Solution
Solution
1950CMD303021250039 MD
PHYSICS
1) The tension in a piano wire is 10N. The tension in a piano wire to produce a node of double
frequency is :
(1) 20N
(2) 40N
(3) 10V
(4) 120V
2) For given C.O.P. (closed organ pipe) if 9th O.T.(over tone) has frequency 1900Hz then
fundamental frequency of same length O.O.P is?
(1) 100 Hz
(2) 200 Hz
(3) 300 Hz
(4) 400 Hz
3) A steel rod 100 cm long is clamped at its mid-point. The fundamental frequency of longitudinal
vibrations of the rod is given to be 2.53 kHz. What is the speed of sound in steel?
4)
A wave pulse is travelling along a taut string fixed to a heavy wall. After reflection from the wall the
string might show the wave pulse as:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4) None
5) A man standing on a cliff claps his hand and hears its echo after one second. If the sound in
reflected from another mountain then the distance between the man & reflection points is Vsound =
340 m/sec.
(1) 680 m
(2) 340 m
(3) 170 m
(4) 85 m
6) An echo is heard on a day when temperature is about 22°C. The echo will be heard sooner when
the temperature is 40°C becauase
7) The figure represents five different standing sound waves set up inside of a set of organ pipes 1 m
(1) 0.5 m
(2) 1 m
(3) 2 m
(4) 4 m
8) A man fires a bullet standing between two cliffs. First echo is heard after 3 seconds and second
echo is heard after 5 seconds. If the velocity of sound is 330 m/s, then the distance between the cliffs
is
(1) 1650 m
(2) 1320 m
(3) 990 m
(4) 660 m
9) A standing wave having 3 nodes and 2 antinodes is formed between two atoms having a distance
1.21Å between them. The wavelength of the standing wave is
(1) 1.21 Å
(2) 2.42 Å
(3) 6.05 Å
(4) 3.63 Å
10) In a resonance tube experiment, the first resonance is obtained for 10 cm of air column and the
second for 32 cm. The end correction for this apparatus is–
(1) 0.5 cm
(2) 1.0 cm
(3) 1.5 cm
(4) 2 cm
11) In a long cylindrical tube, the water level is adjusted and the air column above it is made to
vibrate in unison with a vibrating tuning fork kept at the open end. If the wavelength of sound
produced by tuning fork is λ, then the maximum sound is heard when the air column lengths are
equal to :-
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
12) An organ pipe closed at one end vibrating in its first overtone and another pipe, open at both
ends vibrating in its third overtone are in resonance with a given tuning fork. The ratio of lengths of
closed and open organ pipe
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
13) If the fundamental frequency of a pipe closed at one end is 512Hz. The fundamental frequency of
a pipe of the same dimensions but open at both ends will be:
(1) 1024 Hz
(2) 512 Hz
(3) 256 Hz
(4) 128 Hz
14) Two plane progressive waves shows destructive interference at point P. Which of the following
statement is true at point P :-
(1) nλ
(2) n(λ + 1)
(3)
(4)
16) Two coherent sources of intensities I 1 and I 2 produce an interference pattern the maximum
intensity in the interference pattern will be –
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
17) If equation of propagating wave in air given by S = S0 sin(πt–π/2x) then minimum value of l, so
(1) 4 m
(2) 2 m
(3) 8 m
(4) none
18) The intensity of the sound gets reduced by 10% on passing through a slab. The reduction in
intensity on passing through two consecutive slab, would be :
(1) 20%
(2) 50%
(3) 19%
(4) 5%
19) Intensity of sound is 10–4 watt/m2. The loudness level of the sound is (in decibel)
(1) 40
(2) 120
(3) 100
(4) 80
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
21) Beats are produced by two waves y1 = a sin (1000 πt) and y2 = a sin (998 πt) at a location x = 0
in the space. The number of beats heard per second is
(1) 0
(2) 2
(3) 1
(4) 4
22) Intensity level of a sound of intensity I is 30 dB. The ratio I/I0, is (I0, is the threshold of hearing)
(1) 1000
(2) 3000
(3) 300
(4) 30
23) In a gaseous medium on increasing temperature 800 K, speed of sound becomes times of
initial then initial temperature of medium is °C is :-
(1) 27°C
(2) 300°C
(3) 527°C
(4) 427°C
24) Newton's formula for the velocity of sound in gases is
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
25) In a guitar, two strings A and B made of same material are slightly out of tune and produce beats
of frequency 6 Hz. When tension in B is slightly decreased, the beat frequency increases to 7 Hz. If
the frequency of A is 530 Hz, the original frequency of B will be:
(1) 537 Hz
(2) 523 Hz
(3) 524 Hz
(4) 536 Hz
26) A plane progressive wave is represented by the equation y = 0.25 cos (2πt – 2πx). The equation
of a wave is with double the amplitude and half frequency but travelling in the opposite direction
will be.
27) When sound wave is transmitted from air to water, which of the following will remain unchanged
?
28) In the standing wave shown, particles at the positions A and B have a phase difference of
(1) 0
(2)
(3)
(4) π
29) Two identical sources of sound are placed at separation 2λ. A detector D moves along a circle as
shown. Find number of maxima and minima recorded by detector in one round along the circle.
(1) 8, 12
(2) 8, 8
(3) 12, 12
(4) 4, 4
30) A wave travelling in the +ve x-direction having displacement along y-direction as 1m,
31) A transverse wave is passing through a light string shown in the figure. The equation of wave
is y = Asin (ωt – kx). The area of cross-section of string is A and density is . The hanging mass is
(1) Aω
(2)
(3)
(4)
32) The figure shows an instantaneous profile of a rope carrying a progressive wave moving from
left to right, then
(a) the phase at A is greater than the phase at B
(b) the phase at B is greater than the phase at A
(c) A is moving upwards
(d) B is moving upwards
(1) a & c
(2) a & d
(3) b & c
(4) b & d
33) A heavy uniform rope hangs vertically from the ceiling, with its lower end free. A disturbance on
the rope travelling upward from the lower end has a velocity v at a distance x from the lower end :-
v∝
(1)
(2) v ∝ x
v∝
(3)
(4)
v∝
34) A sound consists of four frequencies – 300 Hz, 600 Hz, 1200 Hz and 2400 Hz. A sound 'filter' is
made by passing this sound through a bifurcated pipe as shown. The sound waves have to travel a
distance of 50 cm more in the right branch-pipe than in the straight pipe. The speed of sound in air
is 300 m/s. Then, which of the following frequencies will be almost completely muffled or "silenced"
at the outlet :
(1) 300 Hz
(2) 600 Hz
(3) 1200 Hz
(4) 2400 Hz
(1) Is lost
(2) Increase
(3) remain same, only redistribution occurs
(4) None of the above
(1) decreases
(2) increases
(3) remains unchanged
(4) nothing can be predicted as information is insufficient
38)
When 1019 electrons are removed from a neutral metal plate, the electric charge on it is
(1) – 1.6 C
(2) + 1.6 C
(3) 10+19 C
(4) 10–19 C
39) Three point charges lie at the vertices of an equilateral triangle as shown. All three charges have
the same magnitude, but charge A and B are positive and charge C is negative. The net electric force
40) Six point charges are placed at corner of regular hexagon of side a then what will be net force on
(2)
(3)
(4) Zero
41) Electric field at the centre 'O' of a semicircle of radius 'a' having linear charge density λ is given
as :-
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
42)
Infinite charges are lying at x = 1, 2, 4, 8…meter on X-axis and the value of each charge is Q. The
value of intensity of electric field at point x = 0 due to these charges will be
(1) N/C
(2) Zero
(3) N/C
(4) N/C
43) Two charge particles are shown in the diagram. Where should a third charge particle q0 be
placed so q0 will be in equilibrium :-
(1) x = 10 a
(2) x = 8 a
(3) x = 11 a
(4) x = 12 a
44) Half ring of radius a is uniformly charged with linear charge density
+λ. Find out electric field intensity at point O.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(1) zero
(2)
(3)
(4)
CHEMISTRY
1)
Maximum Hofmann’s product is obtained when base is :-
(1)
(2)
(3) NaNH2
(4) alc.KOH
products
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
3)
A and B is respectively :-
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
5) product (B) is :-
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4) None
6) Major product is :-
(1) Neopentane
(2) Isobutane
(3) Isopentane
(4) Butane
7) (A) (major)
[Kolbe electrolysis method] product (A) of the reaction is :-
(1) CH3–CH3
(2) CH2=CH2
(3) CH3–CH=CH2
(4) None of these
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
product
The alkene formed in major amount :-
(1) CH3–CH=CH–CH3
(2)
(3) CH3–CH2–CH=CH2
(4) Both (1) and (3)
10) P, [Major] P is :-
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(1) CH4
(2) CH3D
(3) CH2D2
(4) CHD3
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
14)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
16) A
Find the product of following reaction ?
(1) CH3–CH2COOH
(2) CH3CH2–CH2–OH
(3) CH3–CH2–CH3
(4)
(2)
(3)
(4)
18)
'X' is :-
(1) HNO3
(2) O2
(3) O3
(4) KMnO4
20) A+B
The products A and B are
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
21) Which of the following alkene produced two mole of acetone on reaction with
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
22)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
23) Product
The product of above reation will be :-
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
24) M, M is :-
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(1)
(2) CH3–CH2–CH2–CH2–CH3
(3) CH3–CH2–CH2–CH3
(4) (CH3)2CH–CH(CH3)2
26) Which one of the following compounds will give white precipitate with Tollen's reagent?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
27) Which of the following compounds on hydrolysis gives acetylene?
(1) CaC2
(2) Mg2C3
(3) Al4C3
(4) Cu2Cl2
28)
A and B are :-
(1) Identical
(2) Position isomers
(3) Homolog
(4) Functional isomers
29) Which of the following compound can not be prepared by wurtz reaction as a major product ?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
31) In which of the following reaction acetylene will be formed as major product:
(1)
(2)
(4)
(1) CH3—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH3
(2) CH3—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH3
(3)
(4)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
34) The intermediate during the addition of HCl to propene:-
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(1) Cis-2-butene
(2) Trans-2-butene
(3) 2-butyne
(4) Buta-1, 3-diene
37) The ionic radii of Li+, Be2+ and B3+ follow the order :
(1) Be2+ > B3+ > Li+
(2) Li+ > B3+ > Be2+
(3) B3+ > Be2+ > Li+
(4) Li+ > Be2+ > B3+
41) Among halogens, the correct order of amount of energy released in electron gain enthalpy is
42) The element expected to form largest ion to achieve the nearest noble gas configuration is
(1) F
(2) N
(3) Na
(4) O
43) 100 mL of liquid A and 25 mL of liquid B are mixed to form a solution of volume 125 mL. Then
the solution is :-
(1) Ideal
(2) Non-ideal with positive deviation
(3) Non-ideal with negative deviation
(4) Cannot be predicted
44) Equimolal solutions of A and B show depression in freezing point in the ratio of 2 : 1. If A
remains in normal state in solution, B will be in ......... state in solution :
(1) Normal
(2) Associated
(3) Hydrolysed
(4) Dissociated
45) Of the following 0.10 m aqueous solutions, which one will exhibit the largest freezing point
depression ?
(1) KCl
(2) C6H12O6
(3) Al2(SO4)3
(4) K2SO4
BIOLOGY
1)
2) Ovary is superior in
(1) Rose
(2) Mustard
(3) Peach
(4) Guava
4) When gynoecium is present in the topmost position of thalamus, the ovary is known as :-
(1) Inferior
(2) Half inferior
(3) Half superior
(4) Superior
5) Venation is :-
6) Ovary is one chambered but it may be two chambered due to formation of the false septa and
ovules develop on the inner wall of the ovary or on peripheral part. In this case, placentation is :-
(1) Parietal
(2) Marginal
(3) Axile
(4) Basal
(1) Coleorhiza
(2) Radicle
(3) Plumule
(4) Scutellum
9) In racemose type of inflorescence the main axis continue to grow the flower are borne laterally
in an ____
10) Which type of placentation is it called when the single ovule appears directly attached to base in
a unilocular ovary?
(1) Superficial
(2) Free Central
(3) Basal
(4) Parietal
A = Region of maturation,
B = Region of elongation,
(1)
C = Region of meristematic activity,
D = Root cap
A = Region of elongation,
B = Region of meristematic activity,
(2)
C = Root cap,
D = Protective covering
A = Region of meristem,
B = Region of maturation,
(3)
C = Region of elongation,
D = Root cap
A = Region of growing cell,
B = Region of mature cell,
(4)
C = Region of dividing cell,
D = Protective covering
(1) cotyledon
(2) embryo
(3) integument
(4) peduncle
(1) Pea
(2) Bean
(3) Ground nut
(4) Castor
14) The diagram are related to Castor seeds. Identify A, B, C and D respectively.
(1) Endosperm, Seed coat, Cotyledon and Hypocotyl
(2) Seed coat, Endosperm, Hypocotyl and Cotyledon
(3) Seed coat, Cotyledon, Endosperm and Hypocotyl
(4) Seed coat, Endosperm, Cotyledon, and Hypocotyl
15) Ovary wall get change into fruit wall after fertilization what is it called ?
(1) Perisperm
(2) Caruncle
(3) Pericarp
(4) Aril
16)
(1) Rhizophora
(2) Pisum
(3) Lily
(4) Cassia
17)
(1) Ovipary
(2) Vivipary
(3) Hypogeal
(4) Epigeal
18) In a type of Apomixis known as Adventive embryony, embryos develop directly from the :-
19) Scutellum is ?
(1) Fertilization
(2) Embryony
(3) Polyembryony
(4) Parthenogenesis
(1) Striga
(2) Ficus
(3) Orchid
(4) All of these
(1) Scutellum
(2) Coleoptile
(3) Epiblast
(4) Endothecium
(1) Egg
(2) Antipodal
(3) MMC
(4) Nucellus
25) If number of chromosome in a cell of aleurone layer is 60 then find the number of chromosomes
in perisperm cell and secondary nucleus –
(1) 60,40
(2) 30,60
(3) 60,60
(4) 40,40
26) Polyembryony was discovered by :-
(1) Apogamy
(2) Apospory
(3) Parthenogenesis
(4) Adventive embryony
28) The stored seeds are used as food and also for the propagation of plant. This storage of seed is
possible due to :-
(1) Dormancy
(2) Dehydration
(3) Sterility
(4) Both 1 and 2
30)
(1) Guava
(2) Mango
(3) Orange
(4) Mustard
31) Diagram given below shows a typical dicot embryo. Identify structure 1 to 4 respectively:-
(1) 1-Plumule; 2-Cotyledons; 3-Epicotyl; 4-Hypocotyl
(2) 1-Plumule; 2-Cotyledons; 3-Hypocotyl; 4-Root cap
(3) 1-Plumule; 2-Cotyledons; 3-Epicotyl; 4-Suspensor
(4) 1-Plumule; 2-Cotyledons; 3-Hypocotyl; 4-Suspensor
(1) If both statements A and B are true and statement B is the correct explanation of statement A.
(2) If both statements A and B are true but statement B is not the correct explanation of statement.
(3) If statement A is true but statement B is false.
(4) If both statements A and B are false statements.
(1) Testa
(2) Tegmen
(3) Both of the above
(4) Main axis of the embryo
34)
In which of the following plants, the nucellar cells start dividing and develop into the embryos ?
37) The portion of embryonal axis below the level of cotyledons is called–
(1) Hypocotyl
(2) Epicotyl
(3) Tigellum
(4) Scutellum
38) Scientists are trying to transfer apomictic genes into hybrid varieties of several of our food and
vegetable crops so that:
39) Epicotyl has a shoot apex and a few leaf primordia enclosed in a hollow foliar structure called as
the:
(1) Coleoptile
(2) Coleorhiza
(3) Scutellum
(4) Perisperm
40) The endosperm is completely consumed by the developing embryo in all of the following except:
(1) Pea
(2) Groundnut
(3) Beans
(4) Castor
41) Coleoptile and Coleorhiza are the protective sheath covering ...... and ....... respectively ?
(1) 3n
(2) n
(3) 2n
(4) 4n
(1) Malvaceae
(2) Fabaceae
(3) Solanaceae
(4) Brassicaceae
(1) Puberty
(2) Embryo stage
(3) After birth
(4) Life time
48)
The figure below shows development of follicles (A, B, C, D). Select the option giving correct
identification together with its function?
(1) B – Secondary Follicle – secrete progesterone
(2) D – Corpus albicans – Secrete estrogen
(3) A – Tertiary follicle – Secrete FSH & LH
(4) C – Corpus luteum – Secrete progesterone
(1) Estrogen
(2) Relaxin
(3) Progesterone
(4) Cortisone
(1) 4
(2) 8
(3) 16
(4) 2
(1) Androgen
(2) Progesterone
(3) Estrogen
(4) Testosterone
55)
In a female undergoing tubectomy, which one of the following event will not occur ?
56) How many primary follicles are left in each ovary at puberty ?
(1) 20,000-40,000
(2) 60,000-80,000
(3) 1,20,000-1,60,000
(4) 400-500
57) Second meiotic division takes place in which of the following cells :-
60) How many structures in the list given below are haploid ?
Spermatid, secondary oocyte, primary spermatocyte, ovum, sperm, oogonia, spermatogonia, polar
body
(1) Six
(2) Four
(3) Two
(4) Five
62) The cellular layer that disintegrates and regenerates again and again in humans is :-
(1) Myometnium
(2) Germinal epithelium of ovary
(3) Tunica albugenia of testis
(4) Endometrium of uterus
64) How many sperms and ova are formed from 50 primary spermatocyte and 50 primary oocyte ?
65) The structure which is present in sperm and which stimulate division in zygote is :-
(1) Acrosome
(2) Tail
(3) Proximal centriole
(4) Mitochondria
68)
(1) Nucleus
(2) Acrosome
(3) Mitochondria
(4) Acrosome & nucleus
69)
70)
(1) Birth
(2) Puberty
(3) Fertilization
(4) Uterine implantation
71)
(1) Mitochondria
(2) Golgi body
(3) Nucleus
(4) Lysosome
72)
The process of spermatogenesis and oogenesis in most vertebrates are under the influence of which
hormone ?
(1) Oxytocin
(2) FSH
(3) ACTH
(4) ICSH
73) The transfer of sperms into the female genital tract is called :
(1) Insemination
(2) Gametogenesis
(3) Fertilization
(4) Gestation
74) In a mammalian sperm, spirally arranged mitochondria around the axial filament are present in
the region of
(1) Head
(2) Middle piece
(3) Principal piece of tail
(4) End piece of tail
(1) Trypanosoma
(2) Leishmania
(3) Amoeba
(4) Plasmodium
Column - I Column - II
Options:
(1) a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv
(2) a-ii, b-iii, c-iv, d-i
(3) a-iv, b-iii, c-i, d-ii
(4) a-iv, b-i, c-ii, d-iii
83) The connecting link between non chordates and chordates is:
(1) Neopilina
(2) Peripatus
(3) Balanoglossus
(4) Archaeopteryx
(1) Coelenterates
(2) Ctenophores
(3) Platyhelminthes
(4) Aschelminthes
86) Identify the name of given animals from the given option.
A B C D
(1) Scypha
(2) Ctenoplana
(3) Physalia
(4) Taenia
(1) Coelenterata
(2) Ctenophora
(3) Porifera
(4) Platyhelminthes
(1) Aurelia
(2) Ctenoplana
(3) Taenia
(4) Nereis
(1) Cockroach
(2) Scorpion
(3) Prawn
(4) Locusta
ANSWER KEYS
PHYSICS
Q. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A. 2 2 1 3 3 1 4 2 1 2 4 1 1 2 4 4 1 3 4 3
Q. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
A. 3 1 3 2 3 4 4 4 2 2 3 2 3 1 3 2 4 2 4 4
Q. 41 42 43 44 45
A. 3 1 1 1 1
CHEMISTRY
Q. 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65
A. 2 3 4 1 2 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 4 2
Q. 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85
A. 2 4 2 2 1 3 1 2 3 2 2 1 1 2 3 2 4 1 2 4
Q. 86 87 88 89 90
A. 3 2 1 2 3
BIOLOGY
Q. 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110
A. 2 2 3 4 2 1 4 2 2 3 1 3 4 4 3 1 2 1 2 3
Q. 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130
A. 4 1 4 4 4 1 1 4 3 4 2 1 4 1 4 2 1 3 1 4
Q. 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150
A. 2 4 3 4 3 1 4 4 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 2 4 4 3 4
Q. 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170
A. 3 4 4 1 3 3 1 4 2 3 2 2 1 2 3 3 1 2 1 4
Q. 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180
A. 2 4 3 3 4 3 3 3 2 4
SOLUTIONS
PHYSICS
3) If a rod clamped at middle, then it vibrates with similar fashion as open organ pipe vibrates
as shown.
9) λ = 1.21 Å
11) Maximum sound is heard at resonance and also situation in resonance tube experiment is
alike COP
13)
The fundamental modes of vibration of a pipe closed at one end and open at both ends (of
same length) are shown in figure.
The wavelength in figure (b) is half of that in figure (a). Hence the fundamental frequency in
figure (b) is double that in figure (a).
∴ fopen = 2 × 512 - 1024 Hz
17)
20)
25)
Frequency ∝
If tension in B slightly decrease then frequency of B decrease.
If B is 536 Hz, as the frequency decreases, beats with A also decreases.
If B is 524 Hz, as the frequency decreases, beats with A increases.
∴ Original frequency of B will be 524 Hz.
29)
No. of maximum = 8
No. of minimum = 8
As b/w consecutive maxima there lies a minima)
30) k = =1 and
ω = 2πf = (2π) =2
So equation of wave
y = sin(kx – ωt) = sin(x – 2t)
32)
from fig. A is moving down & B is moving up and the phase at A is greater the phase at B.
33)
T= xg = µxg
v=
v∝
39)
40)
=
42)
is an infinite geometrical progression it's sum can be obtained by using the formula
43)
For q0 to be in equilibrium
72a – 4r = 5r
8a = r
x = 10a
44)
CHEMISTRY
50)
53) Make intermediate anion and –M, –I increases the stability (β-keto carboxylicacid)
54)
58)
64)
76)
77) CH3—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH3 has highest boiling point due to highest molecule weight
among all option.
78)
79)
81)
82)
86)
As we move from Cl to I, the electron gain enthalpy (i.e. energy released in electron gain)
become less and less negative due to a corresponding increase in the atomic size.
However, the electron gain enthalpy of F is less negative than that of Cl due to its small size.
Thus, the negative electron gain enthalpy follows the order
F < Cl > Br > I
89) or or
As per problem, iA =1
∵ iB = 1/2 {i.e. assoicated}
BIOLOGY
93) NCERT Pg # 76
99)
NCERT XI, Pg. # 61,62
104)
A - Seed Coat
B - Endosperm
C - Cotyledon
D - Hypocotyl
138)
Ncert
151)
NCERT-XII, Pg. # 33
167)
NCERT-XI, Pg. # 44
172)
173)
174)
NCERT XI Page # 42