NCM100  Judaism

 Christianity
HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF
 Mohammedism or Islam
NURSING

Prehistoric to Early Christian Era

Near East culture was adopted by the
 More on “intuition”
Greeks and Romans combined with the
 Nomads – travel from one place to
wonders of the Far East by returning
another Survival of the fittest.
crusaders and explorers improved and
 “Best for the most” – motto
was carried to Europe during the
 Sickness is due to “voodoo”
Renaissance Period that resulted to
INTUITIVE PERIOD/ MEDIEVAL greater knowledge then to the New World
PERIOD by the Early settlers.

 Performed out of feeling of New World – a tiny area known as a

compassion for others, desire to birth of monotheism that lies between
help and wish to do good. Tigris and Euprates River in the Nile River
 Nursing is given by the “women” arose the cultures of babylonia, Egypt
 Shaman- uses white magic to and Hebrew.
counteract the black magic. They
Monotheism – believer of one God
are the doctors during those time.
 Trephining - drilling the skull.
Used to treat Psychotic patients.
 “Different Civilization”
 Psychotic patients are believed
o BABYLONIANS
to be possessed by evil spirits.
o EGYPTIANS
 Growth of religion - most
o HEBREW
important thing that happened
 Growth of civilization o CHINA
 Law of preservation – inspire o INDIA
man in search of knowledge o GREECE

 BABYLONIANS
 Code of Hammurabi - First
 “Rise in Civilization” recording on the medical practice
 From the mode of Nomadic life →  Established the medical fees
agrarian society → gradual  Discouraged experimentation
development of urban  Specific doctor for each disease
community life  Right of patient to choose
 Existence of means of treatment between the use of
communication Start of charms, medicine, or surgical
scientific knowledge → more procedure
complex life → increase in health  EGYPTIANS
problems → demand for more  ART OF EMBALMING
nurses.  Mummification
 Nursing as a duty of SLAVES and  Removing the internal organ of
WIVES. NURSING DID NOT the dead body
CHANGE but there was progress in  Instillation of herbs and salt to
the practice of medicine. the dead
 Care of the sick was still closely  Used to enhance their knowledge
allied with superstitions, religion of the human anatomy.
and magic  Since work was done and
 Near East – birth place of 3 performed on the dead, they
religious ideologists: learned nothing of Philosophy
  THE 250 DISEASES - combination of Pharmacist,
Documentation about 250 diseases Masseurs, PT, cooks
and treatments  There was also decline in Medical
 HEBREW practice due to fall of Buddhism –
 Teachings of MOSES state religion of India
o Created Leviticus  GREECE
o Father of sanitation  AESCULAPIUS- Father of
o Practice the values of medicine in Greek mythology,
“Hospitality to strangers” and god of healing
the “Act of Charity” – contained  HIPPOCRATES- Father of
in the book of Genesis modern medicine
 LEVITICUS – 3rd book of the Old o 1st to reject the idea
Testament that diseases are
o Laws controlling the spread of caused by evil spirits
communicable diseases o 1st to apply
o Laws governing cleanliness assessment
o Laws on preparation of food o Practice medical ethics
o Purification of man and his food  CADUCEUS- Insignia of
o The ritual of CIRCUMCISION on medicine
the 8th day after birth  Composed of staff of travellers
 MOSAIC LAW intertwined with 2 serpent (the
o Meant to keep Hebrews pure so symbol of Aesculapus and his
that they may enter the healing power). At the apex of
sanctuary without affronting the staff are two wings of
God hermes (Mercury) for speed.
o Meant as a survival for health  NURSES → function of
and hygienic reason only untrained slaves “HIPPOCRATIC
 CHINA OATH AND NIGHTINGALE
 Use of pharmacologic drugs PLEDGE”
 “MATERIA MEDICA” -Book that Hippocratic oath is an oath historically
indicates the pharmacologic drug taken by the Physicians and other
used for treatment healthcare professionals swearing to
 No knowledge on anatomy practice medicine honestly. It is widely
 Use of wax to preserve the body of believed to have been written by
the dead Hippocrates.
 Method of paper making
 Factor That Hampered The Nightingale pledge- is a statement that
Advancement Of Medicine:- nurses utter in order to prove their
Prohibits dissecting of human body sincerity with their profession. Nurses
thus thwarting scientific study undertake promise in front of the
 INDIA experiences practitioners that they would
 SUSHURUTA - 1st recording on abide by the rules and regulations of
the nursing practice nursing care. Also accompanies the
 Hampered by Taboos due to Candle lighting segment ceremony
social structures and practices of (Capping & Pinning)
animal worship.  ROMANS
 Medicine men built hospitals.  Proper turnover for the sick
 Intuitive form of asepsis. people
 There was proficient practice of  “if you’re strong, you’re
Medicine and Surgery healthy” – motto
 NURSES QUALIFICATIONS: Lay  Transition from Pagan to
Brothers, Priest Nurses, Christianity
  FABIOLA—was converted to o Cared for the injured and
Christian and later she established hospitals in the
converted her home to a military camps
hospital and used her wealth  KNIGHTS OF ST. LAZARUS
for the sick. (Roman Matron)- o Care for those who suffered
high rank women Leprosy, syphilis, and chronic
 1st hospital in the Christian skin diseases
world
 Alexian Brothers School of Nursing
 ALEXIAN BROTHERS- A
APPRENTICE PERIOD/MIDDLE AGES monasteric order founded in
1348. They established the
Alexian Brothers.
 11th century → 1836  School of Nursing, the
 On-the-job training period -Refers largest school under religious
to a beginner (on-the-job training). auspices exclusively in US
It means care performed by people and it closed down in 1969.
who are directed by more  ST. VINCENT DE PAUL-
experienced nurses SISTERS OF CHARITY
 Starts from the founding of  LOUISE de GRAS-patron saint
Religious Orders in the 6th century of sick people, widows and
(1836 – when the deaconesses orphans in 1960s
School of Nursing was established
Prior to Florence Nightingale Is the
in Kaiserweith, Germany by Pastor
Dark Age for Nursing because Nursing is
THEODORE FLEIDNER
considered as
 There was a struggle for religious,
political, and economic power o A very low job in terms of social
 Crusades took place in order to hierarchy.
gain religious, political, and o A job for the uneducated and poor.
economic power or for adventure o A desperate occupation.
 During the Crusade in this period, it
happened as an attempt to Prior to Florence Nightingale Who are
recapture the Holy the nurses?
 Land from the Turk who obtained o Women of lowest social standing
and gain control of the region as a o Wayward women of low status,
result of power stuggle. Christians instead of going to prison, they
were divided due to several were asked to serve as nurses.
religious war and Christians were monastic women or untrained
denied visit to The Holy Sepulcher. helpers of low repute.
MILITARY RELIGIOUS ORDERS AND o Poor unmarried woman with no
THEIR WORKS family or no chance of getting
married.
 KNIGHTS OF ST. JOHN OF JERUSALEM
(ITALIAN)- Also called as “Knights of The Dark Period of Nursing
the Hospitalers”.
 From 17th century – 19th century
o Established to give care.
 Also called the Period of
o Established ambulance Reformation
service. Major organizer of  until the American Civil War
the International Red Cross  Hospitals were closed
o Military in its character  Nursing were the works of the least
 TEUTONIC KIGHTS (GERMAN) desirable people (criminals,
o Took subsequent wars in the prostitutes, drunkards, slaves, and
Holy Land opportunists)
  Nurses were uneducated, filthy, at Kaiserswerth Germany for 3
harsh, ill-fed, overworked months.
 Mass exodus for nurses  Became the Superintendent of
the Establishment for Gentle
Martin Luther - The American civil war
Women during the illness
was led by Martin Luther; the war was a
(refers to the ill governess or
religious upheaval that resulted to the
instructors of Nursing)
destruction in the unity of Christians. The
 She disapproved restriction on
conflict swept everything connected to
admission of patient and
Roman Catholicism in schools,
considered this unchristian and
orphanages, and hospitals
contrary to health care.
THEODORE FLIEDNER - (a pastor)  Upgraded the practice of Nursing
reconstituted the deaconesses and later and made Nursing a honorable
be established the School of Nursing at profession
Kaiserswerth, Germany-where Florence  Led other nurses in taking care of
Nightingale had her first formal training the wounded and sick soldiers
for 3 months as nurse during the Crimean War
 She was designated as
Florence Nightingale - An English lady
Superintendent of the Female
from a wealthy family during the
Establishment of English General
Victorian era during the Crimean War
Hospital in Turkey during the
known to be the “Lady with the Lamp”
Crimean War
o A nursing theorist, writer and  She reduced the casualties of war
statistician. by 42% - 2% thru her effort by
o Changed the image of nursing improving the practice of sanitation
o Dubbed as the “Lady with the techniques and procedure in the
Lamp” FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE military barracks
NOTES on NURSING (1859) “What THE CONCEPT OF FLORENCE
it is and What it is not” NIGHTINGALE ON NURSING SCHOOL:
EDUCATIVE PERIOD/NIGHTINGALE  School of Nursing should be self –
ERA supporting not subject to the
 Florence Nightingale School of wimps of the Hospital.
Nursing  Have decent living quarters for
students and pay Nurse instructors
School of Nursing  Correlate theories to practice
 In 1860, Nightingale laid the  Support Nursing research and
foundation of professional nursing promote continuing education for
when the first school of nursing nurses
was established- Nightingale  Introduce teaching knowledge that
Training School at St. Thomas’ disease could be eliminated by
Hospital cleanliness and sanitation and
Florence Nightingale likewise did
Florence Nightingale
not believe in the Germ Theory of
 Mother of modern Nursing Bacteriology.
 Born on May 12, 1820 in Florence,
Other school of nursing
Italy
 Her SELF-APPOINTED GOAL – to  LINDA RICHARDS – the first
change the profile of Nursing graduate nurse in United States
 She complied notes of her visit to Graduated in September 1, 1873 -
hospitals, her observations of the first American trained Nurse
sanitation practices and entered (1870) became a great nursing
Deaconesses School of Nursing pioneer in USA and Japan.
  2 NUSING ASSOCIATION /  1577 -First hospital established by
ORGANIZATION THAT UPGRADED Gov. Francisco de Sande
NURSING PRACTICE IN US:  To give service to the king’s
 American Nurses Association Spaniard soldiers
 National League for Nursing
San Lazaro Hospital
Education
 1578
CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
 Fray Juan Clemente
 World War II – present This refers  Named after the Knights of St.
to the period after World Lazarus
 War I and the changes and  Hospital for the lepers
development in the trends and
Hospital de Indios
practice of Nursing occurring since
1945 after World War II.  1586
 Includes scientific and  Franciscan Orders
technological development, social  Hospital for the poor Filipino people
changes occurring after the war.
Hospital de Aguas Santas
 Nursing is offered in College and
Universities  1590
 Fray Juan Bautista
HISTORY OF NURSING (PHILIPPINE
 Named after its location (near
SETTING)
spring) because people believed
- EARLY BELIEFS AND PRACTICES that spring has a healing power.
 Beliefs about Causation of
San Juan de Dios Hospital
diseases: -Caused or inflicted by
another person (enemy or witch)  1596
 Evil spirits -Beliefs that evil spirits  For poor people
could be driven off by person with  Located at Roxas Boulevard
powers to expel bad spirits
PERSONAGES
 Believed in Gods of Healing
o Word doctors – priest  Dona Hilaria de Aguinaldo
physicians o first wife of Emilio Aguinaldo
o HERBULARIOS – herb doctors o Established Philippine Red
Cross – February, 17 1899
EARLY CARE FOR THE SICK
 Dona Maria Agoncillo de Aguinaldo
 HERBICHEROS – herbmen who o second wife of Emilio
practice Witchcraft Aguinaldo
 MANGKUKULAM / MANGANGAWAY – o 1st president of Philippine
a suffering from disease without Red Cross (Batangas
any identified cause and were Chapter)
believed bewitched by such  Josephine Bracken
 Difficult child birth and some o Helped Rizal in treating sick
diseases attributed to (NONO) people
midwives  Melchora Aquino “Tandang Sora”
 Difficult child birth, witches were o Took care of the wounded
supposed to be the cause, Katipuneros
gunpowder exploded from a  Anastacia Giron Tupas
bamboo pole close to the head of o Founder of Filipino Nurses
the mother to drive evil spirits Association – established on
EARLY HOSPITALS October 15, 1922
o 1st Filipino chief nurse of
Hospital Real de Manila PGH
 o 1st Filipino Superintendent of o Produced 1st batch of
Nurses in the Philippines nursing graduates in 1909 –
 Cesaria Tan 22 nurses
o 1st Filipino to receive o 1st TRAINED NURSES -
Masteral Degree in Nursing Nicasia Cada - Felipa dela
abroad Pena - Dorotea Caldito
 Socorro Sirilan o April 1946 – 1st nursing
o Pioneer in social service at board exam at Iloilo Mission
San Lazaro Hospital Hospital
o Also the Chief Nurse  Mary Johnson School of Nursing
Francisco Delgado o Organized in 1907 by Dr.
o 1st president of Filipino Rebecca Parish, Rosa Dudley
Nurses Association Socorro and Gertrude Dreisback, the
Diaz first Superintendent of the
o 1st editor of PNA magaziine School
called, “The Message”  St. Paul’s Hospital School of
 Conchita Ruiz Nursing (Manila, 1907)
o Full time editor of the PNA o The hospital was established
newly named magazine, “The by the Archbishop of Manila,
Filipino Nurse” Sor Ricarda the most Reverend, Jeremiah
Mendoza harty under the supervision
o Pinoneer in Nursing of the sisters of St. Paul the
Education Loreto Tupaz charters.
o “Dean of the Philippine o Located in the Intramuros,
Nursing” and it provided general
 Florence of Iloilo hospital services.
o 1908 – operated its training
EARLY Nursing Schools HISTORY OF
school for nurses with Rev.
NURSING (PHILIPPINE SETTING)
Mother Melanie as
 Iloilo Mission Hospital School of superintendent and Miss E
Nursing (Iloilo City, 1906) Chambers as principal.
o Ran by the baptist foreign  Philippine General Hospital School
mission society of America. of Nursing (1907)
o Miss Rose Nicolet, graduate o Anastacia Giron Tupas – first
of New England. Hospital for Filipino nurse to occupy the
women and children. position of chief nurse and
o In Boston, Masachusetts was superintendent.
the first superintendent for  St. Luke’s Hospital School of
nurses. Nursing
o It moved to its present o (Quezon city, 1907)
location in Jaro road, Iloilo o 1907 – the school opened
city 1929. with
o Miss Flora Ernst, an American o three Filipino girls admitted.
nurse, took charge of the o These girls had their first
school in 1942. year in combined classes
 Iloilo Mission Hospital School of with the PGH
Nursing o Hospital School of Nursing
o Established in 1906 under and St. Paul’s Hospital School
the supervision of Rose of Nursing.
Nicolet (American) o Vitaliana Beltran was the first
o Nursing course – 3 years Filipino superintendent of
nurse.
First Colleges of Nursing in the o 5-year collegiate program
Philippines leading to the degree of
Bachelor of Science in
 University of Santo Tomas College
Nursing
of Nursing
o February 11, 1941 – the The First Nurse Board Examination
college began as the UST
o The first Nurse Law (Act No.
school of nursing education
2808)-provided for the
o Dr. Jesus Bacala- was
holding of the examinations
appointed the First Dean of
for the practice of nursing on
College
the second Monday of June
o Sor Taciana Trinanes was its
and December of each year.
first Directress.
o Section 13 of Act No. 2808-
 Manila Central University College of
nurses need to secure
Nursing
certificates of registration as
o June1947, offered the BSN
nurse from the Board upon
course
payment of the prescribed
o Miss Consuelo Gimeno was
fee of ten pesos.
its first principal
o The first examination was
 College of Nursing
held in Manila on June 14, 21,
o The idea of opening the
22 and 25, 1920
college began in conference
o Theoretical Examination was
between Miss Julita Soteja
held in Ampitheater of the
and the UP President
College of Medicine and
Gonzales
Surgery of the UP
o In 1948, the university
o Practical Examination was
council approved the
given in the Library of the
curriculum, and the board of
PGH
regents recognized the
 68 out 99 examinees passed
profession as having equal
 Anna Dahlgen-93.5%
standing as medicine, law,
 Virginia Pamintuan-93.4%
engineering, etc.
 Melecio Zabalo-84.6%
o Miss Julita Sotejo was its first
dean. DEFINITION OF HEALTH
 Far Eastern University Institute of
 Health is a state of complete
Nursing
physical, mental and social well-
o Established in June 1955
being and not merely the absence
o 3-year diploma program and of disease or infirmity. ---WHO
post basic Advanced
Professional Program  Health is a state of being, whereas
o The school has graduated a Wellness is the state of living a
total of 440 students, 144 of healthy lifestyle.
whom graduated as
Graduates in Nursing
o June 1963, the Institue OTHER MEANING AND SHITS
started its 5-year basic  Wellness is considered, “an active
program leading to the process through which people
degree of Bachelor of Science become aware of, and make
in Nursing choices toward, a more successful
 University of the East College of existence” ---National Wellness
Nursing Institute
o Established in October 1958  Illness is a highly personal state in
which the person’s physical,
 emotional, intellectual, social, may guide, advise or save others in
developmental, or spiritual that special field.
functioning is thought to be  FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE -
diminished. Nursing is the act of utilizing the
 Disease can be described as an environment of the patient to assist
alteration in body functions him in his recovery.
resulting in a reduction of  VIRGINIA HENDERSON -Nursing
capacities or a shortening of the is the act of assisting the
normal life span. individual, sick or well, in the
 Etiology causation of a disease or performance of those activities
condition. contributing to health or its
 Acute illness is typically recovery (or to a peaceful death)
characterized by symptoms of that he would perform unaided if
relatively short duration. he had the necessary strength, will,
 Chronic illness is one that lasts for or knowledge, and to do this in
an extended period, usually 6 such a way as to help him gain
months or longer, and often for the independence as rapidly as
person’s life possible.
 Illness behavior, a coping  CANADIAN NURSES
mechanism, involves ways ASSOCIATION (CNA) - Nursing is
individuals describe, monitor, and a dynamic, caring, helping
interpret their symptoms, take relationship in which the nurse
remedial actions, and use the assists the client to achieve and
health care system. obtain optimal health. – 1987
 Remission, when the symptoms
THEMES THAT ARE COMMON TO THESE
disappear.
DEFINITION:
 Exacerbation, when the symptoms
reappear. Nursing is caring

MEANING OF NURSING Nursing is an art

 NURSING (as an art) - Is the art Nursing is a science

of caring sick and well individual. It
Nursing is client-centered
refers to the dynamic skills and
methods in assisting sick and well Nursing is holistic
individual in their recovery and in
Nursing is adaptive
the promotion and maintenance of
health. It involves the creative Nursing is concerned with health
application of knowledge in the promotion, health maintenance, and
service of people health restoration
 NURSING (as a science) - It is
Nursing is a helping profession
the “body of abstract knowledge”
arrived through scientific research
and logical analysis - Is the
NURSING DEFINITION ULI
scientific knowledge and skills in
assisting individual to achieve  AMERICAN NURSES ASSOCIATION
optimal health. It is the diagnosis (ANA)
and treatment of human responses o 1973-Nursing is direct, goal
to actual or potential problem. oriented, and adaptable to the
 Nursing (as a profession) - needs of the individual, the family,
Profession- a calling in which its and community during health and
members profess to have acquired illness.
special knowledge by training or
experience, or both so that they
 o 1980-Nursing is the diagnosis and “A dynamic discipline. It is an art and
treatment of human responses to science of caring for individuals, families,
actual or potential health problems. groups and communities geared toward
o 1995-ANA acknowledges FOUR promotion and restoration of health,
ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF prevention of illness, alleviation of
CONTEMPORARY NURSING suffering, and assisting clients to face
PRACTICE: death with dignity and peace. It is
 Attention to the full range of focused on assisting the client as he or
human experiences and she responds to health-illness situations,
responses to health and utilizing the nursing processes and
illness without restriction to a guided by ethico-legal and moral
problem-focused orientation. principles.” ----Associations of Deans of
 Integration of objective data Philippine Colleges of Nursing (ADPCN)
with knowledge gained from
 American Nursing Association
understanding of the client or
(ANA) – “Nursing is the protection
group’s subjective
promotion, and optimization of
experience.
health and abilities, prevention of
 Application of scientific
illness and injury, alleviation of
knowledge to the processes
suffering through diagnosis and
of diagnosis and treatment.
treatment of human response.
 Provision of caring
relationship that facilitates NURSING DEFINITIONS ULI
health and healing.
 International Council of Nurses
NURSE DEFINITION ULI (ICN)
 “Nursing encompasses
 Etymology: The word "nurse"
autonomous and collaborative care
derives from the Latin word
of individuals of all ages, families,
"nutrire," meaning "to nourish" or
groups and communities, sick or
"to suckle." This reflects its earliest
well and in all settings.
usage related to breastfeeding and
 Nursing includes the promotion of
caring for infants.
health, prevention of illness, and
 Middle Ages: During the Middle
the care of ill, disabled and dying
Ages in Europe, the term evolved
people.
to include caregivers who provided
 Other key nursing roles include
both maternal and medical care,
advocacy, promotion of safe
often in households or monasteries.
environment, research,
 19th Century: In the 19th century,
participation in shaping health
nursing began to professionalize
policies and in patient and health
thanks to figures like Florence
systems management and
Nightingale, who established
education.”
nursing as a respected profession.
The term "nurse" became Responsibilities of Nurses
associated with trained individuals
1. Patient Care
who provided medical care, not just
childcare. 2. Patient Education
 Modern Usage: Today, "nurse"
3. Advocacy
refers to a licensed healthcare
professional who is trained and 4. Collaboration
educated to provide medical and
5. Clinical Skills
nursing care to patients in various
settings, including hospitals, 6. Documentation
clinics, and homes.
7. Management and Supervision
8. Research and Evidence-Based Practice 4. School nursing
5. Private duty nursing
9. Public health and Community Outreach
6. Military nursing
10. Ethical and Legal Responsibilities 7. Ambulatory care nursing
8. Nursing in correctional facilities

SUMMARY ???
Nursing in Secondary Care Setting

 a form of early disease detection,

“Nursing is the art and science of
identifies individuals with high risk
caring”
factors or preclinical diseases
Nursing as an Art – use of imagination through screenings and regular
and creativity in caring care to prevent the onset of
disease.
Nursing as a Science – expansion of
 Once identified, nurses work with
body knowledge; health profession that
these patients to reduce and
establishes itself as separate form
manage controllable risks,
practice of medicine
modifying the individuals’ lifestyle
choices and using early detection
methods to catch diseases in their
beginning stages when treatment
DEFINITION OF PATIENT NAMAN YEY may be more effective.
 Regular screenings, conducted by a
Comes from a Latin word “PATIENS”,
preventative health care nurse, are
means “to Suffer” or “to Bear”
the most common method of
An individual who is in the state of secondary prevention and can
physical, mental, and emotional dramatically diminish the
imbalance development of certain illnesses.
An individual who seeks for nursing
assistance, medical assistance, or for
Nursing in Secondary Care Setting
surgery due to illness or a disease.
 Institutional nursing: Hospital
Is an individual who is waiting or
nursing
undergoing medical or surgical care. One
 Director of nursing
who is physically or mentally disabled.
 Clinical coordinator
 Head nurse
 Staff nurse
Fields of Nursing
 OB-Gyne nursing
Nursing in Primary Care Setting  Pediatric nursing
 Orthopedic nursing
 Primary- initial health care for
 OR nursing
general complaints
 Med-surgical nursing
o Usually the person’s first
 Psychiatric nursing
contact with the health care
 ER nursing
delivery system
 Critical care nursing
o Managing current health care
 Flight nurse
needs, and preventing
 infection-surveillance nurse
further problems.
Nursing in Tertiary Care Setting
Nursing in Primary Care Setting
 This method involves the treatment
1. Public health nursing
of existing diseases in patients.
2. Occupational nursing
 At this point of care, nurses are
3. Clinic nursing
tasked with helping individuals
 execute a care plan and make any teaching strategies, and measures
additional behavior modifications learning.
necessary to improve conditions.  Nurses also teaches unlicensed
 As the primary and secondary assistive personnel to whom they
methods have been unsuccessful, delegate care, and they share their
this stage encompasses methods expertise with other nurses and
of minimizing negative effects and health professionals.
preventing future complications.
Client Advocate
Nursing in Tertiary Care Setting
 Acts to protect the client
1. Skilled care setting  Nurse may represent the client’s
2. Rehabilitation setting needs and wishes to other health
3. Advanced practice nursing (APN) professionals, such as relaying the
• Clinical nurse specialist client’s wishes for information to
• Nurse anesthetist the physician.
• Nurse educator  Nurses assist clients in exercising
• Nurse administrator their rights and help them speak up
• Nurse researcher Roles of a for themselves
Nurse
Nurse Counselor

 Helping a client recognize and cope

Caregiver with stressful psychologic or social
problems, to develop improved
 Primary goal
interpersonal relationships, and to
 TYPES OF CARE
promote personal growth.
1. Full Care -for completely
 Involves providing emotional,
dependent patient
intellectual and psychologic
2. Partial Care -for partially
support.
dependent patient
 Nurses counsel primarily healthy
3. Supportive-Educative care -to
individuals with normal adjustment
assist clients in attaining their
difficulties and focus on helping the
highest possible level of health
person develop new attitudes,
and wellness; for learnings
feelings, behaviors by encouraging
Communicator the client to look at alternative
behaviors, recognizing the choices,
 Integral to all nursing roles
and develop sense of control.
 Nurses communicate with the
client, support persons, other Change Agent
health professionals, and people in
 Assisting others to make
the community
modifications in their own behavior.
 Nurses identify client problems and
 Nurses also often act to make
then communicate these verbally
changes in a system if it is not
or in writing to other members of
helping client return to health.
the health team
Roles of a Nurse Leader
Teacher  influences others to work together
to accomplish a specific goal.
 Nurses help clients learn about
 Can be employed at different
their health and the health care
levels: individual client, family,
procedure they need to perform to
groups of clients, colleagues, or the
restore or maintain their health.
community Case Manager
 Nurses assesses the client’s
 Work with the multidisciplinary
learning needs and readiness to
health care team to measure the
learn, sets specific learning goals in
effectiveness of the case
conjunction with the client, enacts
 management plan and to monitor standards for the protection of the
outcomes. public and the professionals.
 Works with primary or staff nurses - A profession implies that the
to oversee the care of a specific quality of work done by its
caseload. members is of greater importance
 Primary nurse or provides some in its own eyes and the society
level of direct care to the client and than the economic rewards they
family earn.
 Helps ensure that care is oriented - Serves all of society and not the
to the client, while controlling specific interests of a group
costs.
CHARACTERISTICS AND ATTRIBUTES OF A
Research Consumer PROFESSIONAL PERSON

 Often use research to improve  Is concerned with quality.-KSA

client care  Is self-directed, responsible and
 Have some awareness of the accountable for his actions.
process and language of research  Is able to make independent and
 Be sensitive to issues related to sound judgment including high
protecting the rights of human moral judgment.
subjects  Is dedicated to the improvement of
 Participate in the identification of human life.
significant researchable problems  Is committed to the spirit of inquiry.
 Be a discriminating consumer of Nursing as a Profession
research findings
NURSING AS A PROFESSION
Role Model
Primary Characteristics:
 Has good physical appearance
 Education
 Practices proper hygiene
 Theory
 Practices healthy lifestyle
 Service
Administrator  Autonomy
 Code of Ethics
 Assumes middle management

position
 Connects the patient to other Professional Nursing - “performance for a
services of the hospital fee , salary, or other reward or
compensation, of professional nursing
Expanded Career Roles
services to individuals, families and
 Nurse practitioner, clinical nurse communities in various stages of
specialist, nurse midwife, nurse development toward the promotion of
educator, nurse researcher, and health, prevention of illness, restoration
nurse anesthetist of health and alleviation of suffering---the
 All of which allow greater Philippine Nursing Act
independence and autonomy.

Nursing as a Profession
Professional Nursing - art and science,
dominated by an ideal of service in which
certain principles are applied in skillful
CONCEPT OF PROFESSION (Marie
care of the well and ill, and through
Jahoda)
relationship with the client, significant
- An organization of an occupational others and other members of the health
group based on the application of team.
special knowledge which
 Professional Nurse - A person
establishes its own rules and
who has completed a basic
 nursing education program Wellness – state of well-being. Engaging
and is licensed in his country in attitudes and behavior that enhance
or state to practice the quality of life and maximize personal
professional nursing. Nursing potential
as a Profession
For both healthy and ill.
QUALITIES AND ABILITIES OF A
Involve individual and community
PROFESSIONAL NURSE
activities to enhance healthy lifestyle,
- Has faith in the fundamental such as improving nutrition and physical
values that underlie the democratic fitness, preventing drug and alcohol
way of life\ misuse, restricting smoking, and
 Respect for human dignity preventing accidents and injury in the
 Self sacrifice for the common good. home and workplace.
 Strong sense of responsibility for
2. PREVENTING ILLNESS
sharing in the solution of the
problems of the society. The goal is to maintain optimal health
 Has a sense of responsibility for by preventing diseases
understanding those with whom he
Nursing activities includes
works or associates with through
immunizations, prenatal and infant care,
the use of skills
and prevention of sexually transmitted
 Has the basic knowledge, skills and
disease
attitudes necessary to address
present day social problems, 3. Pain/suffering Alleviation
realistic and well-organized
The goal is to provide relief from pain to
thoughts through the use of critical
promote comfortable healing process 5
thinking
Fold Nursing Function
 Has skills in using written and
spoken language, both to develop 4. RESTORING HEALTH
own thoughts and to communicate
Focuses on the ill client
them to others.
 Appreciates and understands Extends from early detection of disease
importance of good health to helping the client during the recovery
 Has emotional balance. period
 Accepts and tries to understand
people of all sorts, regardless of
race, religion and color. NURSING ACTIVITIES:

Providing direct care to the ill person:

administering medications, baths, and
5-FOLD NURSING FUNCTION specific procedures and treatments
1. Promoting Health and Wellness Providing diagnostic and assessment
2. Preventing Illness procedures: measuring BP and
3. Pain/suffering alleviation examining feces for occult blood
4. Restoring Health
5. Creation of a spiritual environment Consulting with other health care
professionals about client’s problems

Teaching clients about recovery

activities: exercise that will accelerate
recovery after a stroke

5-Fold Nursing Function Rehabilitating clients to their optimal

functional level following physical or
1. PROMOTING HEALTH AND mental illness, injury, or chemical
WELLNESS addiction
5. Creation of a spiritual  In 1955, Virginia Henderson
environment conceptualized the nurse’s role in
assisting sick or healthy individuals
Provision of spiritual care
 In 1960, Faye Abdellah published
Involves comforting and caring for her work “Typology of 21 Nursing
people of all ages who are dying Problems”
 In 1962, Ida Jean Orlando viewed
Includes helping clients live as
the professional function of nursing
comfortable as possible until death and
as finding out and meeting the
helping support persons cope with
patient’s immediate need for help
death.
History of Nursing Theories
Work in homes, hospitals, and extended  In 1968, Dorothy Johnson
care facilities pioneered the Behavioral System
Model
Hospices are specifically designed for
 In 1970, Martha Rogers viewed
this purpose
nursing as both science and an art
 In 1971, Dorothea Orem-nursing
care is required if the client is
unable to fulfill needs
 In 1971, Imogene King’s Theory of
Goal attainment- nurse patient
THEORIES
relationship in meeting goals.
- A set of statements that  In 1972, Betty Neumann- Stress
tentatively describe, explain, or Reduction is the goal
predict relationships among  In 1979, Sr. Callista Roy –Maintain
concepts that have been the balance between various
systematically selected and stimuli for adaptation
organized as an abstract  In 1979, Jean Watson developed
representation of some the philosophy of caring
phenomenon (McEwen & Wills highlighted humanistic aspects of
2019). nursing
Nursing Theories

- Nursing theories are organized

bodies of knowledge to define what
nursing is, what nurses do, and
why do they do it.
- Nursing theories provide a way to
define nursing as a unique
discipline that is separate from
other disciplines (e.g. medicine)
- It is a framework of concepts and
purposes intended to guide the
practice of nursing at a more
concrete and specific level.

HISTORY OF NURSING THEORIES

 In 1860, Florence Nightingale

defined nursing in her
“Environmental Theory”
 In 1952, Hildegard Peplau
introduced her Theory of
Interpersonal Relations
CHARACTERISTICS OF THEORIES
1. Theories can interrelate concepts in The progress & behaviors of an individual
such a way as to create a different way of within each stage are unique.
looking at a particular phenomenon.
The growth & development of an
2. Theories must be logical in nature. individual are influenced by heredity,
temperament, emotional, & physical
3. Theories should be relatively simple
environment, life experiences & health
yet generalizable.
status.
4. Theories can be the bases for
hypotheses that

5. Theories contribute to and assist in

increasing the general body of
knowledge within the discipline through
Components of a Theory
the research implemented to validate
them.  Concepts
 Definition
6. Theories can be used by the
 Assumptions
practitioners to guide and improve their
 Phenomenon
practice.
 Concepts
7. Theories must be consistent with other  Building blocks of theories
validated theories, laws, and principles  Serves as primary vehicle
but will leave open unanswered
Examples: Noise, cleanliness, Ventilation,
questions that need to be investigated.
Bed and beddings, warmth in
The Development of Nursing Nightingale’s Environmental theory
Theories
Concepts Types:
1. General Systems Theory
1. Empirical concepts Inferential
2. Adaptation Theory
concepts
3. Developmental Theory
2. Abstract concepts
General Systems Theory- describes
Definitions
how to break whole things into parts &
then to learn how the parts work - It conveys the general meaning of
together in “systems” the concepts in a manner that fits
the theory.
Adaptation Theory defines adaptation
- An example in Newman’s theory,
as the adjustment of living matter to
she defined stressor as any stimuli
other living things & to environmental
that can produce tension and cause
conditions. Adaptation is a continuously
instability within the system.
occurring process that effects change &
involves interaction & response. Two Types of Definition

Human adaptation occurs on three 1.Theoretical definition -concepts that

levels : are defined in the dictionary or based on
the theorist’s perspective
 The internal (self)
 The social (others) Ex: Temperature is the hemo thermic
 & the physical (biochemical range of a person’s internal environment
reactions) maintained by the thermoregulatory
system of the body Two Types of
DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY- It outlines
Definition
the process of growth & development of
humans as orderly & predictable, 2. Operational definition concepts based
beginning with conception & ending with on how these concepts are used or will
death. be used within the context of the
phenomenon being observed or Can be supported or proven false by
experienced experimentation or continued
observation Model
Ex: Temperature is the degree of
temperature measured by the oral Representations of the interaction
thermometer taken for one minute under among and between the concepts
the tongue. Assumptions showing patterns

These are statements that describe Models are typically accompanied by a

concepts or connect two concepts that pictorial representation of the variables
are factual. and their interrelationships Model

These are the “taken for granted” VERBAL MODELS – worded statements, a
statements that determine the nature of form of closely related knowledge
the concepts, definitions, purpose, development.
relationships and structure of the theory
SCHEMATIC MODELS – diagrams,
Example of Assumptions drawings, graphs and pictures that
facilitate understanding.
For example, in Neuman’s systems
model the assumptions include the Theoretical model Philosophy
following: patients are dynamic
Beliefs & values that define a way of
Phenomenon
thinking & are generally known &
A phenomenon is the term, description, understood by a group (discipline)
or label given to describe an idea or
Proposition statements that explain the
responses about an event, a situation, a
relationship between the concepts.
process, a group of events, or a group of
situations. Process a series of actions, changes or
functions intended to bring about a
Examples of phenomenon of nursing
desired result.
include caring, self-care, and patient
responses to stress. Paradigm Refers to a pattern of shared
understanding and assumptions about
Conceptual Framework
reality and the world Metaparadigm
A set of interrelated concepts that Specifies the main concepts that
symbolically represents and conveys a encompass the subject matter and the
mental image of a phenomenon. scope of discipline. “There is a general
agreement that nursing’s metaparadigm
Conceptual models of nursing identify
consists of the central concepts of
concepts and describe their concepts and
person, environment, health and
describe their relationships to the
nursing.” (Powers and Knapp)
phenomena of central concern to the
discipline: person, environment, health Nursing Metaparadigm Metaparadigm
and nursing Person -also referred to as Client or
Human Beings -it is the recipient of
Conceptual Framework Theoretical
nursing care and may include individuals,
Framework A conceptual framework is a
patients, groups, families, and
system of ideas and objectives that lead
communities
to the creation of a consistent set of
rules, practices, and criteria to help Metaparadigm Environment -is defined as
understand and analyze a phenomenon. the internal and external surrounds that
Hypothesis affect the client. -it includes all positive
or negative conditions that affect the
It is an educated guess based upon
patient, the physical environment such
observation
as families, friends and significant others,
and the setting for where they go for
their healthcare
Metaparadigm Health -defined as the Focus on broad, nonspecific, and general
degree of wellness or wellbeing that the areas and concepts
client experiences. -it may have different
They lack operational definitions
meanings for each patient, the clinical
Example of Grand theories
setting and the healthcare provider
Metaparadigm An example of a grand nursing theory is
Ida Jean OrlandoPelletier’s Deliberative
Nursing -the attributes, characteristics,
Nursing Process Theory. C. Middle- Range
and actions of the nurse providing care
theories
on behalf or in conjuction with, the client.
They have more limited scope, less
Classification of Nursing Theories
abstraction, address specific phenomena
Based on scope (complexity and degree or concepts and reflect practice (e.g.
of abstraction) pain, stress adaptation)

Based on types of Purpose They more precise and highly specific in

nursing They exhibit “best of both
According to Meleis Types of Theory
world”- i.e. easy applicability in practice
Based on Scope Theory:
and abstract enough to be scientifically
Metatheory interesting

Grand theories They are easier to apply as frameworks

for research studies Examples of Middle-
Middle range theories
Range theories An example of a
Practice theories Level of Abstraction: middlerange nursing theory is Imogene
King’s Theory of Goal Attainment. D.
Most abstract
Practice Theory
Least abstract a. Metatheory
They are also called situation-specific
These are theories whose subject theories, prescriptive theories and are
matters are some other theories the least complex and “action-oriented”
(theories about theories)
They are more specific than middle
It describes the philosophical basis of range theories and produce specific
the discipline (aka Nursing Philosophies) directions for practice
The highest level of theory in terms of They are usually limited to specific
abstraction thus very difficult to for populations or fields of practice
practical application Example of Examples of Practice Theories
Metatheory
Examples of practice theories developed
Ray and Turkel, Theory of Relational and used by nurses are theories of
Caring Complexity, regarded “the caring postpartum depression, infant bonding
relationship as the complexity in nursing and oncology pain management. By Goal
science” with multidisciplinary focus and Orientation Theories can also be
“spiritual-ethical caring at the center of classified based on their goals.
complex relational caring practice of
descriptive
nursing in healthcare organizations” b.
Grand theory prescriptive
It describes the comprehensive Types of Descriptive Theories
conceptual frameworks (aka Nursing
1. Factor-isolating theories
Conceptual Models)
(descriptive theories) These
Are broad in scope and complex and describe, observe, and name
therefore requires further specification concepts, properties and
through research before they can be dimensions but does not explain
tested
 how or why the concepts are Classification According Meleis
related. (2011)
“Needs theories.
It is generated and tested by
“Interaction theories”
descriptive research techniques (case
“Outcome theories” Nursing
studies, literature review,
Theories Classification According
phenomenology, ethnography)
Meleis (2011) 1. “Needs” theories 
Example of Descriptive Theory
Are based around helping
Theoretical model describing the
individuals to fulfill their physical
experience of caring for a dying
and mental needs. Nursing
spouse Types of Descriptive Theories
Theories Classification According
2. Factor-relating theories Meleis (2011) 2.“Interaction”
(explanatory theories) theories  As described by Peplau
They relate concepts to one (1988), these theories revolve
another, describe the around the relationships nurses
interrelationships among concepts form with patients. Nursing
or propositions Theories Classification According
They attempt to tell how or why Meleis (2011) 3. “Outcome”
the concepts are related and may theories"  Outcome theories
deal with cause and effect and portray the nurse as the changing
correlations or rules that regulate force, who enables individuals to
interactions. adapt to or cope with ill health.
They are developed by Nursing Theories Classification
correlational research According Meleis (2011) 3.
Example: Theory of spirituality- “Humanistic” theories" 
based nursing practice by Nardi & Humanistic theories developed in
Rooda Types of Purpose Theories response to the psychoanalytic
3. Situation-relating theories thought that a person’s destiny
(predictive theories or promoting or was determined early in life. 
inhabiting theories) Humanistic theories emphasize a
This predicts occurrence of a person’s capacity for
phenomenon when the cause is selfactualization. Criteria for
present Evaluating Theoretical Works o
Experimental research is used to Clarity o Simplicity o Generality o
generate and test them in most Empirical Precision o Derivable
cases Consequence
Example: The relationship
between spirituality and health
status among adults living with HIV Lawrence Kohlberg (October 25, 1927 –
by Cobb Types of Purpose Theories January 19, 1987) Was a Jewish American
4. Situation- producing theories psychologist born in Bronxville, New York,
(prescriptive theories) who served as a professor at the
Prescriptive theories address University of Chicago, as well as Harvard
nursing therapeutics and University. Having specialized in research
consequences of interventions. on moral education and reasoning, he is
“Prevents” occurrence of the best known for his theory of stages of
phenomenon by controlling or moral development.
eliminating possible causes
Example: A prescriptive theory
explaining medical acupuncture to The Stages In a 1958 dissertation,
reduce stress and enhance Kohlberg wrote what are now known as
wellbeing Nursing Theories Kohlberg's stages of moral development.
These stages explain the development of
moral reasoning. Created while studying 3. Good Boy/Good girl: Interpersonal
psychology at the University of Chicago, accord and conformity (Social norms)
the theory was inspired by the work of (The good boy/good girl attitude)
Jean Piaget and a fascination with
4. Law & Order: Authority and social-
children's reactions to moral dilemmas
order maintaining orientation (Law and
Kohlberg’s theory holds that moral
order morality) Level 3 (Post-
reasoning, which is the basis for ethical
Conventional) There is a growing
behavior, has six identifiable
realization that individuals are separate
developmental constructive stages -
entities from society, and that the
each more adequate at responding to
individual’s own perspective may take
moral dilemmas than the last JUSTICE!
precedence over society’s view; they
He determined that the process of moral
may disobey rules inconsistent with their
development was principally concerned
own principles. These people live by their
with justice and that its development
own abstract principles about right and
continued throughout the life span.
wrong—principles that typically include
Moral Scenarios Kohlberg studied moral such basic human rights as life, liberty,
reasoning by presenting subjects with and justice. Because of this level’s
moral dilemmas. He would then “nature of self before others”, the
categorize and classify the reasoning behavior of post-conventional individuals,
used in the responses, into one of six especially those at stage six, can be
distinct stages, grouped into three levels: confused with that of those at the pre-
preconventional, conventional and conventional level.
postconventional. Each level contains
5. Social contract orientation
two stages.
6. Universal ethical principles (Principled
Level 1 (Pre-Conventional) Child’s level.
conscience)
(However, some adults act out of this
level.) People at this level judge the
morality of an action by its direct
PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ( By Erik
consequences. solely concerned with the
Erikson) / Erik Erikson Erik Erikson’s Life
self in an egocentric manner. Person has
History Born: 15 June 1902
not yet adopted or internalized society's
conventions regarding what is right or Developmental Psychologist
wrong, but instead focuses largely on
Known for his theory on psychosocial
external consequences that certain
development
actions may bring
Served as professor at Harvard and Yale
1. Punishment avoidance and Obedience
orientation (How can I avoid 1. Born in Germany, an illegitimate child
punishment?) 2. Exchange of Favors: of Danish parents
Self-interest orientation (What's in it for
2. This fact bothered him all his life
me?) (Paying for a benefit) Level 2
(Conventional) typical of adolescents and 3. Dropped out of high school and spent
adults. Those who reason in a time traveling in Europe and studying art
conventional way judge the morality of
4. Met Sigmund Freud and studied
actions by comparing them to society's
Psychoanalysis with Freud’s daughter,
views and expectations. At this level an
Anna Freud
individual obeys rules and follows
society's norms even when there are no 5. Studied young people in different
consequences for obedience or cultures
disobedience. Adherence to rules and
6. Became interested in how young
conventions is somewhat rigid, however.
people acquire a personal identity and
how society helps shape it
 Erikson believed that personality questions Stage Four: Industry versus
emerges from an inner and outer Inferiority (6–12)
conflicts
Industry: Occurs when child is praised
The crises arise at each of the eight for productive activities, such as painting
stages of life. and building

Psychosocial Stages: A Summary Chart Inferiority: Occurs if child’s efforts are

Age Conflict Important Events Outcome regarded as messy or inadequate Stage
Infancy (birth to 18 months) Five (Adolescence): Identity versus Role
Confusion
Trust vs. Mistrust Feeding Hope Early
Childhood (2 to 3 years) Identity: For adolescents; problems
answering, “Who am I?”
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Toilet
Training Will Preschool (3 to 5 years) Role Confusion: Occurs when
adolescents are unsure of where they are
Initiative vs. Guilt Exploration Purpose
going and who they are Stage Six (Young
School Age (6 to 11 years)
Adulthood): Intimacy versus Isolation
Industry vs. Inferiority School Confidence
Intimacy: Ability to care about others
Adolescence (12 to 18 years)
and to share experiences with them
Identity vs. Role Confusion Social
Isolation: Feeling alone and uncared for
Relationships Fidelity Young Adulthood
in life Stage Seven (Middle Adulthood):
(19 to 40 years)
Generativity versus Stagnation
Intimacy vs. Isolation Relationships Love
Generativity: Interest in guiding the next
Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 years)
generation
Generativity vs. Stagnation Work and
Stagnation: When one is only concerned
Parenthood Care Maturity (65 to death)
with one’s own needs and comforts
Ego Integrity vs. Despair Reflection on Stage Eight (Late Adulthood): Integrity
Life Wisdom versus Despair

Stage 1: Trust versus mistrust Integrity: Self-respect; developed when

people have lived richly and responsibly
Children are completely dependent on
others – Trust: Established when babies Despair: Occurs when previous life
given adequate warmth, touching, love, events are viewed with regret;
and physical care – Mistrust: Caused by experiences heartache and remorse
inadequate or unpredictable care and by
Stage Eight (Late Adulthood): Integrity
cold, indifferent, and rejecting parents
versus Despair
Stage Two: Autonomy versus Shame and
Doubt 1. This phase occurs during old age and
is focused on reflecting back on life.
Autonomy: Doing things for themselves
2. Those who are unsuccessful during
Overprotective or ridiculing parents may
this phase will feel that their life has
cause children to doubt abilities and feel
been wasted and will experience many
shameful about their actions Stage
regrets. The individual will be left with
Three: Initiative versus Guilt (3–5)
feelings of bitterness and despair.
Initiative: Parents reinforce via giving
children freedom to play, use
imagination, and ask questions Sigmund Freud Psychosexual Stages of
Development Sigmund Freud
Guilt: May occur if parents criticize,
prevent play, or discourage a child’s Austrian neurologist
Founding Father of Psychoanalysis He The superego is the final aspect of
was born on May 6,1856 in Freiberg, personality to emerge, and it contains
Moravia, Austrian Empire. our ideals and values. The values and
beliefs that our parents and society instill
At the age of 17, he studied at University
in us are the guiding force of the
of Vienna
superego and it strives to make us
In 1881, he graduated in Medicine behave according to these morals.
Faculty
PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
In 1885, Freud began to distance away
Psychosexual Development is a central
from a medical approach to psychiatry
element of psychoanalytic sexual drive
Then, he returned to Vienna and started theory.
working on hysterical patients from 1887-
Freud believed that personality
1897
developed through a series of childhood
He discovered that being in a relaxed stages in which the pleasure-seeking
state of mind, patients are open about energies of the id become focused on a
traumatic past events. This made Freud a certain erogenous areas.
“Pioneer of Catharsis” or talking cure.
Erogenous zone is characterized as an
In 1896, ‘Psychoanalysis’ was officially area of the body that is particularly
recognized (Theory of Personality & sensitive to stimulation.
Method of Psychotherapy) Died on
Each stages represents the fixation of
September 23, 1939
libido (sexual drives or instincts) on
The Id, Ego, and Superego Freud believed different area of the body
that an individual's personality had three
The psychosexual energy, or libido, was
components: the id, the ego, and the
described as the driving force behind
superego.
behavior.
Id
Each stages is marked by conflicts that
The first of the key elements of can help build growth or stifle
personality to emerge is known as the id. development, depending upon how they
The id contains all of the unconscious, are resolved.
basic, and primal urges.
If these stages are completed
Ego successfully, a healthy personality is the
result.
The second aspect of personality to
emerge is known as the ego. This is the If certain issues are not resolved at the
part of the personality that must deal appropriate stage, fixations can occur.
with the demands of reality. It helps
PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
control the urges of the id and makes us
behave in ways that are both realistic Fixation refers to the theoretical notion
and acceptable. that a portion of the individual’s libido
has been permanently invested in a
Rather than engaging in behaviors that
particular stage of his development.
are designed to satisfy our desires and
needs, the ego forces us to fulfill our 5 Stages of Psychosexual Development
needs in ways that are socially
1.The Oral Stage
acceptable and realistic. In addition to
controlling the demands of the id, the 2.The Anal Stage
ego also helps strike a balance between
3.The Phallic Stage
our basic urges, our ideals, and reality.
4.The Latent Stage
Superego
5.The Genital Stage
THE ORAL STAGE (birth-1 year old) pressure relationships, hobbies and other
interests.
Erogenous Zone: Mouth
Fixation at this stage can result in
Chewing, sucking, biting are sources of
difficulty identifying with others and
pleasure
developing social skills leading to a sense
Conflict: Weaning process – the child of inadequacy or inferiority.
must become less dependent upon
THE GENITAL STAGE (puberty to adult)
caretakers
Time of sexual reawakening/
Oral fixation can result in problems with
adolescent’s sexual experimentation
drinking, eating, smoking or nailbiting.
The individual develops strong sexual
THE ANAL STAGE (1-3 years old)
interest in the opposite sex
Erogenous Zone: Bowel and Bladder
Fixation at this stage can result in
Control
disrupt ability to form satisfying intimate
Eliminative function are sources of relationships
pleasure

Conflict: Toilet Training – the child has to

learn control their bodily needs

Developing this control leads to a sense

of accomplishment and independence.

Freud believed that positive experiences

during toilet training stage serves as the
basis for people to become competent,
productive and creative adults.

Inappropriate parental response can

result in negative outcomes.

If parents approach is too lenient,

analexpulsive personality could develop
in which the individual has a messy,
wasteful or destructive personality.

If parents are too strict, anal-retentive

personality develops in which individual
is stringent, orderly, rigid and obsessive.

THE PHALLIC STAGE (3-6 years old)

Erogenous Zone: Genitals

Self-manipulation is a source of pleasure

It triggers Oedipus Complex wherein

boys begin to view their father as a rival
for the mother’s affection. Electra
Complex - girls realize that they have no
penis termed as “penis envy” (Carl Jung)
THE LATENT STAGE (6- 12 years old)

The child develops social and intellectual

skills

The time that children enter school and

become more concerned with peer