NATIONALISM IN INDIA

NATIONALISM-
MEANING

 Nationalism refers to the feeling of oneness and common

consciousness

This emerges when people share the same historical, political and
cultural backgrounds.

 People may be speaking different languages butthe love for their nation
keeps them together.

Factors that led to the rise of Nationalism –

1. In Europe - Associated with the formation of nation states.

2. In colonies like India, Vietnam - Connected to the anti-colonial

movement.
 The First World War

Effects of First World War

1. Increase in defense expenditure

This was financed by war loans and by increasing taxes. Custom duties were
raised and income tax was introduced toraise extra revenue

2. Prices of items increased

The prices doubled between 1913 and 1918. The common people were the worst
sufferers because of the price rise. Forced recruitment of rural people in the
army was anothercause of widespread anger amongst people.
3. Shortage of foods due to Crop failure
Influenza epidemic further increased the problem. Accordingto the 1921 census, about 12
to 13 million people died becauseof famines and epidemic.

The Idea of Satyagraha

Meaning of Satyagraha - It was a new mode of struggle basedon truth and non-violence
Mahatma Gandhi’s Satyagraha

The method of
Satyagraha was based on Gandhiji believed that a Satyagrahi
the idea that if someone could win a battle throughnon-
is fighting for a true violence, i.e., without being
cause, there is no need to aggressive or revengeful
use any physical force to
fight the oppressor.
 Starts of Satyagraha in India by Mahatma Gandhi
In January 1915 Mahatma Gandhi returned to India.

In 1917 Gandhi travelled to Champaran in Bihar

In 1917 He organized a Satyagrahis in Kheda district of Gujarat.

In 1918 Mahatma Gandhi went to Ahmedabad

THE ROWLATT ACT

 The Rowlatt Act was passed by the Imperial Legislative Council in 1919.

 The Indian members did not support the Act, but it was passed.

 The Act gave enormous powers to the British Government to repress

political activities.

 It allowed detention of political prisoners without trial fortwo years.

 Gandhi’s Satyagraha against Rowlatt Act:
On 6th April, 1919, Gandhiji launched a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed
Rowlatt Act.
ii) The call of a strike on 6 April got a huge response.

iii) People came out in support in various cities, shops were shutdown
and workers in railway workshops went on strike.

iv) The British administration decided to clamp down on the

nationalists.

v) Several Local Leaders were arrested. Mahatma Gandhi was banned

from entering Delhi.

Jallianwala Bagh Incident

 On 10th April 1919, Martial Law was imposed in Amritsar andthe command of
the area was given to General Dyer.

 The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre took place on 13th April

  A crowd of villagers came to participate in a fair in Jallianwala Bagh.

 General Dyer blocked the exit points and opened fire on thecrowd.

Impact of Jallianwala Bagh

• People started fighting with the police and attacking on

government buildings.
• British government became more brutal.
• Satyagrahis were forced to rub their nose on the ground, crawl on the
streets.

Note - Seeing violence spread, Mahatma Gandhi called off the Rowlatt Satyagraha
movement.

KHILAFAT MOVEMENT

 The Ottoman Turkey was badly defeated in the First WorldWar.

 There were rumors about a harsh peace treaty with the Ottoman Emperor.

 A Khilafat committee was formed in Bombay in March 1919.

 The committee had leaders like the brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali.

 At the Calcutta session of the Congress in September 1920,the resolution

 was passed to launch a Non-Cooperation Movement in support of Khilafat
and also for Swaraj.

Why did Mahatma Gandhi take up Khilafat Issue?

 Mahatma Gandhi wanted to launch an all India movement after the

failure of Rowlatt Satyagraha.

 The Khilafat issue gave Mahatma Gandhi an opportunity to bring the

Hindus and Muslims on a common platform

NON COOPERATION MOVEMENT

 In his famous book Hind Swaraj (1909), Mahatma Gandhi declared that British
rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians and had survived
only because of thiscooperation.

 Gandhiji believed that if Indians begin to refuse to cooperate, the British

rulers will have no other way than to leave India.
 Reasons for the Non-cooperation movement
 Atrocities on Indians after World War I.
 Refusal of demand of Swaraj.
 Passing of Rowlatt Act.
 Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.
 Congress passed resolution on Non-Cooperation Movement with
thumping majority.

Proposals of Non-Cooperation Movement

 Surrender the titles.

 Boycott of Civil Services, Army, Police, Courts, LegislativeCouncils and

Schools.

 Boycott of foreign goods.

 Launch of full Civil Disobedience campaign.

Sessions of the congress to start NCM

 Summer 1920 to convince other leaders ( Calcutta )

 December 1920 ( Nagpur ) to adopt it .
 Different strands within the Movement
Non-Cooperation Khilafat Movement began in January 1921.

The Movement in the Towns:

 Middle class participation
 Students left Studies
 Teachers left job
 Council Elections were
boycotted.
 Foreign goods were boycotted.
 Liquor shops were picketed.

Movement in the countryside

1) Peasant Movement in Awadh led by Baba Ramchandra.

 1920, the Oudh Kisan Sabha

JawaharlalNehru

1) Peasant Movement in Andhra Pradesh led by Alluri Sitaram Raju.

Guerrilla warfare in Gudem Hills

Swaraj in the Plantations

 For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant right tomove freely.

 Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, planation workers were not
permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission.

 After they heard of the Non – Cooperation Movement, thousands of

workers left the plantations and headed home.

 But, unfortunately they never reached home because theywere caught

by Police and beaten.

How did movement end?

In February 1922, the movement was withdrawn by GandhiJi due to Chauri
Chaura Incident.
 Towards Civil Disobedience

Simon Commission
 The British Government constituted a Statutory Commissionunder Sir John
Simon.
 The Commission was made to investigate the functioning ofthe
constitutional system in India and suggest changes. Butsince all the
members in the Commission were British, the Indian leaders opposed the
Commission.
 The Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928 and was greeted with the
slogan ‘Go back, Simon’.
 All parties joined the protest. In October 1929, Lord Irwin announced a
vague offer of ‘Dominion Status’ for India but its timing was not specified.

 He also offered to hold Round Table Conference to discuss the future

Constitution.
Salt March (Beginning of Civil Disobedience Movement
 The Salt March or Dandi March was started by Gandhiji on12th
March, 1930.
 He was accompanied by 78 volunteers.
 They walked for 24 days to cover a distance of 240 milesfrom
Sabarmati to Dandi.
 Many more joined them on the way.
 On 6th April, 1930, Gandhiji ceremonially violated the law by manufacturing
a fistful of salt.
Impact of Salt March

 Foreign cloths boycotted

 Peasants refused to pay revenue and Taxes.
 Village officials resign

 In many places people violated Forest laws

Round Table Conference

 When things began to take a violent turn, Mahatma Gandhi called off the
movement.
 Gandhi went to London in December 1931.
 The negotiations broke down and Gandhi Ji had to return with
disappointment. When Gandhi Ji came back to India, hefound that most
of the leaders were put in Jail.
 Congress had been declared illegal. Many measures weretaken to
prevent meetings and boycotts.
 Mahatma Gandhi relaunched the Civil DisobedienceMovement.

Note - By 1934, the movement had lost its momentum.

Gandhi-Irwin Pact

 He signed a pact with Irwin on 5th march, 1931. Known asGandhi–

Irwin Pact.
 As per the Pact, Gandhi agreed to participate in the Round Table
Conference in London, Due to which Government agreedto release
the political prisoners.
 Features of Civil Disobedience movement -

 Movement started with Salt

March.
 Thousands broke salt law.
 Foreign clothes boycotted.
 Liquor shops were picketed.
 Peasants refused to pay taxes.

How was this different from Non-Cooperation?

People were now asked not only to refuse cooperation withthe British, but also
to break colonial laws.
 Participants of the movement

1) Rich peasants –

- Rich peasant communities expected the revenue tax to be

reduced

- But the British refused to do so.

2) Poor peasants –

- The poor peasants wanted rents of lands to be cancelled.

- But the Congress didn’t want to support the “no rent”

campaigns due to the fear of upsetting the rich peasants
and landlords.

3) Business Classes –

- After the war, their huge profits were reduced, wanted

protection against import of foreign goods.

4) Women -

- Women also participated in protest marches, manufactured

salt, and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops.
 Limits of Civil disobedience movement

i) The Dalits or the Untouchables did not actively participatein the

movement, they demanded reservation of seats, separate
electorates.

ii) Dr B.R. Ambedkar, the leader of the Dalits, formed an

association in 1930, called the Depressed Classes
Association.

iii) Poona Pact between the Gandhi Ji and B.R. Ambedkar (1932)gave
reserved seats to the Depressed Classes (also called Scheduled
Castes) in Provincial and Central Councils.
iv) The leader of the Muslim League “Muhammad Ali Jinnah”
wanted reserved seats for Muslims in central Assembly.

The Sense of Collective Belonging

Factors that developed the reuse of collective belonging andunited

all Indians.
 Figure or Image
Image of Bharat Mata first created by Bankim Chandra. Thisimage
helped people in identifying the nation.

 Folklore

Nationalists began gathering and recording folktale as they Presented

our true culture and helped discover ones nationalIdentity and restore
a reuse of pride in past.
 Icon and Symbols
Tricolors flag first developed during Swadeshi movement (1921) in
Bengal which had 8 lotuses. By 1921 Gandhi ji had designed the Swaraj
Flag. Carrying the flag became a symbolof defiance.

 Reinterpretation of History
Many Indians began looking into the past to discover India’s great
achievements and urged Indians to take pride in India’spast and
struggle against British.

 Song like “Vande Matram” –

In 1870’s Bankim Chandra wrote ‘Vande Matram’ as a hymn tothe
motherland and was widely sung during Swadeshi movement.
 3 Mark Questions

1. What was the role of women in the civil Disobedience movement?

Ans. 1) Participated is the salt Satyagraha in large number.
2) They participated in protest marches and also manufactured salt.
3) Many women went to jails
4) in rural areas the women considered service to the nation a sacred duty.

2. Which political solutions were adopted by Dalits leaders to the problems of

their community?
Ans. 1. Many Dalits leaders were keen on different political solutions to the problems of
the community.
2. They began organizing themselves and demanding reserved seats in electoral
institutions.
3. They also asked for separate electorate that would choose Dalits members for
legislative councils.
4. They believed, Political empowerment would resolve the problems of their social
disabilities.
5. Dr B R Ambedkar organized the Dalits and formed a Depressed classes Association in
1930s.
6. These voluntary organizations also receive financial support from the government for
creating awareness among people.

3. Why did the growth of nationalism in the colonies linked to anti-colonial movement?
Ans.
 By the end of Nineteenth century anti-colonial Movement in most of the colonies led
to the growth of nationalism.
 The colonial exploitation led to poverty and caused miseries to the people. The
shared a common hatred against the colonial rule.
  In colonies the people began to discover their unity in the process of their struggle
against colonialism. Each section of the society felt the effects of colonialism.
 The British policy of racialism and that of divide and rule exposed the nature of their
rule and created the feeling of oneness among Indians. They felt the sense of common
hatred against colonial rule.

4. Why did the Rich peasant communities become active in the Civil
Disobedience Movement?
Ans.
1. Rich peasant communities –like Patidars of Gujarat and the Jatts of Uttar Pradesh- were
active in the movement.
2. Being producers of cash crops, they were very hard hit by the trade depression and
falling prices.
3. As their cash income disappeared, they found it impossible to pay the government’s
revenue demand. And the refusal of the government to reduce the revenue demand led to
widespread resentment.
4. Due to this reason rich peasants become enthusiastic supporters of the civil Disobedience
Movement.

5. What was the impact of Infamous Jallianwalla Bhag incident over Society and
British Government?
Ans. 1. As the news of Jallianwalla Bagh spread, crowds took to the streets in many north
Indian towns.
2. There were strikes, classes with the police and attacks on government buildings.
3. The government responded with brutal repression, seeking to humiliate and terrorize
people.
4. Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on the streets, and do
salute to all sahibs.
5. People were flogged and village around Gujranwala in Punjab now in Pakistan were
bombed.
6. Who gave the slogan “Inquilab – Zindabad”? What do you understand by this slogan?
Ans. 1. The famous slogan Inquilab Zindabad was given by Hasrat Mohani. This famous
slogan inspired the activities of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association particularly
Ashfaqulla Khan, Bhagat Singh and Chandrashekhar Azad.

2. It is a Hindustani phrase taken from Persian which translates to “Long Live Revolution”.
3. It was a common phrase used by revolutionaries during the British rule over India.
4. It was popularized in the activities of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association by
revolutionaries such as Bhagat Singh and Chandrashekhar Azad, who used it to urge
future generations to endorse, and support the party’s rebellious actions.

7. What is separate electorate? Why do you think Gandhiji was against the demand
of separate electorate by B R Ambedkar?
Ans.
 Separate electorates are usually demanded by minorities who feel it would
otherwise be difficult for them to get fair representation in government.
 Separate electorate for Dalits means that Dalits will choose their separate leader by
separate elections for Dalits.
 Gandhiji was against the demand of separate electorate of Dr B R Ambedkar
because he believes that separate electorates for Dalits would slow down the
process of their integration into society consumer movement in India has led to the
formation of various organizations.

8. Why martial law was imposed in Punjab during the month of April in 1919?
Ans.
 The martial law was imposed in Punjab because Rowlatt Act was introduced by the
British Government.
 Against this act rallies were organized in various cities, workers went on strike in
railway workshops and shops closed down.
  British Government decided to clamp down on the nationalist leaders. Local leader
were picked up from Amritsar. Mahatma
 Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi. On 10 April, the police in Amritsar fired
upon a peaceful procession, provoke widespread attacks on banks post offices and
railway stations.
 Due to this martial law was imposed and General Dyer took command.

9. Why were Indians reacted against Rowlett Act?

Ans. 1. This Act had been hurriedly passed through the Imperial Legislative Council despite
the united opposition of Indian Members.
2. It gave the government enormous power to repress political activities, and allowed
detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.
3. The Rowlett Act acted as an instrument of suppression of civil rights of the Indians
hence produced widespread discontent among masses.

10. Mention the features of the flag which was designed by Gandhiji?
Ans. In 1921 Gandhiji had designed the swaraj flag.
1. It was a tricolor flag and had a spinning wheel in the centre representing the Gandhian
ideal of self-help.
2. Tricolors were-red, green and white.
3. Carrying the flag, holding it aloft, during marches became a symbol of defiance.

11. What were three proposals regarding Non- Cooperation movement, as suggested
by Mahatma Gandhi?
Ans. 1. The movement was to be unfolded in stages.
2. It should begin with the surrender of titles awarded by the government and boycott of
civil services, army, police, courts, legislative council, schools and foreign goods.
3. Then, In case the government used repression, a civil disobedience movement would
be launched.
12. A. Two features A and B are marked in the given political map of India. Identify
these features with the help of the following information and write their correct names
on the lines marked on the map.
1. The place of Peasants Satyagraha.
2. The place associated with the Civil Disobedience Movement
B. Locate and Label Madras-the place where the Indian National Congress session held
in 1927 with appropriate symbols on the same map given for identification

Ans.

13. Can you explain why some congress leaders were reluctant to boycott the
council elections of November 1920?
Ans.
1. Many within the congress were, however concerned about the proposals given by
Gandhiji. They were reluctant to boycott the council elections of November 1920 because
the feared that the Movement might lead to popular violence.
2. In the months between September and December there was instance tussle within the
congress. For a while there seemed no meeting point between the supporters and the
opponents of the movement.
3.Finally at the Congress session at Nagpur in December 1920, a compromise was worked
out and the Non-cooperation program was adopted.

14. Highlight the effects of Non Cooperation movement on the economy of India.
Ans. The effect of non-co-operation on the economic front was more dramatic.
 Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth
burnt in huge bonfire.
 The import of foreign cloths halved between 1921 and 1922 its value
dropping from Rs 102 crore to Rs 57 crore. In many places merchants and
traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade.
 As the boycott movement spread, and people began discarding imported
clothes and wearing only Indian ones, production of Indian textiles mills
and handlooms went up.

15. What were the methods used by peasants of Awadh to achieve their goal? Explain.
Ans. 1. In many places nai-dhobi bandhs were organized by panchayats to deprive
landlords of the service of even barbers and washer men.
2. The peasant movement demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of beggar and social
boycott of oppressive landlords.
3. Some peasants denied doing beggar-work without at landlords’ farms without any
payment.
4. As the movement spread in 1921, the houses of talukdars and merchants were
attacked, bazaars were looted.
16. Why was the Non Cooperation movement withdrawn by Gandhiji?
Ans. 1. The movement was turning violent.
2. At Chauri-Chaura in Gorakhpur in Uttar Pradesh, a peaceful demonstration in bazaar
turned into a violent clash in which more than 20 policemen were killed.
3. Gandhiji also felt that Satyagraha is needed to be properly trained before they would
be ready for mass movement.

17. How was the Civil obedience Movement different from Non Cooperation
Movement? State any three points of difference.
Ans. 1. Non-cooperation Movement was launched in1920 to 1922, while the Civil
Disobedience Movement continued 1929 to 1934.
2. The Non-cooperation Movement was launched because of the anger of Jallianwala
Bagh and against Rowlatt Act, while Civil Disobedience movement was launched against
the arrival of Simon Commission.
3. The Idea of Non Cooperation include that if the Indians refused to cooperate British
rule in India will would collapse within a year and swaraj would come. But the idea of Civil
Disobedience Movement includes breaking colonial rules and disobeying the rules.

18. A. Two features A and B are marked in the given political map of India. Identify
these features with the help of the following information and write their correct names
on the lines marked on the map.
1. A place where the session of Congress held in 1929
2. A place associated with the movement of Indigo Planters.
B. Locate and Label Ahmadabad-cotton mill workers Satyagraha with
appropriate symbols on the same map given for identification
Ans.

19. Highlight the major facts about the new economic situation created by First
Word War in India?
Ans. 1. First World War led to a huge increase in defense expenditure which was financed
war loans and increase in Taxes.
2. Custom duties were raised and new income taxes were introduced.
3. Through war years prices increased-doubling between 1913 and 1918.
4. Villagers were called upon to supply soldiers.
5. Forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger

20. “Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of
unified national movement” Explain that opportunity.
Ans.
That opportunity was ‘Khilafat Issue’.
 The First World War ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey. And
there were rumours that a harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on
the ottoman emperor-the spiritual head of the Islamic world (the
Khailifa).
 To defend the khalifa’s temporal power, a khilafat committee was formed
in Bombay in March 1919. A young generation of Muslims leaders likes the
brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, Began discussing with Mahatma
Gandhi about the possibility of a united mass action on the issue.
 Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella
of unified national movement.

21. What were the main ideas of Gandhiji behind ‘Non Co-operation’?
Ans.
 Gandhiji in his famous book Hind Sawraj declared that British Rule
was established in India with the cooperation of Indians, and
successful only because of our cooperation.
 If Indians refused to cooperate, British rule in India would collapse
 within a year and swaraj would come.
 According to Gandhiji it should begin with the surrender of titles
that the British government awarded, and a boycott of civil services,
army, police, courts and legislative councils, schools and foreign.

22. Elaborate the contribution of Alluri Sita Ram Raju in the nationalist movement
of India.
Ans.
1. Alluri Sita Ram Raju claimed that he had a variety of special powers: he could make
correct astrological predictions and heal people, and he could survive even bullet shots.
2. Captivated by Raju, the rebels proclaimed that he was an incarnation of God. Raju
talked of the greatness of Mahatma Gandhi, said he was inspired by the Non Cooperation
Movement, and persuaded people to wear Khadhi and giving up drinking.
3. But at the same time he asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force,
not non-violence.
4. The Gudem rebels attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officials and carried
on guerrilla warfare for achieving swaraj. Raju was captured and executed in 1924, and
over the time became a folk hero.

23. Why martial law was imposed in Punjab during the month of April in 1919?
Ans. 1. Gandhiji in 1919 decided to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed
Rowlett Act (1919).
2. Rallies were organized in various cities, workers went on strike in railway workshops,
and shops closed down.
3. On April, the police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession, provoke widespread
attacks on banks, post office and railway stations.
4. The British administration decided to clampdown on nationalists. Martial law was
imposed and General Dyer took command.
24. Can you explain why some congress leaders were reluctant to boycott the
council elections of November 1920?
Ans. 1. Many within the congress were however, concerned about the proposal of
Gandhiji to start Non Cooperation Movement.
2. They were reluctant to boycott the council elections scheduled for November 1920.
3. They feared that the movement led to popular violence.
4. In the months between September and December there was intense tussle within the
congress.

25. What was the contribution of Natesa Shastri for the revival of folklore and folk
tales? What were his views?
Ans.
 In madras Natesa Shastri published a massive four-volume collection of
Tamil folk tales, the Folklore of Southern India.
 He believed that folklore was national literature;
2. It was most trustworthy manifestation of people’s real thought and
characteristics.

26. A. Two features A and B are marked in the given political map of India. Identify
these features with the help of the following information and write their correct names
on the lines marked on the map.
1. The Satyagraha of the peasants
2. Place where Gandhiji violated the Salt Law.
B. Locate and Label Nagpur session 1920 with appropriate symbols on the same map
given for identification
Ans.
27. What was the outcome of the Poona pact? How did it benefit the Dalits?
Ans. The Poona pact of Sept. 1932 gave the depressed classes reserved seat in provincial
and central legislative councils but they were to be voted in by the general electorate.

28. Explain the differences that emerged the congress and the Muslim league on
Political issues.
Ans.
The important differences were over the question of representation in the future
assemblies that were to be elected Muhammad Ali Jinnah of the Muslim league was
willing to give up that demand for separate electorates if Muslim were given reserved
seats in the central assembly and representation in proportion to population in the
Muslim dominated provinces.

29. How did Mahatma Gandhi organize Satyagraha in various places in India?
Ans. 1) In 1917 he travelled in Champaran ran, Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle
against oppressive plantation system.
2) In 1919 he organized Satyagraha to support peasants of Kheda in Gujarat.
3) In 1918 he went to Ahmedabad to organize this movement amongst cotton mill
workers.
4) In 1919 he launched Satyagraha against Rowlatt act.

30. Explain the factors responsible for the growth of nationalism in the latter half of the
19thcentury.
Ans. 1) Economic exploitation
2) Administrative and economic unification of the country.
3) Western education’
4) Development of Press.
(To be explained)