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 58 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 59 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water
--- Section 60 ---
Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 61 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 62 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water
--- Section 63 ---
Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 64 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 65 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water
--- Section 66 ---
Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 67 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 68 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 69 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 70 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 71 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 72 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 73 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 74 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 75 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 76 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 77 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium
Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 78 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 79 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 80 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium
Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 81 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 82 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 83 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 84 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 85 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 86 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.
Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 87 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 88 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 89 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.
Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 90 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 91 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 92 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
 where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 93 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 94 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 95 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
 n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 96 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 97 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 98 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 99 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 100 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 101 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 102 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 103 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 104 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 105 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 106 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 107 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 108 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 109 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 110 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 111 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 112 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 113 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 114 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 115 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 116 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 117 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 118 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water
--- Section 119 ---
Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 120 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 121 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water
--- Section 122 ---
Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 123 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 124 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water
--- Section 125 ---
Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 126 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 127 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 128 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 129 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 130 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 131 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 132 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 133 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 134 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 135 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 136 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium
Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 137 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 138 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 139 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium
Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 140 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 141 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 142 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 143 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 144 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 145 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.
Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 146 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 147 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 148 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.
Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 149 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 150 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 151 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
 where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 152 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 153 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 154 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
 n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 155 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 156 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 157 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 158 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 159 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 160 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 161 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 162 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 163 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 164 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 165 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 166 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 167 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 168 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 169 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 170 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 171 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 172 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 173 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 174 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 175 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 176 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 177 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water
--- Section 178 ---
Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 179 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 180 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water
--- Section 181 ---
Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 182 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 183 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water
--- Section 184 ---
Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 185 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 186 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 187 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 188 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 189 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 190 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 191 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 192 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 193 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 194 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 195 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium
Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 196 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 197 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 198 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium
Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 199 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 200 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 201 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 202 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 203 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 204 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.
Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 205 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 206 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 207 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.
Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 208 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 209 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 210 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
 where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 211 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 212 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 213 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
 n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 214 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 215 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 216 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 217 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 218 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 219 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 220 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 221 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 222 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 223 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 224 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 225 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 226 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 227 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 228 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 229 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 230 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 231 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 232 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 233 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 234 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 235 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 236 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water
--- Section 237 ---
Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 238 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 239 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water
--- Section 240 ---
Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 241 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 242 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water
--- Section 243 ---
Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 244 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 245 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 246 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 247 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 248 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 249 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 250 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 251 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 252 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 253 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 254 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium
Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 255 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 256 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 257 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium
Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 258 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 259 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 260 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 261 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 262 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 263 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.
Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 264 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 265 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 266 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.
Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 267 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 268 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 269 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
 where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 270 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 271 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 272 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
 n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 273 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 274 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 275 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 276 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 277 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 278 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 279 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 280 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 281 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 282 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 283 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 284 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 285 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 286 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 287 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 288 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 289 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 290 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 291 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 292 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 293 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 294 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 295 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water
--- Section 296 ---
Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 297 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 298 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water
--- Section 299 ---
Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 300 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 301 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water
--- Section 302 ---
Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 303 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 304 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 305 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 306 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 307 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 308 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 309 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 310 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 311 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 312 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 313 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium
Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 314 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 315 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 316 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium
Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 317 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 318 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 319 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 320 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 321 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 322 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.
Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 323 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 324 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.

Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water

--- Section 325 ---

Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a
change in its speed.
Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for the given pair of media:
n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r)
where n1 and n2 are refractive indices.
Refractive Index:
n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium

Applications:
- Lenses in glasses, microscopes, telescopes
- Optical fibers
- Apparent bending of objects in water