PROJECT DISSERTATION

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for qualifying

MEVP – 011

SUBMITTED BY

DEEPIKA
(9728867097)

“Assessment of Soil health of agricultural soil of Jhajjar district, Haryana”

REGIONAL CENTRE – DELHI 1

ENROLMENT NO: 2253053573
SESSION -JULY 2022

UNDER GUIDANCE OF
Dr. Pradeep Kumar

MSCENV: Master of Science (Environmental Science)

School of Interdisciplinary and Trans-disciplinary Studies

INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY

Maidan Garhi, New Delhi – 11006

Project synopsis
 on

“Assessment of soil health of agricultural soil of Jhajjar district, Haryana”

SUBMITTED BY

Deepika

Enrolment No: 2253053573

Session – July 2022

UNDER SUPERVISION OF

Dr. Pradeep Kumar

Submitted in partial fulfilment of

MASTER OF SCIENCE (Environmental Science)

School of Interdisciplinary and Trans-disciplinary Studies (SOITS)

Maidan Garhi, New Delhi – 11006

CURRICULUM VITAE
Dr.Pradeep Kumar
Department of Environmental Science
Maharshi Dayanand University
Rohtak-124001, Haryana, India Mobile:
+917876736577
E-mail: Khyaliap.environment@gmail.com

ACADEMIC QUALIFICATION ● P
h
.D. in Environmental Science from Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana (India)
from October 2017 to October 2023. Thesis entitled: “Chemometric quantification of
groundwater and soil quality and health risk assessment in some districts of Rajasthan”.
● M.Sc. in Environmental Science from Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology
Hisar (India).
● B. Sc (H) Physics from Ramjas College, University of Delhi, India

RESEARCH EXPERIENCE

● Worked as a Project fellow under BRNS Project entitled “Spatial Distribution of

Uranium in Ground & Drinking water in Bikaner and Nagaur Districts of Rajasthan”
from August2018 to July 2021.
AREA OF SPECIALIZATION

● Water, wastewater and soil quality analysis

● Monitoring and effect of natural gamma radiation on human health
● Uranium Monitoring in groundwater and health impact
● Removal of heavy metals by native natural absorbents
● Microplastics quantification in Environment
RESEARCH PROFILE
Total Book published/proposal accepted: 04
Total published Articles: 12
Total Article communicated: 7
Total Articles presented in Seminar/Conference: 06
Reviewer: Environmental Research Communications, Oriental Journal of Chemistry

Scopus ID: 57546208800

Web of Science ID: ACF-4988-2022

ORCID: 0000-0001-9221-4329

Book Published

Nandal, M., Dhania, G., Khyalia, P., (2023). Environmental Sustainability: Emerging
concern and Management. Indu Book Services Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India (ISBN: 978-
93-91377-52-6).
Nandal, M., Dhania, G., Saini, S., Khyalia, P., (2023). Handbook of industrial
wastewater treatment: Emerging technologies for sustainability. Agri-Biovet Press,
New Delhi, India ((ISBN: 978-93-93405-30-2).
Khyalia, P., Yadav S. (2023). Microplastic Pollution in India and its Environmental
Impacts: Assessment of Ecosystem and Aquatic Environment, Impacts on Human
health, Management and Mitigation. Springer Nature (Proposal Accepted).
Khyalia, P., Jindal, M. K., Khalaf, H. N. B., Nandal, M. (2023). Natural gamma
Radiation: Sources, Devices and management, Detection, Usefulness and Hazards.
Springer Nature (Proposal Accepted)

Articles
 Sharma, J., Kumar, S., Kumar, V., Singh, P., Khyalia, P., Verma, S., ...
&Sharma, A. (2023). Foliar application of glycine betaine to ameliorate lead
toxicity in barley plants by modulating antioxidant enzyme activity and
 biochemical parameters. Environmental Research Communications. 5 075002.
[[ISSN: 2515-7620].
● Tanwer, N., Deswal, M., Khyalia, P., Laura, J. S., & Khosla, B. (2023).
Mapping of outdoor gamma radiation and consequential health risk assessment
in north-eastern regions of Rajasthan, India. Environmental Forensics.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15275922.2023.2218660. [ISSN: 1527-5922]
● Duhan, S. S., Khyalia, P., Solanki, P., Laura, J. S. (2023). Uranium Sources,
Uptake, Translocation in the Soil-Plant System and its Toxicity in Plants and
Humans: A Critical Review. Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 39(2), 303-319.
[ISSN: 2231-5039]
● Yadav, S., Kataria, N., Khyalia, P., Rose, P. K., Mukherjee, S., Sabherwal,
H., ... & Khoo, K. S. (2023). Recent analytical techniques, and potential eco-
toxicological impacts of textile fibrous microplastics (FMPs) and its
associated contaminates: A review. Chemosphere, 138495. [ISSN:1879-1298]
● Tanwer, N., Deswal, M., Khyalia, P., Laura, J. S., & Khosla, B. (2023).
Assessment of groundwater potability and health risk due to fluoride and
nitrate in groundwater of Churu District of Rajasthan, India. Environmental
Geochemistry and Health, 1-23. [ISSN:1573-2983]
● Tanwer, N., Deswal, M., Khyalia, P., Laura, J. S., & Khosla, B. (2023).
Fluoride and nitrate in groundwater: a comprehensive analysis of health risk
and potability of groundwater of Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan, India.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 195(2), 267. [ISSN:1573- 2959]
● Khyalia, P., Laura, J.S., Khosla, B., Sahoo, S.K., Tiwari, S.N. & Nandal,
M. (2022) Analysis of effective equivalent dose to the organs and cancer risk
assessment due to natural outdoor gamma radiation in Eastern Thar Desert,
India. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. DOI:
10.1080/03067319.2022.2130692. [ISSN: 1029-0397]
● Duhan, S. S., Khyalia, P., & Laura, J. S. (2022). A comprehensive analysis of
health risk due to natural outdoor gamma radiation in southeast Haryana,
India. Current Science, 123(2), 169-176. [ISSN: 0011-3891].
● Khyalia, P., Gahlawat, A., Jugiani, H., Kaur, M., & Laura, J. S. (2022).
Review on the use of Microalgae Biomass for Bioplastics Synthesis: A
 Sustainable and Green approach to control Plastic Pollution. Pollution, 8(3), 844-
859.[ISSN: 2383-4501]
● Tanwer, N., Khyalia, P., Deswal, M., Laura, J. S., & Khosla, B. (2022).
Spatial Distribution of Uranium in Groundwater and its Health Risk
Assessment in Haryana, India. Rasayan Journal of Chemistry, 15(1), 343-349.
[ISSN: 0976-0083]
● Khyalia, P., Dangi, J., Barapatre, S., Dhania, G., Laura, J. S., & Nandal, M.
(2022). Comparative Analysis of Compost Quality Produced from Fungal
Consortia and Rice Straw by Varying C/N Ratio and its Effect on Germination
of Vigna radiata. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology. 21(3), 1235-
1242. [ISSN: 2395.3454].

Book Chapter Published

 Duhan, S. S., Khyalia, P., & Laura, J. S. Plastic Waste Management in
Rural Areas around the World. In Plastic Waste Management: Turning
Challenges into opportunities (pp. 99-106). Bharti Publication, New Delhi
(ISBN: 978-93- 91681-06-7)
Khyalia, P., Duhan, S. S., Laura, J. S and Nandal, M. A comprehensive

analysis of Fluoride contamination in groundwater of rural area with special
focus on India. In Water resources management for rural development.
Elsevier.

Malik, S., Khyalia, P., & Laura, J. S. Traditional methods of water
purification in rural areas. In Water resources management for rural
development. Elsevier.

Article presented in Conference

● Neeraj, Avantika, Sandeep Singh Duhan, Pradeep Khyalia, Soman Acharya and
Arup Giri. Human Health Risk Assessment Due to Chicken Consumption in
District Rohtak, Haryana. In proceeding of national Conference on Role of
Science and Technology in Environmental Conservation and Sustainable
Development held on 23 to 24 September, 2022 at Himachal Pradesh University,
Shimla-171005, Himachal Pradesh, India.
● Pradeep Kumar. A comprehensive analysis of uranium concentration in
Rajasthan, India. In proceeding of Sustainable Development: Innovations and
th
Challenges, held on 4 June, 2022 at MDU- Centre for Professional & Allied
Studies, Gurugram, Haryana, India.
 ● Arup Giri, Soman Acharya, Avantika, Pradeep Khyalia, Rahul Bardwaj,
Hakikat Dhanda, Sandeep Singh Duhan and Anil Kumar. Human Health Risk
Assessment Due to Cow and Goat Milk Consumption in Haryana, India. In
proceeding of International Conference on Recent Advances in Basic and
Applied Sciences, held on 27-28 August, 2021 at Baba Masthnath University,
Rohtak-124001, Haryana, India.
● Pradeep Khyalia, Manpreet Kaur, Anu Gahlawat, Himani Jugani, Meenakshi
Nandal. Fluoride distribution, causes and remediation methods with special
focus on India: A comprehensive review. In proceeding of International
Conference on Advances in Sustainable Research for Energy and
Environmental Management held from 6-8 August, 2021 at Sardar
Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, Gujarat, India.
● Pradeep Khyalia, Meenakshi Nandal, Jitender Singh Laura. Natural
Background Gamma Radiation in Nawa Block of Rajasthan. In proceeding of
national seminar on Sustainable Environment held on 15 Nov, 2019 at
Maharshi Dayanand University Rohtak-124001, Haryana, India.
● Pradeep Khyalia, Meenakshi Nandal, Jitender Singh Laura. Natural
Background Gamma Radiation in Taranagar Block of Rajasthan. In
proceeding of national Conference on Recent trends in the field of
Environment Science and Engineering held on 20-21 September, 2019 at
Guru Jambheshwar University Of Science & Technology Hissar-125001,
Haryana (India).
● Pradeep Khyalia, Meenakshi Nandal, Jitender Singh Laura. Natural
Background Gamma Radiation in Nokha Block of Rajasthan. In proceeding of
International seminar on Sustainable Environment & Agriculture Under
Global Climate Change held on 21 Feb, 2019 at Maharshi Dayanand
University, Rohtak-124001, Haryana, India.

1
Title: “Assessment of soil health of agricultural soil of Jhajjar district, Haryana”
Introduction:

Soil is a natural body comprised of solids (minerals and organic matter), liquid, and gases that
occurs on the land surface, occupies space, and is characterised by one or both of the
following: horizons, or layers, that are distinguishable from the initial material as a result of
additions, losses, transfers, and transformations of energy and matter or the ability to support
rooted plants in a natural environment. Soil has either inherent and dynamic properties, or
qualities (Balasubramanian, 2017). Soil is the most vital natural resource, can be termed as
‘Soul of Infinite Life’ and it is the exclusive source of infinite living organisms which supports
the life of crop plants as a medium of growth along with providing nutrients, air and water
(Saxena, et al., 2021). Soil health is the “state of the soil being in sound physical, chemical,
and biological Gupta et al., 2019). Physical properties of soil are mainly controlled by the soil
matrix. It plays a condition, having the capability to sustain the growth and development of
land plants” (important role in determining land suitability for agricultural, environmental and
engineering uses. The supporting capability; movement, retention and availability of water and
nutrients to plants; ease in penetration of roots, and flow of heat and air directly associated with
physical properties of the soil. Physical properties analysis generally includes simple, fast and
low-cost methodologies. It includes soil texture, bulk density, particle density, porosity, water
holding capacity, specific gravity and soil colour (Singh, et al., 2020). Chemical properties of
soil are related to properties that directly affect plant nutrition. Plants need an adequate supply
of nutrients to grow and complete their reproductive phases. If any of the essential nutrients are
not available, the plants will not grow well or may even die. On the other hand, some nutrients
can cause problems for plants if their quantities in the soil are too high. Chemical properties
includes soil pH, Electrical conductivity, Organic carbon, Organic matter, Available nitrogen,
Phosphorous, Potassium in soil, secondary nutrients such as Calcium, Magnesium and Sulphur
(Solanki, et al., 2012)

1
Review of Literature:
In the sustainable agricultural production, fertility of soil is an important character. A
physiochemical characteristic of the soil is very important because it affected soil productivity.
The research provides the insight view about soil quality spectrum along the physicochemical
characteristic which is based on various parameters e.g. pH, Electrical conductivity, texture,
moisture, temperature soil organic matter, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. It
provides awareness to farmers and increases their economic productivity in the tribal area
(Muwel, S.L. and Mehta, S.C 2020.)
An experiment was conducted to assess the physic-chemical properties of Soil in different
blocks of Jhunjhunu district, Rajasthan, India. The results revealed that soil colour varied from
dark brown to very dark brown, light brownish grey to yellowish brown and light yellowish
brown to Dark greyish brown. The texture was dominantly sandy loam. Soil pH varied from
7.02 to 9.22. The Electrical Conductivity ranged from 0.21 to 0.39 dS m -1 and the maximum
value was recorded in Ajeetpura village. The value of total Organic Carbon (%) was varied
from 0.31 to 0.80%. The Available nitrogen content in the soil was varied from 150 to 277 kg
ha-1 and nitrogen content was found low in all the entire farmer’s field. The Available
Phosphorus content was found in between 15.20 to 26.35 kg ha-1. The Available Potassium
content in the soil was varied from 109 to 245 kg ha -1 and the potassium was found medium on
the surface horizon and decreased with increased in soil depths. The Exchangeable Calcium
content in the soil varied from 2.45 to 5.70 cmol (p+) kg -1 and was found in the sufficient
amount. The amount of Sulphur content in the varied from 21 to 29 kg ha-1 and was found to
be in deficient amount. (Kumari, N et al., 2021).
The results showed that rural soils were recorded significantly higher mean values of SOC
(0.70%), N (323.01 kg ha-1 ), P2O5 (28.98 kg ha-1 ), K2O (246.16 kg ha-1 ), S (19.32 kg ha-1 ), Zn
(0.73 ppm) and B (0.84 ppm) whereas, urban soils were characterised by higher mean values of
soil pH (7.93), EC (1.33 dS m1 ), exchangeable Ca (12.03 c mol (p+ ) kg -1 ) and Mg (7.70 c
mol (p+) kg-1 ) and heavy metals such as Cd (0.088 ppm), Cr (0.086 ppm), Pb (0.065 ppm) and
Ni (0.056 ppm).The results of nutrient index revealed that available nitrogen (1.61 and 1.42)
and zinc (1.65 and 1.57) were belongs to low category of nutrient index in rural and peri-urban,
respectively. Urban soils were characterised by low nutrient index category w.r.t. SOC (1.44),
available N (1.25), P2O5 (1.52), K2O (1.50), S (1.56), Fe (1.50), Mn (1.40), Zn (1.25) and B
(1.42). Conclusively, rural soils were recorded higher available nutrients and microbial activity
(Kuntoji, A. et al., 2021).
The results revealed that bulk density (1.306mg-3), Particle density (2.321mg-3 ), Pore space
(49.24%), WHC (45.76%), pH (1.306), EC (0.355dsm-1 ) Organic Carbon (0.608%) Nitrogen
(325.68kg/ha), phosphorus (24.57kg/ha), Potassium (325.79kg/ha) was found maximum at the
sight of SHUATS, research farm Logra. In terms of EC (0.94dsm -1), chloride (81.33mg/l),
Hardness of water (377.27), Potassium of water 27.36 mg/l was found maximum at the sight of
NTPC Logra. With the information of famers can define the quantity of fertilizers that should
be applied to improve the soil conditions. Integrated nutrient management can be adopted for
sustainable soil Fertility Management as well as to achieve higher crop production (Hasan,
S.A. et al., 2022).
2
Study Area:
Beri is a town and a Municipal committee in the Jhajjar district in Indian state of Haryana. The
city is located 17 km northwest of Jhajjar city. Beri is one of the largest tehsils of Haryana
State including 32 villages. Total cultivated area of Beri is 5, 85,207acres.

Research Objective:
1. To collect agricultural soil sample from different villages of tehsil Beri from Jhajjar.
2. To determine the physiochemical parameters of collected agricultural soil samples.
3. To analyse the physiochemical parameters of collected agricultural soil samples.

Methodology:
The entire study area will be divided into 32 different villages from the block Beri in
District Jhajjar. Total thirty-two soil samples will be collected at depth of 0- 15 cm at
the site. The collected soil samples will be processed and analysed for physiochemical
properties of soil by standard analytical methods.

Importance of Research:
● The data will monitor the soil of the farmers well and will give them a formatted report.
So, they can decide well which crops they should cultivate and which ones they should
skip.
● Farmers can boost the yield of their farm soil based on strategies formulated on the
behalf of these parameters.
● The data will help farmers to identify the soil type and texture of their field area.
● The result of this research helps farmers about amount of soil nutrient is present in their
respective field so that they can apply exact amount of required fertiliser in their field.

3
1
 `

PROJECT DISSERTATION

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for qualifying

MEVP – 011

SUBMITTED BY

DEEPIKA -9728867097
Jangrad30@gmail.com

“Assessment of Soil health of agricultural soil of Jhajjar district, Haryana”

REGIONAL CENTRE – DELHI 1

ENROLMENT NO: 2253053573
SESSION -JULY 2022

UNDER GUIDANCE OF
Dr. Pradeep Kumar

MSCENV: Master of Science (Environmental Science)

School of Interdisciplinary and Trans-disciplinary Studies
2
 INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY
Maidan Garhi, New Delhi – 11006

3
4
5
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost, I humbly and whole heartedly praise the God and
all the comfort of God and give thanks with a grateful heart, who kindly
imbued the energy and enthusiasm through the ramifying path of thick and
thin of my efforts. This is indeed my opportunity to express sincere
gratitude towards all who wished me success and help me pursuit of my
studies.

With the respectability and gratefulness, I express my deep sense of

regard, indebtedness and virtual veneration to my esteemed Supervisor Dr.
Pradeep Kumar for his valuable suggestions and generous guidance during
this Project journey.

I heartfelt and humble thanks to my parents, my husband Mr. Naveen and

a special recognition should always be given to special friend Sonu Kumari,
my brother Mr. Anand for their help and boost me during my Project work.
Lastly, I convey my whole hearted thanks to my well-wishers who
supported and assisted me directly or indirectly.

6
 Abstract
The study was carried out in different villages of block Beri in Jhajjar district in 2024, The prime
objectives of this study were to assess the soil health of agricultural soil. The assessment was
done by analysing various physiochemical properties of soil in different villages of block Beri.
Soil health is important to adopt appropriate managements practices in fields. The objective was
to collect agricultural soil sample from farmer’s field and to analyse the physiochemical
parameters of collected agricultural soil samples at various depth. By analysing the
physiochemical parameters, this research seeks to provide condition of agricultural land in terms
of presence of nutrients and crop specific information by assessing various parameters through
sampled data. The results revealed that the soil texture was sandy loam in experimental sites. The
pH of soil slightly saline ranged in 7.2 to 7.9. Electrical conductivity was suitable for selected
crops which is from 0.24 to 0.75(dS m-1). Organic carbon ranged from low to medium (0.27 to
0.56 kg ha-1). These soils have phosphorous from 26.98 to 47.81 (kg ha-1) in range and potassium
from 210.6 to 270.02 (kg ha-1) available sulphur from 24.56 to 63.25 (ppm). Micronutrients such
as Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe were in range of [(0.65 to 0.81), (3.51 to 5.72), (2.87 to 4.58) and (0.28 to 0.57)
ppm respectively.]

7
 CONTENT

Chapter No. DESCRIPTION Page No.

1 INTRODUCTION 1-6

2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 7-10

3 METHOD & METHODOLOGY 11-17

4 RESULTS & ANALYSIS 18-26

6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 27

REFERENCES

8
 Table Description Page
No no.
1 Details of selected villages with Geographical location for data collection in 13
tehsil Beri
2 Physical Properties of collected soil from Beri 20
3 values of chemical properties of soil sample. 21
4 Descriptive statistical values of chemical properties (Macronutrient) of 23
studied soil.

5 Descriptive statistical values of chemical properties (Micronutrients) of 25

studied soil.

Plate Description Page

No. No.
1 Type Of Soil Structure 3
2 Examples of different soil consistency 4
3 Process of collecting soil samples from field 16
4 Spectrophotometer 17
5 Flame-photometer 17
6 Auto conductivity meter 17
7 Weighing machine 17

Figure Description Page

No.
No.
1 Soil health as a comprehensive expression of various soil properties. 2

2 Illustration of porosity in sand, silt, and clay 4

3 Map highlighting villages surveyed for collection soil samples of tehsil Beri 14

9
1
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1
 Soil is a natural body comprised of solids (minerals and organic matter), liquid, and gases that
occurs on the land surface, occupies space, and is characterised by horizons, or layers, that are
distinguishable from the initial material as a result of additions, losses, transfers, and transformations of
energy and matter or the ability to support rooted plants in a natural environment. . Soil is the most vital
natural resource, can be termed as ‘Soul of Infinite Life’ and it is the exclusive source of infinite living
organisms which supports the life of crop plants as a medium of growth along with providing nutrients,
air and water (Saxena et al., 2021) . Soil health is a comprehensive expression of the relevant soil
physical, chemical, and biological properties (Figure 1).which enable soils to function as a vital living
ecosystem that sustains all life above and underneath the soil surface. Physical properties play an
important role in determining land suitability for agricultural, environmental and engineering uses. The
supporting capability; movement, retention and availability of water and nutrients to plants; ease in
penetration of roots, and flow of heat and air directly associated with physical properties of the soil . It
includes soil texture, bulk density, particle density, porosity, water holding capacity, specific gravity and
soil color (Singh et al., 2020) .Chemical properties of soil are related to properties that directly affect
plant nutrition. Chemical properties includes soil ph, Electrical conductivity, Organic carbon, Organic
matter, Available nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium in soil, secondary nutrients such as Calcium,
Magnesium and Sulphur (Solanki et al., 2012)

Figure1 Soil health as a comprehensive expression of various soil properties

Physical Properties - The plant support, root penetration, drainage, aeration, retention of
moisture, and plant nutrients are linked with the physical condition of the soil. The physical
properties of a soil depend on the amount, size, shape, arrangement and mineral composition of
soil particles.

Soil Structure - Soil structure describes the arrangement and organization of soil particles in
the soil, and the tendency of individual soil particles to bind together in aggregates.

2
Aggregation is important for increasing stability against erosion, for maintaining porosity and
soil water movement, and for improving fertility and carbon sequestration in the soil.

Granular – roughly spherical, like grape nuts. Usually 1-10 mm in diameter.

Platy – flat peds that lie horizontally in the soil. Platy structure can be found in A, B and C
horizons. It commonly occurs in an A horizon as the result of compaction.

Blocky – Size-commonly range from 5-50 mm across. Blocky structures are typical of B
horizons, especially those with a high clay content. They form by repeated expansion and
contraction of clay minerals.

Prismatic – larger, vertically elongated blocks, often with five sides. Sizes are commonly 10-
100mm across. Prismatic structures commonly occur in frangipani.

Columnar – the units are similar to prisms and are bounded by flat or slightly rounded vertical
faces.

Plate1: Type Of Soil Structure

Soil Texture

The particles that make up soil are categorised into three groups by size – sand, silt, and clay.
Sand particles are the largest and clay particles the smallest.

Sand: limited structural development, rapid infiltration, rapid drainage, low water holding
capacity, leaching of minerals and organic material, reduced chemical and biological
processing compared to soils with high clay content.

Silt: poor structural development, moderate infiltration rates, well drained, moderate rates of
chemical and biological processing, easily eroded and compacted.

3
Clay: slow infiltration rates, poorly drained, high water holding capacity, high rates of
chemical processing when not compacted or saturated, easily compacted.

Soil Porosity: The space between soil particles is the pore space. This pore space contains
varying amounts of water and air. Soil porosity depends on soil texture and structure. Soils
with lesser bulk densities have greater porosities. Good porosity is essential to adequate soil
aeration, water drainage and root penetration.

Figure 2 Illustration of porosity in sand, silt, and clay

Soil consistence (plasticity): Soil consistence, and its description, depends on soil moisture
content. Terms commonly used to describe consistence include loose, friable, firm, plastic, soft
and hard.

Plate 2 Examples of different soil consistency

Chemical Properties : Chemical properties reflect the influence between soil solution (soil,
water and nutrients) and exchange sites (clay particles, organic matter); plant health; the
nutritional requirements of plant; and levels of soil contaminants and their availability for
uptake by plants. Soil chemical properties include phosphorus, nitrogen, major cations, trace
metals, cation exchange capacity, electrical conductivity, enzymes, organic matter and carbon,
base saturation, salinity, sodium adsorption ration, and pH.

4
Soil pH : Soil pH refers to the acidity or alkalinity of the soil. It is a measure of the
concentration of free hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions (OH¯) that are in the soil. The total
range of the pH scale is from 0 to 14. Soil pH is neutral when it is 7 and acid when the pH is
less than 7 and alkaline when it is greater than 7. A neutral pH occurs where the hydrogen and
hydroxide (OH¯) concentrations are equal. Soil pH is directly related to base saturation; as base
saturation increases, so dose pH.

Electrical Conductivity : Electrical conductivity (EC) is a measure of the total soluble salt
concentration in a soil (i.e., salinity). Sodium chloride is the most common salt and others
include bicarbonates, sulfates, and carbonates of calcium, potassium, and magnesium. A high
EC value corresponds with high amounts of soluble salts, and vice versa. It is commonly
expressed in units of milliSiemens per meter (mS/m) or deciSiemens per meter (dS/m). Values
greater than 8 dS/m are considered to be moderately saline, while soils greater than 16 dS/m
are considered strongly saline.

Macronutrients: Macronutrients that may be tested in your soil include nitrogen (N),
phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulphur (S), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg). Nitrogen,
phosphorous and potassium are considered “primary” macronutrients, because they are
required in higher quantities than sulphur, calcium and magnesium (“secondary”
macronutrients), and because vines develop nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium deficiencies
more often.

Phosphorus : Phosphorus is a most important element present in every living cell. It is one of
the most important micronutrients essential for plant growth. Phosphorus most often limits
nutrients remains present in plant nuclei and act as an energy storage.

Potassium :Potassium plays an important role in different physiological processes of plants, it

is one of the important elements for the development of the plant It is involved in many plant
metabolism reactions, ranging from lignin and cellulose used for the formation of cellular
structural components, for regulation of photosynthesis and production of plant sugars that are
used for various plant metabolic needs

Micronutrients: Iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), boron (B), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni),
chlorine (Cl), and molybdenum (Mo) may also be listed on a soil test report. Micronutrients are
required by plants in small quantities with the availability directly dependent on the soil pH.

5
Where the pH is high, manganese and zinc are inaccessible to plants since these elements do
not remain in solution. In soils with low pH, boron and zinc shortages may also be expected.

Biological Properties : An incredible diversity of organism’s make-up the soil food web
ranging in size from the tiniest one-celled bacteria, algae, fungi, and protozoa, to the more
complex nematodes and micro-arthropods, to the visible earthworms, insects, and small
vertebrates. While some soil fauna can cause diseases in plants, the vast majority of soil fauna
and flora are critical to soil quality. They affect soil structure and, therefore, soil erosion and
water availability. They can protect plants from pests and diseases and are central to
decomposition and nutrient cycling. The maintenance of this living aspect of the soil is
essential to the maintenance of a healthy field.

Bacteria : Bacteria are the most numerous types of soil organism: every gram of soil contains
at least a million of these tiny one-celled organisms. One of the major benefits bacteria provide
for plants is in making nutrients available to them.

Fungi: Fungi come in many different species, sizes, and shapes in soil. Some species appear as
threadlike colonies, while others are one-celled yeasts. Many fungi aid plants by breaking
down organic matter or by releasing nutrients from soil minerals. Fungi are generally quick to
colonise larger pieces of organic matter and begin the decomposition process. Arbuscular
mycorrhizal fungi are beneficial soil organisms that contribute to many aspects of soil health.
Mycorrhizal fungi form a symbiotic association with plant roots. Symbiosis is a close
association between different species. Mycorrhizal fungi are especially effective in helping
plants acquire phosphorus, a nutrient that is highly immobile in the soil.

Nematodes: Nematodes are abundant in most soils, and only a few species are harmful to
plants. The harmless species eat decaying plant litter, bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, and other
nematodes. Like other soil predators, nematodes speed the rate of nutrient cycling.

Earthworms: Earthworm burrows enhance water infiltration and soil aeration. Fields that are
“tilled” by earthworm tunnelling can absorb water at a rate four to 10 times that of vineyards
lacking worm tunnels. This reduces water runoff, recharges groundwater, and helps store more
soil water for dry periods.

6
 CHAPTER-2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

7
Madasseri et al (2023) reported that Soil health evaluation is the process of analysing the quality and
condition of soil in order to understand its fertility, structure, and overall ability to sustain plant
growth. It entails studying the soil's physical, chemical, and biological qualities in order to evaluate its
health and production. Soil health assessment is critical for sustainable agricultural practices, land
management, and environmental conservation. It entails analysing numerous soil parameters to
determine fertility, nutrient concentration, structure, organic matter content, and biological activity.
The assessment gives useful information about the existing state of the soil and assists in identifying
any restrictions or prospective difficulties that may hinder plant development and agricultural
productivity. It sheds light on the soil's capacity to promote plant development, nutrient cycling, water
retention, and carbon sequestration. Understanding soil health enables farmers and land managers to
decide on the best ways to use the land, how to manage the soil, and whether to use fertilisers or soil
amendments to increase soil fertility and productivity.

Muwel and Mehta (2020) found that the fertility of soil is an important character or the sustainable
agricultural production. A physicochemical characteristic of the soil is very important because it
affected soil productivity. The research provides the insight view about soil quality spectrum along
the physicochemical characteristic which is based on various parameters e.g. pH, Electric
conductivity, texture, moisture, temperature soil organic matter, available nitrogen, phosphorus and
potassium. It provides awareness to farmers and increases their economic productivity in the tribal
area.

The objective of this study was to analyse various soil physicochemical properties. Depth wise
soil samples were collected from three selected farmer ‘s field in Piprola village-of Dadrol block
of Shahjahanpur district. Three different sites were taken in each farmer ‘s field represented three
profile depths viz., 0-15, 15-30 and 30-45 cm, totally 27 samples were collected. The results

8
revealed that the texture was sandy loam, bulk density-ranged from 1 to 1.23 Mg m-3, particle
density from 2 to 2.66 Mg m-3, pore space from 42.52 to 55.19(%), water holding capacity from
54.54 to 78.21 (%) and specific gravity from 2.1 to 4.43. The pH ranged from7.17 to 8.84, E.C.
from 0.15 to0.51(dS m-1).Available nitrogen ranged from 142.16 to 424.39 (kg ha-1),
phosphorous from 20.67 to 41.42 (kg ha-1) and potassium from 62.88 to 108.23 (kg ha-
1).Exchangeable calcium, magnesium ranged from 0.7 to 2.57, 0.2 to 0.82 (cmol (p+) kg-1) and
available sulphur from .03to 11.34 (ppm) providing proper nutrition to the soil to overcome the
pollution effects.(Noman, et al., 2021).

The results showed that the saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) and electrical conductivity (EC) were
highly variable. The other properties were moderately variable, depending on the coefficient of
variation (10% < CV < 100%). The principal component analysis indicated that the first component
was related to compaction processes in the soil (34%), the second included nutrients available to plants
(24%), and the third (13%) was the movement of cations. The more susceptible to degradation
properties included apparent density (Da) and porosity (η), which had normal distribution (P > 0.150).
19% of the evaluated sites had possible soil compaction, with high Da values (> 1.6 g cm -3) and low η
(< 40%). The degradation from salinity was minimal, and only 2.2% of the samples had EC values
greater than 2 dS m−1. 50% of the soils had organic matter levels (MO) greater than 2%. 85.5% had
cation exchange capacity values (CEC) that exceeded 15 cmol (+) Kg, and 42.12% were in the pH
range from 5.5 to 7.0, optimal conditions for crops. The results showed that soil compaction occurred
in some agricultural crops; however, most than 80% of the soils studied had excellent physicochemical
properties (MO, CEC, pH).( Eduardo, et al.,2022)

The findings revealed that soil color varied from dark brown to very dark brown, light brownish grey
to yellowish brown and light yellowish brown to Dark grayish brown. The texture was dominantly
sandy loam. Soil pH varied from 7.02 to 9.22. The Electrical Conductivity ranged from 0.21 to 0.39 dS
m-1 and the maximum value was recorded in Ajeetpura village. The value of total Organic Carbon (%)
was varied from 0.31 to 0.80%. The Available nitrogen content in the soil was varied from 150 to 277
kg ha-1 and nitrogen content was found low in all the entire farmer’s field. The Available Phosphorus
content was found in between 15.20 to 26.35 kg ha - 1. The Available Potassium content in the soil was
varied from 109 to 245 kg ha-1 and the potassium was found medium on the surface horizon and
decreased with increased in soil depths. The Exchangeable Calcium content in the soil varied from
2.45 to 5.70 cmol (p+)kg-1 and was found in the sufficient amount. The amount of Sulphur content in
the varied from 21 to 29 kg ha-1 and was found to be in deficient amount. (Kumari , et al., 2021).

9
The results showed that rural soils were recorded significantly higher mean values of SOC (0.70%), N
(323.01 kg ha-1 ), P2O5 (28.98 kg ha-1 ), K2O (246.16 kg ha-1 ), S (19.32 kg ha-1 ), Zn (0.73 ppm) and
B (0.84 ppm) whereas, urban soils were characterised by higher mean values of soil pH (7.93), EC
(1.33 dS m1 ), exchangeable Ca (12.03 c mol (p+ ) kg-1 ) and Mg (7.70 c mol (p+ ) kg-1 ) and heavy
metals such as Cd (0.088 ppm), Cr (0.086 ppm), Pb (0.065 ppm) and Ni (0.056 ppm).The results of
nutrient index revealed that available nitrogen (1.61 and 1.42) and zinc (1.65 and 1.57) were belongs to
low category of nutrient index in rural and peri-urban, respectively. Urban soils were characterised by
low nutrient index category w.r.t. SOC (1.44), available N (1.25), P2O5 (1.52), K2O (1.50), S (1.56),
Fe (1.50), Mn (1.40), Zn (1.25) and B (1.42). Conclusively, rural soils were recorded higher available
nutrients and microbial activity (Kuntoji,et al., 2021).

Hasan,et al., 2022found in their study that bulk density (1.306mg-3 ), Particle density (2.321mg-3 ),
Pore space (49.24%), WHC (45.76%), pH (1.306), EC (0.355ds m-1 ) Organic Carbon (0.608%)
Nitrogen (325.68kg/ha), phosphorus (24.57kg/ha), Potassium (325.79kg/ha) was found maximum at
the sight of SHUATS, research farm Logra. In terms of EC (0.94 ds m -1), chloride (81.33mg/l),
Hardness of water (377.27), Potassium of water 27.36 mg/l was found maximum at the sight of NTPC
Logra.

10
 CHAPTER-3

MATERIALS AND METHODS

11
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present study entitled “Assessment of soil health of agricultural soil of Jhajjar
district ,Haryana” was carried out during 2024-25 in the agricultural fields of 32 villages of
Block Beri in District Jhajjar, and comprised of lab experiments which was carried out in soil
testing lab of Department of Soil conservation under Department of Agriculture & Farmer
welfare Jhajjar (Haryana) India.
The materials utilised and methodologies adopted during the current studies have been
described in this chapter under suitable headings.

Site Details
Beri is a town and a Municipal committee in the Jhajjar district in Indian state of Haryana. The
city is located 17 kilometres northwest of Jhajjar city and is a trading center. This subdivision
lies between 28.70’ North lattitude and 76.56’ East lattitude. Beri is one of the largest
tehsils of Haryana State including 32 villages. The soils in beri is well drained, with loamy
surface. Paddy is grown in the maximum area, followed by wheat. Other crops of minor
importance are sugarcane, cotton, Mustard etc. The soil is classified as alluvial having sandy
loam texture.

12
To collect agricultural soil sample from different villages of Tehsil Beri in District Jhajjar
of Haryana
Several visits were carried out in farmer’s fields for collecting the agricultural soil samples and
to acquire basic information about the type of soil, condition of soil with respect to plant
growth in Tehsil Beri, Jhajjar district of Haryana.

Table 1: Details of selected villages for data collection in of Tehsil Beri with
Geographical location
Villages Geographical location
Beri Dopana 28.699598,76.563447
Wazirpur 28.679848,76.573343
Gochhi 28.737649,76.592437
Dighal 28.775985,76.628274
Lakaria 28.746318,76.623611
Bhambeva 28.819463,76.648247
Gangtan 28.769068,76.642350
Majra D 28.671683,76.448229
Beri
(Jhajjar
Dubaldhanghikyan 28.685915,76.506491
) Barhana 28.755637,76.665036
Dimana 28.781680,76.682852
Paharipur 28.628203,76.498974
Palra 28.645504,76.533902
Siwana 28.665090,76.445111
Achej 28.616145,76.500401

13
 Godhari 28.604830,76.484740
Beri Bhutiyan 28.711942,76.554354
Beri Khas 28.709684,76.554044
Dubaldhankirman 28.682059,76.467855
Safipur 28.625260,76.466458
Madana 28.717552,76.640442
Mehrana 28.681673,76.660747
Chochi 28.725596,76.679388
Baghpur 28.687681,76.558743
Malikpur 28.637154,76.474105
Mangawas 28.670376,76.541277
Dubaldhan bidhyan 28.685993,76.543213
Chimni 28.730927,76.475585
Dhurana 28.728801,76.513356
Dhandlan 28.753237,76.611199
Chamanpura 28.692290,76.636711
Jahazgarh 28.638704,76.552958

Experimental site

Single Field visit was done in every single village at 2-3 days interval from first fortnight of February2024
to second fortnight of April 2024 in different 32 villages of tehsil Beri of District Jhajjar, Haryana.

14
 Figure 3 -Above map highlighting villages surveyed for collection soil samples of tehsil Beri

Materials required: Depending upon the purpose and precision required, following tools may be
needed for taking soil samples.
1. Spade or auger (screw or tube or post hole type)
2. Khurpi
3. Core sampler
4. Sampling bags
5. Plastic tray or bucket
6. Copying pencil for markings and tags for tying cloth bags.
7. Soil sample information sheet.

Method of Soil Sampling: -In each the village three field was selected randomly for sampling.
Soil samples were collected from each farmer’s field after harvest or before sowing. Five
different sites were retaken in each farmer ‘s field (four corners& one from centre) represented
profile depth via 0-15 cm, totally 96 samples were collected with three samples were taken
from three different fields of each village. At sampling site, soil samples were collected

15
 separately by a random selection from field with help of khurpi, spade, digging bar. Each soil
sample is about 500 gm collected from the 0–15 cm layer (which represented the plough layer).
Mix the sample and transfer to a polytene or cloth bag and label it.

Processing and storage

1.The sample number, village name and killa number was written on every bag and enter it in
the laboratory soil sample register.
2. Dry the sample collected from the field in shade by spreading on a clean sheet of paper after
breaking the large lumps, if present.
3. Spread the soil on a paper or polythene sheet on a hard surface and powder the sample by
breaking the clods to its ultimate soil particle using a wooden mallet.
4. Sieve the soil material through 2 mm sieve.
5. Repeat powdering and sieving until only materials of >2 mm (no soil or clod) is left on the
sieve.
6. Collect the material passing through the sieve and store in a clean glass or plastic container
or polytene bag with proper labeling for laboratory analysis.
7. For the determination of organic matter, to grind a representative sub sample and sieve it
through 0.2 mm sieve.
8. If the samples are meant for the analysis of micronutrients at-most care is needed in handling
the sample to avoid contamination of iron, zinc and copper. Brass sieves
should be avoided and it is better to use stainless steel or polythene materials for collection,
processing and storage of samples.
9.

Physiochemical analysis of soil samples :The processed soil samples were used for
determining the pH, electrical conductivity (EC), available phosphorus, available potassium,
organic carbon (%OC), available S, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu.

Statistical analysis
The data was analysed with the help of Microsoft Excel 2010.

16
 Plate3 Process of collecting soil samples from field

17
Plate4: spectrophotometer Plate 5 flamephotometer

Plate 6 Auto conductivity machine. Plate 7 weighing machine

18
 Chapter 4

RESULT AND ANALYSIS

19
Results & Descriptive analysis of soil samples

Physical Properties of Soil:- The objective behind the analysis of soil sample was to check the soil
health of all villages of Beri for agriculture purpose .Soil physiochemical properties are
determined by various parameters. The observation of these parameters is tabulated in Table
4.1 ,4.2&4.3. The soil texture and bulk density are predominant in determining the soil
health ,movement of air,root penetration ,vertical movement of water and water uptake by plants
etc..The texture of soil was determined by soil textural classes figure which is an indicator of soil
fertility and it showed the sandy loam texture of agricultural soil of Block Beri and and lower
bulk density was noted which shows appreciable amount of organic matter in soil .

Experimental sites Textural classes Bulk density (g/cm3)

Beri Dopana Sandy loam 1.51

Wazirpur Sandy loam 1.48

Gochhi Sandy loam 1.39

Dighal Sandy loam 1.47

Lakaria Sandy loam 1.46

Bhambeva Sandy loam 1.57

Gangtan Sandy loam 1.34

Majra D Sandy loam 1.51

Dubaldhanghikyan Sandy loam 1.53

Barhana Sandy loam 1.41

Dimana Sandy loam 1.48

Paharipur Sandy loam 1.38

20
 Palra Sandy loam 1.29

Siwana Sandy loam 1.42

Achej Sandy loam 1.53

Godhari Sandy loam 1.48

Beri Bhutiyan Sandy loam 1.49

Beri Khas Sandy loam 1.35

Dubaldhankirman Sandy loam 1.27

Safipur Sandy loam 1.46

Madana Sandy loam 1.51

Mehrana Sandy loam 1.29

Chochi Sandy loam 1.41

Baghpur Sandy loam 1.27

Malikpur Sandy loam 1.36

Mangawas Sandy loam 1.39

Dubaldhanbidhyan Sandy loam 1.35

Chimni Sandy loam 1.41

Dhurana Sandy loam 1.49

Dhandlan Sandy loam 1.52

Chamanpura Sandy loam 1.51

Jahazgarh Sandy loam 1.52

Table 2: Physical Properties of collected soil from Beri

Chemical Properties of Soil:- From the Table 4.2 The soil ph is important property of soil
which encourage the plant nutrient accessibility.The ph of various soil samples varies from 7.2
to 7.9 with average value of 7.4. It it is said to be normal to slightly saline soil condition in block

21
beri and this range provides the condition to grow the optimum to slight salinity tolerant crop
plants.The percentage organic matter of soil has great role in soil texture ,plant growth and
contributes to soil Nitrogen ,phosphorus, potassium amount .The measured value of soil organic
carbon was ranging from 0.27% to 0.56% with average value of 0.38% ,organic carbon was
found very low to medium in range. Soil EC relates to the ability of material to conduct electric
current through it. Conductance of soil sample was analyzed and found the values varied from
0.24ds m-1 to 0.75ds m-1with average value of 0.45ds m-1 which was low. Hence suitable
fertilizer should added for optimum yield.

Organic carbon (OC)

Soil pH Conductance(ds m-1)
%

Experimental sites 0-15(depth in cm) 0-15(depth in cm) 0-15(depth in cm)

Beri Dopana 7.5 0.58 0.38

Wazirpur 7.8 0.46 0.32

Gochhi 7.3 0.30 0.31

Dighal 7.6 0.56 0.54

Lakaria 7.8 0.47 0.45

Bhambeva 7.6 0.35 0.3

Gangtan 7.5 0.24 0.46

Majra D 7.4 0.55 0.56

Dubaldhanghikyan 7.4 0.25 0.48

Barhana 7.3 0.59 0.47

Dimana 7.5 0.63 0.45

Paharipur 7.6 0.59 0.35

22
 Palra 7.4 0.66 0.41

Siwana 8.1 0.42 0.34

Achej 7.5 0.38 0.31

Godhari 7.8 0.72 0.33

Beri Bhutiyan 7.4 0.39 0.29

Beri Khas 7.6 0.74 0.27

Dubaldhankirman 7.5 0.35 0.34

Safipur 7.4 0.41 0.37

Madana 7.5 0.37 0.37

Mehrana 7.5 0.75 0.36

Chochi 7.5 0.45 0.34

Baghpur 7.5 0.40 0.34

Malikpur 7.7 0.29 0.37

Mangawas 7.9 0.45 0.41

Dubaldhanbidhyan 8.2 0.64 0.38

Chimni 7.7 0.39 0.46

Dhurana 7.5 0.25 0.33

Dhandlan 7.6 0.30 0.52

Chamanpura 7.7 0.25 0.41

Jahazgarh 7.8 0.24 0.44

Table 3: Assessment values of chemical properties of collected soil

samples.

23
Soil Nutrients:- The macronutrients (N,P,K,S) and micronutrients Zn,Fe,Mn,Cu etc. are very
important for soil because growth of plants depend upon presence of soil nutrients.The
results of soil nutrients are tabulated in Table4&5.

Macronutrients:-

(i) Phosphorus:- After Nitrogen phosphorus is very essential plant nutrient and its availability
required by plants for early plant growth and maturity. The phosphorus concentration ranged in
collected soil sample from 26.98Kg Ha -1 to 47.81 Kg Ha-1with average value of 39.76Kg Ha -1.
The highest amount of phosphorus present in Dhandlan and lowest in Wazirpur among villages
of block Beri. All soil samples recorded high concentration of phosphorus ion in soil samples.
(ii) Potassium :- Potassium is very important plant nutrient.It is involved in plant metabolism
reactions and overall health. Its optimal presence allows to grow plant rapidly without plant
disease. Potassium soil varies from 210.6Kg Ha -1 to 270.02Kg Ha -1 with average value of
245.80 Kg Ha -1. The highest potassium present in village Dubaldhan ghikyan and lowest in
village Chochi. All soil samples recorded medium concentration of potassium ion in soil
samples.

(iii) Sulphur:- Sulphur in soil in all 32 villages varies from 24.569 ppm to 63.25ppm with
average value of 44.44 ppm.The maximum amount of sulphur found in samples collected from
village Majra D and lowest in Dhandlan.

Phosphorous Potassium Sulphar

Experimental sites 0-15(depth in 0-15(depth in 0-15(depth in

cm) cm) cm)

Beri Dopana 29.56 249.55 44.38

Wazirpur 26.98 245.98 43.51

Gochhi 31.29 236.67 39.21

Dighal 35.99 267.07 55.18

Lakaria 28.6 229.81 44.57

24
Bhambeva 29.86 216.62 31.96

Gangtan 27.06 241.07 33.97

Majra D 45.13 228.01 63.25

Dubaldhanghikyan 28.66 270.02 45.23

Barhana 47.02 256.38 45.72

Dimana 42.37 251.43 62.8

Paharipur 38.35 259.28 51.25

Palra 32.76 253.33 47.57

Siwana 47.56 255.97 46.68

Achej 43.73 256.72 48.36

Godhari 35.74 253.85 44.2

Beri Bhutiyan 46.24 250.41 46.79

Beri Khas 41.48 253.75 47.35

Dubaldhankirman 46.26 250.42 45.56

Safipur 45.71 224.56 45.23

Madana 45.65 227.81 45.44

Mehrana 45.72 225.68 45.73

Chochi 39.85 210.6 45.67

Baghpur 46.43 250.82 45.77

Malikpur 46.37 246.76 44.66

Mangawas 37.24 248.29 46.32

Dubaldhanbidhyan 45.51 245.95 44.1

Chimni 35.23 246.43 48.53

Dhurana 52.83 241.37 34.39

25
 Dhandlan 47.81 244.41 24.59

Chamanpura 52.08 259.54 36.39

Jahazgarh 44.4 267.11 51.96

Table 4 Descriptive statistical values of chemical properties (Macronutrient) of studied soil .

Micronutrients :-

Zinc:- The zinc in soil measured with the range 0.65 ppm to 0.81 with average value of 0.
74ppm in collected soil samples .The concentration of Zinc is optimum

Iron:-Fe is very sensitive to oxidation- reduction status of soil. Iron in soil varies from
3.51ppmto 5.72 ppm with average value of 4.8ppm.The soil samples recorded optimum
amount of Fe.

Manganese:- The exchangeable base Manganese in soil varies from 2.87 ppmto 4.58 ppm with
average value of 3.71ppm.

Copper:- Copper in soil varies from 0.28 ppm to 0.57ppm with average value of 0.43 ppm .The
highest amount of copper present in village Dhandlan and lowest in Jahazgarh among
experimental sites.

26
Experimental
Fe Zinc Manganese Copper
sites

0-15 0-15 0-15 0-15

Beri Dopana 5.45 0.73 3.3 0.36

Wazirpur 5 0.67 3.69 0.31

Gochhi 5.72 0.77 4.58 0.33

Dighal 5.57 0.68 3.89 0.37

Lakaria 4.67 0.72 2.87 0.41

Bhambeva 3.51 0.65 3.59 0.47

Gangtan 5.48 0.78 3.02 0.43

Majra D 4.09 0.76 3.45 0.31

Dubaldhanghikyan 4.45 0.72 3.47 0.45

Barhana 4.25 0.71 3.48 0.51

Dimana 4.92 0.76 3.7 16.31

Paharipur 4.54 0.73 4.19 0.49

Palra 4.5 0.81 3.45 0.45

Siwana 5.53 0.77 4.1 0.44

Achhej 5.08 0.8 3.74 0.44

Godhari 4.4 0.8 3.54 0.45

Beri Bhutiyan 5.32 0.74 4.17 0.49

Beri Khas 5.21 0.77 4.12 0.47

Dubaldhankirman 5.42 0.79 3.95 0.5

Safipur 4.93 0.75 3.48 0.46

Madana 4.51 0.77 3.82 0.44

Mehrana 4.67 0.77 3.84 0.43

Chochi 4.84 0.76 3.83 0.42

Baghpur 5.05 0.69 3.94 0.39

27 Malikpur 5.31 0.79 3.82 0.45

Mangawas 5.02 0.76 3.44 0.55

Table 5: Presence of some micronutrients in collected soil samples.

Summary & Conclusion:-

It was concluded that soil parameters studied during the course of investigation
clearly indicated that soil physiochemical properties were ideal for crop growth. The textural
class of soil was sandy loam in nature. The pH of soil is saline in nature and the Electrical
conductivity was suitable for selected crops. Organic carbon is low in range . These soils
have medium to high Phosphorus content in all villages. Phosphorus content is high in all
sites. Potassium is medium in all sites. All the micronutrients were in sufficiently present in
selected villages. The major reason for the lacking of nutrients is leaching due to higher
amount of precipitation in the area, nutrient uptake by plants and inappropriate
management practices. It suggest that still improvement can be done by
improving cropping pattern , decomposition of organic waste, mulching, tillage
practices and proper irrigation by management practices with knowledge and
experience gained through studies and suggest the farmers to achieve quality
produce and high yield through Soil Health Card report as well as practices soil
conservation. The results provides awareness to farmers and increases their economic
productivity in the rural area.

28
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2. G Tewari, D Khati, LRana, P Yadav, C Pande, S Bhatt, V Kumar, N Joshi et al.

Assessment of Physicochemical Properties of Soils from different land use systems in
Uttrakhand, India. . Journal of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Research Vol. 3,
No. 11, 2016, pp. 1114-1118 .

3. C Alekhya, NSwaroop, T Thomas, A Singh. Assessment of Physiochemical Properties

of Soil from Different Blocks of West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Indian
Journal of plant and Soil Science. 2023 - Volume 35, Issue 16, Page1-11.

4. Muwel SL and Mehta SC. Assessment of physicochemical Characteristics of the Soil of

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