Crop cultivation practices for major fruit crops

(Banana,, Mango, Citrus and Pomegranate)

(Banana
with special emphasis on nutrient management

Vishaw Bandhu Patel

Assistant Director General (Fruits and Plantation Crops), ICAR
Vishaw.patel@icar.org.in
 Ve
Fruits (Tropical, subtropical and Temperate)
Plantatio
n Crops
Horticultural
Medicina
l and Science
Aromatic
crops Division
Mushrooms Flowers
Spices and
ornamental
plants

Honey
 सं थान
आईआईएचआर, बगलु
आईआईवीआर, वाराणसी
AR- Horticultural Science Division आईआईएसआर, कालीकट
सीआईएसएच, लखनऊ
सीआईट एच, ीनगर
सीआईएएच, बीकानेर
सीट सीआरआई, व म
सीपीआरआई, िशमला
सीपीसीआरआई, कासरगोड
सीआईएआरआई, ी वजयपुरम
आईआईओपीआर, पेदावेगी
सीसीआरआई, नागपुर

• 12 Institutes अनुसंधान िनदे शालय

• 5 Directorates औषधीय एवं सुगंिधत पौधे, आ

मश म, सोलन

• 6 National Research Centre काजू, पु रू

फूल, पुणे

• 11 AICRPs याज एवं लहसुन, राजगु नगर

रा ीय अनुसंधान क
• 1 Network Project एनआरसी अंगूर, पुणे
एनआरसी केला, ची
एनआरसी लीची, मुज फरप
एनआरसी बीज मसाले, अज
एनआरसी ऑ कड, पकय ग
एनआरसी अनार, सोलापुर
 an Horticulture –Heralding
Heralding Golden Revolution
Horticultural Productions increased 14 times from 25
25.0 million tons (1950-51) to 368 million tons (20

368

243.5

130.0

96.8
76.6

25.0

950-51 1987-1988 1992-1993 2002-2003 2012-2013 2022-2023

Year
 Target @2047
@

Metrics Current Target @ Target @

Status 2030 2047
Productivity (MT/ha) 12.00 15.1 20.2
Post-Harvest Loss (% GDP) ~15% <12% <5%
Processing 3% >7% >20%
GVA Share (from Hort) 33% 33% 50%
 Production target in horticultural crops
culars Area (00,00,000 hs) Production Productivity (tons/ha)
(00,00,000 tons)
Current Target Current Target Current targ
(2047) (2047) (20

ts 7.13 8.7 112.29 244.00 15.42 18.

etables 11.23 13.95 141.20 405.00 18.45 29.
wers 0.316 1.15 3.50 16.25 11.15 14.
ntation crops 4.45 7.1 17.6 30.00 3.96 4.2
es 5.03 5.8 12.4 25.00 2.48 4.3
dicinal and 0.93 1.14 0.73 2.10 0.8 1.8
matic Crops
shroom - - 0.4 2.00 25 Kg/Q Substrate 30 K
Subs
ney - - 0.146 0.65 -
al योग 29.58 35.84 354.7 725.00 11.99 20.
ndia's position in horticulture at the global level

Production Major fruit export destinations from India

Netherlands: 35.2% share

Total: INR 2,491.5 crore
Grapes UAE: 13.7% share
a Pomegranate Mango Total: INR 1,422.7 crore
Mango

c Okra Papaya Iran: 34% share

Total: INR 1,198 crore
Banana
Bangladesh: 91.2% sha
Total: INR 406.2 crore

Orange
Tomato Onion Bangladesh: 41% share
Total: INR 688.8 crore
Pomegranate
wer Brinjal Cabbage
Source: Tradestat, Ministry of Commerce and Industry
Mango
 Status of Mango Production & Export
dia exported 22963.76 MT of fresh Mangoes to the world for the worth
Rs. 378.49 crores (48.53 US$ Millions) during 2022-23 to United Arab
mts, UK, USA, Qatar, Kuwait etc.
mongst the new varieties, area `under these two varieties is ≈ 2,09,000
in 17 states and has spread to neighbouring countries (Bangladesh
Nepal)
oth are regular bearer and suitable for High Density Planting giving
gher productivity (16.0 to 22.0 t/ha) against traditional varieties (8-10
ha)
xcellent fruit quality, rich in β-carotene content, suitable for fresh
nsumption, processing and export.
xported to Dubai, Hong Kong, Singapore, U.S.A, U.K., Australia, New
aland etc. through APEDA.
 ICAR Developed Mango Varieties Suitable for Export

runima Pus
Pusa Lalima Pusa Shreshth Pusa Peetamber Pusa Pratibha Pusa Surya Pusa Deepshikha

mbika Arunika Arka Suprabhat Arka Udaya

Awadh Abhaya,
Abhaya Awadh Samridhi
 Promising varieties of fruits

Characters Variety
Extra early colour variety with quality fruit Arka Neelachal Kesari

Early, moderate yield with good fruit quality Alphosno, Himsagar, Bombay
Green, Baganapalli
Mid-season,
season, moderate yield with good fruit quality Dashehari, Langra

Prolific bearer with good fruit quality Amrapali, Mallika, Chausa

March April May June July August

Extra early
Early
Mid
Late
 High Density Planting
gh density planting is a system wherein higher number of plants is accommodated
thin a unit area in order to increase productivity by efficient utilization of
sources.

ant density may be increased by 4 to 16 times than conventional planting system

00 plants/ha) which provides an opportunity for increasing productivity.
productivity

Y-shaped trellis
Spacing Plant density/ha

6m x 7m 238
5m x 5m 400
3m x 4m 833
3m x 2m 1666

Espalier system
 Annual pruning of bearing
plant is mandatory

Training and pruning under HDP

 Judicious use of paclobutrazol in mango
Soil application of paclobutrazol @ 0.25 a. i. per meter canopy during
mid September has been standardized in mango to induce flowering.
Nutrient Management
Phenology : study of growth event of a tree
Growth draws heavily on
• Carbohydrate reserves and
• Current photosynthesis
Nutrition, water, pruning, bioregulators,
bioregulators pests and diseases –all affect
growth
Use Phenology for fine tune management
Typical Annual Phenological event and mango
phenology
Leaf and root
flushes
Dormancy
Flowering and
leaf flushes
Pollination and
fruit set
Fruit growth
Fruit harvest
trient management
nutrients are important
Typical: Nitrogen, potassium, Calcium and
Boron
ess N and wrong time
Early fruit set , direct Ca from fruit to leaves
Lower K concentration
Green ripe, softer fruit
ef:
Poor vegetative and reproductive growth
ncreased fruit drop
Reduction in fruit size
 Internal breakdown–
breakdown Mango

Jelly seed Stem end cavity Soft nose

Spongy tissue
 Fruit Pitting disorder – Mango

 Small sunken pits develop on the

peel of developing fruit
 Pits increase in size as the fruit
increases in size.
 Unattractive and unhealthy look of
the fruit
 13% mango fruit affected by this
disorder

Deficiency of Ca and B are responsible for fruit pitting (Sharma

and Singh, 2009).
(Sharma, 2006)
 Stem end blackening – Mango

 Initial symptom- very light brown area

surrounding the stem-end of fruit.
fruit
 Symptoms increase in size and become
more prominent with ripening
 Easily confused with the stem-end
end rot
 However unlike stem-end rot, this
disorder does not spread downward or
form watery soft pulp
 Affected cultivars- Zarda, Sheetal
Pasand and Gaurjeet

(Patel et al., 2013)

Mg deficiency
Zn Deficiency
Fe Deficiency
 Nutrient Deficiency or Toxicity?
 Symptoms restricted initially to a single leaf-age class (young,
old or intermediate aged leaves)
 Symmetrical symptom pattern
 Leaf patterns rarely blocky or angular
 Gradual changes in leaf colour, no sudden death
 No unusual damage to the leaf surface

Toxicity…?

 Burnt or necrotic tissue in old or mature leaves

 Toxicity mostly appear suddenly and rapidly worsen with time
 Nutrient management

Critical stages
Vegetative growth (July - August)
Flower induction (Nov - December)
Fruit development (March - April)
Nutrient management
Five-year-old - FYM – 20 kg; N – 400g; P – 250g; K – 500g/plant
Ten-year-old - FYM – 40 kg; N – 800g; P – 500g; K – 1.0kg/plant
High density FYM – 20 kg; N – 200g; P – 125g; K 250g/plant

Application method
July – Augt. - Full dose of P + half dose of N and K should be applied.
Nov. – Dec. – Full dose of FYM + Half dose of N + 1/4th K + Spray of Boron & Zn @ 0.2%
March - 1/4th K + Spay of Fasal Prabhat @ 0.5%

Nutrient can also be applied through fertigation using water soluble fertilizers
(N19:P19:K19 or N20:P20:K20) during July – November at an interval of 3-4 weeks.

Nutrient use efficiency – 68 kg fruit/kg nutrient application

For effective and remunerative Mango
Reduce biotic and abiotic stress
• Key times of flowering , fruit set and development
• Nutrient, irrigation and pest-disease
disease management
Ensure dormancy period
• 2 month during winter
• Flushes getting ready for flower emergence
Strong post harvest growth flush
• Protect and feed this flush
 Water management

Water application criteria – Evapotranspiration (ET) and soil moisture

tension (sensor)
Critical stage – Fruit set and fruit development

Irrigation method - Ring method and drip irrigation

Optimum soil moisture - 20-25% (Field capacity)
Water should be applied in the ring at an interval of three weeks.
3-4 irrigations are needed during fruit development.
development
Mulching of basin is essential for high water use efficiency.
efficiency
Frequency of irrigation will be more if sand content is high in the soil.
Avoid irrigation during December - February
Water requirement
≥ 20 years under low density - 700-800 litre/irrigation/tree
≥ 10 years under high density – 300-400 litres/irrigation/tree

Soil moisture sensor - Optimum soil moisture tension - 10-30 kPa

High density
Drip irrigation - Application of 8-10
10 litre water/day between March to May
 Pre-harvest
harvest bagging

Two varieties - Dashehari and Amrapali

Four bagging material – Brown bag, white bag,
black bag and blue bag
Time of bagging - 4 and 6 week after fruit set

Maximum fruit firmness of mature and ripe

fruit (54.52 and 21.93N) was recorded in
Double layer Brown/black
Maximum peel colour value (mature & ripe )
was recorded with brown bag (L-52.75, a--
2.05, b-37.33)
Bagged - High N & K content but low Ca

Minimum SSC (19.65OB) and minimum acidity

was estimated under control followed by
Brown bag Minimum.
Total carotenoid content in unbagged fruit
(112 µg/g) was relatively higher.
Cost of bagging – Rs. 8-9/kg
Price difference – Rs. 35-40/kg
Brown colour bag
Unbagged
 Dashehri- Jelly seed management

Thermal time
1950 DD

Mature fruit (81-83)

(81 No jelly seed

Full bloom – stage -65

Thermal time
2050 DD

Mature fruit (85) High incidence of jelly

seed
 Mango rejuvenation
Criteria for senile orchards?

• Reduced fruit bearing area

• Low foliage/wood ratio

• Age >40 years

• Yield significantly reduced – 50%

• Reduction in fruit size

• High diseases and pest incidence

 Rejuvenation of elderly mango trees

Time of rejuvenation It is preferred after monsoon.

(1st year) October is considered as optimum time for rejuvenation
Level of head back Tertiary branch by keeping lower shoots intact
Pruning height 14-16 feet from ground
Post-pruning operation Application of Copper fungicide on pruned branch
Pruned branch may be covered with polythene
Disposal of branches Rejuvenation in October
Nutrient management FYM – 40-50 kg; N – 800g; P – 500g;
500 K – 1.0kg/plant at an
interval of six month
Water management Water should be applied in the ring at an interval of 2-3
weeks.
Basin should be mulched with grass or polythene
Flower inducer Application of paclobutrazol in October (@ 2.5 – 3.0
(2nd year) ml/m canopy), if pruned tree has sufficient leaves
Flowering after 16 months
Pest management  As suggested for vegetative stage for ensuring better
growth.
 As suggested for pre-flowering
flowering and flowering stage.
 Regular monitoring and management of trunk borer
infestation.
Bagging of fruits  Fruit should be bagged at lemon stage (5-6 weeks
after fruit set)
Yield realization 2nd year Average fruit yield – 70 kg/tree
Harvesting after 20 months
 Fruit bagging
Fruit Bagging in mango is an effective orchard practice where individual fruits are covered
using double layer paper bags. This technique is especially useful for export-oriented
production to improve fruit quality, reduce pesticide use, and minimize weather extremes.

Bagging material:

Non-colour variety - Double layer brown paper bag

Colour variety – White paper bag

Time of bagging - 4-5-6 week after fruit set.

Cost of bagging – Rs. 12-14/kg

Price difference – Rs. 35-40 /kg

 Pest management schedule
Major pest - Leaf webber,, Hopper, Thrips, Semilooper Disease – Blight, Anthacnose Shoulder browning

Growth stage Month Major pest Management

Vegetative August - Leaf eating caterpillar
October Leaf webber Lamda cyhalothrin 5% EC (1 ml/L)
Hopper Imidacloprid 17.8%SL (0.3 ml/ L)
Pre-flowering November -
Mealy bug Tree banding – ICAR-CISH
December
Blossom blight Tebuconazole 50+ trifloxystrobin 25% WG
(0.75 g/L)
Hopper Thiamethoxam 25% WG (0.3 g/L
Flowering January - Thrips
March Flower midge
Powdery mildew Hexaconazole 5% SC (1 ml/L)

Thrips Imidacloprid 17.8%SL (0.3 ml/ L)

Fruit development April - May
Semi-looper Fruit bagging or Lamda cyhalothrin 5% EC
fruit borer (1 ml/L)
Anthracnose Carbendazim + mancozeb(1.5 g/L)

Fruit fly Methyl eugenol based trap @ 10/ha

Fruit maturation June -July Sooty mould/blotch Copper oxy-chloride 50% WG @ 2.4g/L
Any stage Round the Wilt Soil drenching of Thiophanate methyl
year 70WP as per the size of tree.
Trunk borer Regular monitoring and management
Pomegranate
 Major Pomegranate Growing States in India
2005-06 Maharashtra, Karnataka and
dhra Pradesh were major
megranate growing areas

2021 it has spread all over India

ept Eastern states.

ssa, Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Punjab,

ryana, Uttar Pradesh and
arakhand also started pomegranate Solapur
GI Tag
tivation since last 5 to 8 years

India, pomegranate is distributed over

8 lakh of area with 31.00 lakh MT of
al production (DAC & FW, 2023)
 Growth of Pomegranate in India
6 Var. GBG-11 released by GS Cheema; later named Ganesh (1st
ular Commercial var.) in 1970
6: Started gaining importance in India
0-91: Maharashtra (India) alone grew pomegranate in 4.5
usand ha
0: Pomegranates widely available across the globe
Solapur Pomegra
3-04: The present popular variety ‘Bhagawa
Bhagawa’ released Got GEOGRAP
INDICATION (GI
February 2016 be
6: GI for Solapur pomegranate highest yield,
fruit quality -red
7 - 2021: The first bio-fortified variety, ‘Solapur Lal’ and sweet bold r
soft seeded arils.
3-24: Processable ‘Solapur anardana’;
’; Farmers variety ‘Sharad
‘
g’ & ‘Solapur Taporatna’;
’; ornamental Yellow nana
ptable to wide range of soil (LCC IV & above and marginal lands) and climate condit
(Subtropical to tropical regions and 1600 – 3300 m above msl)
Management strategies for different Soil Types under pomegranate

Vertic Ustochrept Udic Haplustert

Clay Clay
Very deep, clayey black soils
40 cm Clayey, shallow black soils Clay
Very high water and nutrient
Clay Better vegetative growth Clay 100cm holding capacity
Good soils for pomegranate Very good vegetative growth of
Cultivation the plants
High buffering capacity
Weathered rock
Weathered rock

Soil Suitability M

textured shallow soils :

oor water and nutrient holding capacity
Limited rooting depth, excessive drainage, Poor vegetative growth leads to less yield
Low buffering capacity and susceptible to sudden changes in climatic condition adversely affecting plant perfor
y textured deep soils :
Waterlogging, poor drainage conditions
Humid microclimate - infestation and spread of pests and diseases
Adverse effect on induction of flowering, leading to less yield
Different methods of plantation on marginal land

it method of
lanation
or stony, very
hallow light
xtured soils

ench method of
anation
r very shallow
ht textured soils
slopy lands
 Varieties developed by NRCP
eveloped:
ers varieties
• Sharad King - Framers variety PPV&FRA Registered in 2023 through DUS Centre
• Solapur Taporatna - Early maturing type : 125-130 days
d varieties by NRCP : PPV&FRA registered 2023

Yellow
Nana
(Ornamental)

Solapur Lal
Solapur Anardana

NRCP H -4
Processable variety, TA
5.6%

NRCP H -14
Table purpose, TSS 17.8,

Sharad King – Farmers Variety Solapur Tap

opular Commercial Pomegranate Varieties (Indi

Bhagawa Ganesh

Solapur Lal

Ruby
Dholka

Phule Araktaa Jallore Seedless Solapur Lal

sue Culture plants with three promising bioprimers (Aspergillus niger strain AN27
Rhizophagus irregularis + Penicillium pinophilum )
• Better tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses
• Efficient nutrient absorption
• Ideal planting material for climate resilient horticulture

Bio hardening of stem cuttings

dening of invitro plantlets

 Farmers friendly technologies for pomegranate

Bedding system of cultivation - use Nutrient supplementation organics Deficiency symptoms increased NUE by 35 %
marginal soils

Double lateral with 6 dripper irrigation – 40% Slurry method of organic application
Ring method of irrigation
water saving increased efficiency by 70%

Novel bio-formulation for K & P

Penicilium Pinophilum 70% Production in marginal lands High density plantation
 Bedding / Broad bed and furrows system of plantation

e mound system for seasonal

waterlogged soils Broad beds 0.60 m wide from the stem, 0.30 cm below ground surface and 0.30 m above ground su

Bed of 2 m wide and 0.45 m height with sloping sides down on both ends.
 Nutrient management in fruit crops
crops are quite different from seasonal crops in their nutrient require
o their
ennial nature, explore much larger soil volume, size, population density
rowth and rooting pattern.
unk and branches act as a reservoir that buffers nutrients required b
eds of shoot

iples of nutrition
w the nutrients acquired by the plants
y are they needed, what are their function and how do they move in the p
w much, when and where are they required
sual analysis
ifferent macro & micro nutrient deficiency symptom
Different macro-nutrient
nutrient deficiency symptoms

Nitrogen Phosphorus

Potassium Calcium

Magnesium Sulphur
Different micro-nutrient
nutrient deficiency symptoms

Copper Iron

Zinc Molybdenum
 Soil nutritional standards for general crops
Soil properties Low Medium High General dose of
fertilizer (kg/ha)
pH < 6.0 6.0
6.0-7.0 > 7.0 --
EC (dS/m) < 2.0 2.0 > 2.0 --
Organic carbon (%) < 0.5 0.50
0.50-0.75 > 0.75 --
Available N (kg/ha) < 280 280
280-560 > 560 --
Available P2O5 (kg/ha) < 28 28
28-56 > 56 --
Available K 2O (kg/ha) < 140 140
140-280 > 280 --
Available S (ppm) < 10 10
10-20 > 20 --
Available Zn (ppm) < 0.5 0.5
0.5-1.0 > 1.0 20-40
Available Fe (ppm) < 5.0 5.0
5.0-10.0 > 10.0 20-25
Available Cu (ppm) < 0.2 0.2
0.2-0.4 > 0.4 5-10
Available Mn (ppm) < 5.0 5-10 > 10.0 10-25
Available Mo (ppm) < 0.05 0.05
0.05-0.10 > 0.1 50-100 g/ha
Available B (ppm) < 0.10 0.1
0.1-0.5 > 0.5 5-10
 Soil fertility norms for pomegranate
Soil fertility parameters Content/status in soil Target yield
(t/ha)
pH 8.2-8.6 15.6-18.8
EC (dSm-1) 0.08-0.31
Available N (mg kg-1) 44-103
Available P (mg kg-1) 10.7-20.7
Available K (mg kg-1) 73-115
Available Mg (mg kg-1) 205-602
DTPA extractable Fe (mg kg-1) 0.25-0.70
DTPA extractable Mn (mg kg-1) 0.53-1.64
DTPA extractable Zn (mg kg-1) 0.29-1.09
DTPA extractable Cu (mg kg-1) 0.85-1.91
 Nutrient management
Nitrogen and Phosphorus play important role in producing vigor flower
Macro element During rest period 0-60 days after 120-180 days
(g /plant) flowering after flowering
Nitrogen 270 95 260
(Urea 585g) (AS 350g) (urea 565g)

Phosphorus 65 65 120
(SSP 410g) (DAP 142g) (0-52-34: 230g)

Potassium 203 115 182

(MOP 340g) (0-0-50: 230g) (0-0-50: 85g)

Calcium At release of stress 200 112

488 (Gypsum 2.7 kg) (Gypsum 1.1 kg) (Gypsum 620g/ CN 600

Magnesium At release of stress 30 40

80 (MS 800g) (MS 300g) (MS 400g)

Nutrient dose per plant per year : 30 kg FYM, 625 g N, 250 g P & 500 g K
 When are the nutrients required?
ents have different functions and is required during different times of the season

common periods for fertilizer applications are:

are
 After harvest
 Building of reserves
 Extremely important period for growth of next season
 After bud break
 Only if plant has poor growth or no irrigation was available during the after h
period
 Risk of too much vigour can result in poor fruit set (low yield)
 After fruit set
 Very active period of fruit growth (cell division)
 Important for large fruit size
 High requirement period

ro elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) should be applied to the soil for uptake by roots espe
ng periods of active root growth
lications must be done with irrigation to ensure infiltration to the root zone
ro elements (B, Zn, Mn, Cu, Fe etc) is required in small amounts and can be applied th
ar sprays through the growing season
 Nutrient interactions
ss P creates deficiencies of Zn and Fe.
ss K interferes with Ca and Mg uptake.
uptake
ss Ca interferes with uptake of Mg and K.
ss Mg interferes with Ca and K uptake.
uptake
ss S causes premature dropping of leave
e K deficiency plants have hard time absorbing boron.
ss Cu is extremely dangerous to plants.
plants Develop iron chlorosis, stunted growth &
development.
ssive Mn interferes with plant absorption of Zn and Fe, slows plant growth, causes brown s
encircled by chlorotic circles, on older leaves.
uptake of Fe adversely affected by high levels of available P, Mn and Zn in soils.

ss Zn can cause iron deficiencies.. It can cause plant death.

bdenum is rarely Often occurs when S and P deficient.

ent in plants

nce, is necessary to supply balanced and timely application of nutrients as per the plant requireme
Scientific methods of manure and fertilizer application

 Application of organic manures in slurry / liquid form :

manure + water in 1:10 ratio, kept for 10 to 15 days with int
stirring)

 In light textured soils, slurry reached to active root zone al

percolating water, thereby, improving soil physical conditions,
microbial activities and nutrient availability to the plants

 Only apply well decomposed organic matter

 Can add micronutrients and microbial inoculants

 TIME OF GROWTH STAGES

Flowering Harvesting
Crop Rest period
(45 days)
Induction Crop after
(after 30 days) (135-150 days)

November & December & July &

Ambe bahar
December January August

December to October &

Mrig bahar May & June
April November

August & February &

Hasta bahar October
September March
 Training
cutting of the plant adopted during initial stage of plant development so
p proper canopy and frame to the plant.

Multi stem
• Good plant appearance
Stem
• Provide more plant canopy to b
dency to produce ground suckers makes plant bushy fruits.
cult to train the tree. • If 1 or 2 stems attacked by stem
hly susceptible to stem borer remaining stems will continue.
• Require less frequent care duri
conomical for commercial cultivation
pruning
 Flower Regulation
Rest + Stress period of 3-4 months mandatory
ake only one Bahar in a year

Bahar Flower Harvesting Advantages

Initiation Months
Months
mbe January - June – August RECOMMENDED in areas where sp
February flowering is only option due to heavy rain
temperate regions where winter dormanc
observed

g June – July November – Assured rainfall but more prone to diseases

January NOT RECOMMENDED if orchard is seve
affected by blight

sta September- February - April Less diseases and insect pests

October RECOMMENDED if orchard is severely
affected by blight and areas where rain sto
early
 How to Initiate Flowering

rce plant into rest by giving stress before flower initiation

p irrigation 1-2
2 months before flowering
foliate using 1.0 to 2.0 ml ethrel/l
ethrel + 5 g DAP/0:52:34 spray
ne the plant
e normal irrigation 3-4 4 days later

TREE PRODUCES NEW FLUSH.

High Density Planting in Pomegranate

 Spacing detai
 4.5 x 3.0
 3.6 x 2.5
 3.6 x 2.0
 3.6 x 1.5
 3.6 x 1.0
 vel potassium solubilizing carrier based bio-formulation
bio Penicillium pinophilu
MCC0114 fungi
fungal strain Penicillium pinophilum (NFCCI 2498 later on known as MCC 0114
isolated from the pomegranate rhizosphere in semi-arid ecosystem and characterized at ge
ies level based on morphology and molecular studies.
bilize potassium as well as phosphorus in the soil.
s of central India are rich in insoluble sources of potassium and this bio-formulation has
upplement >40% requirement of potassic fertilizers.
fertilizers Integrated use of this bio-formulatio
unction with insoluble mineral source at the rate of 20 g K2O tree−1 can completely fu
ssium requirement of pomegranate plant.
lity economic yield increased by 24.0 percent.
percent

Application for patent in the Indian Patent Office has been filed
6
 NRCP Technology Demonstration Block
than 3000 stakeholders has been trained, all training programs, farmers visit, extension programs st
educational tours in this block only
One lateral, 2 online dripper & 2 using micro tubes 2 dripper one lateral system

Inline lateral encircling the plant Placement of two laterals on both side of the
plant having 6 drippers of 2 lph.
 Protected Cultivation: Under present environmental changes
otection against Hail Storm, Heat and Unseasonal rain-
rain that lead to loss due to several diseases and

otective covering with MS framework for one acre approximately 5-7

5 lakhs. These are removable i
Banana
उ च उ पादकता व उ म गुणव ा के िलए फल क म/ संकर- केल

कावेर कंचन कावेर वामन

च कैरोट न (10-40 गुना अिधक) बौना उ प रवत कावेर क क
बौना
 Kaveri Kalki - A new dwarf banana variety

• Exotic introduction belonging to Pisang Awak Subgroup

• Plant is dwarf statured with 2-2.4m
2.4m height with about 90 cm circumference at the base
• Plant stature is robust and sturdy with short leaves and suitable for high density planting
• Crop duration: 12 months; suitable for annual cropping system
• It needs no propping, so the cultivation cost is reduced by 10 to 15 %
 New Generation Tissue Culture System

Culture system – Shoot tips

and Embryogenic cell
suspension

Duration - 120 days

roduction cost - Rs. 0.50/ Plantlet

Reduced manpower requirement

A B
 High density planting technology

Paired row planting

has a remarkable impact in promoting banana production and saving

water and nutrients.
gh density planting combined with drip and weekly fertigation
hniques resulted in better input use efficiency and saving of 30-40%
gation water and 25% fertilizers as compared to conventional method.
hnology Spread: 50,000 Ha Two Suckers per pit
Banana Virus indexing technology-ICAR-NRCB
technology

 Developed indigenous diagnostic kit at

ICAR
ICAR-NRCB: ELISA, LFIA & PCR-based
 No of Clients: 93 TCPU
 Value of commercialization:785.41 lakhs
 No..of plants certified: 300 Million
 No.. of samples tested: 2.5 lakh
 Nutrient uptake by Banana (from one hectare)

125 kg
227 kg
Mg
73 kg S Secondary Nutrients
Ca

12 kg Mn
388 kg N

6 kg Fe

52 kg
P
4.7 kg Zn

1500 kg K
1.27 kg B

0.37 kg Cu

Primary Nutrients
 Fertilizer Tailoring Equations for Grand Naine

• FN = 8.80 T – 0.73 SN – 0.32 ON

• FP = 0.84 T – 0.77 SP – 0.37 OP
• FK = 11.21 T – 0.44 SK – 0.39 OK

where, T is yield target (t/ha), FN, FP & FK are NPK requirement through fertilizer (kg/ha
SN, SP & SK are NPK available in the soil (kg/ha) and ON, OP & OK are NPK requiremen
through organic manure (kg/ha).
 Fertigation schedule for Robusta (TC) and Grand Naine (TC) bananas (1200 plants/ac)

Days after Urea Super Muriate of Potash (KCl) Water

Planting phosphate* Requirement
(lit./plant/day)
Daily (kg) Total (kg) Total (kg) Daily (kg) Total (kg)

30-75 (45 days) 300.000

000
0.600 27.000 0.900 40.500 4
75-120 (45 days) -
1.200 54.000 1.500 67.500 8
120-165 (45 days) -
2.400 108.000 3.600 162.000 12
165-210 (45 days) -
3.000 135.000 4.800 216.000 16
210-255 (45 days) -
2.700 121.500 3.600 162.000 20
255-270 (15 days) -
2.400 36.000 3.000 135.000 24
Total 481.500 300.00
00 783.000

* Soil application of Super Phosphate @ 250g/

Bunch spray of 2% potassium sulphate

After male flower bud removal, give bunch spray of 2% potassium

sulphate two times at 15 day intervals
Orchard Efficiency Analysis
A Diagnosis Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) chart has been developed for
monitoring the status of N, P and K in ‘Nendran
Nendran’ banana by developing norms of DRIS
(Jeyabaskaran et al., 2005). The DRIS norms developed were further evaluated in soils of
different N, P and K status such as low, medium and high in a 33 factorial analysis. The DRIS
indices calculated in the (H,H,H) combination of soil NPK were 0, 0, -0.2, giving an equal
limiting importance of NPK, N=P=K and this combination recorded the highest Nendran
bunch weight of 14.2 kg/plant. The DRIS norms developed in the present study were found to
be reliable.

Leaf nutrient DRIS norms

have been standardized for 2
other varieties under
Bangalore conditions by
Anjaneyulu and Raghupathi
(2007) and Raghupathi and
Anjaneyulu (2007).

The values for N/P, N/K and K/P at the intersection

point are 6.13, 0.80 and 7.67 respectively.
 Banana Shakti - Micro-nutrient
nutrient mixture

The micronutrient contains, Iron : 4.75%; Zinc: 5.25

25%; Boron: 2.50%; Manganese: 4.50%; Copper:
2.40%
It corrects the micronutrient deficiency and increases the ‘use efficiency’ of primary and secondary
macronutrients in banana crop, thereby increases the productivity by 15 - 20 % and enhances the
quality in all varieties
Commercialized to 2 KVKs / 2 Government agencies / 1 private company
Technology spread: more than 20000 ha and additional income of 20 crores
A PROTOCOL: INDIAN BANANA CLEARS STRINGENT EUROPEAN MARKET QUALITY STANDA

ICAR NRCB Initiates and Succeeds under PPP Mode with APEDA & FPOs

• EUROPE Tastes Indian ‘Grand Naine’

Naine & GULF countries and England Tastes ‘Nendran’ Bananas
• First Time in Indian History: 20 tons of Grand Naine Bananas Sailed to Italy
• Consultancy projects with APEDA, VFPCK & TNBGF- 17 Lakhs for consultancy charges
• Reduction in fright charge & 30 crores savings in transport
• Export jumped to 1000 crores from 370 crores in five years
 ICAR - NRCB bioagents for controlling fusarium wilt (Race 1 and TR4) in banana

Bioagents untreated

Bioagents applied

Biopriming of banana plants and soil application with Trichoderma asperellum NRCB3 + Bacillus flexus Tvpr1 eff
controls the fusarium wilt.
Citrus Production Technology
 Status of Citrus Sector in India

 Third most important fruit crop after Mandarins Sweet

mango and banana. Orange

 Third largest citrus producer in the world

 The area and production of citrus during
2020-21 was 10.9 lakh ha and 142.6 lakh
tonnes, respectively.

Limes & Other

Lemons Citrus

 29% and 54% increase in export quantity

and value since 2019-20.

Top Ten Citrus Producing States in India

 Challenges faced by citrus sector in India

Technological Challenge : Limited availability of disease-free planting

materials, Lack of location specific POPs, lack of
knowledge on recent technologies and Inadequate
post-harvest
harvest management.

Ecological Challenge : Drought, extreme summer temperature, unseasonal

rainfall, problem soils, and pest and diseases

Economic Challenge : Less purchase capacity, Unorganized marketing,

Distress sale, Perishable produce and Poor industry
Linkage due to low volume production.

Infrastructural Challenge : Limited Processing, Packaging and Storage facility.

Equity Challenge : Social and gender equity.

Other Challenges Emerging diseases and pests, improper canopy

management, inadequate fruit size, fruit drop and
low yield
 Production of disease free planting materials
Selection of mother plant Establishment of Mother block Production and sale

Seed sowing

Primary Nursery

Secondary Nursery

Visually free from major pest  Multiply through shoot tip grafting
and disease  Plant the mother trees in pots
Vigorous growth and healthy filled with sterilized soil mixture
High yield and quality  Individual cover (open field)
Virus indexing  Virus indexing Plants ready for sale
 ICAR-CCRI
CCRI technology on micro budding

Characters Conventional Micro

budding budding
Bud size 10 mm 4 – 5 mm
Seed November - July- August
sowing December
Secondary June – July -
T - budding nursery
Rootstock 1 year 6 months
age
Budding December - December-
January January
Success 80-85 % 90 %
rate
Micro budding Total period 18-22 months 12 months
ICAR-CCRI
CCRI technologies and planting material reached to 22
states of India

 12.5 lakh disease free planting materials

distributed to 22 states
 4513 ha area covered
 11 MoUs signed with Pvt. Nursery for production
of disease free planting materials
 ICAR-CCRI
CCRI released varieties

N-4 Seedless NRCC acid lime-7

lime NRCC acid lime-8

Cutter Valencia NRCC Pummelo-5

Pummelo Flame grapefruit
 Varieties Released

Three varieties released by Institute, approved by SVRC,

Maharashtra (2021) for cultivation in Maharashtra

 Cutter Valencia: Processing variety of sweet orange with

high juice content (45-50%), fruit weight 200-230g, yield Cutter Valencia
21-30 t/ha.

 Flame Grapefruit: Fruit colour very attractive with pink

blush on surface, red flesh coloured, fruit weight 350-
400g, yield 25 t/ha. Flame Grapefruit

 NRCC Pummelo-5: Yellow coloured fruit with tasty red

coloured segments, fruit weight 600-800g,
600 yield 32 t/ha.
NRCC Pummelo-5
 Varieties Released
 Pummelo US-145: White fleshed medium sized pummelo with
sweet juice content and fruit weight 400-600g, yield 45-50
t/ha
Pummelo US -145

 NRCC Grapefruit-6: Medium sized fruits (350-450g fruit

weight) with high juice content (4646.40%), and very high
yielding 40-45 t/ha at 6x6 spacing
NRCC Grapefruit-
 Alemow (Citrus macrophylla): Medium size canopy, imparts 6

prolific bearing to the scion Nagpur mandarin and acid lime.

Moderately tolerant to Phytophthora root rot

Alemow rootstock
 Varieties Released

 NRCC Acid lime-7 : High yielding variety (yield potential 55-

60t/ha) with high juice content (50.55
55%) and very attractive
yellow fruit colour. NRCC Acid lime-7

 NRCC Acid lime-8 : Cluster bearing variety and very high

yielding (yield potential 60-65 t/ha).

NRCC Acid lime-8

 NRCC mandarin seedless - 4: Commercially seedless (2.62 seed
per fruit) in comparison to standard Nagpur mandarin (12-
15seeds per fruit).

NRCC mandarin
seedless-4
 Promising varieties to be proposed for release
Daisy Early maturing,, Stress is not required, Av. Fruit wt. 225.81g,
(Exotic Mandarin) TSS:9.41%, Juice content 39.15% and Fruit yield 15.67 t/ha
Pearl Tangelo Early maturing, Av. Fruit wt. 186.78 g, TSS: 8.46% and Fruit yield
(Exotic Mandarin) 17.16 t/ha
Natal Early maturing & can be harvested from October to January, Av.
(Exotic Sweet Orange) Fruit wt. 247.64 g, TSS: 7.36% and Fruit yield 11.54 t/ha

Daisy and Pearl Tangelo Natal

Raised
Raised
bed and
bed high
and High
density
density
planting
planting
system

System Conventional High density

Spacing 6x6m 6x3m

Plants / ha 277 555

Yield (t/ha) 12 20-25

6m 3m
Soil characteristics of Nalgonda sweet orange orchards
Leaf nutrient characteristics of Nalgonda sweet orange
orchards
 संतरे के िलए प ी पोषक मापदं ड

पोषक त व मापदं ड
अित कमी कमी उपयु उ च अित उ च
नाई ोजन (%) <1.12 1.12-1.69 1.70-2.81 2.82-3.38 >3.38
फॉ फोरस (%) <0.05 0.06-0.08 0.09-0.15 0.16-0.19 >0.19
पोटािशयम (%) <0.61 0.62-1.01 1.02-2.59 2.60-3.38 >3.38
कै सयम (%) <1.0 1.1-1.79 1.80-3.28 3.29-4.02 >4.02
मै नीिशयम (%) <0.30 0.31-0.42 0.43-0.92 0.93-1.38 >1.38
लौह (ppm) <55.5 55.6-74.8 74.9-113.4 113.5-132.7 >132.7
मगनीज (ppm) <40.1 40.2-54.7 54.8-84.6 84.7-98.7 >98.7
तांबा (ppm) <5.8 5.9-9.7 9.8-17.6 17.7-21.5 >21.5
ज ता (ppm) <5.4 5.5-18.5 18.6-29.6 29.7-37.7 >37.7
उ पादन <12.8 12.9-47.6 47.7-117.2 117.3-152.1 >152.1
( क ा/पौधा)
4 वष से उपर क आयु के संतरे के पौधे को दए जाने वाले
उवरक क मा ा
कुल मृदा उवरक करण
उवरक उवरक
अ बया ( ा./पौधा
पौधा) मृग अ बया ( ा./पौधा)
ोत ( ा./पौ
धा/वष)
अ ैल अग त नव बर िसत बर नव बर जनवर

यू रया 1300 433 433 434 433 433 434

िसंगल 1260 630 630 - 630 630 -
सुपर
फॉ फेट
यूरेट 180 - - 180 - - 180
ऑफ़
पोटाश
फेरस 100 50 50 - 50 50 -
स फेट
मगनीज 100 50 50 - 50 50 -
स फेट

जंक 100 50 50 - 50 50 -
स फेट
 Fertilizer schedule for citrus

Fertilizers for mandarin and Age of plants (years)

sweet orange
(g/tree) 4th and
1st 2nd 3rd
above
Urea 325 650 975 1300
Single Super Phosphate 315 630 945 1260
Muriate of Potash 45 90 130 180
FYM 10 20 30 40

Fertilizers for acid lime Age pf plants (years)

(g/tree) 1st 2nd 3rd 4th and above
Urea 435 870 1300 1750
Single Super Phosphate 315 730 945 1260
Muriate of Potash 45 90 135 180
FYM 10 20 30 40

Apply 200g FeSO4 ‘ 200 g MnSO4’ 200 g ZnSO4’ 100 g Borax per tree per year
 Fruit drop management in mandarin and sweet orange

Fruit drop

Physiological Pathological Entomological

Immediately after Phytophthora Fruit fly
fruit set Diplodia Fruit sucking moth
June drop Colletotrichum
Pre-harvest drop Greening
Management of physiological fruit drop

Foliar spray of 2-4,D or NAA 15 ppm (1.5 g chemical

should be dissolved in 100 litres of water) should be
sprayed at pea stage to control the fruit drop. Second
spray should be done 15-20 days after first spray.

Foliar spray of GA3 1.5 g + KNO3 1.5 kg in 100 litres

of water may be done in first week of July.

Foliar spray of 2,4-D or NAA 1.5 g + monopotassium

phosphate (00:52:34) 1.5 kg in 100 litres of water in
third week of July.

If there are long dry spells during August-September

months,, foliar sprays of 2,4-D/NAA and GA3 @ 1.5 g
along with KNO3 or urea @1.5 kg in 100 litres of
water may be sprayed at 10-12 days interval.
 Management of pathological fruit drop
Management
Removal of dead woods
immediately after harvest

Pruning tree skirts 2’ or

more above the ground
Lasiodiplodia theobromae
Prophylactic spraying of
1% Bordeaux mixture or
0.3% COC during onset
of monsoon helps in
preventing the infection.

Foliar spraying of fosetyl

Al (0.25%) (twice during
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides August to October at 40
days interval)

Periodically remove the

fallen fruits and destroy it
carefully

Never keep the fallen

Phytophthora spp. fruits near orchard
 Management of entomological fruit drop
Management

Use of fruit fly traps (methyl

eugenol) @ 20 /ha
Fruit fly

Foliar application of neem oil

1% or petroleum spray oil
(HMO) @ 2% at 10 -15 days
interval coinciding with colour
breaking stage till harvest

Fruit sucking moth

Poison baiting
10 ml malathion + 100 ml mandarin Juice
+ 100 g Jaggary + 900 ml water
Management of fruit cracking in acid lime and sun burn in
mandarin and sweet orange

Physiological disorder
Cracking appear if dry spell followed by rain
Irrigate regularly
Foliar spray of 2,4-D 1.5 g + potassium
nitrate 1
1.5 kg + 300 g boric acid in 100 litres
of water
Fruit cracking

Occurs when fruits are exposed to hot climate

Irrigate the crop regularly
Spray Kaolin 4 %

Sun burn
Phytophthora Management in citrus

Gummosis - Scrap the disease

portion with a sharp knife without
causing injury to the wood. Paste
the scrapped portion with Ridomil
Gold (Mefenoxam MZ)
Apply Bordeaux paste in trunk
before and after rainy season

Root rot - Spraying + drenching the

diseased plants with either Ridomil
Gold @ 2.5 g/l or with Fosetyl Al
(Aliette) @2.5 g/l to cover the full
canopy and the basin
Application of Trichoderama
harzianum strain NRCfBA – 44
100 g/ tree with FYM (1 kg)
 Management of citrus greening
Use of disease - free nursery
material

Integrated nutrient management

Correct diagnosis and Removal of

infected (symptomatic) branches/
trees
Blotchy mottle Decline
Control of vector (psylla)

Feb-March: In case of known

Greening-infected tress,
application of Tetracycline
hydrochloride 600 ppm (6g / 10
litres water). Tetracycline
Deficiency like symptoms hydrochloride should be applied as
Green island
foliar spray after the fruit set, twice
at 45 days interval.

Aug-Sep: Apply Tetracycline

hydrochloride 600 ppm (6g / 10
litres of water) followed by
Streptocycline or K-cycline 150
ppm (1.5 g / 10 litres of water)
after 21 days.
Oblong and half yellow fruits Psylla vector
Management of citrus canker

Management

 Use of canker free nursery stock

 Pruning and destruction of infested twigs
before monsoon
 Three to four sprays of COC 0.3% in
combination with streptocycline 100 ppm at
monthly interval after the onset of monsoon
 Three sprays of Bordeaux mixture 1%
during Feb., Oct., Dec.
 Sprinkling or spraying of neem cake
solution (1kg/20 l water)
 Management of sucking pests in citrus

Management

Monitor the insect

activities and population
during new flush
(February to April and
Black fly Aphids June to September)

Spray the following

chemicals
 Neem oil @ 5.0 ml /l
 Acephate 75 WP @
1.25 g/l
 Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @
Thrips 0.5 ml/l
White fly  Dimethoate 30 EC @
2ml/l
 Novaluran 10 EC @ 0.8
ml/l
 Thiamethoxam 25 WG
@ 0.3 g/ l

Psylla Leaf miner

 Management of mites in citrus

Management

Citrus trees should be well irrigated, particularly

during the stress period in late summer as water
stress often aggravates mite problem.

Foliar application of Azadirachitin 1% @ 4 ml or

Rust mite
Wettable sulfur 3 g/l immediately after fruit set
and during active period of mites checks the
pest effectively
effectively.

Foliar spray of azadirachitin 1% @ or propargite

57 EC @ 1 ml or spiromesifen 240 SC @ 0.3 ml
or fenazaquin 10 EC @ 1 ml/l coinciding with
peak activity of mites

Green mite
Acknowledgement
Director, ICAR-CISH
CISH and Head, Crop Production, ICAR-CISH, Lucknow
Director, NRC Pomegranate, Solapur
Director, NRC Banana, Trichi
Director, ICAR-CCRI,
CCRI, Nagpur and Dr Darshan Kadam, ICAR-CCRI
Web resources
Thank you