UNGA
Agenda: Reevaluating the Role of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) in a
Bipolar World 2.0
During the Cold War, NAM was created by countries that didn’t want to align with either the
USA or USSR. It symbolized independence and sovereignty. But today, we’re entering a new
bipolar world—this time shaped by growing competition between the USA and China.
● Does NAM still have value in this new power struggle?
● Can non-aligned nations remain neutral when economic, technological, and military
pressures are intense?
● Is it possible to reform or revitalize NAM to protect smaller nations from being caught
in great power rivalries?
Key Countries:
● India – Founding member of NAM; still claims to be non-aligned but has growing ties
with both the US (QUAD) and Russia.
● Russia & China – Push back against Western dominance; claim to support
multipolarity but are seen as leading a new bloc.
● USA – Pressures countries to align on issues like Indo-Pacific, Ukraine, Taiwan.
● Indonesia, Egypt, South Africa, Brazil – Traditional NAM members with mixed
stances in modern conflicts
● Iran, Venezuela – Use NAM to resist US sanctions and influence.
Historical Background:
● 1955 Bandung Conference – Origin of NAM concept.
● 1961 NAM formation – Led by Nehru (India), Nasser (Egypt), Tito (Yugoslavia).
● Post–Cold War – NAM became less active, criticized as irrelevant.
● Present – With US–China rivalry, smaller countries want to reclaim strategic
independence.
UNSC
Agenda: Weaponisation of Sanctions: Strategic Diplomacy or Economic
Imperialism?
Sanctions are penalties imposed by one country (or a group) on another, usually for violating
international laws or norms. But in recent years, powerful countries have been accused of
using sanctions as weapons—not just for diplomacy, but to pressure or punish countries for
their own interests.
● Are sanctions a fair and effective tool of global governance?
● Or are they a form of economic imperialism, targeting weaker nations?
● Do sanctions hurt governments—or just innocent civilians?
● How should the UNSC regulate or reform sanction policies?
Key Countries:
● USA – Largest issuer of unilateral sanctions (Iran, North Korea, Russia, Cuba,
Venezuela).
● Russia – Sanctioned post-2014 (Crimea), heavily post-2022 (Ukraine); calls Western
sanctions illegal.
● China – Faces tech sanctions from US; has its own sanctions regime.
● Iran, North Korea, Syria, Venezuela – Long-term sanctioned nations; strong voices in
this debate.
● France, UK – Often align with the US, but more measured.
● India – Opposes unilateral sanctions; favors diplomacy.
Historical Background:
● UN sanctions on Iraq (1990s) – Devastated civilians, led to global criticism.
● JCPOA (Iran nuclear deal) – Sanctions lifted and then reimposed by the US in 2018.
● Russia-Ukraine War (2022–) – Most comprehensive sanctions regime in modern
history.
● Global South pushback – Calls sanctions a form of economic colonization.
UNHRC
Agenda: Censorship in the Name of Security: Who Draws the Line?
Across the world, governments claim that restricting information helps protect national
security. But where is the line between censorship and protection?
● When is it acceptable to censor the media or internet?
● How do we prevent governments from using “security” as an excuse to silence
critics?
● Who decides what’s misinformation or hate speech?
● What rights should journalists, whistleblowers, and citizens have in digital spaces?
Key Countries:
● China – Great Firewall, mass censorship, surveillance state; claims it’s for “stability.”
● Russia – Tight media control, arrests of dissidents post-Ukraine invasion.
● Iran – Heavy censorship, internet shutdowns, jailing journalists.
● USA – Claims free speech, but controversies around mass surveillance (Snowden),
censorship on social media.
● India – Internet shutdowns in Kashmir, laws against “fake news.”
● European Union – Struggles to regulate hate speech without harming free speech.
● Brazil, Turkey, Myanmar – Social media restrictions, persecution of dissent.
Historical Background:
● Arab Spring (2010–2012) – Govts shut down internet to suppress uprisings.
● Snowden leaks (2013) – Exposed NSA surveillance; global outcry.
● Myanmar Rohingya Crisis – Social media misinformation worsened violence.
● Global rise in digital authoritarianism – Censorship normalized post-COVID and
during political unrest.
UNECOSOC
Agenda: Machines, Markets, and Margins: Governing Human Destiny in
the Fourth Industrial Revolution
We are entering the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR)—a world powered by AI, robotics,
biotech, and automation. While it brings innovation and efficiency, it also risks mass job loss,
inequality, and ethical crises.
● How can we balance technological growth with social justice?
● What role should governments and international bodies play in regulating AI and
automation?
● Are developing countries prepared—or being left behind?
● Can we make sure technology works for humanity, not against it?
Key Countries:
● USA – AI and tech leadership; private-sector driven (Google, OpenAI).
● China – State-led AI expansion; surveillance-heavy use of 4IR tech.
● India – Push for digital economy, AI ethics, but lags in regulation.
● Germany, Japan, South Korea – Highly industrialized; leading in robotics and
automation.
● African Union countries, Latin America – Focus on inclusion, tech access, and digital
divide.
● EU – Advocating for AI regulation (AI Act) and ethical standards.
● Brazil, Indonesia – Balancing economic growth with tech governance.
Historical Background:
● World Economic Forum (2016) coined “4th Industrial Revolution” (Klaus Schwab).
● COVID-19 accelerated automation & digitalization.
● Global debates over job loss, data privacy, algorithmic bias, AI ethics.
1. BBC – British Broadcasting Corporation (UK)
Tone: Formal, neutral, globally balanced
Bias: Slight preference for democratic countries like the UK, USA, France, Germany
How to Write:
● Maintain objectivity and professionalism
● Present perspectives from both powerful and smaller countries
● Quote delegates fairly, especially from USA, UK, China, Russia, India
Sample Style:
Delegates in the UNGA revisited the relevance of the Non-Aligned Movement. While
countries like India and Indonesia emphasized neutrality, China and the United States
appeared increasingly unwilling to leave space for third-party diplomacy.
Countries: UK, USA, China, Russia, India, Germany, France, Brazil, South Africa
2. Al Jazeera – Qatar-based News Network
Tone: Bold, critical of powerful powers
Bias: Emphasizes voices of countries like Palestine, Iran, Syria, Venezuela, Pakistan, and
developing African and Asian nations; critical of USA, Israel, UK, France
How to Write:
● Question the actions of powerful states like USA, France, Israel
● Highlight struggles of Palestine, Yemen, Afghanistan, Iran
● Promote diplomatic, peaceful voices from Qatar, Turkey, Algeria, Indonesia
Sample Style:
As the UNSC discussed the weaponisation of sanctions, delegates from Iran and
Venezuela condemned the United States’ economic punishments as tools of
imperialism. Russia and China supported calls for a more equitable global order.
Countries: Iran, Palestine, Venezuela, Syria, Pakistan, Yemen, Turkey, China, Russia, USA,
Israel
3. Times of India (TOI)
Tone: Punchy, semi-formal, Indian-centric
Bias: Highlights India’s position, regional issues (like Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal), and
comparisons with major powers like China, USA
How to Write:
● Focus on India’s diplomatic efforts or its stance in committees
● Compare India’s leadership with China, USA, UK
● Mention how developing countries like Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nigeria are
responding
Sample Style:
Censorship or safety? As the UNHRC debated rights in the digital age, India walked a fine
line—defending sovereignty while championing civil liberties. Delegates from Russia and
China pushed for control, while Germany and Canada raised red flags.
Countries: India, China, Pakistan, USA, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Germany,
Canada
4. CGTN – China Global Television Network
Tone: Diplomatic, calm, pro-China narrative
Bias: Supports China’s governance model, often aligns with Russia, Iran, Zimbabwe, Cuba,
DPRK (North Korea); critical of USA, UK, Japan, Australia
How to Write:
● Defend China’s positions on technology, censorship, or sovereignty
● Emphasize global cooperation with Russia, Brazil, Egypt, South Africa (BRICS)
● Critique actions of USA, UK, Australia when necessary
Sample Style:
“In discussions on AI governance in UNECOSOC, China urged international cooperation
based on respect and shared benefit. While the USA and Japan raised concerns over data
control, China and Russia emphasized stability, innovation, and sovereignty.”
Countries: China, Russia, Iran, Cuba, North Korea, South Africa, Brazil, USA, Japan,
Australia
