QUIZLET

What is odd about Rip Van Winkle?

Slept for 100 years and yet woke up with no impact whatsoever to his health.

Who is Rip Van Winkle?

A Dutch American villager living in the Catskill Mountains with his wife and children. He is a fictional
character.

Where did Rip Van Winkle first appear?

In 1819 in a collection called "The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent" by author Washington Irving.

What happened to Rip Van Winkle?

He wanders into the mountains with his dog, Wolf. He encounters a group of oddly dressed men playing
ninepins. He drinks some of their alcohol and falls into a deep sleep.

What is the message of Rip Van Winkle?

It's often seen as a commentary on the passage of time and the changes brought about by the American
Revolution.
How has life changed between 1825 to 1925?

Technological advances like railways and telephones, increased urbanization, and movements for labor
and women's rights. Democratic reforms expanded, colonial empires grew, and medical science
improved health. Global trade expanded despite challenges like the Great Depression.

How has life changed between 1925 to now?

Technology like the internet and smartphones revolutionized life. Civil rights movements promoted
equality. Space exploration, medical advances, and environmental awareness grew.

Reignite

To give to life or energy to someone or something; to ignite or cause to ignite again.

Burning up

It can mean you're very hot, either due to physical exertion or fever. It can also be used metaphorically
to describe someone who is very excited or passionate about something.

Burning down

This generally refers to the destruction of something by fire, usually a building.

Burning with

This phrase is often used metaphorically to describe a strong feeling or emotion.

Ezra Klein

American journalist, political commentator, and podcast host. He was born on May 9, 1984, in Irvine,
California. He is currently a columnist for The New York Times and the host of The Ezra Klein Show
podcast. He co-founded Vox.

Sam Altman

An American entrepreneur and investor, best known as the CEO of OpenAI, the artificial intelligence
company behind ChatGPT. Born on April 22, 1985, in Chicago, Illinois, Altman co-founded OpenAI in
2015 and has been a leading figure in the AI industry.

Moore's Law

States that the number of transistors on a microchip doubles every two years, making computers faster
and cheaper.

Sam Altman's interview with Ezra Klein

Sam Altman discusses how AI could make everything better and cheaper, but also warns of job losses
and wealth concentration. He suggests responsible management and political measures like wealth
taxes to ensure fair distribution of benefits.

Purpose of Altman's essay

To design a system that embraces our technological future and taxes the assets that will make up most
of the value in that world-companies and land-in order to fairly distribute some of the coming wealth.

The AI Revolution (Altman's essay)

We are entering the fourth technological revolution (information age) after agricultural, industrial and
computational. More progress will be made in the next 100 years than any progress up to this point.
Moore's Law for Everything (Altman's essay)

Altman predicts that thanks to AI, we will reach a point when everything is getting 50% cheaper every 2
years.

Capitalism for Everyone (Altman's essay)

Sam Altman predicts that taxing income will become ineffective as AI transforms the economy. He
proposes a national equity fund, funded by taxing large companies' capital and privately held land, and
distributing it to all citizens over 18.

Implementation and Troubleshooting (Altman's essay)

Ten years after the equity fund's implementation, each American citizen would receive $13,500
annually. He believes this amount will provide greater purchasing power due to decreased prices.

Shifting to the New System (Altman's essay)

A gradual implementation of the proposed taxes on capital and land, tied to GDP growth. He believes
this approach will make policymakers popular and concludes, "The future can be almost unimaginably
great."

Author's opinion on Altman's essay

They wish he provided more concrete examples of AI benefits. They feel his proposal is vague and have
concerns about income comparisons and AI-driven cost reductions. They think he should make a
stronger case for AI's potential benefits over risks.
Michael Crawford

English actor and singer, best known for his roles in Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em and The Phantom of the
Opera.

Counting Up To Twenty (Michael Crawford)

A song by Michael Crawford from his album EFX, which was the original cast album for his hit Vegas
show of the same name. The song is a whimsical and reflective tune that talks about overcoming
challenges and looking forward to a brighter future.

Trump's verbal tic

In an interview with podcaster Ezra Klein, Trump repeated the phrase "many people are saying...". Klein
does not believe this to be an effect of old age.

Why has Trump been under scrutiny lately?

Trump's speech has been under scrutiny by his rival, Vice President Kamala Harris, and her running
mate, Minnesota Governor Tim Walz, who have questioned his cognitive state and suggested he is too
old to be president.

Donald Trump

Born June 14, 1946, is an American politician, businessman, and media personality. He served as the
45th President of the United States from 2017 to 2021 and was re-elected in 2024, making him the 47th
President.
What is different about Trump's 'style', according to Klein?

"Trump moves through the world without the behavioral inhibition most of us labor under," Klein said,
after stating the Republican showed signs of being low on conscientiousness but high in disinhibition.

The 2016 Presidential Race

Jeb Bush looked likely to become the nominee, but Trump came along and said what many of them had
been afraid to say. "George Bush made a mistake. We can make mistakes, but that one was a beauty.
We should have never been in Iraq. We have destabilized the Middle East," Trump said in a debate in
February 2016.

Jeb Bush

Jeb Bush, born February 11, 1953, is an American politician and businessman. He served as the 43rd
Governor of Florida from 1999 to 2007 and ran for the Republican presidential nomination in 2016.

George W. Bush

George W. Bush, born July 6, 1946, is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the
United States from 2001 to 2009 and was the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000.

What are Donald Trump's flaws?

it meant the Republican did not necessarily have the ability to think strategically and carefully about
what comes out of his mouth.

2020 Election results

Trump refused to admit he lost

Trump's term(s) in the White House

He has openly mused about using nuclear weapons, pulling out of NATO, and speculated about
treatments for COVID-19.

Survey

A lot of young people stated they felt depressed about the future.

Hannah Ritchie

Hannah Ritchie is a Scottish data scientist and senior researcher at the University of Oxford, focusing on
environmental sustainability, climate change, energy, food systems, and public health. She is also the
deputy editor at Our World in Data.

Camille Parmesan

Camille Parmesan is a renowned ecologist and climate change expert, holding positions at the University
of Plymouth, CNRS in France, and the University of Texas at Austin. Her research focuses on climate
change impacts on biodiversity.

Exclusive Guardian Survey

Found that almost a fifth of the female climate experts who responded have chosen to have no children,
or fewer children, due to the environmental crises afflicting the world.

Shobha Maharaj

Dr. Shobha Maharaj is a climate impacts scientist focusing on biodiversity and ecosystems, especially in
small island states. She has contributed to IPCC reports and works with Terraformation on biodiverse
reforestation.
IPCC Survey

Ninety-seven female scientists responded, with 17, including women from Brazil, Chile, Germany, India,
and Kenya, saying they had chosen to have fewer children. All but 1 percent of the scientists surveyed
were over 40 years old and two-thirds were over 50.

Why did Maharaj choose not to have a child?

Maharaj said fear of what her child's future would hold, as well as adding another human to the planet,
were part of the struggle.

Dr. Alexandre Manette (A Tale of Two Cities)

Imprisoned for 18 years in the Bastille, he is released and reunited with his daughter, Lucie. He gradually
recovers from his trauma.

Sydney Carton (A Tale of Two Cities)

A dissolute lawyer who finds redemption through an act of ultimate self-sacrifice, giving his life to save
Charles Darnay and finding peace in his final moments.

Charles Darnay (A Tale of Two Cities)

A French aristocrat who renounces his family's oppressive legacy and strives to live a just life in England,
showing his love for Lucie and his family.

How long did Australia spend building its broadband network?

11 years
Paul Fletcher

Paul Fletcher is an Australian politician. He has been a member of Parliament since 2009, representing
Bradfield in New South Wales. He has held various ministerial roles, including Minister for
Communications, Urban Infrastructure, Cities, and the Arts. He is currently the Manager of Opposition
Business in the House.

How many households were unable to connect to the network?

35,000 premises remain unable to connect to the network. Although, that number was over 100,000 in
August 2020 and over 11.86 million premises have been wired.

Who supported the broadband network?

The Labor Party (at the 2007 election)

Why did the government decide against an FTTP build?

A FTTP build would be too slow and expensive, despite leaks from within NBN Co purporting to say FTTP
costs were falling fast. The new plan called for a "multi-technology mix" that emphasised fibre-to-the-
node (FTTN) and use of existing cable TV networks, rather than FTTP everywhere.

Australia's wifi

Satellite services for remote users remain slow, and wireless services in regional areas are often
adequate rather than brilliant.

December 23rd annoucement (new scheme)

An announcement that will require digital platforms to take down "seriously harmful" material directed
at adults, in addition to strengthening cyber-bullying protections for kids. The scheme proposes 24-hour
takedown requirements for digital platforms after notification of harmful content.
Trains v Cars (Canada)

The average train trip between Montreal and Toronto, the most popular one in Canada, takes five hours
and eight minutes, while it would take half an hour longer to drive the same distance.

What is the average price of a train ticket from Toronto to Montreal?

The price of a train ticket from Toronto to Montreal changes depending on the time of year, but a round
trip can run you upward of $300.

What is different about Canada in terms of transport?

It's the only G7 country without a high-speed option—in Japan, China, France, Spain, Italy, and the
United States, trains that can reach speeds of over 450 kilometers an hour have been a reality for over a
decade.

What is the cost of the high-speed rail projects?

The cost for various high-speed rail projects has been estimated between $6 and $40 billion. (A high-
speed rail project in California was supposed to cost $30 billion but quickly blew past initial projections.
It could end up costing $130 billion.)

Kathleen Wynne

Kathleen Wynne is a former Premier of Ontario, serving from 2013 to 2018. She was the first woman
and the first openly gay premier of Ontario. She served as a member of the Ontario Provincial
Parliament from 2003 to 2022.
Alison Redford

Alison Redford is a former politician from Alberta, Canada. She served as the 14th Premier of Alberta
from 2011 to 2014. Redford was the first woman to hold the office of Premier in Alberta. She resigned
amid controversy and personal challenges.

Michael Ignatieff

Michael Ignatieff is a Canadian author, academic, and former politician. He led the Liberal Party from
2008 to 2011 and has held senior academic positions at prestigious institutions

Stephane Dion

Stéphane Dion is a Canadian diplomat and former politician. He has been Canada's Ambassador to
France and Monaco since 2022 and was the Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2015 to 2017.

First factor (high-speed rail)

It's logistically impossible as VIA Rail only owns about 3% of Canada's tracks.

Second factor (high-speed rail)

Density. Canada is not densely populated, making a high-speed rail not very profitable of an investment.

High 'frequency' rail

Though it's unclear of the true cost, a high frequency rail placed on the Windsor-Quebec City corridor is
estimated to cost around 6-12 billion dollars.

What is stopping Canada from building a high speed rail?

A lack of public support and political will

VIA Rail

VIA Rail Canada is a Crown corporation that operates intercity passenger rail services across Canada,
connecting over 450 destinations since 1977.

Bertha

A two-thousand ton cutterhead, world's largest tunnel boring machine.

What was the purpose of Bertha?

A two-billion-dollar project to build a stretch of underground highway two miles long, two lanes wide,
and two levels high. In December of 2013, after only four months and a thousand feet of digging, Bertha
overheated and was shut down.

Megaproject

A very expensive (over US$1 billion), technically difficult and usually long-term engineering project.
Many megaprojects have multiple aims and often large environmental impacts.

Bent Flyvjberg

Bent Flyvbjerg is a Danish economic geographer and professor known for his research on megaprojects
and decision-making. He has written several influential books, including "Megaprojects and Risk: An
Anatomy of Ambition" and "How Big Things Get Done." He's highly regarded in his field.

London Crossrail

East-West railway across London, completed from may 2023

Iron Law of Megaprojects

Over budget, overtime, over and over again

What are some reasons of megaprojects being positive?

Engineers are delighted to develop new technology, politicians revel in the visibility they reap from
building monuments to themselves, and everyone else—developers, bankers, lawyers, consultants,
landowners, contractors, and construction workers—is happy to claim a share.

Jorn Utzon

Architect of the Sydney Opera House

Atif Ansar

Bent Flyvjberg's colleague

Tim Burgess

Served as the president of the Seattle City Council from 2014 to 2016. He has had a long career in public
service, including roles as a city council member, mayor of Seattle for 71 days in 2017, and various other
community and government positions1.

The Big Dig

The Big Dig in Boston aimed to reroute Interstate 93 into the O'Neill Tunnel and extend Interstate 90 to
Logan Airport. Starting in 1991 and ending in 2007, the project's cost surged from $2.8 billion to over
$21.5 billion, making it the most expensive highway project in the U.S.
Big Dig challenges

The Big Dig faced major challenges, including cost overruns from $2.8 billion to over $21.5 billion,
delays, design flaws, safety concerns, and legal issues. Despite these problems, it improved Boston's
traffic flow and created new public spaces.

Channel Tunnel

The Channel Tunnel, or Chunnel, is a 50.5-kilometer underwater railway that opened in 1994,
connecting the UK and France under the English Channel, boosting transport and economic ties.

Channel Tunnel challenges

Building the Channel Tunnel required addressing geological uncertainties, managing water ingress,
ensuring ventilation, coordinating between the UK and France, dealing with machinery failures, and
prioritizing worker safety. These complexities demanded innovative solutions and careful planning.

California high-speed rail

Began in 2008 when voters approved Proposition 1A, authorizing $9.95 billion in state bonds. The goal is
to link major cities like Los Angeles and San Francisco, providing a sustainable travel alternative.

California high-speed rail challenges

Funding issues, legal battles, geological difficulties, stakeholder coordination, and political opposition.
These obstacles have led to delays and increased costs.

Sejong City

Established in 2007, was created to reduce congestion in Seoul and boost regional development.
Formed from parts of South and North Chungcheong Provinces, it's named after King Sejong the Great,
who created the Korean alphabet, Hangul.
Sejong City challenges

Land acquisition, balancing development with environmental preservation, planning infrastructure,

relocating government offices, and attracting residents.

Hambantota

In Sri Lanka's Southern Province, originated from "Sampan Thota," meaning port of sampans. The city
aims to transform into a major hub with new port and airport developments.

Hambantota challenges

Funding issues, environmental concerns, infrastructure needs, economic viability, and political
dynamics. These required innovative solutions and coordinated efforts for progress.

NEOM

Announced in 2017 by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, aims to build a futuristic, sustainable city
in Saudi Arabia's Tabuk Province. The name combines "neo" (new) and "Mostaqbal" (future).

NEOM challenges

Complex engineering problems, funding issues, environmental concerns, economic viability, and political
dynamics. Innovative solutions and coordinated efforts are required.

Khazar Islands

25 km south of Baku, aims to create 41 artificial islands in the Caspian Sea, housing 1 million residents
and featuring extensive facilities, including the planned Azerbaijan Tower, which will be the world's
tallest building.
Khazar Islands challenges

Funding issues, economic viability, environmental concerns, political and bureaucratic hurdles, and
construction delays, hindering progress and raising doubts about completion.

Three Gorges Dam

A dam being built over the Yangtze river, 607' high by 1.4 miles wide, which will be completed in 2009. It
will be the world's biggest dam.

Three Gorges Dam challenges

Environmental impact, displacing over 1.3 million people, geological stability concerns, sedimentation
issues, and required immense financial and logistical efforts.

Hong Kong-Zhuhai Bridge

The Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge, opened in 2018, is the world's longest sea crossing at 55
kilometers. It connects Hong Kong, Zhuhai, and Macau, reducing travel time to 45 minutes.

Hong Kong-Zhuhai Bridge challenges

Complex engineering demands, environmental concerns, high construction costs, and logistical
coordination among Hong Kong, Zhuhai, and Macau.

New Eurasia Land Bridge

Part of China's Belt and Road Initiative, aims to create a modern rail link between China and Europe via
Central Asia, spanning 11,870 kilometers.
New Eurasia Land Bridge challenges

Securing funding, managing logistics, infrastructure disparities, and navigating political dynamics.
Extensive planning and international cooperation are required.

World Health Organization

A specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that is concerned with international public health

Dr Vivek Murphy

Leader of WHO's commission on loneliness

Health risks of loneliness

Depression, anxiety, and dementia, as well as increasing your likelihood to die by 50%. Equivalent to
smoking 15 cigarettes a day.

Loneliness in older people

Associated with a 50% increased risk of developing dementia and a 30% increased risk of incident
coronary artery disease or stroke.

Loneliness in younger people

Between 5% and 15% of adolescents are lonely, according to figures that are underestimates. In Africa,
12.7% adolescents experience loneliness compared to 5.3% in Europe.
Long-term effects of loneliness in young people

More likely to drop out of university. It can also lead to poorer economic outcomes; feeling
disconnected and unsupported in a job can lead to poorer job satisfaction and performance.

Melody Ding's studies

Around 1 in 12 people experience loneliness at a level that can lead to serious health problems.

How does loneliness differ based on area? (negative)

Eastern European countries show more signs of loneliness than anywhere else in Europe. Young adults
in Eastern Europe report feelings of loneliness at a rate of 7.5 percent, while middle aged adults report
feelings of loneliness at a rate of 9.6 percent. Older adults are at a worrisome 21.3 percent.

How does loneliness differ based on area? (positive)

Northern European nations had the lowest rates of loneliness, as only 2.9% of young adults experiencing
the negative emotion and 2.7% of middle-aged adults feeling the same. Older adults, over the age of 60,
experienced loneliness at a rate of 5.3%.

What could loneliness lead to, according to WHO?

The social isolation measures keeping the SARS-CoV-2 virus at bay will also probably lead to increased
levels of loneliness, depression, harmful alcohol and drug use, and self-harm or suicidal behavior.

Paro

A robotic seal at Tokyo's Silver Wing care facility aimed at providing residents with therapy and social
interactions.
Kodokushi

lonely death

Karoshi

A Japanese term that refers to a sudden death caused by overworking

Hikikomori

A disorder of acute social withdrawal in which young people remain in their room in their parents' house
and refuse social interactions for at least 6 months, but often for many years.

The pepper robot

A humanoid designed by Softbank Robotics that is designed to provide lonely humans with
companionship

Aibo Robot Dogs

A robot that acts like a dog. So life-like that some people hold funerals

Gatebox home virtual companion

A VR anime companion that provides lonely people with the experience of dating.
How long has Japan been developing robots for older people?

For over two decades

Robear

A new experimental nursing care robot developed by RIKEN and Sumitomo Riko

Different types of care robots

Some have machines to help old people get around easier whereas others are aimed at encouraging
older people to get out and socialize more.

Robotics for Ageing Well

A research and development program that the European Union invested 85 million euros in.

Robots for Adult Social Care

in 2019, the UK government announced an investment of £34 million ($48 million), stating that they
could "revolutionize" the care system.

What is one issue in the rise of robots for mental health?

It is tiring having to wheel the machine from room to room every time.

Alan Winfield

British engineer and educator, known for his work in cognitive robotics and robot ethics. He is a
Professor of Robot Ethics at UWE Bristol and an Associate Fellow at the Cambridge Centre for the Future
of Intelligence.
UNDP

United Nations Development Program. Advocates change that will help people obtain a better life
through development.

Highest developed country

Switzerland

NSW Council of Social Service research

Undertaken by the Institute of Public Policy and Governance at the University of Technology, Sydney in
April of 2023, this research engaged 1,134 NSW residents through an online survey, 23 focus groups,
and interview participants.

Meta-crisis

The interconnected, complex crises that overlap and amplify one another. This complex intersection of
finance, technology (and the rise and rise of AI), and climate change presents a multifaceted challenge
that will reshape the global economy.

How did COVID-19 affect the cost of living?

There was a severe supply shortage, forcing stores to raise their prices.

Economic dispraities (metacrisis)

The financialisation of economies has led to growing wealth inequality. Investment in high-yield assets
often benefits those already wealthy, while low-income households face financial precarity.
Debt levels (metacrisis)

High levels of personal and national debt create vulnerabilities. Economic downturns or shifts in policy
can exacerbate these vulnerabilities, leading to broader financial instability.

Automation and Job Displacement (metacrisis)

Technologically disruptive advances in artificial intelligence and automation are transforming labour
markets. While technology can increase productivity, it also risks displacing workers, particularly in low-
skilled sectors.

Digital Divide (metacrisis)

the gulf between those who have ready access to computers and the Internet, and those who do not.

Environmental cost (metacrisis)

Climate change has very tangible economic impacts, from damage to infrastructure due to extreme
weather events to increased insurance costs and resource scarcity.

transition costs (metacrisis)

costs from shifting from old equipment, processes, practices or services to new (an entire firm replacing
its employees' office land lines with cell lines, remodeling your home)

Global impact of temperature rise

A 2°C global temperature rise could cause extreme weather, reduced crop yields, water scarcity,
increased energy use, higher insurance premiums, and economic instability, affecting low-income
populations the most.
Intersecting impacts on the global economy

Adaptation with social safety nets, green technologies, effective policies, and international cooperation
is crucial. The cost-of-living crisis shows systemic global economic shifts. Understanding these dynamics
is key to fostering resilience and equitable growth.

Falling fertility rates

Two-thirds of humanity lives in countries with fertility below the replacement rate of 2.1 children per
family. By 2100, populations in some major economies will fall by 20 to 50 percent, based on UN
projections.

What demographic trend is leading to population decline in many major economies?

Falling fertility rates and increasing longevity.

What is the dependency ratio?

The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the
labor force

Why is the dependency ratio a concern in aging populations?

Fewer working-age people support a growing number of older individuals, which can strain economic
resources.

What strategies can countries adopt to address demographic challenges?

Raising fertility rates, increasing productivity, and adapting economic systems and social contracts.
How can increasing productivity help mitigate the effects of an aging population?

By boosting economic output with fewer workers, reducing the strain on support systems.

What role does international cooperation play in addressing demographic challenges?

Collaborative efforts can help share best practices and resources to manage the impacts of demographic
shifts.

What is one potential solution to counteract low fertility rates?

Implementing family-friendly policies and incentives to encourage higher birth rates.

Why is investing in education important in the context of an aging population?

It helps create a skilled workforce capable of supporting economic growth and innovation.

What has led to a rise in podcast listenership during the pandemic?

Many people have turned to audio shows for companionship.

What are parasocial relationships?

These are one-sided relationships where listeners feel a connection to podcast hosts.

How do parasocial relationships fill a void during the pandemic?

They provide a sense of companionship in the absence of in-person social interactions.

What impact do parasocial relationships have on mental health?

The article raises questions about their effect on mental health and real-life social connections.

What is the main idea of the article "Tragic but true: have podcasters replaced our real friends?"

The article explores how podcasters have become a source of companionship, replacing real-life social
interactions during the pandemic.

Rachel Aroesti

Rachel Aroesti is a freelance writer specializing in pop culture, who has contributed to The Guardian, The
i, The New Statesman, NME, and Time Out. Her work covers television, music, comedy, podcasts, film,
and the internet.

What does the article "Is Social Media Making You Lonely?" discuss?

The article discusses how increased social media use can lead to feelings of loneliness and isolation.

What are the associated feelings with spending more time on social media?

Higher levels of loneliness, anxiety, and depression.

What concept does the article explore regarding social media users?

The concept of parasocial relationships, where users feel connected to social media personalities but
may feel more isolated in real life.

How can social media impact mental health according to the article?

Increased social media use can exacerbate feelings of loneliness and contribute to mental health issues.
What type of relationships might social media users form with personalities they follow?

Parasocial relationships.

What makes social media so addictive?

Variably rewarding users with stimuli (likes, notifications, comments, etc.) keeps them engaged with
content. When a user's photo receives a "like," the same dopamine pathways involved in motivation,
reward, and addiction are activated.

When does social media addiction become harmful?

Social comparison

How have companies tried to combat cyberbullying?

Implementing an AI that detects negative tones in comments

Tammy Qiu

A design and website expert for the Cognimates project and a student at Boston University studying
Computer Science and Graphic Design.

COVID States Project

A series of surveys of adults in all 50 states, which began in spring 2020, soon after the pandemic began.

Which platforms were associated with higher reports of depression in the Harvard study?

Snapchat, Facebook, and TikTok.

How many adults were surveyed in the COVID States Project study?

Over 5,000 adults.

What complexity does the article explore in interpreting the study's findings?

Whether social media use causes depression or if those prone to depression are more likely to use social
media.

What was one of the main findings of the COVID States Project study?

Frequent social media use is associated with higher levels of depression in adults.

Roy Perlis

A prominent psychiatrist and researcher. He is the Director of the Center for Quantitative Health at
Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) and holds the Ronald I. Dozoretz, MD Endowed Chair. He is also
a Professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School.

Myanmar Genocide

Muslim Rohingya vs. Burmese military, Rohingya faced discrimination, mass killings, rape, torture, and
arson, actual persecution began in August 2017 and still continues today

Facebooks' role in Myanmar Genocide

Algorithms and lack of moderation enabled hate speech and violence

Section 230

No provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be treated as the publisher or speaker of
any information provided by another information content provider.
Criticism of Section 230

Discussions about social media moderation and accountability

Consequences for Facebook (Myanmar Genocide)

Exacerbation of violence and humanitarian crisis

Exacerbation

it is getting worse

Media overload

Continuous consumption of news and information, particularly through digital devices, leading to
increased stress and anxiety. This often includes consuming content from multiple sources
simultaneously.

Headline Stress

Emotional and psychological distress caused by constant exposure to alarming or negative news
headlines. This phenomenon can lead to feelings of helplessness, anxiety, and depression.

Doomscrolling

The act of compulsively scrolling through negative or distressing news and social media content, often
leading to increased feelings of anxiety and depression. This behavior can become habitual and difficult
to break.
Psychologists' Observations

Mental health professionals have observed an increase in news-related stress among their patients. This
stress is often linked to the overwhelming amount of negative information and the 24/7 news cycle.

Mental Health Impact of bad news online

The negative impact of media overload on emotional well-being, including heightened anxiety,
depression, and stress levels. Prolonged exposure to negative news can also lead to physical symptoms
such as headaches and fatigue.

Coping Strategies for bad news online

Limiting News Consumption, taking Breaks, engaging in positive activities, mindfulness practices

Matthew Price

He has contributed to studies on how constant exposure to negative news can lead to stress and
anxiety, often referred to as "headline stress disorder" or "doomscrolling".

Boston Marathon Bombing

Two bombs set off at the finish line of the Boston Marathon killing 3 and injuring 250 more. This act of
terrorism proved the difficulty of preventing such attacks. Restriction placed by Obama that required
Army field manuals to be used as a guide for interrogation against terrorist suspects.

Alison Holmann

She is known for her research on the impact of media exposure to collective trauma and how it affects
mental and physical health. Her work includes studies on responses to events like the 9/11 terrorist
attacks, mass shootings, and the COVID-19 pandemic
What is the main impact of consuming excessive news on our mental health according to the article?

Consuming excessive news, especially negative news, can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and a
phenomenon known as "headline stress disorder."

How did the Boston Marathon bombing serve as a case study in the article?

The article uses the Boston Marathon bombing to illustrate how people who consumed extensive news
coverage of the event experienced higher levels of acute stress than those who were directly affected by
it.

What role does sensationalism in media play according to the article?

Sensationalism in media can amplify fear and anxiety, making events seem more catastrophic than they
are, which can negatively impact mental health.

Sensationalism

the use of exciting or shocking stories or language at the expense of accuracy, in order to provoke public
interest or excitement.

What is "emotional contagion" as discussed in the article?

Emotional contagion is the phenomenon where people absorb and mirror the emotions they see in the
news, leading to widespread emotional reactions such as fear and anger.

How can selective exposure help manage news-related stress?

Selective exposure involves consciously choosing to consume news from reliable sources and limiting
exposure to distressing content, which can help reduce stress and anxiety.
What strategies does the article suggest for coping with news overload?

The article suggests strategies like setting time limits for news consumption, taking breaks from the
news, focusing on positive stories, and practicing mindfulness to cope with news overload.

How does the article explain the role of social media in news consumption?

Social media can amplify the spread of sensational and negative news, leading to increased exposure
and emotional reactions, as people often encounter news unintentionally on these platforms.

What is the recommended approach to consuming news mindfully?

The recommended approach involves being aware of one's emotional responses to the news, setting
boundaries on news consumption, and seeking balanced and factual reporting.

What are some examples of traumatic media mentioned?

Violent images from war, crime scenes, disasters, and other graphic content.

What is the role of social media platforms in spreading traumatic media?

Social media platforms can amplify the spread of violent and traumatic content, making it more
accessible and widely shared.

What measures are social media companies taking to protect users from harmful content?

Implementing systems to protect identities, conduct age verification, and limit young people from
accessing inappropriate content.
What is the article's perspective on the impact of traumatic media on children and vulnerable adults?

Exposure to violent media can be particularly harmful to children and vulnerable adults, leading to
trauma and distress.

What is the historical context of news delivery compared to today's digital age?

Historically, news took days or weeks to arrive, whereas today, video-sharing platforms provide instant,
real-time images from around the world.

What is the article's recommendation for managing exposure to traumatic media?

Being aware of potentially violent material, educating oneself, and filtering out toxic content to protect
mental health.

Nostradamus

fortune teller; (1503-66) French physician and astrologer who wrote a book of rhymed prophecies

Horace

Roman lyric poet said to have influenced English poetry (65-8 BC)

What is the meaning of "Ode I. 11" by Horace

It expresses the importance of living in the moment and embracing the uncertainty of the future.

William Butler Yeats

an Irish poet, dramatist, and writer, and one of the foremost figures of 20th-century literature
William Butler Yeats, The Second Coming

It's a reflection on how society was affected in the aftermath of World War 1. Displays a deep pessimism
and anxiety about the future, using rich symbolism and apocalyptic imagery to convey a sense of
impending doom.

Robert Frost

an American poet renowned for his depictions of rural New England life and his mastery of American
colloquial speech. He is considered one of the most important and influential poets of the 20th century.

Robert Frost, "Fire and Ice"

Explores the contrasting elements of fire and ice as metaphors for the potential end of the world. Fire
represents desire and passion, while ice symbolizes hatred and indifference. The speaker contemplates
which force would be more effective in bringing about the world's destruction, ultimately concluding
that both are equally capable of causing the end.

Emily Dickinson

Reclusive New England poet who wrote about love, death, and immortality

Emily Dickinson, The Future Never Spoke

Reflects on life's uncertainty and emphasizes embracing the present. She advises against seeking
answers from divination and highlights the fleeting nature of time, urging practical wisdom over
uncertain hope. Through this, she underscores the impermanence of life and the necessity of living in
the moment.
Divination

the practice of seeking knowledge of the future or the unknown by supernatural means

Omens

an event regarded as a portent of good or evil

In which ancient cultures was divination practiced?

Divination was practiced in ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and China, among others.

How was divination conducted in Mesopotamia?

In Mesopotamia, divination included methods like hepatoscopy (examining animal livers), astrology, and
interpreting dreams.

What role did divination play in ancient Egypt?

In ancient Egypt, divination was used to guide decisions and predict future events, often through dreams
and oracles.

How did the ancient Greeks practice divination?

The ancient Greeks practiced divination through oracles, such as the Oracle of Delphi, and through
interpreting signs and omens.
What is the Chinese practice of divination known as?

The Chinese practice of divination includes methods like the I Ching (Book of Changes) and astrology.

Why was divination sometimes forbidden in certain societies?

Divination was forbidden in some societies for religious or political reasons, as it was seen as challenging
the established order or divine will.

How did divination influence decisions in ancient cultures?

Divination influenced decisions in areas such as politics, warfare, and personal matters by providing
guidance and insights believed to be from the divine

What modern practices can be traced back to ancient divination methods?

Modern practices such as astrology, tarot card reading, and palmistry have roots in ancient divination
methods

What are oracle bones?

Oracle bones are pieces of ox scapulae or turtle plastrons used for divination during the Shang Dynasty
in ancient China.

What is the practice of using oracle bones called?

The practice is called scapulimancy (using ox scapulae) or plastromancy (using turtle plastrons).
How were oracle bones used in divination?

Diviners would carve questions onto the bones, apply heat until they cracked, and then interpret the
patterns of the cracks to predict the future.

What types of questions were asked using oracle bones?

Questions included inquiries about weather, crop planting, military endeavors, and personal matters like
health and marriage.

What is the significance of oracle bones in Chinese history?

Oracle bones are the earliest known significant corpus of ancient Chinese writing and provide valuable
insights into the Shang Dynasty's culture and beliefs.

How did oracle bones contribute to the development of Chinese script?

The inscriptions on oracle bones represent an early form of Chinese characters, many of which are still
in use today.

Who was the first to recognize oracle bones as ancient writing?

Wang Yirong, a Chinese politician and scholar, was the first to recognize oracle bones as ancient writing.

What happened to oracle bones after the Shang Dynasty?

The practice continued into the Zhou Dynasty but declined as the I Ching and other methods became
more popular.
comparative horoscopy

also known as synastry, compares the natal charts of two individuals to analyze their relationship
dynamics and compatibility. This method is commonly used in astrology to understand how two
people's astrological profiles interact with each other.

haruspicy

Etruscan and then Roman practice of taking omens by consulting entrails of newly-slaughtered animals
or birds

ornithomancy

Divination from reading the path and form of a flight of birds.

alectryomancy

Literally "rooster divination," alectrymancy is a specific type of augury: divination by observing the
feeding habits of chickens. This type of augury was used particularly (but not exclusively) by the Roman
military.

pyro-osteomancy

Ritualized application of fire to animal bones, resulting cracks interpreted accordingly for prophesy

oneiromancy

divination through the interpretation of dreams

bibliomancy

foretelling the future by interpreting a randomly chosen passage from a book, especially the Bible.

hydromancy

divination by the appearance or motion of liquids (as water)

astragalomancy

From the Greek astragalos ("anklebone"—usually of a sheep) + -mancy ("divination"). Plural: astragaloi.
Divination by interpreting the throw of astragaloi (sheep's knuckles or other joint bones).

scyphomancy

a form of divination that uses a cup or goblet, often filled with water, to interpret reflections or
movements to predict future events. It has ancient origins and was practiced in various cultures.

astrology

the study of the movements and relative positions of celestial bodies interpreted as having an influence
on human affairs and the natural world.

palmistry

divination through the reading of the lines of the palm of the hand

physiognomy

(n.) - the art of judging human character from facial features

ceromancy

Divination by means of melted wax dripped in water.

tasseography

is a divination or fortune-telling method that interprets patterns in tea leaves, coffee grounds, or wine
sediments

cartomancy

fortune-telling by interpreting a random selection of playing cards.

fortune teller

a person who tells you what they think will happen to you in the future

Oracle

a sacred shrine where a priest or priestess spoke for a god or goddess

soothsayer

a person who is able to predict the future, seer

shaman

an ancient doctor, healer, or priest, they were called upon for religious ceremonies
witch

a woman who does magic

clairvoyant

(adj.) supernaturally perceptive; (n.) one who possesses extrasensory powers, seer

Ifa

a traditional African divination system practiced by the Yoruba people. It uses palm nuts or cowrie shells
and relies on a vast corpus of oral literature called odu to provide spiritual guidance.

Jyotish

- Hindu Astrology
- Well respected job in India
- If you want to get married, you must consult astrologer for approval, time to get married, day to get
married. If not approved then no marriage

I Ching

A Chinese book of oracles, consulted to answer ethical and practical problems.

Bazi

or the Four Pillars of Destiny, is a traditional Chinese astrology system. It analyzes the year, month, day,
and hour of birth to create a birth chart, predicting a person's destiny and traits.
Jiaobei

are moon-shaped wooden or bamboo blocks used in Chinese divination to answer yes-or-no questions
posed to deities or spirits.

omikuji

paper fortunes wrapped around tree branches at shrines

Ouija

also known as a spirit board or talking board

a flat board marked with the letters of the alphabet, the numbers 0-9, the words "yes", "no", "hello"
(occasionally), and "goodbye", along with various symbols and graphics

crystal ball

a glass or crystal globe used in crystal gazing by fortunetellers

fortune cookies

cookies with fortunes on paper inside of them

horoscopes

A chart showing the positions of the sun, moon, planets, and constellations at the time of a person's
birth; used in astrology to attempt to read character or foretell the future.
Michio Kaku

An American theoretical physicist, futurist, and popularizer of science.

What is Michio Kaku's prediction about humanity becoming a multi-planet species?

Kaku predicts that humanity will establish colonies on Mars and possibly other celestial bodies.

What is the "brain net" according to Michio Kaku?

The "brain net" is a predicted development allowing humans to communicate thoughts directly.

What does Michio Kaku predict about cancer?

Kaku envisions a future where advanced medical technologies will make cancer no longer a threat.

When does Michio Kaku believe artificial superintelligence will emerge?

Kaku predicts that artificial superintelligence is still a century away.

What is Michio Kaku's prediction about contact with extraterrestrial life?

He believes we will make contact with extraterrestrial life within the next century.

What does Michio Kaku warn about militarized drone systems?

He warns that militarized drone systems could pose a significant threat to humanity.
What is Michio Kaku's prediction about living on another planet?

Kaku sees living on another planet as a real possibility in the future.

Carvaggio, the fortune teller

This genre scene of everyday life shows a gypsy palm reader on the left and a handsome man on the
right. She is discreetly stealing his ring while he is distracted

Georges de la Tour, the fortune teller

This celebrated painting, which was only discovered in the mid-twentieth century, is inscribed with the
name of the town where the artist lived in northeastern France, supporting the possibility that he
developed such works independent of Caravaggio's precedent.

Mikhail Vrubel, the fortune teller

Vrubel's painting is rich with symbolic elements, reflecting the mystical and spiritual themes common in
Symbolism. The fortune teller and her surroundings are depicted with an otherworldly, dreamlike
quality.

Romero de Torres, the fortune teller

The women's expressions convey deep emotions. The woman on the right, with her legs folded and a
five of oros (a Spanish playing card) displayed, seems to be trying to attract attention, while her
companion appears melancholic and anxious, possibly over love1.

Schjerfbeck, the fortune teller

Schjerfbeck's painting is influenced by Expressionism, focusing on the emotional experience rather than
physical reality. The fortune teller's intense gaze and the simplified, almost abstract drawing of her face
emphasize the psychic and emotional depth of the sitter.
Jose Luis Cuevas, Dreaming of Rasputin

The lithograph depicts Rasputin, the infamous Russian mystic and advisor to the Romanov family, in a
dreamlike, surreal manner. Cuevas often explored themes of power, mysticism, and the human
condition in his works.

Geoge Bizet, Trio des Cartes

It's also known as "Melons, Coupons, et Bananes" and is sung by the characters Frasquita, Mercedes,
and Carmen. The song is a playful and flirtatious moment in the opera, where the women discuss their
love lives and the men they are interested in.

Carl Orff, O Fortuna

known for its strong and intense orchestration, featuring a powerful choir and dynamic rhythms. The
piece builds in intensity, creating a sense of impending doom and the relentless power of fate.

Benny Spellman, fortune teller

It tells the story of a young man who visits a fortune teller and learns that he will find love when the
next sun rises. The next day, he returns, frustrated that nothing has happened, but ends up falling in
love with the fortune teller herself.

Al Stewart, Nostradamus

The lyrics reference several of Nostradamus's quatrains, predicting events such as the rise of Hitler, the
assassination of Kennedy, and other historical occurrences. Some of these prophecies are presented in a
cryptic and poetic manner.

Suzanne Vega, Predictions

The song explores various methods of divination and fortune-telling, such as using numbers, mirrors,
water, and other objects to predict the future. The lyrics reflect a curiosity about how these practices
have been done throughout history.
Rise in Spirituality and Witchcraft

Interest in spirituality and witchcraft has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, with many people
turning to these practices for guidance and comfort.

House of Intuition

Co-founders Marlene Vargas and Alex Naranjo started House of Intuition during a time of personal
upheaval, and their business has grown significantly during the pandemic

Tools and Practices of modern divination

People are using various tools such as tarot cards, candle-burning rituals, and crystals to seek direction
and manifest goals.

TikTok Influence on modern divination

Viral readings and tutorials on TikTok have introduced younger audiences to tarot, manifestation, and
witchcraft, contributing to the trend.

Mainstream Acceptance of modern divination

Local businesses and major retailers like Barnes & Noble have reported a significant increase in requests
and purchases related to spirituality and witchcraft.

Personal Growth (modern divination)

Practitioners find that these practices help them connect with themselves and find inner strength,
especially during times of uncertainty.
Barnum effect

People have the tendency to see themselves in vague, stock descriptions of personality

Pygmalion effect

closely related to the self-fulfilling prophecy; the two terms are even considered synonymous in some
circles; it is a type of self-fulfilling prophecy where if you think something will happen, you may
unconsciously make it happen through your actions or inaction. It occurs in the workplace when a
manager raises his or her expectations for the performance of workers, and this actually results in an
increase in worker performance.

Cold reading

A reading of a script done by actors who have not previously reviewed the play.

Confirmation bias

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort
contradictory evidence

Self-fufilling prophecy

when expectations about a behavior act to increase the likelihood that the behavior will occur

Citation analysis

A way to measure quality and impact of research by noting how often a researcher's articles are referred
to in another researcher's work.
What are some factors that influence a country's scientific impact?

Factors include funding, collaboration, and research infrastructure.

What trends in scientific research does the article highlight?

The article highlights the shift in scientific dominance from Western countries to emerging nations.

Why is citation analysis important?

It helps understand the scientific influence of different countries.

What is 'Sea of Rust' about?

'Sea of Rust' is a post-apocalyptic novel by C. Robert Cargill, which explores a world where humanity has
been wiped out by artificial intelligence. The story follows Brittle, a scavenger robot, as it navigates the
harsh and dangerous environment in search of spare parts to survive.

I don't know Timmy, being God is a big responsibility

In this story, Timmy is faced with the overwhelming task of being a god-like figure after his team
successfully builds a hypercomputer with infinite processing power. The story explores the ethical and
existential dilemmas that come with such immense power, as well as the humorous and thought-
provoking interactions between Timmy and his colleague, Diane2.

What is the traditional Chinese calendar also known as?

The traditional Chinese calendar is also known as the Agricultural Calendar or Nongli.
What does the Chinese Agricultural Calendar divide the year into?

The Chinese Agricultural Calendar divides the year into seasons for agriculture.

What are the two types of calendars the Agricultural Calendar integrates?

The Agricultural Calendar integrates lunar calendars (Yinli) and solar calendars (Yangli)

What is a tropical year?

A tropical year is the time from a vernal equinox to the next, which is 365.2422 days.

What is a synodic month?

The time it takes for a full cycle of phases. This takes 29.53 days.

How many solar terms are there in the Chinese Agricultural Calendar?

There are 24 solar terms in the Chinese Agricultural Calendar

What do the 24 solar terms reflect?

The 24 solar terms reflect changes in climate, natural phenomena, agricultural production, and other
aspects of human life.

What is the significance of the 12 Animal Cycle in the Chinese Agricultural Calendar?

The 12 Animal Cycle is used to divide years and is applied to both Chinese and global cultures.
What is the Lunar New Year also known as?

The Lunar New Year is also known as Chinese New Year or Spring Festival.

What type of calendar is the Chinese New Year based on?

The Chinese New Year is based on a lunisolar calendar.

How does a lunisolar calendar differ from a purely lunar calendar?

A lunisolar calendar combines monthly lunar cycles with the solar year, while a purely lunar calendar
only follows the lunar cycles.

When does the Lunar New Year usually fall?

The Lunar New Year usually falls on the second new moon after the winter solstice.

What is the significance of the 12 Animal Cycle in the Chinese calendar?

The 12 Animal Cycle is used to divide years and is applied to both Chinese and global cultures.

What are some common customs during Lunar New Year celebrations?

Common customs include family gatherings, feasts, giving red envelopes (hongbao), and fireworks.

What is the purpose of the Chinese lunisolar calendar?

The Chinese lunisolar calendar is used to determine the timing of agricultural activities and festivals.
Aztec agricultural calendar

A sophisticated system that guided the farming practices of the Aztec civilization. It was composed of
two main calendars: the Tonalpohualli (a 260-day sacred calendar) and the Xiuhpohualli (a 365-day solar
calendar). These calendars worked together to create a 52-year cycle known as the Calendar Round.

Mayan cyclical calendars

include the 260-day Tzolk'in for rituals, the 365-day Haab' for agriculture, and the Long Count for
tracking longer historical periods. These calendars interlock to form a 52-year Calendar Round, providing
a sophisticated system for understanding time.

Zodiac

A band of 13 constellations around the sky through which the Sun appears to move throughout the year.

solar terms

Solar terms divide the year into 24 segments, each about 15 days, reflecting changes in climate and
agricultural activities. Examples include "Start of Spring" (Lichun) and "Winter Solstice" (Dongzhi).

Computus

Computus were calendric problems which developed as a set of rules for determining the proper date of
Easter and other religious feast days mandated by church council to be celebrated on the same day
throughout Christendom.

Saros

A particular cycle of similar eclipses that recur about every 18 years.

Metonic Cycle

The 19-year period, discovered by the Babylonian astronomer Meton, over which the lunar phases occur
on the same dates.

Antikythera mechanism

First-century Greek device used to calculate the movements of the sun, the planets, and the moon.

rocket mail

An idea of delivering mail by rocket or missile. It has been attempted numerous times but has never
seen viability due to cost and numerous failures. It was first suggested by Heinrich von Kleist.

flying car

A type of vehicle that can function both as a road vehicle and as an aircraft. It has seen great prediction
in movies like Back to the Future II, but has still not been created and used for the public, due to the
requirements of lift and power such a vehicle would need

maglev

type of train that is magnetically lifted and propelled by magnetic fields

zeppelin

large gas-filled balloon (used by Germany to bomb England)

suspension railway

This is a type of elevated monorail in which the vehicle is suspended from a fixed track built above
streets or waterways.

ground-effect vehicles

another name for air cushion vehicles

supersonic transport

a civilian supersonic aircraft designed to transport passengers at speeds greater than the speed of sound

nuclear propulsion

the use of a nuclear reactor either to produce electricity to power an engine (as in a nuclear submarine)
or to directly heat a propellant (as in nuclear rockets)

hyperloop

An electric motor to accelerate a levitated pod through a low-pressure tube

hydrogen vehicle

uses hydrogen as fuel

-hydrogen may be burned or reacted with oxygen in what is called a fuel cell
-hydrogen produces water and electricity after reacting with fuel cell

mecha

Mecha refers to giant robots or machines piloted by humans, often seen in Japanese anime and manga.
They feature in iconic series like "Mobile Suit Gundam" and "Neon Genesis Evangelion," showcasing
futuristic combat and exploration.
metaverse

a virtual-reality space in which users can interact with a computer-generated environment and other
users.

What does Francis Fukuyama's "The End of History" theory propose?

Fukuyama's theory proposes that liberal democracy is the final form of human government.

Does Fukuyama's theory mean that historical events will stop occurring?

No, it means that liberal democracy represents the peak of political development, not that events will
stop occurring.

Which states does Fukuyama believe are inherently unstable?

States like Russia and China are considered inherently unstable due to reliance on single leaders and lack
of public participation.

How does Fukuyama view states that reject liberal democracy?

He views them as inherently unstable and prone to internal challenges and conflicts.

What is the central claim of Fukuyama's "The End of History"?

The central claim is that liberal democracy is the ultimate form of government and will become universal
over time.
Francis Fukuyama

He is best known for his book The End of History and the Last Man (1992), which argued that the
worldwide spread of liberal democracies may signal the end point of humanity's sociocultural evolution
and become the final form of human government.

Scorpions, Winds of Change

"Wind of Change" by Scorpions is a rock ballad from 1990 that symbolizes the end of the Cold War. The
song reflects the political changes in Eastern Europe and is often associated with the fall of the Berlin
Wall. Its whistling intro and hopeful lyrics capture the spirit of transformation during that time.

Jesus Jones, Right here right now

"Right Here, Right Now" by Jesus Jones is a song released in 1990. It captures the sense of excitement
and optimism surrounding the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Cold War. The lyrics reflect the
feeling of witnessing history in the making and the positive changes happening around the world at that
time. The song became a significant hit and remains a powerful anthem of hope and transformation.

Michael Jackson, Heal the World

"Heal the World" by Michael Jackson is a song released in 1991. It conveys a message of peace, unity,
and compassion, urging listeners to make the world a better place by helping those in need and
promoting love and understanding. The song became a global anthem for humanitarian efforts and
remains one of Michael Jackson's most impactful and inspirational works.

Will Smith, Will 2K

"Will 2K" by Will Smith is a party anthem released in 1999. The song celebrates the turn of the
millennium, featuring upbeat lyrics about welcoming the year 2000 with joy and excitement. It's known
for its catchy chorus and danceable rhythm, making it a popular hit during New Year's Eve celebrations
at the time.
Alice Coltrane, Journey in Satchidananda

"Journey In Satchidananda" by Alice Coltrane, released in 1971, blends Indian classical music with jazz.
The title track features harp, tamboura, and saxophone, creating a serene, transcendental experience.
This album is a key work in her exploration of spiritual themes and genre fusion.

Vangelis, To the Unknown Man

"To the Unknown Man" by Vangelis is a track from his 1977 album "Spiral". The song is instrumental and
features synthesizers, electric piano, and drums. It won the Midem International Instrumental award in
1978. The album explores themes inspired by ancient Tao philosophy and the nature of the universe.

Kitaro, Theme from the Silk Road

"Theme From Silk Road" by Kitaro is a track from the NHK documentary series "The Silk Road: The Rise
And Fall of Civilizations," which aired in 1980. The music, composed by Kitaro, features a blend of
traditional and electronic instruments, creating a mesmerizing and evocative soundscape that reflects
the historical and cultural significance of the Silk Road.

Enya, Carribbean Blue

"Caribbean Blue" by Enya is a song from her 1991 album "Shepherd Moons". The track features Enya's
signature ethereal vocals and lush instrumentation, creating a dreamy and soothing atmosphere. The
song's lyrics and melody evoke the serene beauty of the Caribbean, making it a timeless and relaxing
piece of music.

Enigma, Return to Innocence

"Return To Innocence" by Enigma, from their 1993 album "The Cross of Changes," blends electronic
music, tribal chants, and a haunting melody. It emphasizes embracing one's true self and returning to
innocence and authenticity. This song became a worldwide hit and remains iconic.
What is odd about Rip Van Winkle?

Slept for 100 years and yet woke up with no impact whatsoever to his health.

Who is Rip Van Winkle?

A Dutch American villager living in the Catskill Mountains with his wife and children. He is a fictional
character.
Where did Rip Van Winkle first appear?

In 1819 in a collection called "The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent" by author Washington Irving.

What happened to Rip Van Winkle?

He wanders into the mountains with his dog, Wolf. He encounters a group of oddly dressed men playing
ninepins. He drinks some of their alcohol and falls into a deep sleep.

What is the message of Rip Van Winkle?

It's often seen as a commentary on the passage of time and the changes brought about by the American
Revolution.

How has life changed between 1825 to 1925?

Technological advances like railways and telephones, increased urbanization, and movements for labor
and women's rights. Democratic reforms expanded, colonial empires grew, and medical science
improved health. Global trade expanded despite challenges like the Great Depression.

How has life changed between 1925 to now?

Technology like the internet and smartphones revolutionized life. Civil rights movements promoted
equality. Space exploration, medical advances, and environmental awareness grew.

Reignite

To give to life or energy to someone or something; to ignite or cause to ignite again.

Burning up

It can mean you're very hot, either due to physical exertion or fever. It can also be used metaphorically
to describe someone who is very excited or passionate about something.

Burning down

This generally refers to the destruction of something by fire, usually a building.

Burning with

This phrase is often used metaphorically to describe a strong feeling or emotion.

Ezra Klein

American journalist, political commentator, and podcast host. He was born on May 9, 1984, in Irvine,
California. He is currently a columnist for The New York Times and the host of The Ezra Klein Show
podcast. He co-founded Vox.

Sam Altman

An American entrepreneur and investor, best known as the CEO of OpenAI, the artificial intelligence
company behind ChatGPT. Born on April 22, 1985, in Chicago, Illinois, Altman co-founded OpenAI in
2015 and has been a leading figure in the AI industry.
Moore's Law

States that the number of transistors on a microchip doubles every two years, making computers faster
and cheaper.

Sam Altman's interview with Ezra Klein

Sam Altman discusses how AI could make everything better and cheaper, but also warns of job losses
and wealth concentration. He suggests responsible management and political measures like wealth
taxes to ensure fair distribution of benefits.

Purpose of Altman's essay

To design a system that embraces our technological future and taxes the assets that will make up most
of the value in that world-companies and land-in order to fairly distribute some of the coming wealth.

The AI Revolution (Altman's essay)

We are entering the fourth technological revolution (information age) after agricultural, industrial and
computational. More progress will be made in the next 100 years than any progress up to this point.

Moore's Law for Everything (Altman's essay)

Altman predicts that thanks to AI, we will reach a point when everything is getting 50% cheaper every 2
years.

Capitalism for Everyone (Altman's essay)

Sam Altman predicts that taxing income will become ineffective as AI transforms the economy. He
proposes a national equity fund, funded by taxing large companies' capital and privately held land, and
distributing it to all citizens over 18.
Implementation and Troubleshooting (Altman's essay)

Ten years after the equity fund's implementation, each American citizen would receive $13,500
annually. He believes this amount will provide greater purchasing power due to decreased prices.

Shifting to the New System (Altman's essay)

A gradual implementation of the proposed taxes on capital and land, tied to GDP growth. He believes
this approach will make policymakers popular and concludes, "The future can be almost unimaginably
great."

Author's opinion on Altman's essay

They wish he provided more concrete examples of AI benefits. They feel his proposal is vague and have
concerns about income comparisons and AI-driven cost reductions. They think he should make a
stronger case for AI's potential benefits over risks.

Michael Crawford

English actor and singer, best known for his roles in Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em and The Phantom of the
Opera.

Counting Up To Twenty (Michael Crawford)

A song by Michael Crawford from his album EFX, which was the original cast album for his hit Vegas
show of the same name. The song is a whimsical and reflective tune that talks about overcoming
challenges and looking forward to a brighter futurE

Trump's verbal tic

In an interview with podcaster Ezra Klein, Trump repeated the phrase "many people are saying...". Klein
does not believe this to be an effect of old age.
Why has Trump been under scrutiny lately?

Trump's speech has been under scrutiny by his rival, Vice President Kamala Harris, and her running
mate, Minnesota Governor Tim Walz, who have questioned his cognitive state and suggested he is too
old to be president.

Donald Trump

Born June 14, 1946, is an American politician, businessman, and media personality. He served as the
45th President of the United States from 2017 to 2021 and was re-elected in 2024, making him the 47th
President.

What is different about Trump's 'style', according to Klein?

"Trump moves through the world without the behavioral inhibition most of us labor under," Klein said,
after stating the Republican showed signs of being low on conscientiousness but high in disinhibition.

The 2016 Presidential Race

Jeb Bush looked likely to become the nominee, but Trump came along and said what many of them had
been afraid to say. "George Bush made a mistake. We can make mistakes, but that one was a beauty.
We should have never been in Iraq. We have destabilized the Middle East," Trump said in a debate in
February 2016.

Jeb Bush

Jeb Bush, born February 11, 1953, is an American politician and businessman. He served as the 43rd
Governor of Florida from 1999 to 2007 and ran for the Republican presidential nomination in 2016.

George W. Bush

George W. Bush, born July 6, 1946, is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the
United States from 2001 to 2009 and was the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000.
What are Donald Trump's flaws?

it meant the Republican did not necessarily have the ability to think strategically and carefully about
what comes out of his mouth.

2020 Election results

Trump refused to admit he lost

Trump's term(s) in the White House

He has openly mused about using nuclear weapons, pulling out of NATO, and speculated about
treatments for COVID-19.

Survey

A lot of young people stated they felt depressed about the future.

Hannah Ritchie

Hannah Ritchie is a Scottish data scientist and senior researcher at the University of Oxford, focusing on
environmental sustainability, climate change, energy, food systems, and public health. She is also the
deputy editor at Our World in Data.

Camille Parmesan

Camille Parmesan is a renowned ecologist and climate change expert, holding positions at the University
of Plymouth, CNRS in France, and the University of Texas at Austin. Her research focuses on climate
change impacts on biodiversity.
Exclusive Guardian Survey

Found that almost a fifth of the female climate experts who responded have chosen to have no children,
or fewer children, due to the environmental crises afflicting the world.

Shobha Maharaj

Dr. Shobha Maharaj is a climate impacts scientist focusing on biodiversity and ecosystems, especially in
small island states. She has contributed to IPCC reports and works with Terraformation on biodiverse
reforestation

IPCC Survey

Ninety-seven female scientists responded, with 17, including women from Brazil, Chile, Germany, India,
and Kenya, saying they had chosen to have fewer children. All but 1 percent of the scientists surveyed
were over 40 years old and two-thirds were over 50.

Why did Maharaj choose not to have a child?

Maharaj said fear of what her child's future would hold, as well as adding another human to the planet,
were part of the struggle.

Dr. Alexandre Manette (A Tale of Two Cities)

Imprisoned for 18 years in the Bastille, he is released and reunited with his daughter, Lucie. He gradually
recovers from his trauma.

Sydney Carton (A Tale of Two Cities)

A dissolute lawyer who finds redemption through an act of ultimate self-sacrifice, giving his life to save
Charles Darnay and finding peace in his final moments.
Charles Darnay (A Tale of Two Cities)

A French aristocrat who renounces his family's oppressive legacy and strives to live a just life in England,
showing his love for Lucie and his family.

How long did Australia spend building its broadband network?

11 years

Paul Fletcher

Paul Fletcher is an Australian politician. He has been a member of Parliament since 2009, representing
Bradfield in New South Wales. He has held various ministerial roles, including Minister for
Communications, Urban Infrastructure, Cities, and the Arts. He is currently the Manager of Opposition
Business in the House.

How many households were unable to connect to the network?

35,000 premises remain unable to connect to the network. Although, that number was over 100,000 in
August 2020 and over 11.86 million premises have been wired.

Who supported the broadband network?

The Labor Party (at the 2007 election)

Why did the government decide against an FTTP build?

A FTTP build would be too slow and expensive, despite leaks from within NBN Co purporting to say FTTP
costs were falling fast. The new plan called for a "multi-technology mix" that emphasised fibre-to-the-
node (FTTN) and use of existing cable TV networks, rather than FTTP everywhere.
Australia's wifi

Satellite services for remote users remain slow, and wireless services in regional areas are often
adequate rather than brilliant.

December 23rd annoucement (new scheme)

An announcement that will require digital platforms to take down "seriously harmful" material directed
at adults, in addition to strengthening cyber-bullying protections for kids. The scheme proposes 24-hour
takedown requirements for digital platforms after notification of harmful content.

Trains v Cars (Canada)

The average train trip between Montreal and Toronto, the most popular one in Canada, takes five hours
and eight minutes, while it would take half an hour longer to drive the same distance.

What is the average price of a train ticket from Toronto to Montreal?

The price of a train ticket from Toronto to Montreal changes depending on the time of year, but a round
trip can run you upward of $300.

What is different about Canada in terms of transport?

It's the only G7 country without a high-speed option—in Japan, China, France, Spain, Italy, and the
United States, trains that can reach speeds of over 450 kilometers an hour have been a reality for over a
decade.

What is the cost of the high-speed rail projects?

The cost for various high-speed rail projects has been estimated between $6 and $40 billion. (A high-
speed rail project in California was supposed to cost $30 billion but quickly blew past initial projections.
It could end up costing $130 billion.)
Kathleen Wynne

Kathleen Wynne is a former Premier of Ontario, serving from 2013 to 2018. She was the first woman
and the first openly gay premier of Ontario. She served as a member of the Ontario Provincial
Parliament from 2003 to 2022.

Alison Redford

Alison Redford is a former politician from Alberta, Canada. She served as the 14th Premier of Alberta
from 2011 to 2014. Redford was the first woman to hold the office of Premier in Alberta. She resigned
amid controversy and personal challenges.

Michael Ignatieff

Michael Ignatieff is a Canadian author, academic, and former politician. He led the Liberal Party from
2008 to 2011 and has held senior academic positions at prestigious institutions

Stephane Dion

Stéphane Dion is a Canadian diplomat and former politician. He has been Canada's Ambassador to
France and Monaco since 2022 and was the Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2015 to 2017.

First factor (high-speed rail)

It's logistically impossible as VIA Rail only owns about 3% of Canada's tracks.

Second factor (high-speed rail)

Density. Canada is not densely populated, making a high-speed rail not very profitable of an investment.
High 'frequency' rail

Though it's unclear of the true cost, a high frequency rail placed on the Windsor-Quebec City corridor is
estimated to cost around 6-12 billion dollars.

What is stopping Canada from building a high speed rail?

A lack of public support and political will

VIA Rail

VIA Rail Canada is a Crown corporation that operates intercity passenger rail services across Canada,
connecting over 450 destinations since 1977.

Bertha

A two-thousand ton cutterhead, world's largest tunnel boring machine

What was the purpose of Bertha?

A two-billion-dollar project to build a stretch of underground highway two miles long, two lanes wide,
and two levels high. In December of 2013, after only four months and a thousand feet of digging, Bertha
overheated and was shut down.

Megaproject

A very expensive (over US$1 billion), technically difficult and usually long-term engineering project.
Many megaprojects have multiple aims and often large environmental impacts.
Bent Flyvjberg

Bent Flyvbjerg is a Danish economic geographer and professor known for his research on megaprojects
and decision-making. He has written several influential books, including "Megaprojects and Risk: An
Anatomy of Ambition" and "How Big Things Get Done." He's highly regarded in his field.

London Crossrail

East-West railway across London, completed from may 2023

Iron Law of Megaprojects

Over budget, overtime, over and over again

What are some reasons of megaprojects being positive?

Engineers are delighted to develop new technology, politicians revel in the visibility they reap from
building monuments to themselves, and everyone else—developers, bankers, lawyers, consultants,
landowners, contractors, and construction workers—is happy to claim a share.

Jorn Utzon

Architect of the Sydney Opera House

Atif Ansar

Bent Flyvjberg's colleague

Tim Burgess

Served as the president of the Seattle City Council from 2014 to 2016. He has had a long career in public
service, including roles as a city council member, mayor of Seattle for 71 days in 2017, and various other
community and government positions1.

The Big Dig

The Big Dig in Boston aimed to reroute Interstate 93 into the O'Neill Tunnel and extend Interstate 90 to
Logan Airport. Starting in 1991 and ending in 2007, the project's cost surged from $2.8 billion to over
$21.5 billion, making it the most expensive highway project in the U.S.

Big Dig challenges

The Big Dig faced major challenges, including cost overruns from $2.8 billion to over $21.5 billion,
delays, design flaws, safety concerns, and legal issues. Despite these problems, it improved Boston's
traffic flow and created new public spaces.

Channel Tunnel

The Channel Tunnel, or Chunnel, is a 50.5-kilometer underwater railway that opened in 1994,
connecting the UK and France under the English Channel, boosting transport and economic ties.

Channel Tunnel challenges

Building the Channel Tunnel required addressing geological uncertainties, managing water ingress,
ensuring ventilation, coordinating between the UK and France, dealing with machinery failures, and
prioritizing worker safety. These complexities demanded innovative solutions and careful planning.

California high-speed rail

Began in 2008 when voters approved Proposition 1A, authorizing $9.95 billion in state bonds. The goal is
to link major cities like Los Angeles and San Francisco, providing a sustainable travel alternative.
California high-speed rail challenges

Funding issues, legal battles, geological difficulties, stakeholder coordination, and political opposition.
These obstacles have led to delays and increased costs.

Sejong City

Established in 2007, was created to reduce congestion in Seoul and boost regional development.
Formed from parts of South and North Chungcheong Provinces, it's named after King Sejong the Great,
who created the Korean alphabet, Hangul.

Sejong City challenges

Land acquisition, balancing development with environmental preservation, planning infrastructure,

relocating government offices, and attracting residents.

Hambantota

In Sri Lanka's Southern Province, originated from "Sampan Thota," meaning port of sampans. The city
aims to transform into a major hub with new port and airport developments.

Hambantota challenges

Funding issues, environmental concerns, infrastructure needs, economic viability, and political
dynamics. These required innovative solutions and coordinated efforts for progress.

NEOM

Announced in 2017 by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, aims to build a futuristic, sustainable city
in Saudi Arabia's Tabuk Province. The name combines "neo" (new) and "Mostaqbal" (future).
NEOM challenges

Complex engineering problems, funding issues, environmental concerns, economic viability, and political
dynamics. Innovative solutions and coordinated efforts are required.

Khazar Islands

25 km south of Baku, aims to create 41 artificial islands in the Caspian Sea, housing 1 million residents
and featuring extensive facilities, including the planned Azerbaijan Tower, which will be the world's
tallest building.

Khazar Islands challenges

Funding issues, economic viability, environmental concerns, political and bureaucratic hurdles, and
construction delays, hindering progress and raising doubts about completion.

Three Gorges Dam

A dam being built over the Yangtze river, 607' high by 1.4 miles wide, which will be completed in 2009. It
will be the world's biggest dam.

Three Gorges Dam challenges

Environmental impact, displacing over 1.3 million people, geological stability concerns, sedimentation
issues, and required immense financial and logistical efforts.

Hong Kong-Zhuhai Bridge

The Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge, opened in 2018, is the world's longest sea crossing at 55
kilometers. It connects Hong Kong, Zhuhai, and Macau, reducing travel time to 45 minutes.
Hong Kong-Zhuhai Bridge challenges

Complex engineering demands, environmental concerns, high construction costs, and logistical
coordination among Hong Kong, Zhuhai, and Macau.

New Eurasia Land Bridge

Part of China's Belt and Road Initiative, aims to create a modern rail link between China and Europe via
Central Asia, spanning 11,870 kilometers.

New Eurasia Land Bridge challenges

Securing funding, managing logistics, infrastructure disparities, and navigating political dynamics.
Extensive planning and international cooperation are required.

World Health Organization

A specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that is concerned with international public health

Dr Vivek Murphy

Leader of WHO's commission on loneliness

Health risks of loneliness

Depression, anxiety, and dementia, as well as increasing your likelihood to die by 50%. Equivalent to
smoking 15 cigarettes a day.
Loneliness in older people

Associated with a 50% increased risk of developing dementia and a 30% increased risk of incident
coronary artery disease or stroke.

Loneliness in younger people

Between 5% and 15% of adolescents are lonely, according to figures that are underestimates. In Africa,
12.7% adolescents experience loneliness compared to 5.3% in Europe.

Long-term effects of loneliness in young people

More likely to drop out of university. It can also lead to poorer economic outcomes; feeling
disconnected and unsupported in a job can lead to poorer job satisfaction and performance.

Melody Ding's studies

Around 1 in 12 people experience loneliness at a level that can lead to serious health problems.

How does loneliness differ based on area? (negative)

Eastern European countries show more signs of loneliness than anywhere else in Europe. Young adults
in Eastern Europe report feelings of loneliness at a rate of 7.5 percent, while middle aged adults report
feelings of loneliness at a rate of 9.6 percent. Older adults are at a worrisome 21.3 percent.

How does loneliness differ based on area? (positive)

Northern European nations had the lowest rates of loneliness, as only 2.9% of young adults experiencing
the negative emotion and 2.7% of middle-aged adults feeling the same. Older adults, over the age of 60,
experienced loneliness at a rate of 5.3%.
What could loneliness lead to, according to WHO?

The social isolation measures keeping the SARS-CoV-2 virus at bay will also probably lead to increased
levels of loneliness, depression, harmful alcohol and drug use, and self-harm or suicidal behavior.

Paro

A robotic seal at Tokyo's Silver Wing care facility aimed at providing residents with therapy and social
interactions.

Kodokushi

lonely death

Karoshi

A Japanese term that refers to a sudden death caused by overworking

Hikikomori

A disorder of acute social withdrawal in which young people remain in their room in their parents' house
and refuse social interactions for at least 6 months, but often for many years.

The pepper robot

A humanoid designed by Softbank Robotics that is designed to provide lonely humans with
companionship
Aibo Robot Dogs

A robot that acts like a dog. So life-like that some people hold funerals

Gatebox home virtual companion

A VR anime companion that provides lonely people with the experience of dating.

How long has Japan been developing robots for older people?

For over two decades

Robear

A new experimental nursing care robot developed by RIKEN and Sumitomo Riko

Different types of care robots

Some have machines to help old people get around easier whereas others are aimed at encouraging
older people to get out and socialize more.

Robotics for Ageing Well

A research and development program that the European Union invested 85 million euros in.

Robots for Adult Social Care

in 2019, the UK government announced an investment of £34 million ($48 million), stating that they
could "revolutionize" the care system.
What is one issue in the rise of robots for mental health?

It is tiring having to wheel the machine from room to room every time.

Alan Winfield

British engineer and educator, known for his work in cognitive robotics and robot ethics. He is a
Professor of Robot Ethics at UWE Bristol and an Associate Fellow at the Cambridge Centre for the Future
of Intelligence.

UNDP

United Nations Development Program. Advocates change that will help people obtain a better life
through development.

Highest developed country

Switzerland

NSW Council of Social Service research

Undertaken by the Institute of Public Policy and Governance at the University of Technology, Sydney in
April of 2023, this research engaged 1,134 NSW residents through an online survey, 23 focus groups,
and interview participants.

Meta-crisis

The interconnected, complex crises that overlap and amplify one another. This complex intersection of
finance, technology (and the rise and rise of AI), and climate change presents a multifaceted challenge
that will reshape the global economy.
How did COVID-19 affect the cost of living?

There was a severe supply shortage, forcing stores to raise their prices.

Economic dispraities (metacrisis)

The financialisation of economies has led to growing wealth inequality. Investment in high-yield assets
often benefits those already wealthy, while low-income households face financial precarity.

Debt levels (metacrisis)

High levels of personal and national debt create vulnerabilities. Economic downturns or shifts in policy
can exacerbate these vulnerabilities, leading to broader financial instability.

Automation and Job Displacement (metacrisis)

Technologically disruptive advances in artificial intelligence and automation are transforming labour
markets. While technology can increase productivity, it also risks displacing workers, particularly in low-
skilled sectors.

Digital Divide (metacrisis)

the gulf between those who have ready access to computers and the Internet, and those who do not.

Environmental cost (metacrisis)

Climate change has very tangible economic impacts, from damage to infrastructure due to extreme
weather events to increased insurance costs and resource scarcity.
transition costs (metacrisis)

costs from shifting from old equipment, processes, practices or services to new (an entire firm replacing
its employees' office land lines with cell lines, remodeling your home)

Global impact of temperature rise

A 2°C global temperature rise could cause extreme weather, reduced crop yields, water scarcity,
increased energy use, higher insurance premiums, and economic instability, affecting low-income
populations the most.

Intersecting impacts on the global economy

Adaptation with social safety nets, green technologies, effective policies, and international cooperation
is crucial. The cost-of-living crisis shows systemic global economic shifts. Understanding these dynamics
is key to fostering resilience and equitable growth.

Falling fertility rates

Two-thirds of humanity lives in countries with fertility below the replacement rate of 2.1 children per
family. By 2100, populations in some major economies will fall by 20 to 50 percent, based on UN
projections.

What demographic trend is leading to population decline in many major economies?

Falling fertility rates and increasing longevity.

What is the dependency ratio?

The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the
labor force
Why is the dependency ratio a concern in aging populations?

Fewer working-age people support a growing number of older individuals, which can strain economic
resources.

What strategies can countries adopt to address demographic challenges?

Raising fertility rates, increasing productivity, and adapting economic systems and social contracts.

How can increasing productivity help mitigate the effects of an aging population?

By boosting economic output with fewer workers, reducing the strain on support systems.

What role does international cooperation play in addressing demographic challenges?

Collaborative efforts can help share best practices and resources to manage the impacts of demographic
shifts.

What is one potential solution to counteract low fertility rates?

Implementing family-friendly policies and incentives to encourage higher birth rates.

Why is investing in education important in the context of an aging population?

It helps create a skilled workforce capable of supporting economic growth and innovation.

What has led to a rise in podcast listenership during the pandemic?

Many people have turned to audio shows for companionship.

What are parasocial relationships?

These are one-sided relationships where listeners feel a connection to podcast hosts.

How do parasocial relationships fill a void during the pandemic?

They provide a sense of companionship in the absence of in-person social interactions.

What impact do parasocial relationships have on mental health?

The article raises questions about their effect on mental health and real-life social connections.

What is the main idea of the article "Tragic but true: have podcasters replaced our real friends?"

The article explores how podcasters have become a source of companionship, replacing real-life social
interactions during the pandemic.

Rachel Aroesti

Rachel Aroesti is a freelance writer specializing in pop culture, who has contributed to The Guardian, The
i, The New Statesman, NME, and Time Out. Her work covers television, music, comedy, podcasts, film,
and the internet.

What does the article "Is Social Media Making You Lonely?" discuss?

The article discusses how increased social media use can lead to feelings of loneliness and isolation.

What are the associated feelings with spending more time on social media?

Higher levels of loneliness, anxiety, and depression.

What concept does the article explore regarding social media users?

The concept of parasocial relationships, where users feel connected to social media personalities but
may feel more isolated in real life.

How can social media impact mental health according to the article?

Increased social media use can exacerbate feelings of loneliness and contribute to mental health issues.

What type of relationships might social media users form with personalities they follow?

Parasocial relationships.

What makes social media so addictive?

Variably rewarding users with stimuli (likes, notifications, comments, etc.) keeps them engaged with
content. When a user's photo receives a "like," the same dopamine pathways involved in motivation,
reward, and addiction are activated.

When does social media addiction become harmful?

Social comparison

How have companies tried to combat cyberbullying?

Implementing an AI that detects negative tones in comments

Tammy Qiu

A design and website expert for the Cognimates project and a student at Boston University studying
Computer Science and Graphic Design.

COVID States Project

A series of surveys of adults in all 50 states, which began in spring 2020, soon after the pandemic began.

Which platforms were associated with higher reports of depression in the Harvard study?

Snapchat, Facebook, and TikTok.

How many adults were surveyed in the COVID States Project study?

Over 5,000 adults.

What complexity does the article explore in interpreting the study's findings?

Whether social media use causes depression or if those prone to depression are more likely to use social
media.

What was one of the main findings of the COVID States Project study?

Frequent social media use is associated with higher levels of depression in adults.
Roy Perlis

A prominent psychiatrist and researcher. He is the Director of the Center for Quantitative Health at
Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) and holds the Ronald I. Dozoretz, MD Endowed Chair. He is also
a Professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School.

Myanmar Genocide

Muslim Rohingya vs. Burmese military, Rohingya faced discrimination, mass killings, rape, torture, and
arson, actual persecution began in August 2017 and still continues today

Facebooks' role in Myanmar Genocide

Algorithms and lack of moderation enabled hate speech and violence

Section 230

No provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be treated as the publisher or speaker of
any information provided by another information content provider.

Criticism of Section 230

Discussions about social media moderation and accountability

Consequences for Facebook (Myanmar Genocide)

Exacerbation of violence and humanitarian crisis

Exacerbation

it is getting worse
Media overload

Continuous consumption of news and information, particularly through digital devices, leading to
increased stress and anxiety. This often includes consuming content from multiple sources
simultaneously.

Headline Stress

Emotional and psychological distress caused by constant exposure to alarming or negative news
headlines. This phenomenon can lead to feelings of helplessness, anxiety, and depression.

Doomscrolling

The act of compulsively scrolling through negative or distressing news and social media content, often
leading to increased feelings of anxiety and depression. This behavior can become habitual and difficult
to break.

Psychologists' Observations

Mental health professionals have observed an increase in news-related stress among their patients. This
stress is often linked to the overwhelming amount of negative information and the 24/7 news cycle.

Mental Health Impact of bad news online

The negative impact of media overload on emotional well-being, including heightened anxiety,
depression, and stress levels. Prolonged exposure to negative news can also lead to physical symptoms
such as headaches and fatigue.

Coping Strategies for bad news online

Limiting News Consumption, taking Breaks, engaging in positive activities, mindfulness practices
Matthew Price

He has contributed to studies on how constant exposure to negative news can lead to stress and
anxiety, often referred to as "headline stress disorder" or "doomscrolling".

Boston Marathon Bombing

Two bombs set off at the finish line of the Boston Marathon killing 3 and injuring 250 more. This act of
terrorism proved the difficulty of preventing such attacks. Restriction placed by Obama that required
Army field manuals to be used as a guide for interrogation against terrorist suspects.

Alison Holmann

She is known for her research on the impact of media exposure to collective trauma and how it affects
mental and physical health. Her work includes studies on responses to events like the 9/11 terrorist
attacks, mass shootings, and the COVID-19 pandemic

What is the main impact of consuming excessive news on our mental health according to the article?

Consuming excessive news, especially negative news, can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and a
phenomenon known as "headline stress disorder."

How did the Boston Marathon bombing serve as a case study in the article?

The article uses the Boston Marathon bombing to illustrate how people who consumed extensive news
coverage of the event experienced higher levels of acute stress than those who were directly affected by
it.

What role does sensationalism in media play according to the article?

Sensationalism in media can amplify fear and anxiety, making events seem more catastrophic than they
are, which can negatively impact mental health.
Sensationalism

the use of exciting or shocking stories or language at the expense of accuracy, in order to provoke public
interest or excitement.

What is "emotional contagion" as discussed in the article?

Emotional contagion is the phenomenon where people absorb and mirror the emotions they see in the
news, leading to widespread emotional reactions such as fear and anger.

How can selective exposure help manage news-related stress?

Selective exposure involves consciously choosing to consume news from reliable sources and limiting
exposure to distressing content, which can help reduce stress and anxiety.

What strategies does the article suggest for coping with news overload?

The article suggests strategies like setting time limits for news consumption, taking breaks from the
news, focusing on positive stories, and practicing mindfulness to cope with news overload.

How does the article explain the role of social media in news consumption?

Social media can amplify the spread of sensational and negative news, leading to increased exposure
and emotional reactions, as people often encounter news unintentionally on these platforms.

What is the recommended approach to consuming news mindfully?

The recommended approach involves being aware of one's emotional responses to the news, setting
boundaries on news consumption, and seeking balanced and factual reporting.
What are some examples of traumatic media mentioned?

Violent images from war, crime scenes, disasters, and other graphic content.

What is the role of social media platforms in spreading traumatic media?

Social media platforms can amplify the spread of violent and traumatic content, making it more
accessible and widely shared.

What measures are social media companies taking to protect users from harmful content?

Implementing systems to protect identities, conduct age verification, and limit young people from
accessing inappropriate content.

What is the article's perspective on the impact of traumatic media on children and vulnerable adults?

Exposure to violent media can be particularly harmful to children and vulnerable adults, leading to
trauma and distress.

What is the historical context of news delivery compared to today's digital age?

Historically, news took days or weeks to arrive, whereas today, video-sharing platforms provide instant,
real-time images from around the world.

What is the article's recommendation for managing exposure to traumatic media?

Being aware of potentially violent material, educating oneself, and filtering out toxic content to protect
mental health.
Nostradamus

fortune teller; (1503-66) French physician and astrologer who wrote a book of rhymed prophecies

Horace

Roman lyric poet said to have influenced English poetry (65-8 BC)

What is the meaning of "Ode I. 11" by Horace

It expresses the importance of living in the moment and embracing the uncertainty of the future.

William Butler Yeats

an Irish poet, dramatist, and writer, and one of the foremost figures of 20th-century literature

William Butler Yeats, The Second Coming

It's a reflection on how society was affected in the aftermath of World War 1. Displays a deep pessimism
and anxiety about the future, using rich symbolism and apocalyptic imagery to convey a sense of
impending doom.

Robert Frost

an American poet renowned for his depictions of rural New England life and his mastery of American
colloquial speech. He is considered one of the most important and influential poets of the 20th century.
Robert Frost, "Fire and Ice"

Explores the contrasting elements of fire and ice as metaphors for the potential end of the world. Fire
represents desire and passion, while ice symbolizes hatred and indifference. The speaker contemplates
which force would be more effective in bringing about the world's destruction, ultimately concluding
that both are equally capable of causing the end.

Emily Dickinson

Reclusive New England poet who wrote about love, death, and immortality

Emily Dickinson, The Future Never Spoke

Reflects on life's uncertainty and emphasizes embracing the present. She advises against seeking
answers from divination and highlights the fleeting nature of time, urging practical wisdom over
uncertain hope. Through this, she underscores the impermanence of life and the necessity of living in
the moment.

Divination

the practice of seeking knowledge of the future or the unknown by supernatural means

Omens

an event regarded as a portent of good or evil

In which ancient cultures was divination practiced?

Divination was practiced in ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and China, among others.
How was divination conducted in Mesopotamia?

In Mesopotamia, divination included methods like hepatoscopy (examining animal livers), astrology, and
interpreting dreams.

What role did divination play in ancient Egypt?

In ancient Egypt, divination was used to guide decisions and predict future events, often through dreams
and oracles.

How did the ancient Greeks practice divination?

The ancient Greeks practiced divination through oracles, such as the Oracle of Delphi, and through
interpreting signs and omens.

What is the Chinese practice of divination known as?

The Chinese practice of divination includes methods like the I Ching (Book of Changes) and astrology.

Why was divination sometimes forbidden in certain societies?

Divination was forbidden in some societies for religious or political reasons, as it was seen as challenging
the established order or divine will.

How did divination influence decisions in ancient cultures?

Divination influenced decisions in areas such as politics, warfare, and personal matters by providing
guidance and insights believed to be from the divine
What modern practices can be traced back to ancient divination methods?

Modern practices such as astrology, tarot card reading, and palmistry have roots in ancient divination
methods

What are oracle bones?

Oracle bones are pieces of ox scapulae or turtle plastrons used for divination during the Shang Dynasty
in ancient China.

What is the practice of using oracle bones called?

The practice is called scapulimancy (using ox scapulae) or plastromancy (using turtle plastrons).

How were oracle bones used in divination?

Diviners would carve questions onto the bones, apply heat until they cracked, and then interpret the
patterns of the cracks to predict the future.

What types of questions were asked using oracle bones?

Questions included inquiries about weather, crop planting, military endeavors, and personal matters like
health and marriage.

What is the significance of oracle bones in Chinese history?

Oracle bones are the earliest known significant corpus of ancient Chinese writing and provide valuable
insights into the Shang Dynasty's culture and beliefs.
How did oracle bones contribute to the development of Chinese script?

The inscriptions on oracle bones represent an early form of Chinese characters, many of which are still
in use today.

Who was the first to recognize oracle bones as ancient writing?

Wang Yirong, a Chinese politician and scholar, was the first to recognize oracle bones as ancient writing.

What happened to oracle bones after the Shang Dynasty?

The practice continued into the Zhou Dynasty but declined as the I Ching and other methods became
more popular.

comparative horoscopy

also known as synastry, compares the natal charts of two individuals to analyze their relationship
dynamics and compatibility. This method is commonly used in astrology to understand how two
people's astrological profiles interact with each other.

haruspicy

Etruscan and then Roman practice of taking omens by consulting entrails of newly-slaughtered animals
or birds

ornithomancy

Divination from reading the path and form of a flight of birds.

alectryomancy

Literally "rooster divination," alectrymancy is a specific type of augury: divination by observing the
feeding habits of chickens. This type of augury was used particularly (but not exclusively) by the Roman
military.

pyro-osteomancy

Ritualized application of fire to animal bones, resulting cracks interpreted accordingly for prophesy

oneiromancy

divination through the interpretation of dreams

bibliomancy

foretelling the future by interpreting a randomly chosen passage from a book, especially the Bible.

hydromancy

divination by the appearance or motion of liquids (as water)

astragalomancy

From the Greek astragalos ("anklebone"—usually of a sheep) + -mancy ("divination"). Plural: astragaloi.
Divination by interpreting the throw of astragaloi (sheep's knuckles or other joint bones).

scyphomancy

a form of divination that uses a cup or goblet, often filled with water, to interpret reflections or
movements to predict future events. It has ancient origins and was practiced in various cultures.
astrology

the study of the movements and relative positions of celestial bodies interpreted as having an influence
on human affairs and the natural world.

palmistry

divination through the reading of the lines of the palm of the hand

physiognomy

(n.) - the art of judging human character from facial features

ceromancy

Divination by means of melted wax dripped in water.

tasseography

is a divination or fortune-telling method that interprets patterns in tea leaves, coffee grounds, or wine
sediments

cartomancy

fortune-telling by interpreting a random selection of playing cards.

fortune teller

a person who tells you what they think will happen to you in the future
Oracle

a sacred shrine where a priest or priestess spoke for a god or goddess

soothsayer

a person who is able to predict the future, seer

shaman

an ancient doctor, healer, or priest, they were called upon for religious ceremonies

witch

a woman who does magic

clairvoyant

(adj.) supernaturally perceptive; (n.) one who possesses extrasensory powers, seer

Ifa

a traditional African divination system practiced by the Yoruba people. It uses palm nuts or cowrie shells
and relies on a vast corpus of oral literature called odu to provide spiritual guidance.

Jyotish

- Hindu Astrology
- Well respected job in India
- If you want to get married, you must consult astrologer for approval, time to get married, day to get
married. If not approved then no marriage
I Ching

A Chinese book of oracles, consulted to answer ethical and practical problems.

Bazi

or the Four Pillars of Destiny, is a traditional Chinese astrology system. It analyzes the year, month, day,
and hour of birth to create a birth chart, predicting a person's destiny and traits.

Jiaobei

are moon-shaped wooden or bamboo blocks used in Chinese divination to answer yes-or-no questions
posed to deities or spirits.

omikuji

paper fortunes wrapped around tree branches at shrines

Ouija

also known as a spirit board or talking board

a flat board marked with the letters of the alphabet, the numbers 0-9, the words "yes", "no", "hello"
(occasionally), and "goodbye", along with various symbols and graphics

crystal ball

a glass or crystal globe used in crystal gazing by fortunetellers

fortune cookies

cookies with fortunes on paper inside of them

horoscopes

A chart showing the positions of the sun, moon, planets, and constellations at the time of a person's
birth; used in astrology to attempt to read character or foretell the future.

Michio Kaku

An American theoretical physicist, futurist, and popularizer of science.

What is Michio Kaku's prediction about humanity becoming a multi-planet species?

Kaku predicts that humanity will establish colonies on Mars and possibly other celestial bodies.

What is the "brain net" according to Michio Kaku?

The "brain net" is a predicted development allowing humans to communicate thoughts directly.

What does Michio Kaku predict about cancer?

Kaku envisions a future where advanced medical technologies will make cancer no longer a threat.

When does Michio Kaku believe artificial superintelligence will emerge?

Kaku predicts that artificial superintelligence is still a century away.

What is Michio Kaku's prediction about contact with extraterrestrial life?

He believes we will make contact with extraterrestrial life within the next century.

What does Michio Kaku warn about militarized drone systems?

He warns that militarized drone systems could pose a significant threat to humanity.

What is Michio Kaku's prediction about living on another planet?

Kaku sees living on another planet as a real possibility in the future.

Carvaggio, the fortune teller

This genre scene of everyday life shows a gypsy palm reader on the left and a handsome man on the
right. She is discreetly stealing his ring while he is distracted

Georges de la Tour, the fortune teller

This celebrated painting, which was only discovered in the mid-twentieth century, is inscribed with the
name of the town where the artist lived in northeastern France, supporting the possibility that he
developed such works independent of Caravaggio's precedent.

Mikhail Vrubel, the fortune teller

Vrubel's painting is rich with symbolic elements, reflecting the mystical and spiritual themes common in
Symbolism. The fortune teller and her surroundings are depicted with an otherworldly, dreamlike
quality.
Romero de Torres, the fortune teller

The women's expressions convey deep emotions. The woman on the right, with her legs folded and a
five of oros (a Spanish playing card) displayed, seems to be trying to attract attention, while her
companion appears melancholic and anxious, possibly over love1.

Schjerfbeck, the fortune teller

Schjerfbeck's painting is influenced by Expressionism, focusing on the emotional experience rather than
physical reality. The fortune teller's intense gaze and the simplified, almost abstract drawing of her face
emphasize the psychic and emotional depth of the sitter.

Jose Luis Cuevas, Dreaming of Rasputin

The lithograph depicts Rasputin, the infamous Russian mystic and advisor to the Romanov family, in a
dreamlike, surreal manner. Cuevas often explored themes of power, mysticism, and the human
condition in his works.

Geoge Bizet, Trio des Cartes

It's also known as "Melons, Coupons, et Bananes" and is sung by the characters Frasquita, Mercedes,
and Carmen. The song is a playful and flirtatious moment in the opera, where the women discuss their
love lives and the men they are interested in.

Carl Orff, O Fortuna

known for its strong and intense orchestration, featuring a powerful choir and dynamic rhythms. The
piece builds in intensity, creating a sense of impending doom and the relentless power of fate.

Benny Spellman, fortune teller

It tells the story of a young man who visits a fortune teller and learns that he will find love when the
next sun rises. The next day, he returns, frustrated that nothing has happened, but ends up falling in
love with the fortune teller herself.
Al Stewart, Nostradamus

The lyrics reference several of Nostradamus's quatrains, predicting events such as the rise of Hitler, the
assassination of Kennedy, and other historical occurrences. Some of these prophecies are presented in a
cryptic and poetic manner.

Suzanne Vega, Predictions

The song explores various methods of divination and fortune-telling, such as using numbers, mirrors,
water, and other objects to predict the future. The lyrics reflect a curiosity about how these practices
have been done throughout history.

Rise in Spirituality and Witchcraft

Interest in spirituality and witchcraft has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, with many people
turning to these practices for guidance and comfort.

House of Intuition

Co-founders Marlene Vargas and Alex Naranjo started House of Intuition during a time of personal
upheaval, and their business has grown significantly during the pandemic

Tools and Practices of modern divination

People are using various tools such as tarot cards, candle-burning rituals, and crystals to seek direction
and manifest goals.

TikTok Influence on modern divination

Viral readings and tutorials on TikTok have introduced younger audiences to tarot, manifestation, and
witchcraft, contributing to the trend.
Mainstream Acceptance of modern divination

Local businesses and major retailers like Barnes & Noble have reported a significant increase in requests
and purchases related to spirituality and witchcraft.

Personal Growth (modern divination)

Practitioners find that these practices help them connect with themselves and find inner strength,
especially during times of uncertainty.
2
Filippo Tommaso Marinetti

Founder of Futurism, celebrated speed, danger, and industrial efficiency

Giacomo Balla

Futurist painter known for 'Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash,' which depicts motion through repeated
forms

Luigi Russolo

Futurist composer who wrote 'The Art of Noises,' emphasizing mechanical sounds in music

Umberto Boccioni

Futurist sculptor and painter, known for 'Unique Forms of Continuity in Space'

Antonio Sant'Elia

Futurist architect known for visionary urban designs

Billy Joel

Singer-songwriter of 'We Didn't Start the Fire' (1989), listing historical events in rapid succession
Fall Out Boy

Band that released a 2023 version of 'We Didn't Start the Fire,' referencing modern events

Hirokazu Tanaka

Composer known for chiptune music, contributing to 'Tetris'

Tom Lehrer

Satirical songwriter, wrote 'So Long, Mom (A Song for World War III)' with Cold War themes

Osamu Tezuka

Manga artist known as 'the father of anime,' influencing futuristic depictions

Walt Disney

Founder of Disney, promoted visions of a futuristic society in EPCOT

Elton John

Musician who composed songs for 'The Lion King' (1994)

Hans Zimmer

Composer known for film scores like 'Inception,' 'Interstellar,' and 'The Lion King'
Howard Ashman

Lyricist for Disney movies, collaborated with Alan Menken on 'Beauty and the Beast'

Alan Menken

Composer for Disney films, known for 'Aladdin,' 'The Little Mermaid,' and 'Beauty and the Beast'

Leiji Matsumoto

Creator of 'Galaxy Express 999,' a sci-fi anime with space travel themes

Hayao Miyazaki

Co-founder of Studio Ghibli, directed 'Spirited Away' and 'Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind'

Yoko Kanno

Composer known for the soundtrack of 'Cowboy Bebop'

George Clinton

Funk musician known for his influence on Afrofuturism through Parliament-Funkadelic

Janelle Monáe

Afrofuturist musician and actress, known for 'Metropolis' and 'Dirty Computer'
Sun Ra

Jazz musician who developed an Afrofuturist aesthetic, claiming to be from Saturn

Samuel R. Delany

Afrofuturist science fiction writer, author of 'Dhalgren'

N.K. Jemisin

Afrofuturist and speculative fiction author, wrote 'The Broken Earth' trilogy

Ryan Coogler

Director of 'Black Panther' (2018), which blended Afrofuturist elements

H.R. Giger

Artist known for biomechanical surrealism, designed creatures in 'Alien'

Jean-Michel Basquiat

Neo-expressionist painter who incorporated Afrofuturist themes

Octavia Butler

Afrofuturist science fiction author, wrote 'Parable of the Sower'

W.E.B. Du Bois

Early thinker of Afrofuturism, wrote speculative works about Black futures

Nikola Tesla

Scientist and inventor, an icon of atompunk aesthetics

Isaac Asimov

Science fiction writer, famous for 'I, Robot' and 'Foundation'

Philip K. Dick

Science fiction author, wrote 'Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?' (inspiration for 'Blade Runner')

Ridley Scott

Director of 'Blade Runner' and 'Alien'

George Orwell

Author of '1984,' a key influence on dystopian themes in cyberpunk

William Gibson

Cyberpunk author, wrote 'Neuromancer'

Hideo Kojima

Game designer of 'Metal Gear Solid' series, influenced by cyberpunk

James Cameron

Director of 'The Terminator' and 'Avatar'

Masamune Shirow

Creator of 'Ghost in the Shell,' a foundational cyberpunk anime

Tetsuya Mizuguchi

Creator of rhythm games like 'Rez' and 'Lumines'

Toby Fox

Composer and developer of 'Undertale,' known for its unique game music

Koji Kondo

Composer for Nintendo, known for 'Super Mario' and 'The Legend of Zelda'

Grant Kirkhope

Composer for 'Banjo-Kazooie,' known for whimsical video game music

David Wise

Composer for 'Donkey Kong Country' series

Jeremy Soule

Composer for 'The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim'

Austin Wintory

Composer for 'Journey,' a game known for its emotional soundtrack

Christopher Tin

Composer of 'Baba Yetu,' the theme for 'Civilization IV'

Marty O'Donnell

Composer of the 'Halo' series soundtrack

Michiru Yamane

Composer known for 'Castlevania' series music

Hans Rudolf Giger

Swiss artist, famous for surreal, biomechanical designs in 'Alien'

Isamu Noguchi

Designer and sculptor known for futuristic furniture and public spaces

Naoto Fukasawa

Industrial designer known for minimalistic and futuristic designs

Who was Nostradamus?

A 16th-century French astrologer and physician known for his cryptic prophecies.

What poem did Horace write that references the future?

"Ode I. 11" (23 BCE).

Who wrote "The Second Coming" and what is its theme?

William Butler Yeats, about chaos and the coming of a new era.

What is Robert Frost's poem about the end of the world?

"Fire and Ice" (1920), which speculates on destruction by fire (desire) or ice (hatred).

Which Emily Dickinson poem discusses the future?

"The Future—never spoke" (1921).

What is haruspicy?

A form of divination using the entrails of sacrificed animals.

What is ornithomancy?

The practice of interpreting bird behavior to predict the future.

What is bibliomancy?

A divination method that involves randomly selecting a passage from a book to reveal guidance or the
future.

Which divination practice involves interpreting fire-cracked bones?

Pyro-osteomancy.

Who painted The Fortune Teller (c. 1595)?

Caravaggio.

Who painted The Fortune Teller (c. 1630)?

Georges de la Tour.

Which Russian painter created The Fortune Teller (1895)?

Michael Vrubel.
Which Spanish painter made The Fortune Teller (1922)?

Julio Romero de Torres.

Which Finnish artist painted The Fortune Teller (Woman in a Yellow Dress) (1926)?

Helena Sofia Schjerfbeck.

Who created Dreams of Rasputin (1968)?

Jose Luis Cuevas.

Who composed "Trio des Cartes" (1875)?

Georges Bizet.

Which famous piece by Carl Orff references fate?

"O Fortuna" (1935).

Which 1962 song is about a fortune teller?

"Fortune Teller" by Benny Spellman.

Which song by Al Stewart references Nostradamus?

"Nostradamus" (1973).
What is the Barnum effect?

A psychological phenomenon where vague statements seem personally relevant.

What is cold reading?

A technique used by fortune tellers to make high-probability guesses about a person.

What is the Pygmalion effect?

The idea that higher expectations lead to improved performance.

Who is Michio Kaku?

A theoretical physicist known for predicting future technologies.

What is the Chinese agricultural calendar based on?

Observations of celestial bodies and weather patterns.

What is the Mayan cyclical calendar?

A system based on repeating time cycles that predicted astronomical events.

What is the Antikythera mechanism?

An ancient Greek device used to predict astronomical positions and eclipses.

What is the Metonic cycle?

A 19-year cycle aligning lunar and solar calendars.

What does the Saros cycle predict?

The recurrence of eclipses.

What is the difference between weather and climate models?

Weather models predict short-term atmospheric conditions, while climate models predict long-term
trends.

What is chaos theory?

The study of how small changes in a system can have major, unpredictable consequences.

What is the three-body problem?

A physics problem describing how three objects interact gravitationally in unpredictable ways.

What is the fashion cycle?

The recurrence of fashion trends over time.

What is Moore's Law?

The observation that computing power doubles approximately every two years.
What is Eroom's Law?

The observation that drug discovery is becoming slower and more expensive over time.

What is the business cycle?

The periodic expansion and contraction of economic activity.

Who attempted to develop a flying car, and why did it fail?

Moulton Taylor (Aerocar); cost, safety, and infrastructure issues.

Who pioneered maglev technology, and why isn't it widely used?

Eric Laithwaite; high cost, land use challenges, and maintenance difficulties.

Which German company was known for zeppelin travel, and what caused its decline?

Zeppelin Company; Hindenburg disaster (1937) and the rise of airplanes.

Which country experimented with suspension railways, and why aren't they common?

Germany (Wuppertal Suspension Railway); high construction costs and limited expansion.

What is a ground-effect vehicle, and who researched it?

A vehicle that glides on a cushion of air near the surface; Rostislav Alexeyev (Soviet Ekranoplan).
What prevented supersonic transport (SST) from becoming widespread?

High operating costs, sonic booms, environmental concerns, and limited routes.

Who developed the concept of nuclear propulsion for space travel?

Freeman Dyson (Project Orion); political concerns and nuclear treaty restrictions.

Who proposed the Hyperloop, and what are its challenges?

Elon Musk; high cost, safety concerns, and infrastructure requirements.

Why haven't hydrogen vehicles replaced gasoline cars?

Cost, lack of refueling stations, and hydrogen storage challenges.

Which anime/manga creators popularized mecha?

Go Nagai (Mazinger Z), Yoshiyuki Tomino (Gundam), Hideaki Anno (Evangelion).

Who promoted the concept of the Metaverse in the 1990s?

Neal Stephenson (Snow Crash, 1992); later popularized by Mark Zuckerberg.

Who wrote "The End of History and the Last Man" (1992)?

Francis Fukuyama.
Which band recorded "Wind of Change" (1990), and what did it symbolize?

Scorpions; hope for post-Cold War peace.

Who sang "Right Here, Right Now" (1991), and what historical event inspired it?

Jesus Jones; inspired by the fall of the Berlin Wall.

Which Michael Jackson song from 1991 promoted global unity?

"Heal the World."

What song did Michael Crawford release in 1995 reflecting on the future?

"Counting Up to Twenty."

What Will Smith song (1999) celebrated the new millennium?

"Will 2K."

Who was a key figure in New Age jazz, and what album did she release in 1971?

Alice Coltrane, Journey In Satchidananda.

Which Greek composer created "To the Unknown Man" (1977)?

Vangelis.
Who composed the Theme From Silk Road (1980), and what inspired it?

Kitaro; inspired by the ancient Silk Road.

Which Irish artist released "Caribbean Blue" (1991)?

Enya.

Which electronic music project released "Return to Innocence" (1994)?

Enigma.

Who was the 16th-century Russian monk who proposed the idea of Russia as the Third Rome?

Filofei.

To whom did Filofei write his letters about Russia as the Third Rome?

Vassilij.

What are the key concepts to consider when discussing whether a new "Rome" could emerge today?

Unipolarity vs. multipolarity, core vs. periphery, great vs. small powers, controlling vs. client state, soft
vs. hard power, foreign assistance.

What was the Neo-Assyrian Empire trying to revive?

The power and culture of the original Assyrian Empire.

Which dynasty in China is sometimes considered a revival of earlier imperial traditions?

The Song Dynasty.

Which empire sought to continue the Roman legacy in the East after 476 AD?

The Byzantine Empire.

What empire was Charlemagne attempting to revive?

The Carolingian Empire.

Which medieval European dynasty tried to restore the legacy of the Carolingian Empire?

The Ottonian Dynasty.

Which Japanese period marked the restoration of imperial power and modernization?

The Meiji Restoration.

What is the term for the revival of Soviet-era ideas and policies in modern Russia?

Neo-Sovietism.

Which historical library was rebuilt in modern times as a new institution?

Bibliotheca Alexandrina.
Which famous American building was reconstructed after being burned down in 1814?

The White House.

Which Parisian cathedral is being rebuilt after a fire in 2019?

Notre Dame.

Which ancient religious site in Rome was reconstructed multiple times?

Basilica of Saint Paul.

Which ancient Mesopotamian city has seen efforts at partial reconstruction?

Babylon.

Which Okinawan castle was rebuilt after being destroyed in World War II?

Shuri Castle.

Which historical Chinese tower has been rebuilt multiple times?

Yellow Crane Tower.

Which prehistoric stone monument has been partially reconstructed?

Stonehenge.
Which London theater was rebuilt to resemble the original?

Shakespeare's Globe.

What was the name of the fictional mathematician in Asimov's Foundation who predicted the fall of the
Galactic Empire?

Hari Seldon.

What profession did Hari Seldon's plan rely on to preserve knowledge?

Librarians.

Which dead airline brand is being revived for expensive charter flights?

Pan Am.

Which South Korean company revived the Pan Am brand for clothing?

A fashion brand.

Which famous electronics and broadcasting company name has been revived for new products?

RCA.

Which company, once a giant in household electronics, has seen its name reused?

Westinghouse.
Which instant photography brand has been revived in modern times?

Polaroid.

Which once-popular electronics retailer has been revived as an online store?

RadioShack.

Which classic computer brand was briefly revived but is now defunct?

Gateway.

Which mobile phone brand has been revived, though under new ownership?

Nokia.

Which Japanese audio brand, famous for high-end electronics, has seen a revival?

Sansui.

Which defunct airline name was brought back for new flights in the 21st century?

Eastern Air Lines.

What vintage storage format might see a resurgence (even if just as coasters)?

3.5-inch floppy disks.

Which film format has become popular again due to nostalgia?

Disposable cameras.

Which gaming devices have seen a resurgence despite newer technology?

Handheld gaming devices.

Which music format has seen a major revival despite digital alternatives?

Vinyl records.

Which old radio technology is still in use for long-distance communication?

Shortwave radio.

Which radio format remains popular in rural areas and for emergency broadcasts?

AM radio.

Which communication device from the 1990s still has niche uses today?

Pager.

Which data storage method has seen niche use despite digital alternatives?

Magnetic tape storage.

What term refers to the return of outdated physical formats like DVDs and CDs?

Physical media.

What argument suggests that streaming and old music catalogues are limiting new music's success?

"Old music is killing new music."

What three elements make up the Fire Triangle?

Heat, fuel, oxygen.

What additional factor does the Fire Tetrahedron include beyond the Fire Triangle?

Chemical chain reaction.

Which ancient civilization had priestesses known as Vestal Virgins who tended a sacred fire?

Ancient Rome.

Which early human species is believed to have first controlled fire?

Homo erectus.

What is the lowest temperature at which a substance can ignite called?

Flash point.
Who created the painting Magdalen with the Smoking Flame (1640)?

Georges de La Tour.

What famous city was devastated by the Great Fire of 1666?

London.

Which artist painted The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons (1835)?

J.M.W. Turner.

Which ancient weapon, used by the Byzantine Empire, could burn on water?

Greek Fire.

Which modern incendiary weapon is a sticky, flammable gel used in warfare?

Napalm.

What is the name of the process that allows heat to spread through the movement of fluids?

Convection.

Who painted The Moon in Smoke (1886), a fire-related Japanese woodblock print?

Tsukioka Yoshitoshi.
What is the name of the technique using a lens to focus sunlight and start a fire?

Solar ignition.

Which musical composition by Joseph Haydn is nicknamed the Fire Symphony?

Symphony No. 59.

Which famous Russian composer wrote The Firebird (1919)?

Igor Stravinsky.

Which invention, commonly used today, contains potassium chlorate and ignites when struck?

Safety match.

Which Asian country is credited with the invention of fireworks?

China.

Who wrote the poem The Tyger (1794), which references fire in its imagery?

William Blake.

Which material, used in incendiary weapons, burns at extreme temperatures and reacts with water?

White phosphorus.
What was the purpose of early Chinese fireworks before they became entertainment?

To scare away evil spirits.

Which artist used fire as a medium in his Fire Paintings (1957-1961)?

Yves Klein.

Which tragic event on New Year's Eve 2024 involved a fireworks accident in Hawaii?

Lahaina Fireworks Disaster.

Which 1989 song by Billy Joel references historical events in a rapid-fire sequence?

We Didn't Start the Fire.

What early fire-starting technique involves rubbing two sticks together to create friction?

Hand drill method.

What Byzantine liquid fire weapon remains a mystery because its exact formula was lost?

Greek Fire.

What principle states that fire spreads through conduction, convection, and radiation?

Modes of heat transfer.

Who composed Feu d'artifice (1908), an orchestral work inspired by fireworks?

Igor Stravinsky.

Which famous painting by Jan Griffier depicts the Great Fire of London?

Great Fire of London, 1666.

What is the modern alternative to traditional fireworks that is growing in popularity?

Drone light shows.

Who wrote the poem Wasteland: on the California Wildfires (2020)?

Forrest Gander.

In which country was the first recorded use of gunpowder for fireworks?

China.

What technique did ancient people use to keep fires burning rather than starting new ones?

Fire tending.

What is the term for a fire that burns uncontrollably in forests or grasslands?

Wildfire.
What historical event in London led to the widespread use of brick buildings instead of wood?

The Great Fire of 1666.

What popular 2010 song by Katy Perry uses fire as a metaphor for personal strength?

Firework.

Which 1957 rock song by Jerry Lee Lewis references fire in its title?

Great Balls of Fire.

What is the common term for a fire-resistant material used in buildings?

Fire retardant.

What is the term for the lowest temperature at which an object will spontaneously combust?

Autoignition temperature.

Who was the artist behind the Red Plastic (1961) artwork, created using fire?

Alberto Burri.

Which modern material, used in fireworks, produces bright colors when burned?

Metal salts.
What is the name of the fire-starting tool that produces sparks when struck?

Fire striker.

Which fire-related piece by Richard Wagner is featured in Die Walküre?

Magic Fire Music.

Which contemporary composer wrote Flourish with Fireworks (1988)?

Oliver Knussen.

What is the name of the phenomenon where fire spreads by heating surrounding materials until they
ignite?

Flashover.

What are the three main types of fire extinguishers?

Water, foam, CO₂.

What does the term "controlled burn" refer to in forest management?

A fire intentionally set to prevent larger wildfires.

What is the term for the study of fire, its behavior, and suppression techniques?

Fire dynamics.
What medieval technique for defending castles involved pouring hot substances on invaders?

Boiling oil or Greek Fire.

Which famous artist's work Flourish with Fireworks (1988) depicts explosive orchestration?

Oliver Knussen.

What was the focus of John F. Kennedy's "peace speech" at American University?

The challenges of achieving global peace.

Which Ethiopian leader appealed to the League of Nations in 1936 against Italian aggression?

Haile Selassie.

Who delivered "The White Man and the Red" speech advocating for Native American rights?

Red Jacket.

Which Australian Prime Minister spoke about "The Forgotten People" in 1942?

Robert Menzies.

Who gave the speech "A Tryst with Destiny" upon India's independence in 1947?

Jawaharlal Nehru.
Which fictional character declared, "They'll never take our freedom!" in Braveheart (1995)?

William Wallace.

Which fictional U.S. president gave the speech "Today we celebrate our Independence Day" in
Independence Day (1996)?

President Thomas Whitmore.

Who delivered the "The streets of heaven are too crowded" speech in The West Wing (2002)?

President Josiah Bartlet.

Which fictional British Prime Minister declared, "We're a great one too" in Love, Actually (2003)?

David.

Which U.S. president gave a speech to the people of Mexico in 2013?

Barack Obama.

Which Ukrainian president's speeches have been widely recognized for their calls to global action?

Volodymyr Zelenskyy.

Which U.S. president used radio to deliver "fireside chats" to reassure the public?

Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Which British Prime Minister's wartime broadcasts inspired the UK during World War II?

Winston Churchill.

Which 1960 U.S. political event changed the role of television in elections?

Kennedy vs. Nixon Debate.

Which 1969 global broadcast captured the first moon landing?

Apollo 11.

Which famous sports commentary included the phrase "Do you believe in miracles?" in the 1980 Winter
Olympics?

Miracle on Ice.

Which annual classical music concert is broadcast worldwide from Vienna?

Neujahrskonzert.

Which radio program helped spread jazz music internationally?

Jazz Hour.

Which European song contest has been a major broadcasting event since 1956?

Eurovision.
Which Eastern European song contest was created as an alternative to Eurovision?

Intervision.

What phrase does a TV doctor often say after failed resuscitation efforts?

"Time of death."

What does research suggest about the nature of death?

It is a complex process, sometimes reversible.

What are the key differences between resuscitation and resurrection?

Resuscitation restores life within medical limits; resurrection implies returning from complete death.

What question should be discussed about keeping a person alive?

How much of a person's mind needs to be intact for it to be a good idea to keep them alive—and who
should decide?

What are historical examples of the afterlife?

Valhalla, Tartarus, Diyu, Jigoku, Nirvana, Samsara, Happy Hunting Ground.

What is a common portal to fantastical worlds in Tensei stories?

Death and reincarnation.

What should be discussed about reincarnation stories?

Common themes, their popularity today, and whether our world could be fantastical to someone
reincarnated here.

What is the goal of many scientific research fields related to life extension?

To extend human life in unprecedented ways.

What are examples of life-extension technologies?

Cryonics, biomechatronics, regenerative medicine, genetic enhancement, senolytics, stem cell therapy,
reproductive cloning, digital cloning.

What question can be discussed regarding life-extension treatments?

Would you choose them if available? Would long lifespans benefit society?

Which manga explores immortality through an elf's regret?

Frieren: Beyond Journey's End.

What is a common literary theme related to immortality?

The emotional and societal consequences of living forever.

Which literary works explore immortality?

William Wordsworth's "Ode: Intimations of Immortality" (1815), Alfred Lord Tennyson's "Tithonus"
(1833), Mary Shelley's "The Mortal Immortal" (1833), Ray Bradbury's "Hail and Farewell" (1948), Ursula
K. Le Guin's "The Island of the Immortals" (1998).
What was synthesized from scratch in 2002?

The polio virus

Which field allows scientists to create new biological structures?

Synthetic biology

What questions should be discussed about synthetic biology?

How might it benefit us? What does it mean to synthesize versus make? What applications exist beyond
the human body?

What repository contains century-old bacterial samples?

The UK's National Collection of Type Cultures

What concern arises from thawing Arctic permafrost?

Prehistoric pathogens may spread to modern humans

Why are many pathogen-related studies happening in the Arctic?

The region preserves ancient biological materials

Where is the Svalbard Global Seed Vault located?

Above the Arctic Circle, in Norway

What is the purpose of the Svalbard Global Seed Vault?

To preserve seeds to prevent species extinction

What should be discussed regarding species preservation?

The importance of maintaining biodiversity for future generations

Who was Horus?

An Egyptian god often linked to the idea of a divine ruler; pharaohs were considered his earthly
embodiment

What was Yudhishthira's return?

In the Mahabharata, Yudhishthira returns to rule after the Kurukshetra War, upholding dharma

Which historical king was believed to return?

King Arthur, said to awaken in Britain's time of greatest need.

How is Jesus linked to the idea of return?

Christian belief holds that he will return to establish God's kingdom

Which English king returned after exile?

Charles II, who reclaimed the throne in the 1660 Restoration.

Who led the Bourbon Restoration in France?

Louis XVIII, reinstated after Napoleon's exile

What role did Henry VII play in English history?

He returned to overthrow Richard III, founding the Tudor dynasty

Who reestablished monarchy in Spain?

Juan Carlos I, restoring democracy after Franco's dictatorship.

What happened when Napoleon returned from Elba?

He ruled for the "Hundred Days" before losing at Waterloo

Why was Albert Einstein exiled?

He fled Nazi Germany but became an American scientific icon.

What happened to Leon Trotsky?

Exiled by Stalin, he continued opposing Soviet policies until his assassination

How did Jimmy Carter's post-presidency differ from his presidency?

He became a respected humanitarian after leaving office.

*What did Friedrich Engels do post-exile?*

Continued supporting Marxism, co-authoring "The Communist Manifesto"

How did Dante's exile shape his work?

Wrote "The Divine Comedy", shaping modern Italian language

Why was Confucius exiled?

Political conflicts forced him to wander, spreading his teachings

Who was Rodrigo Belmonte?

A Castilian knight who regained power after exile.

What happened to Gregor Mendel's discoveries?

Ignored in his lifetime, but later became the foundation of genetics.

Why was Alfred Wegener not recognized immediately?

His continental drift theory was dismissed until decades later.

What is unique about Emily Dickinson's poetry?

Mostly unpublished until after her death.

What happened to Franz Kafka's works?

Published posthumously despite his wish for them to be destroyed.

How did Anne Frank's diary gain recognition?

Published by her father, it became a symbol of the Holocaust.

Who was Vivian Maier?

A nanny whose photography was discovered and acclaimed after her death.

Why were Otis Redding, Jim Croce, and Nick Drake's careers posthumous?

They became more famous after their untimely deaths

What is an internal combustion engine?

A type of engine where fuel combustion occurs inside the engine to produce power

What is a heat engine?

A device that converts heat energy into mechanical work, used in many car engines

*How does a gas turbine engine work?*

Uses continuous combustion and rotating turbines to generate power.

*What is a Wankel rotary engine?*

A type of internal combustion engine with a rotating triangular rotor instead of pistons.
*Who invented the Otto engine?*

Nikolaus Otto in 1876; it's the basis of most gasoline engines today.

*What are reciprocating piston engines?*

Engines that use back-and-forth movement of pistons to generate power.

*What is a rotary engine?*

An alternative to piston engines, where rotors spin continuously instead of moving up and down.

*What is a continuous combustion engine?*

A type of engine where fuel burns continuously instead of in separate cycles.

*What are hydrocarbons?*

Chemical compounds made of hydrogen and carbon, used as fuels in combustion engines.

*How does a diesel engine differ from gasoline?*

Uses compression ignition rather than spark ignition, making it more efficient.

*What is biodiesel?*

A renewable fuel made from vegetable oils or animal fats, used in diesel engines.
*What is bioethanol?*

A biofuel derived from fermented plant material, often blended with gasoline.

*What is ETBE?*

Ethyl Tert-Butyl Ether, an additive that improves gasoline combustion efficiency.

*Can hydrogen be used as fuel?*

Yes, hydrogen fuel can power combustion engines or fuel cells with zero carbon emissions.

*When was the first car powered by an internal combustion engine?*

Karl Benz created the first gasoline-powered car in 1886.

*Are internal combustion engines becoming obsolete?*

With the rise of electric cars, they may be replaced in the coming decades.

*When was the first electric car invented?*

In the 1830s, by Robert Anderson, but it lacked rechargeable batteries.

*How popular were electric cars in the early 1900s?*

They made up around 38% of U.S. cars in 1900 due to their ease of use.
*What caused the decline of early electric cars?*

The invention of the electric starter in gasoline cars (1912) and cheap oil.

*Which innovations helped gas-powered cars dominate?*

Mass production (Ford Model T), highways, and the petroleum boom.

*What led to the return of electric vehicles?*

Environmental concerns, battery improvements, and government policies.

*What was GM's EV1?*

A revolutionary electric car in the 1990s, recalled and destroyed by GM.

*Which company led the modern EV revolution?*

Tesla, with its high-performance, long-range electric cars.

*What are key battery advancements in EVs?*

Lithium-ion technology, solid-state batteries, and fast-charging systems.

*What happened to self-driving taxis?*

Companies like Waymo and Cruise have launched them, but they still face safety concerns.
*Why don't we have flying cars yet?*

High energy demands, strict regulations, and safety concerns have delayed development.

*How does the sun produce energy?*

Through nuclear fusion, converting hydrogen into helium in its core.

*Why isn't the sun "burning"?*

It doesn't use fire; it generates energy through fusion, not combustion.

*When will the sun run out of fuel?*

In about 5 billion years, when it exhausts its hydrogen supply.

*What happens when the sun dies?*

It will expand into a red giant, then shrink into a white dwarf.

*Can we restart the sun?*

No known technology can revive a dead star, but future advancements might explore stellar
engineering.

*What happens if the sun goes dark early?*

Earth would freeze rapidly, and life would become unsustainable.

*Why do some scientists think about long-term cosmic problems?*

To prepare for worst-case scenarios and explore solutions.

*How urgent is long-term problem-solving?*

It depends on how soon an issue might impact humanity's survival.

What is atompunk?

A type of retro-futurism—a way of imagining the future based on how people in the past thought the
future would look. It focuses on the "Atomic Age" (roughly the 1940s–1960s), when nuclear energy,
space exploration, and Cold War fears were shaping the world.

When and why do dormant volcanoes reawaken

Dormant volcanoes reawaken when magma rises and builds pressure beneath the surface, often
triggered by tectonic plate movement, gas buildup, or changes in the Earth's crust. This can happen after
years or even centuries of inactivity, with warning signs like earthquakes, ground swelling, and gas
emissions signaling a possible eruption.

What makes a volcano dormant?

Lack of recent activity but the potential to erupt again.

How does human activity affect volcanoes?

While humans don't trigger eruptions, climate change and mining may impact stability.
*What happened at Mount Vesuvius?*

In 79 AD, it buried Pompeii and Herculaneum in ash and lava.

*Why is Huaynaputina significant?*

It caused the most violent eruption in South America's history (1600).

*What happened at Unzendake?*

A deadly pyroclastic flow killed scientists and journalists in 1991.

*What was Tambora's global impact?*

Its 1815 eruption led to the "Year Without a Summer."

*Why was Krakatoa's eruption unique?*

The 1883 explosion was one of the loudest sounds in recorded history.

*What made Lake Nyos deadly?*

A limnic eruption released CO₂, suffocating nearby villagers in 1986.

*Why is Mount St. Helens famous?*

Its 1980 eruption was the most destructive in U.S. history.

*What happened at Eyjafjallajökull?*

Its 2010 eruption disrupted air travel across Europe.

*How did Hunga Tonga's eruption compare?*

In 2022, it was the most powerful underwater eruption in recent history.

*What makes Yellowstone a supervolcano?*

Its massive magma chamber could trigger a global catastrophe if it erupts.

What is solarpunk?

A creative movement that imagines a future where people live in harmony with nature, using clean
energy like solar power and eco-friendly technology to build peaceful, sustainable communities.
Example: Nausicaa of the Valley of the Wind

What wars keep reigniting?

Punic Wars, Hundred Years War, Wars of the Roses

Mongol Invasions, Reconquista (Spain), 335 Years War

*What were the Punic Wars?*

A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage over control of the Mediterranean.
*Why did the Hundred Years' War last so long?*

It was an intermittent conflict between England and France over succession.

*What were the Wars of the Roses?*

A civil war between two English noble houses, Lancaster and York, for the throne.

*How did the Mongol Invasions shape history?*

They created the largest land empire, disrupting many civilizations.

*What was the Reconquista?*

Spain's 700-year campaign to reclaim land from Muslim rule.

*What was the 335 Years' War?*

A supposed war between the Netherlands and the Isles of Scilly that lasted centuries without battles.

*Why do conflicts reignite?*

Unresolved grievances, shifting alliances, and economic factors often restart wars.

*What's needed for lasting peace?*

Strong treaties, economic stability, and international cooperation.

*What is Pareidolia?*

The brain's tendency to recognize familiar patterns, such as faces or animals, in random stimuli (e.g.,
clouds, carpets, or rock formations).

*Why does pareidolia happen?*

The brain is wired for pattern recognition to enhance survival, aiding in quick threat detection and social
communication.

*Does pareidolia help or harm us?*

It can inspire creativity (e.g., art, religious imagery) but can also lead to false beliefs (e.g., conspiracy
theories, superstitions).

*Would humanity be better off seeing only reality?*

While it could reduce errors in judgment, it might limit creativity, cultural richness, and scientific
discoveries.

*What is a salon?*

A gathering of intellectuals and artists to share and develop ideas, historically popular in 17th-20th
century Europe.

*Famous literary salons?*

Parisian gatherings included figures like Hemingway and Fitzgerald, influencing modernist literature.

*Has the Internet replaced salons?*

Online forums and social media connect creatives globally, but may lack deep engagement and personal
interaction.
*Are certain locations better for creativity?*

Cities like New York and Paris attract creatives due to cultural vibrancy, but digital spaces now facilitate
global collaboration.

*How does imagination work in the brain?*

The neocortex, thalamus, and frontal cortex process memory, mental imagery, and perception to form
imaginative thoughts.

*What affects imagination?*

Sleep (especially REM), emotions, and prior experiences influence one's ability to imagine new ideas.

*What if imagination were altered?*

Changes in brain structure (e.g., damage to the frontal cortex) could impair creativity and abstract
thinking.

*Which drugs enhance imagination?*

Psychedelics (LSD, psilocybin), stimulants (modafinil), and dissociatives (ketamine) are known to alter
perception and creativity.

*Should they be legal?*

Some argue they enhance problem-solving and artistry, while others highlight risks of dependency and
delusion.
*Difference between hallucination and imagination?*

Hallucinations are involuntary and often detached from reality, whereas imagination is controlled and
constructive.

*Key techniques:*

Active imagination, mind wandering, meditation, psychological distance, and novel experiences.

*What works best?*

Practices like hypnagogia (the twilight state between wakefulness and sleep) enhance creativity by
blending conscious and unconscious thought.

*Should imagination be trained?*

Many believe structured creativity exercises improve innovation, while others argue imagination should
flow naturally.

*What is constrained writing?*

A technique where writers impose limitations (e.g., avoiding a letter, strict rhyme schemes) to spark
creativity.

*Famous examples?*

"Gadsby" (1939) omits the letter 'E', haikus use strict syllable counts, and Oulipo authors create complex
literary puzzles.
*Should creators use this method?*

Some say it enhances originality, while others argue it restricts artistic freedom.

*Common themes in imagination-focused works:*

Exploration of possibility ("Pure Imagination"), utopian ideals ("Imagine"), and escapism ("Imaginary").

*How is imagination perceived?*

Some see it as a path to progress, while others caution against losing touch with reality.

*What happens to imagination in isolation?*

Coma patients and people in sensory deprivation often experience vivid mental activity, sometimes
leading to hallucinations.

*Would digital consciousness be fulfilling?*

Some argue that an uploaded mind could still imagine and create, while others question whether
imagination needs a physical body.

*Does AI have imagination?*

Current AI models generate new content but lack self-driven thought and emotional depth.

*Can AI become more imaginative?*

Advanced training methods might enhance AI's creative outputs, but true human-like imagination
requires consciousness.
*What makes human imagination unique?*

Emotional depth, lived experiences, and the ability to dream and reinterpret reality make human
creativity distinct.

What is Afrofuturims?

A cultural movement that combines African and African diaspora history, culture, and identity with
futuristic and science fiction themes. It uses imagination, technology, and art to explore how Black
people see themselves in the future—and to reimagine the past in empowering ways. Examples include
Wakanda in Black Panther.