STATE AND GOVERNMENT Module 3

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this topic, the students would be able to:
1. Define the meaning of the state;
2. Enumerate and discuss the elements of the state;
3. Discuss and reflect on the origins of the state;
4. Define and understand the necessity of a government;
5. Examine the different forms of government; and
6. Critique how states and governments arrange political life.
ICEBREAKER

Ano sa tingin mo ang indicators ni

Marcos Jr. sa pagkakaroon ng
“sound” and “improving” condition of
the Philippine state?
DISCUSSION IN CONTEXT
• Politics is often understood as the study of the state (Heywood, 2013) - its shadow
falls on almost every human activity (from economic management, social welfare to
sanitation, and from domestic order to external defense)
• The Philippine state has created an elite-dominated politics with weak social control
– do politicians exercise power as public officials or members of the elite class or
both? (Quilop, 2004)
• State weakness is due in part to a history of state capture by sectoral interests [...]
many presidents sought to overcome special interests and root out corruption through
tighter supervision of local agencies, hard-nosed law enforcement, or executive
dominance over the legislature—but also results in Filipinos’ equally enduring
suspicion of a strong state. (Abinales & Amoroso, 2005)
DEFINING A STATE
State
is a community of persons more or less numerous,
permanently occupying a definite portion of territory,
having a government of their own to
which the great body of inhabitants render obedience,
and enjoying freedom from external control.
ELEMENTS OF THE STATE
Montevideo Convention (1933)
1. People
2. Territory
3. Government
4. Sovereignty
---
*5. International Recognition (Plus but a must!)
 ELEMENTS OF THE STATE
People
• the inhabitants living within the state.
• Without people there can be no functionaries to govern and no
subjects to be governed.
• There is no requirement as to the number of people that should
compose a state.
• Ideally, it should be neither too small nor too large: small enough to
be well-governed and large enough to be self-sufficing.
• They carry out the state’s missions, defend its interests, and act on its
behalf. (Abinales & Amoroso, 2005)
 ELEMENTS OF THE STATE
Territory
• The domain of the state
• Includes the following elements:
• Territorial Domain - It includes not only the fixed
portion of land over which the jurisdiction of the state
extends
• Fluvial and Maritime Domain - the rivers and lakes
therein, a certain area of the sea which abuts upon its
coasts
• Aerial Domain - the air space above the land and the
waters.
 ELEMENTS OF THE STATE
Government
• the agency through which the will of the state is
formulated, expressed and carried out
• sometimes used to refer to the person or aggregate
of those persons in whose hands are placed for the
time being the function of political control
• This “body of people” is usually spoken of as
“administration”.
• The ordinary citizens of a country are a part of the
state, but are not part of the government
 ELEMENTS OF THE STATE
Sovereignty
defined as the supreme power of the state to command and
enforce obedience to its will from people within its jurisdiction
and corollarily, to have freedom from foreign control.
Two manifestations:
(a) Internal or the power of the state to rule within its
territory; and
(b) External or the freedom of the state to carry out its
activities without subjection to or control by other states. External
sovereignty is often referred to as independence.
 ELEMENTS OF THE STATE
International Recognition
• The state must embody an international personality that
is recognized by the international community, and is
committed to become a subject of international law (see
Cruz, 2003, p. 80)
• Case in point: The First Philippine Republic on 1898
was not recognized by the international community while
the Third Republic was recognized in 1946
• Mostly implied via communications, pronouncements,
and entrance to treaty or diplomatic recognition (i.e.
PH recognition of Israel sovereignty in 1948, of Beijing
government as the one China in 1975)
 ORIGINS OF STATES
Divine right theory
• It holds that the state is of divine creation and the
ruler is ordained by God to govern the people.
• Reference has been made by advocates of this
theory to the laws which Moses received at Mount
Sinai
• Example: European monarchs in pre-modern era

Louis XIV of France: L'etat c'est moi’!

(I am the state)
 ORIGINS OF STATES
Necessity or force theory
• States as created through force, by some great
warriors who imposed their will upon the weak
• Example: USA’s “Benevolent Assimilation” of the PH
 ORIGINS OF STATES
Paternalistic theory
• Attributes the origin of states to the
enlargement of the family which remained
under the authority of the father or mother.
• By natural stages, the family grew into a
clan, then developed into a tribe which
broadened into a nation, and the nation
became a state
• Example: United Kingdom under royal
families of French-Dutch-Scottish origins
 ORIGINS OF STATES
Social contract theory
• Asserts that the early states must have been formed by deliberate
and voluntary compact among the people to form a society and
organize government for their common good.
• This theory justifies the right of the people to revolt against a bad
ruler
• Ex: American (1776) and French (1789) Revolutions; PH
Revolution (1898)?
WHERE DID THE PHILIPPINE STATE
CAME FROM?
• Divine Right?
• Necessity/Forced?
• Paternal?
• Social Contract?
 STATE OR NATION?
CLARITIES AND MISCONCEPTIONS
• Nation should not also be confused with state as they are not the same.
• The state is a political concept, while nation is an ethnic concept. A nation is a group of people bound
together by certain characteristics such as common social origin, language, customs, and traditions, and who
believe that they are one and distinct from others. The term is more strictly synonymous with “people”
• A state is not subject to external control while nation may or may not be independent of external control
• A single state may consist of one or more nations or peoples and conversely, a single nation may be made
up of several states. The United States is a melting pot of several nationalities.
• On the other hand, the Arab nation is divided politically into several sovereign states. Among them are:
Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and others.
• The Philippines is a state composed of one nation.
• In common usage, however, the two terms are often used synonymously. The Constitution uses them
interchangeably.
 STATE OR NATION?
CLARITIES AND MISCONCEPTIONS

States with the same name and

Arab Nations in different states
The Two Korean States but different nations
 STATE OR GOVERNMENT?
CLARITIES AND MISCONCEPTIONS
• In common speech, they are usually regarded as identical -
the acts of the government (within the limits of the delegation
of powers) are the acts of the state
• The government is only the agency through which the states
articulate its will.
• A state cannot exist without a government, but it is
possible to have a government without a state. (i.e. There
was no “Philippine state” during colonial periods under
foreign domination)
• A government may change, its form may change, but the
state, as long as its elements are present, remains the same.
(in international law, the principle of government continuity:
i.e. from Marcos to Aquino transition of power in 1986)
 PURPOSE AND NECESSITY OF
GOVERNMENT
Advancement of the public welfare
• Government exists and should continue to exist for the benefit of the people governed.
It is necessary for:
(a) the protection of society and its members, the security of persons and property, the
administration of justice, the preservation of the state from external danger, dealings
of the state with foreign powers (constituent functions); and
(b) the advancement of the physical, economic, social, and cultural well-being of the
people. (ministrant functions)
 PURPOSE AND NECESSITY OF
GOVERNMENT
Consequence of absence
• Government exists to administer for the
public welfare than any private individual or
group of individuals.
• It is obvious that without an organized
structure of government, anarchy and
disorder, and a general feeling of fear and
insecurity will prevail in society, progress and
development will not be possible, and values
taken for granted in a free modern society
such as truth, freedom, justice, equality, rule
of law, and human dignity can never be
enjoyed.
IS THE STATE A FORCE FOR GOOD?
(HEYWOOD, 2013)
Yes No
• Key to civilized existence • Cause of disorder

- a vital guarantee of order and - breeds conflict and unrest because, by

social stability robbing people of their moral autonomy
• Enemy of freedom
• Foundation of public life
- the state should be confined to a strictly
- The state speaks for the whole of minimal role due to its sovereign,
society, not just its parts; allows people compulsory and coercive traits
to be involved
• Recipe for poverty
• Agent of social justice
- the economy works best when it is left
- key agent of economic and social alone by the state
benefits (protect people from poverty)
FORMS OF GOVERNMENT
• Forms of government are differentiated in terms of:
1) number of persons exercising sovereign powers
2) extent of powers exercised by the central or national government
3) relationship between the executive and the legislative branches of the government
 FORMS OF GOVERNMENT
Number of persons exercising sovereign powers
1. Monarchy or one in which the supreme and final authority is
in the hands of a single person without regard to the source of
his election of the nature or duration of his tenure. Classified
into:
1.1. Absolute monarchy or one in which the ruler rules by
divine right (Ex: Sultan Bolkiah’s Brunei); and
1.2. Constitutional monarchy or one in which the ruler rules
in accordance with a constitution (UK’s King Charles III)
2. Aristocracy or one in which political power is exercised by a
few privileged class which is known as an aristocracy or
oligarchy; and
 FORMS OF GOVERNMENT
Number of persons exercising sovereign powers
3. Democracy or one in which political power is exercised by a majority of
the people. Democratic governments are further classified into:
3.1. Direct or pure democracy or one in which the will of the state is
formulated or expressed directly and immediately through the people in a
mass meeting or primary assembly rather through the medium of delegates
or representatives chosen to act for them
3.2. Indirect, representative, or republican democracy or one in which
the will of the state is formulated and expressed through the agency of a
relatively small and select body of persons chosen by the people to act as
their representatives

POP QUIZ: What form of government did the Philippines adopt in terms of
number of persons exercising sovereignty?
FORMS OF GOVERNMENT
Extent of powers exercised by the central or national government
1. Unitary government or one in which the control of national and local affairs is
exercised by the central or national government; and
2. Federal government or one in which the powers of government are divided
between two sets of organs, one for national affairs and the other local affairs, each
organ being supreme within its own sphere. The United States is a federal government.

POP QUIZ: What did the Philippines adopt?

Federal Government Concerns: Defense, Educational, Monetary, & Foreign Policies
 FORMS OF GOVERNMENT
Relationship between the executive and the legislative branches of the government
1. Parliamentary government
• the state confers upon the legislature the power to terminate the tenure of office of the real
executive.
• Under this system, the Cabinet or ministry is immediately and legally responsible to the
legislature and immediately or politically responsible to the electorate, while the titular or
nominal executive – the Chief of State – occupies a position of irresponsibility
• President as head of state, Prime Minister as head of government
• Example: Israel
ISRAEL: A ‘PARLIAMENTARY’
REPUBLIC
Isaac Herzog
President of Israel
(2021-present)

Benjamin Netanyahu
Prime Minister of Israel
(2022-present)

Israel’s Parliament:
Knesset
FORMS OF GOVERNMENT
Relationship between the executive and the legislative branches of the
government
2. Presidential government
• the state makes the executive constitutionally independent of the legislature as
regards his tenure
• to a large extent as regards his policies and acts, and furnishes him with sufficient
powers to prevent the legislature from trenching upon the sphere marked out by
the constitution as executive independence and prerogative
• Example: Philippines `
PHILIPPINES: A ‘PRESIDENTIAL’
REPUBLIC
 SUMMARY
• The State is an entity that has a territory, population, government, sovereignty, and
international recognition
• The State and Nation are not the same – the Philippines is a state composed of one nation
• The Philippine statehood is most likely derived from a social contract, but colonial history
and local governance suggest that it is also from necessity and paternity
• There are different forms of government, depending on the parameter of number of
sovereigns, relation of the national to the local, and between executive and legislative
branches
• The Philippines is an indirect democracy, with a unitary and presidential government
WHAT IS AHEAD
• Module 3 Activity:
Reform Proposal
If you were a political reformer, what aspect of the Philippine state would you change or improve (e.g., shift to
federalism, strengthen local autonomy, electoral reforms, etc.)?

● Explain why you chose that reform and how it could benefit the state.

•
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES Module 2
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this lecture, the students will be able to:
1. Define and understand political ideologies
2. Identify different political ideologies
3. Differentiate political ideologies
4. Appreciate how political ideologies help shape views of one’s political life
ICEBREAKER

Sa anong aspeto mo madalas

tinitignan ang usaping
pampulitika sa Pilipinas?
DISCUSSION IN CONTEXT
• All people are political thinkers – you will have an idea of what is a good life
• The good life is, for the most part, mutually exclusive
• Origins: European transformation from feudalism to industrial capitalism
• Destutt de Tracy (1754-1836) – “science of ideas” – idea-logy
• Karl Marx – systematized intellectual idea of industrial society – a science than
“ideology”
• Karl Popper, Hannah Arendt, J.L. Talmon – tool of control for compliance and
subordination
WHAT IS POLITICAL IDEOLOGY?
POLITICAL IDEOLOGY
– a coherent set of ideas that provides basis for organized political action, whether to
(1) preserve, (2) modify, or (3) overthrow the existing system of power relations
(Heywood, 2005, p. 74)
Contents of a political ideology (Heywood, 2013):
(1) An account or “worldview” of the current order
(2) A model of a desired future or vision of a “good society”
(3) A system of instruction for political change
Coherent? Sometimes, no…
LEFT-RIGHT DIVIDE:
LINEAR SPECTRUM MODEL
Linear Spectrum
of Political
Ideologies
(in Heywood,
2017, p. 15)

• Origins: French Revolution – those who seated in

the left (progress, pro-Republic) vs. to those in the
right (status, quo.; pro-Monarchy)
• Revolution versus Reaction
• How much Left? Far-left? Center of Left? How
much Right, Far-Right? Center of Right?
• What is a centrist? Can it really tolerate other
spectrums?
LEFT-RIGHT DIVIDE:
HORSESHOE MODEL
• Some argue that the model is
inaccurate – both far-left and right
can demonstrate preference on
totalitarian (absolute control of the
government by one person)
governance
• A “true” liberal tolerates even Horseshoe Spectrum Model of Political Ideologies
non-tolerant ideologies (in Heywood, 2017, p. 16)

• An anarchist can speak and act like

a far-right and far-left
 LEFT, RIGHT, FRONT, AND BACK:
TWO-DIMENSIONAL SPECTRUM
MODEL
•The rise of “new” political ideologies (mixed
with some old ideology tenets)
•Eysenck (1964) pioneered the idea of adding
authority-liberty vertical axis to the left-right
horizontal axis

Two-Dimensional Spectrum Model of Political Ideologies

(in Heywood, 2017, p. 17)
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES, ANYONE?
• Liberalism
• Conservatism
• Nationalism
• Socialism
• Anarchism
• Fascism
• Populism
LIBERALISM
The transition from traditional to modern
🡪 Protestant Reformation; rationalism and the
intellectual revolution;
🡪 rise of capitalism and free-market economies;
scientific revolution in the “West”
 LIBERALISM
Core ideas (Heywood, 2013, p. 32):
1. Individualism – supreme importance of human individual over group
2. Freedom – think and act according to choice
3. Reason – ability to make judgments logically
4. Progress – ability to solve issues without a fight; through argumentation and debate
5. Equality – humans are born equal for opportunities in life
6. Meritocracy – outcomes based on hard work and talent
7. Tolerance – willingness to allow others speak and act despite disapproval
8. Consent – willingness and/or agreement in terms of representation to be governed
9. Constitutionalism – limiting government, of which one gave consent, to be checked through written constitutions
 LIBERALISM

Divided between two strands:

Classical Liberalism Modern Liberalism
17th to 18th Centuries developments in Europe • 1950-1960s in both US and European states

stresses noninterference (negative liberty); • stresses state intervention (positive liberty);

State as a necessary evil (restrict human • industrial capitalism must be regulated to ensure justice
freedom) to impose collective will and protect to the mass;
others from each other; • Big government to realize human development through
wealth redistribution (progressive taxes and social
Small government: Laissez-Faire as principle welfare programs)
of economics – leave the market alone to
guarantee prosperity and opportunity
CONSERVATISM
Reaction in the late 18th to the 19th Centuries against Classical
Liberalism’s legacy in the French Revolution
Edmund Burke: “Change in order to conserve”
 CONSERVATISM
Core Ideas:
1. Tradition – desire to conserve what has been tried and tested by time – sense of historical belonging
2. Pragmatism – human reason is limited because the world is complex; act based on what is practical
3. Human Imperfection – humans are innately corrupt, greedy, and selfish; the need to be protected
4. Organicism – society is an organic whole, not of individual; society as natural necessity (family, local
communities, nation, etc.)
5. Hierarchy – social positions are natural: parent-child; teacher-student; employer-employee – they
persist because of mutual obligations and reciprocal duties; the strong must help the weak
6. Authority (Natural Aristocracy) – top-down leadership to some extent, to the weak and helpless;
freedom must exist with responsibility
7. Property – ownership is vital as sense of security and measure of independence from the
government; respect for one another’s property for social cohesion; bounded by rights and duties
inherited by past generations
 CONSERVATISM
Known Strands:
Neo-Conservatism (the “New Right”)
Paternalistic Conservatism
• 1950s to 2000s
18th to 19th Century • The return of traditional values (family, religion,
“Noblesse Oblige” (Noble’s Obligation to care country) amidst the social revolution in the West
for the society like a father to child) • “permissiveness” as the enemy of society;

Reform from above over revolution from • Stress on neoliberal economics (trinkle down)
below; • Regime change as tool of foreign policy (eg. US
invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq in 2003)
Preservation of the Ancien Regime (Old Order)
 NATIONALISM
• Byproduct of political revolutions from traditional (monarchic) authorities from the 18 th to
20th centuries
• Country is the people who are born (Latin: “nasci”) from the place, not just the rulers
• Benedict Anderson: Nation is an imagined community
NATIONALISM

Core Ideas:
1. Common identity
2. Self-Determination (the right to sovereign rule of the people)
NATIONALISM

Common Strands:
(1) Liberal Nationalism - humanity is divided into organic nations; commitment to
self-determination; principled nationalism (all nations are equal)
(2) Conservative Nationalism – the state is needed social cohesion and security
(3) Expansionist Nationalism – aggressive, militaristic; superiority of own nation for its place
in the world
(4) Anti-Colonial and Post-Colonial Nationalism – stresses national liberation from foreigners
using doctrines of their own contexts (some adopted Marxism, some their own political ideas)
 SOCIALISM
• Early roots with Plato’s The Republic and Thomas More’s Utopia
• Reaction versus the Industrial Revolution in the 19th Century
Europe: plight of the labor sector in a capitalist world
 SOCIALISM
Core Ideas:
a. Social Class – the world has been divided between two socioeconomic classes, the bourgeoisie
(capitalists) and the proletariat (working class); denotes history that humans lost the “original” human
design in the name of selfish materialistic interest
b. Community – humans as social creatures; collectivist, not individualistic, vision of society; that humans can
work together and overcome self-interest
c. Fraternity – humans as “comrades”; common bond where no class standing in life should hinder it
d. Cooperation – the embrace of “social nature” to bring moral and economic sense of life
e. Social Equality – unequal treatment of some people led to injustice; equality of rewards (outcome);
“equality” of opportunity as a “myth” that breeds injustice
f. Need – a necessity (food, shelter, clothing, companionship) that demands satisfaction; Marxists aim for
absolute abolition of property, while Social Democrats aim for redistribution of wealth by “humanizing
capitalism”
g. Common Ownership – “property” as unjust, corrupt, divisive
 FASCISM

• An idea brought by end of World War I (1914-1917); political revolutions; and Great
Depression (1929) – took advantage of political and economic crises and social disillusions
 FASCISM
Core Idea:
a. The Individual is nothing – the essence of self is found in the “nation” by becoming a “new man” ready to sacrifice for
his/her country
b. Defined largely by what it opposes: Anti-Liberalism; Anti-Capitalism; Anti-Communism; Anti-Individualism
c. Leadership – heroic, personal charisma of a warrior-like, all-seeing being; totalitarian who believes in a strong state
d. Elitism – radical rejection of inequality; supremacy of a minority
e. War and Heroism – fascists glorify war for its own, rather than a means for an end; heroes as “mythical” objects
f. Ultranationalism – chauvinistic and expansionist view of political life (other countries as “inferior” subject for dominance)
with an extreme-messianic mission complex to achieve economic self-sufficiency of the “great nation”
 (2) Germany (1933-1945)
FASCISM - Adolf Hitler a.k.a Der Fuhrer (the leader)
- Nationalist Socialist Workers’ (Nazi) Party took
majority power in German Parliament

Historical Examples: - President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler

as the Chancellor in 1933; when Hindenburg
(1) Italy (1922-1943) died Hitler declared his absolute rule
- Benito Mussolini a.k.a Il Duce (the Leader); a - Aryanism; anti-Semitism; Racialism; Final
journalist turned political radical Solution
- Marched to Rome with his revolutionists in
1922
- Intimidated King Emmanuel II to allow
Mussolini to form a new government
- Totalitarian State; everything for the state
 ANARCHISM
Worldview: everything about governments is “repressive”, “unnecessary”,
and “evil” and therefore must be abolished entirely
Divided into three strands:
(1) Anarcho-Capitalism – stresses the “individual” in the case for maximum
liberty and choice; the government is not needed to manage human affairs
– the market should not be regulated (extreme version of free-market
capitalism)
(2) Mutualism – stresses “solidarity” that arises from sociable and
cooperative natures
(3) Anarcho-Communism – stresses the “common ownership” as the sole basis
of solidarity – statelessness as classlessness
Confused? 🡪 19th and 20th Century Socialist movements were once
associated with anarchists due to their call for “revolution” to overhaul
governments
 AN ABSOLUTE IDEOLOGY?
• Talk about consistency – politicians and public alike holding consistent and solid ideological views about
politics?
• Politicians
– they join political parties not based on consistent ideology
– Political ideologies are supposed to be embodied and communicated by political parties
– There is no strict adherence of mentioned political ideologies in the Philippines
– Politicians’ party-switching practices indicates a lack of ideological commitment on political life
• Public
– Filipinos could not easily discern a political party’s ideology to another
– elects the most popular/charismatic politicians or those whom they benefit from (patron-client politics)
•The Filipino political life: Populism
 DEFINING POPULISM
• Word Origin: Latin word, populus, which means “the people”
• First Use: “Populists” Nickname of the People’s Party in South-Midwest United States in the 1890s
• Go-to-the-People: Russian radical intellectuals considered “going to the people” as a moral
imperative for a revolution against the Tsarist establishment
• An ideology, a movement, a syndrome, a style/drama (Heywood, 2015)
• Mudde (2006 in Moffitt, 2016): a thin-centred ideology that considers society to be ultimately
separated into two homogeneous and antagonistic groups, ‘the pure people’ and ‘the corrupt elite
• Anselmi (2018): a network of interdependences formed between human beings and linked with each
other: a structure of mutually oriented and dependent people
• Kennedy (2018): the charismatic mobilization of mass movement in pursuit of political power
POPULISM: CORE IDEAS
(Heywood, 2014, Moffitt, 2016; Anselmi, 2018):

1. Within-Democracies – charismatic leader’s ascent to power through electoral

politics - increase of “democracy” at start, then decrease as its institutionalization
2. Us-Them Narrative – society as between the “pure” people and “corrupt”
political and economic elites
3. Use of Media – leverage media (traditional and new) to spew its narrative
4. Overturn Establishment – introduces radical (illiberal) political practices to “save”
democracy from elite-dominant institutions (national or international ones)
 POPULISM: A GLOBAL
PHENOMENON
• Most populist tendencies emerged in would-be democracies, both in the
Developed Western World and Developing Rest of the World
• Globalization as the world economic order since the 1990s (end of Cold
War) – lifting national barriers for free flow of trade, finance,
technology, and peoples
• Luttwak (1994, nonverbatim, in Heydarian, 2018): a global economic
order that relies on the outsourcing of jobs of the labor-rich Global South
(developing countries) and finance-driven Global North (developed
countries) would sow the seeds of democratic collapse in the West
• The people sought alternatives to the economic order brought by
“democracy” - grievances of the people
• If globalization would bring collapse to Western democracies, it would
undermine democratization in developing world
 PHILIPPINE POLITICS
AND THE CASE FOR POPULISM
• “Rather than abstracting theory from realities, most
ideologies [in the Philippines] try to shape realities in
order to suit their political ideologies.” (Buendia, 1992)
• “Going to the people”; “people’s party”; “boses ng
masa”
• Left-wing (communists, social democrats), center-wing
(liberals), and right-wing (nationalist, conservatives, and
fascists) all have “populist” tendencies, especially in the
Philippines
• A country’s political power owned by provincial local
bosses/warlords (McCoy, 2009) made the country prone
to populist tendencies (Kennedy, 2018)
QUEZON’S POPULIST GAME

“To tell the truth, gentlemen, I should like to continue being President
of the Philippines if I were sure I would live 100 years. Have you ever
known anyone who had voluntarily renounced power unless it was for
a lady that, in his opinion was more important than power itself, or
because of the threatening attitude of the people? Everybody likes
power. It is the greatest urge of human nature. I like to exercise
power.”
 MY POPULIST GUY, MAGSAYSAY
• Ramon Magsaysay - Born in the Bataan Province, mechanic by profession, then became a WWII
hero 🡪 launch pad for a political career
• Elpidio Quirino’s National Defense Secretary; became more popular than his president in
defeating communist insurgency in 1953
• The people became aloof of Quirino’s elitist tendency
• Magsaysay left Liberal Party (Quirino’s political party) to run rival Quirino as president under
the Nacionalista Party in 1953
• My Guy, Magsaysay - Campaign slogan that appealed to the people (Hutchcroft and Rocamora,
2003, in Kennedy, 2018) 🡪 reached local farmers and professionals
• Used radios and televisions to run campaign
• Magsaysay, contrary to popular wisdom, still worked with powerful businesses and provincial
elites on a number of policies, which is not far from corruption (Cullather, 1993, in Kennedy,
2018; Amoroso and Abinales, 2005)
• His death in 1956 would have only avoided tampering his legacy (Amoroso and Abinales,
2005)
MARCOS THE POPULIST:
THIS COUNTRY WILL BE GREAT
AGAIN
•Economic downturns in the 1960’s due to unfair trade
relations with the US; Manila lacked diverse trade partners
•Ran a campaign slogan in 1964 that “this nation can be
great again”
•Despite being a former Senator himself, Marcos expressed
to the people about the corrupt, elitist Congress to help
pump rural development and employment
•Implemented policies on rural development (eg. Presidential
Assistance on Community Development or PACD)
•Soon policies became unsustainable to address economic
inequalities – led to opposition of various social groups,
political opponents, and insurgencies 🡪 precedents for
Martial Law declaration in 1972
ERAP PARA SA MAHIRAP
• Joseph Estrada (aka Erap or Pare) portrayed himself as a relatable, ordinary, street
smart guy
• His media exposure as a movie star (who stars as the defender of the weak and
innocent) used as a ladder for political power
• Espouses anti-elite rhetoric against their hypocrisies; but soon attracted elite politicians
to form coalitions as soon as he became a presidential candidate (also financed by
Conjuancos and Lucio Tan)
• We want Erap; but we don’t need to change his mindset because he had no mindset
• Presidency reeked with corruption such as deal breakers with supporters (eg. Using
cronies to manipulate stock market, using govt funds to rescue bankrupt banks and
businesses; and investment of drug smuggling and illegal gambling such as jueteng)
• To keep critics away, he acted more “presidential” resulting in his plentiful allies
veering away – paving the way for the Second People Power Revolution
DUTERTISMO: CHANGE IS COMING
BACK TO POPULISM
• Duterte as yet another populist in the 21st Century
• To conceptualize this populist ideology, sociologist Randy
David (2016) called it as “Dutertismo”:
“Never going into specifics, Duterte promises just one
thing: the will and leadership to do what needs to be done—to
the point of killing and putting one’s own life on the line… This
is pure theater—a sensual experience rather than the rational
application of ideas to society’s problems… what is needed is
to understand the movement he has given life to and the
collective anger and despair it represents.”
DUTERTISMO: CHANGE IS COMING
BACK IN POPULISM
• Duterte worked within the inner logic of democracy:
building his support base to elect him in presidency
• Curato (2018): supporters were mostly middle and lower
class Filipinos “dissatisfied” with the “elitist” establishment
• Democratic increase, democratic decrease: Duterte’s
electoral victory became the very risk of many democratic
institutions – human rights, apolitical nature of security
sector, checks and balances
 ISKO MORENO: TO POPULISM OR
NOT
• Charisma like Quezon, former actor like Estrada, raised from poor
family like Magsaysay, tough on crime like Duterte, espouses that his
governed placed will be great again like Marcos
• Castillo (2019): though Isko performs contrary to many of Duterte’s
populist tendencies (transparency and commitment to human dignity), it
does not mean he could not qualify as a populist
• Heydarian (2021): “polite populism” – Isko resembles President Joko
Widodo of Indonesia, a populist and former mayor of Jakarta city
• Performance legitimacy and popular may propel him towards higher
office (will he?)
• Is Isko a populist? OR does it matter if he’s populist?
 GETTING OUT OF POPULISM:
HOW?
Anselmi (2017) provided a generic answer, that is to develop:
1. new forms of mediation and representation
2. new democratic paradigms on which to build
3. new democratic structures
He also followed up: HOW?
Should we get out?
 SUMMARY
• We can view the good life in politics based on political ideologies
• Political ideologies as set of coherent ideas for worldview and action
• Models of Political spectrum (left-center-right; horseshoe; 2-D) aim to plot different ideologies
• Each ideology have their own vice and virtues depending on how it corresponds to the real-life
scenario
• Are these ideologies present in the Philippines? – can populism the Filipino political norm?
 ACTIVITY
1. Answer Political Ideology Test individually: https://www.politicalcompass.org/test. Once done,
compile them altogether.
2. Make a reflection paper about your reaction to your Test Result: did you agree with the result?
Did you expect it to be that way? Will some positions change in the future?
3. Write it in one page. and make your own title of that reflection paper.
4. Deadline: the day before the next lecture
GEED 20023:POLITICS,
GOVERNANCE,
AND CITIZENSHIP
INTRODUCING POLITICS Module 1
AND GOVERNANCE
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this module, the students would be able to:
1. Define politics and governance;
2. Discuss the basic concepts of politics;
3. Discuss and define the approaches to the study of politics; and
4. Appreciate the importance of governance.
POLITICS AS WE KNOW
• Goal of Politics: EUDAIMONIA (ancient Greek for the “good life”) – problem is, we all have a
different version/view of a good life and we disagree a lot (Heywood, 2013)
• The study of politics is a gateway to a broader and better understanding of human nature,
society, and the world—acquire a working knowledge of the political and economic forces
that shape our world (Magstadt, 2012).
• Too often politics is discussed commonly, from formal forums, to streets and dining table – “a
subject matter plagued with platitudes where everyone has an insight or inside story”
(Organski, 1968)
• Politics as the NEED TO KNOW – rationale for a PolGov course this sem
 WHAT IS POLITICS? (HEYWOOD,
2013)
AN ARENA? A PROCESS? FORM OF A DISPLAY OF POWER?
COMPROMISE AND
CONSENSUS?
• Otto von Biscmarck: • Aristotle: “Man is a • Conflict is inevitable • Faces of Power
The art of government political animal” – • Stoker (2006): politics 1. Decision-Making
• David Easton: politics even outside is designed to 2. Agenda-Setting
“Authoritative government: public disappoint 3. Thought-Control
allocation of values” affairs within society • Solution of either force
• Politics only within • The Polis – meaningful or dialogue • Harold Lasswell:
government activity • Challenges: “Politics is who gets
non-democracies; what, when, and how”
cancel culture – scarcity of resources
and opportunities
 Consensus and
Arena?
Compromise?

Process?
Power?
ANALYZING POLITICS
• We need to explain and describe what happens in our political life
•So…
• CONCEPTS: general or universal ideas shared by people
• MODELS: network of ideas to explain political “reality”
• THEORIES: series of models that systematically (logic) and empirically (data) to
explain political “reality”
ON CONCEPTS: ANYTHING UNDER
THE SUN

MALAKAS…

An Idea A Subject
ON CONCEPTS: ANALYZING
POLITICS

JUSTICE

A Political Idea A Political Subject

ON MODELS: ANALYZING POLITICS

A Model of Political An example of the

System (Easton, 1979) model?
ON THEORIES: ANALYZING POLITICS

PLURALISM

A Theory A Reality
APPROACHES TO POLITICS
(HEYWOOD, 2014)
Normative Descriptive

“dapat ganito ang nangyayari “ganito ang nangyayari kaya ganyan”

para ganyan”
• Political Science: dispassionate and
• Political Philosophy: the goal is to search objective description of “realities” in
for truth about politics politics
• Ethical, Speculative, Analytical, and • Descriptive, Empirical, Objective
Prescriptive

What is the advantage and

Which is more useful to you? disadvantages of each analytical
approach?
 West PH Sea: A Case of Security on
Food, Livelihood, & Sovereignty

What is the
advantage and
disadvantages of
Which approach is more useful in looking at this each analytical
case, normative or descriptive? approach?
 BASIC CONCEPTS IN POLITICS

• Magstadt (2012) outlined Order Justice

three basic concepts in politics
that require great deal of
thought as you study:

Power

Espena’s (2021) improved model of Magstadt’s (2012) basic

concepts of politics
 BASIC CONCEPTS IN POLITICS
ORDER
How do we structure ourselves? We need to have social order
1. Community – common identity; they protect each other for it
2. Government – maintenance of communities; “sovereignty” – the exercise of
“legitimate” (what is accepted as right) authority
3. State – the highest social order (eg. Philippines, US, China); has a definite territory,
government of its own, community of inhabitants
BASIC CONCEPTS IN POLITICS
POWER
• We cannot maintain order without power
• How do we see or measure power? How do you exercise it?
• Force? Wealth? Culture? Diplomacy? Intelligence?
• Power is relational – power over… whom?
• Power is an ability – power to… what?
BASIC CONCEPTS IN POLITICS
JUSTICE
• The “correct” exercise of power leads to justice
• Fairness
• Does the government give the people what they need? Protect and respect? It there
a common good?
• Law: the approximation of justice – we attempt justice through laws – but is it always?
Are there any mechanisms to create, enforce, and interpret the law?
• Justice helps achieve the full circle going back to order
Order Justice

Narrate how
order-power-justice
conceptual loop
applies in this case:
Breakdown of the
Uniteam Power
ON GOVERNANCE
• To steer – direct, control
• Governance is essential to politics – how do we arrive at a decision in meeting the
social needs of the society?
WHAT IS GOVERNANCE?
• An exercise of authority by political leaders for the “well-being” of their citizens or
subjects
•In concern of the common good: political leaders consult and engage with public
sectors (educators, fishers, medical professionals, etc.)
•How do we deal with our resources?
 SO WHAT? POLITICS FOR ALL I
CARE…
Magstadt (2012, p.3) enumerated two reasons for studying politics:
1. Self-Interest – your happiness, interest, values, beliefs, are political matters
2. Public Interest – standards, demands, values, desires are outcome and conditions of
politics

We have to be aware of good governance

It moves you to action
In fight for your rights, interests, and needs within the polis
What do you need: as a Filipino? Student? Youth?
SUMMARY
• Politics came from the Ancient Greek word, “polis”, which means “city”
• Politics is inherently social; but is every social activity political?
• Politics can be defined as an arena, process, compromise and consensus, and
demonstration of power
• Three analytical ways to politics: concepts, models, theory
• Two ways to approach politics: normative and descriptive
• Order, Power, and Justice comes as a full circle of understanding politics
• Governance is important to politics for the human person because it inspires action
for one’s rights and interests within the polis
 ACTIVITY
Order Justice

Briefly discuss how Briefly discuss how it

it is demonstrated is demonstrated
*Title of selected topic*
*Small Image

Give a brief overview of the topic

Power Bibliography:
Briefly discuss how
it is demonstrated *use APA 7th ed.
*Surname, First Middle