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PC HARDWARE
TASK 1:
Every student should identify the peripherals of a computer, components in a CPU and its functions.
Draw the block diagram of the CPU along with the configuration of each peripheral and submit to your
instructor. Every student should disassemble and assemble the PC back to working condition.
AIM: To identify the peripherals of a computer, assemble and disassemble the system.
Software Requirement: No Software Required.
Hardware Requirement: Desired Configuration for the above task is
 System unit
 CPU
 Mother Board
 FDD
 CD ROM Drive
 HDD
 Ethernet Card
 Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse & Speakers

Safety Precautions:

 Beware of electrostatic discharge (ESO)

 Build computer on a hard surface, away from concepts.
 Wear shoes and the short-sleeved cotton wear.
 Use Phillips, head screw driver.
 Keep the components away from moisture.
 Avoid using pressure while installing.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COMPUTER
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Peripherals of a computer:

1. Cabinet:
 It is used to install all hardware devices like (mother board, SMPS, HDD, CD Rom, FDD)
 It has Start, Restart Button, Led’s, Audio and USB Connecters are available at front side.

2. Monitor:

 Monitor of a computer is like a television screen.

 It displays text characters and graphics in colors or in shades of grey.
 The monitor is also called as screen or display or CRT (cathode ray tube). In the monitor the screen
will be displayed in pixels format.

i. 800 by 600 pixels

ii. 1024 by 768 pixels
3. Key Board:

 Key board is like a type writer, which contains keys to feed the data or information into the computer
 Keyboards are available in two modules. These are
 standard key board with 83-88 keys
 enhanced key board with 104 keys or above

4. Mouse:
 Every mouse has one primary button (left button) and one secondary button (right button).
 The primary button is used to carry out most tasks, whereas secondary button is used in special cases
you can select commands and options

5. Printer:

 A device that prints images (numbers, alphabets, graphs, etc…) on paper is known as Printer.
 We have different types of printers to take printouts. These are as follows:

i. Dot matrix printer ii. Inkjet printer

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6. Speakers:

 Speakers make your system much more delightful to use entertain you while you are
working oncomputer

7. Scanner: Scanner used to scan images and text.

8. System board/Motherboard

 This is the major part of the PC hardware

 It manages all transactions of data between CPU peripherals.
 which holds the Processor, Random Access Memory and other parts, & has slots for
expansion cards
 It is rectangle shape
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9. KAQSocket 478:

 It uses 478 – PIN MICROPGA package it is

used installing CPUIt is square type design.

10. CPU

 The central processing unit contains the heart of any computer, the processor. The
processor is fitted on to a Mother Board. The Mother Board contains various components,
which support the functioning of a PC.
 It is brain of the computer
 It is square shape

11. Ram Slots:

 Ram slots are used to install the rams

 It is large rectangle shape and each ending has small clips.
 There two type ram slots
 SD Ram ----------Two Gaps (synchronous DRAM) is a generic name for various kinds of
dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) that are synchronized with the clock speed that
the microprocessor is optimized for. This tends to increase the number of instructions that
the processor can perform in a given time.
 DDR Ram ------- One Gap (Double Data Rate Synchronous DRAM: A clock is used to read
data from a DRAM. DDR memory reads data on both the rising and falling edge of the

clock, achieving a faster data rate.)

12. North Bridge:

 It is also called as controller

 It is nearby socket 478
 It placed middle of the mother board
 It converts electronic signals to binary values and binary values to electronic signals
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13. South Bridge:

 It is controls major components mother board and it back bone of the input out devices
 It is communicating PCI slots, IDE-1, IDE-2, floppy connecter, BIOS chip.
 It nearby CMOS battery

14. CMOS Battery:

Computer is using a coin shape battery

It generates the clock signal and it manage system continues time.

15. Primary & Secondary (IDE-1 & IDE-2):

It is also called as IDE-1, IDE-2.

It used to connect Hard Disk Drive, CD ROM, DVD ROM.

16. Input & Output ports:

IO ports are used to connecting IO device such as key boards, mouse, monitor,
printer, scanner, speakers etc...

17. AGP Slot & AGP Card:

 AGP Slot is used install the AGP card.

 AGP back view same as VGA port (15-female pins) and used to connecting the monitor’s
c. This slot is above PCI slots and its color is Black or Brown
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18. CI Slots &PCI (Expansion) Cards:

o PCI slots are used to install the PCI cards such as

 LAN (Ethernet) Card---Back view Ethernet port

 Sound Card- Back view Audio pin connectors)

 TV Tuner (Internal) Card - Dish Pin connecter

 PCI Slots are white or yellow color
 PCI Card has Single gap only
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19. BIOS Chip:

BIOS controls how the operating system and hardware work together
BIOS identification is BIOS name is available on chip or mother board

20. ATX Power connecter:

 ATX power connecter is used to connect ATX power plug (This is from SMPS)
 It is white color and it has ATX Name is available on Mother Board
 ATX Power connecter has 20/24 pins available.

Typical ATX 1.3 power supply. From left to right, the connectors are 20-pin motherboard, 4-pin
"P4connector", fan RPM monitor (note the lack of a power wire), SATA power connector (black),
"Molex connector" and floppy connector.

21. Floppy connecter:

Floppy connecter is used to connect Floppy Disk Drive.This is beside of ATX power

connecter and Name FDD is available on the mother board.

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22. Bus Cables or Data cables:

 A Bus is a collection device cables are two types Of wires through which data is transmitted from
 one device to another.

 IDE cable: it used to connect HDD, CD ROM, DVD ROM

FDD cable: it used to connect FDD (braking or manufacture defecting)

23. Hard Disk Drive:

 The hard disk drive is the main, and usually largest, data storage device in a computer
 The operating system, software titles and most other files are stored in the hard disk drive
 Identifications is the panel name is Hard Disk dive

24. CD ROM Drive & CD-Writer:

 CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read only Memory) Drive is a device that reads the information from
Compact Disks (CD).
 CD-Writer is used to write the data into Compact Disks.
 Identification is the panel name is CD Writer.
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25. Floppy Disk Drive:

 The floppy disk drive is used to read the information stored in floppy disks.
 Floppy disks also called as a diskette.

 Identification is smaller than CD Writer.

26. SMPS:

 SMPS is used to supply the power to Mother Board HDD,CD ROM, FDD
 In SMPS holds a transformer, voltage control and fan
 Identification is the rectangular box shape and panel name is switching mode power supply.
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INTRODUCTION TO MS-WORD
Task 1 – Word Orientation: The mentor needs to give an overview of Microsoft (MS) office,
using word – Accessing, overview of toolbars, saving files, Using help and resources, rulers,
format painter in word.
AIM: Accessing, overview of toolbars, saving files, Using help and resources, rulers,
format painter in word.
Software Requirement: Micro-Soft office.

Hardware Requirement: Personal computer

Theory:
Microsoft Office Word a2010 allows you to create and edit personal and business documents, such as
letters, reports, invoices, emails and books. By default, documents saved in Word 2010 are saved with
the .docx extension. Microsoft Word can be used for the following purposes −
 To create business documents having various graphics including pictures, charts, and diagrams.
 To store and reuse readymade content and formatted elements such as cover pages and sidebars.
 To create letters and letterheads for personal and business purpose.
 To design different documents such as resumes or invitation cards etc.
 To create a range of correspondence from a simple office memo to legal copies and reference
documents.
We will understand how to start a Word 2010 application in simple steps. Assuming you have
Microsoft Office 2010 installed in your PC, to start the Word application, follow these steps –

Step 1: Click on Start Button

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Or

Step 2: Choose All Programs

Step 3: Click MS Office

Step 4: Choose MS Word Application. The MS Word application will open.

Office Button
The office button is an essential element of Microsoft Office Suite 2007. This button was introduced in
Office 2007 with the new Ribbon feature. When we click on the Office button, it displays some useful
options which are used very frequently. Specifically, the Office button provides us options to open,
save, print any document, or perform other common functions. Additionally, the office button allows
us to configure the preferences or settings of the particular Office product.

The office button found in MS Office 2007 products looks like this:
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Office Button Menu Options

The following options or commands are displayed when we click on the Office button:

o New: This option allows us to create a new, blank file in the corresponding Office program, such as MS
Word, MS Excel, PowerPoint, etc.
o Open: This option allows us to open an existing file from the local storage on our computer.
o Save: This option allows us to permanently save a temporary file to our computer after finishing the
work. Additionally, we can save the changes to the current file using this command.
o Save As: This option allows us to save a copy of the active file with the desired file name and file
extension to a desired location on the computer storage.
o Print: This option allows us to take a hard copy of the desired document on paper through a printer.
Alternately, the print option can help us save a copy of the active document to a PDF format.
o Prepare: This option allows us to prepare the active file for distribution. In particular, the prepare
option helps us view and modify the document properties accordingly. Furthermore, we can also inspect
the hidden metadata of a specific file using this option.
o Send: This option enables us to send or share the desired files directly through the opened Office
program with others. In particular, we may share active documents by e-mail, upload them to OneDrive,
or post to a specific blog. The send option is renamed as 'Save and Send' in Office Suite 2010.
o Publish: This option enables us to distribute the desired document to people. We can even create a
specific blog article with the content inside the file.
o Close: This option helps us to close an active document in a corresponding Office program.
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Note: The Office button has been removed in Office Suite 2010 and later. However, the menu
options still exist and are moved under the 'File' tab.

Quick Access Toolbar

Quick Access Toolbar lies next to the Microsoft Office Button. It is a customizable toolbar that comes
with a set of independent commands. It gives you quick access to commonly used commands such as
Save, Undo, Redo, etc.

See the image:

When you click the drop-down arrow next to toolbar it offers more commands. With a left click you
can add any of these commands to Quick Access Toolbar. You can also remove the commands added
to the tool bar. The indent, spacing values, individual styles and other features that appear on the
ribbon cannot be added to quick access toolbar. The following image is showing the menu of quick
access toolbar.

See the image:

Title Bar
It lies next to the Quick Access Toolbar. It displays the title of the currently open document or
application. It is present on almost all windows displayed on your computer. So, if there are several
windows across the screen, you can identify each window by looking at the title bar. In many graphical
user interfaces, you can also move a window by dragging the title bar.

See the image:

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Ribbon and Tabs

The Ribbon is a user interface element which was introduced by Microsoft in Microsoft Office 2007. It
is located below the Quick Access Toolbar and the Title Bar. It comprises seven tabs; Home, Insert,
Page layout, References, Mailing, Review and View. Each tab has specific groups of related
commands. It gives you quick access to the commonly used commands that you need to complete a
task.

See the image:

Home tab:
The Home tab is the default tab in Microsoft Word. It has five groups of related commands; Clipboard,
Font, Paragraph, Styles and Editing. It helps you change document settings like font size, adding
bullets, adjusting styles and many other common features. It also helps you to return to the home
section of the document. See the image:

Insert tab:
Insert Tab is the second tab in the Ribbon. As the name suggests, it is used to insert or add extra
features in your document. It is commonly used to add tables, pictures, clip art, shapes, page number,
etc. The Insert tab has seven groups of related commands; Pages, Tables, Illustrations, Links, Header
& Footer, Text and Symbols.

See the image:

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Page Layout tab:

It is the third tab in the Ribbon. This tab allows you to control the look and feel of your document, i.e.
you can change the page size, margins, line spacing, indentation, documentation orientation, etc. The
Page Layout tab has five groups of related commands; Themes, Page Setup, Page Background,
Paragraph and Arrange.

See the image:

References tab:
It is the fourth tab in the Ribbon. It allows you to enter document sources, citations, bibliography
commands, etc. It also offers commands to create a table of contents, an index, table of contents and
table of authorities. The References tab has six groups of related commands; Table of Contents,
Footnotes, Citations & Bibliography, Captions, Index and Table of Authorities.

See the image:

Mailings tab:
It is the fifth tab in the ribbon. It is the least-often used tab of all the tabs available in the Ribbon. It
allows you merge emails, writing and inserting different fields, preview results and convert a file into a
PDF format. The Mailings tab has five groups of related commands; Create, Start Mail Merge, Write
& Insert Fields, Preview Results and Finish.

See the image:

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Review tab:
It is the sixth tab in the Ribbon. This tab offers you some important commands to modify your
document. It helps you proofread your content, to add or remove comments, track changes, etc. The
Review tab has six groups of related commands; Proofing, Comments, Tracking, Changes, Compare
and Protect.

See the image:

View tab:
The View tab is located next to the Review tab. This tab allows you to switch between Single Page and
Two Page views. It also enables you to control various layout tools like boundaries, guides, rulers. Its
primary purpose is to offers you different ways to view your document. The View tab has five groups
of related commands; Document Views, Show/Hide, Zoom, Window and Macros.

See the image:

Ruler
The Ruler is located below the Ribbon around the edge of the document. It is used to change the
format of the document, i.e. it helps you align the text, tables, graphics and other elements of your
document. It uses inches or centimeters as the measurements unit and gives you an idea about the size
of the document.

See the image:

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Save Document in Word 2010

Saving New Document

Once you are done with typing in your new Word document, it is time to save your document to avoid
losing work you have done on a Word document. Following are the steps to save an edited Word
document −

Step 1 − Click the File tab and select the Save As option.

Step 2 − Select a folder where you will like to save the document, Enter the file name which you want
to give to your document and Select the Save As option, by default it is the .docx format.

Step 3 − Finally, click on the Save button and your document will be saved with the entered name in
the selected folder.
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Saving New Changes

There may be an instance when you open an existing document and edit it partially or completely, or
an instance where you may like to save the changes in between editing of the document. If you want to
save this document with the same name, then you can use either of the following simple options −

 Just press the Ctrl + S keys to save the changes.

 Optionally you can click on the floppy icon available at the top left corner and just above the File
tab. This option will also help you save the changes.
 You can also use the third method to save the changes, which is the Save option available just above
the Save As option as shown in the above screenshot.

If your document is new and it was never saved so far, then with either of the three options, Word will
display a dialogue box to let you select a folder, and enter the document name as explained in case of
saving new document.

Opening a Document in Word 2010

Opening New Document

A new, blank document always opens when you start Microsoft Word. Suppose you want to start
another new document while you are working on another document, or you closed an already opened
document and want to start a new document. Here are the steps to open a new document −

Step 1 − Click the File tab and select the new option.

Step 2 − When you select the new option from the first column, it will display a list of templates in the
second column. Double-click on the Blank document; this is the first option in the template list. We
will discuss the other templates available in the list in the following chapters.
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You should have your
blank document as shown below. The document is now ready for you to start typing your text.

You can use a shortcut to open a blank document anytime. Try using the Ctrl + N keys and you will
see a new blank document similar to the one in the above screenshot.

Opening Existing Document

There may be a situation when you open an existing document and edit it partially or completely.
Follow the steps given below to open an existing document −

Step 1 − Click the File tab and select the Open option.
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Step 2 − This will
display the following file Open dialog box. This lets you navigate through different folders and files,
and also lets you select a file which you want to open.

Step 3 − Finally, locate and select a file which you want to open and click the small triangle available
on the Open button to open the file. You will have different options to open the file, but simply use
the Open option.

Format Painter in Word

Once you get some text formatted just right, save yourself time applying the formats elsewhere by
copying the formatting to other parts of the document. The format painter copies the character
formatting (like bolding, font color, or italics) and paragraph formatting (like line spacing or
indentation) of the selected text so that you can quickly apply it somewhere else.
Copy Text Formatting
1. Select the formatted text you want to copy.
To copy paragraph formatting (such as line or paragraph spacing) as well as text formatting, select the
entire paragraph you want to copy.
2. Click the Format Painter button on the Home tab.
The cursor changes to a paintbrush, indicating that the format painter is ready.
3. Select the text you want to apply the copied formatting to.
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To apply copied formatting to multiple areas, keep the format painter turned on by double-clicking
the Format Painter button, and then select each area you want to apply the formatting to. Click
the Format Painter button again or press Esc to turn the Format Painter off when you’re done.
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Task 2: Using Word to create a project certificate. Features to be covered: - Formatting Fonts in
word, Drop Cap in word, Applying Text effects, Using Character Spacing, Borders and Colors,
Inserting Header and Footer, Using Date and Time option in both Word.

Formatting text
To format font size:
 Select the text you want to modify.
 Left-click the drop-down arrow next to the font size box on the Home tab. The font size drop-
down menu appears.
 Move your cursor over the various font sizes. A live preview of the font size will appear in the
document.

 Left-click the font size you want to use. The font size will change in the document.
To format font style:
 Select the text you want to modify.
 Left-click the drop-down arrow next to the font style box on the Home tab. The font style drop-
down menu appears.
 Move your cursor over the various font styles. A live preview of the font will appear in the
document.
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 Left-click the font style you want to use. The font style will change in the document.
To format font color:
 Select the text you want to modify.
 Left-click the drop-down arrow next to the font color box on the Home tab. The font color
menu appears.
 Move your cursor over the various font colors. A live preview of the color will appear in the
document.

 Left-click the font color you want to use. The font color will change in the document.
Your color choices aren't limited to the drop-down menu that appears. Select More Colors at the
bottom of the list to access the Colors dialog box. Choose the color you want, then click OK.
To use the Bold, Italic, and Underline commands:
 Select the text you want to modify.
 Click the Bold, Italic, or Underline command in the Font group on the Home tab.

To change the text case:

 Select the text you want to modify.
 Click the Change Case command in the Font group on the Home tab.
 Select one of the case options from the list.
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To change text alignment:

 Select the text you want to modify.
 Select one of the four alignment options from the Paragraph group on the Home tab.
o Align Text Left: Aligns all of the selected text to the left margin
o Center: Aligns text an equal distance from the left and right margins
o Align Text Right: Aligns all of the selected text to the right margin
o Justify: Aligns text equally to the right and left margins; used in many books,
newsletters, and newspapers

Text Alignment in MS Word

You can change the text alignment in your document to make it more presentable and readable. The
basic steps to change the text alignment are given below;
o Select the content you want to modify
o In Home tab locate the Paragraph group
o It has four alignment options
 Align Text Left: Aligns the text towards left margin
 Center: Brings the text at centre
 Align Text Right: Aligns the text towards right margin
 Justify: Aligns the text to both left and right margins
o Select the desired alignment option with a left click
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See the image:

Border in Word
In Microsoft Word, borders are the set of lines, design shapes, images, text boxes, boundaries, and
colorful graphics that are added in Word to make documents more attractive and beautiful. Using a
page border, you can customize the style and thickness of the page.
Microsoft Word allows you to add various different types of borders in your document, such
as colorful border, text border, picture border, paragraph border, and custom border.
There are the following methods to add a border in Word.
Step 1: Open the Word document, where you want to add a border.
Step 2: Go to the Page Layout tab and click on the Page Borders under the Page Background section.

Step 3: A Borders and Shading window will appear on the screen.

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Step 4: Select the Shadow option to give shade around your page.
o Select a line, from the style section that you want to add as a line border of your page.
o Choose the color that you want to add on the border.
o Define the width of the border using the Width drop-down menu.
o Click on the Apply to drop-down menu to select the page and document in which you want to
apply a border.
o Click on the OK button at the bottom of the screen.

The below screenshot shows that a page border is added in the Word document.
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To Create a Certificate Template in Microsoft Word

So, if you want to create digital certificates and you decide to choose Microsoft Word, it's worthwhile
for you to know how to do it correctly.
There are two possible ways out:
 either you create a certificate Word by hand and from scratch
 or you use some custom templates that Microsoft Word offers
The decision is yours, and we will describe these two ways for you!
Create a custom certificate template in Microsoft Word
First of all, with the options available, you can create a certificate template in Word yourself.
This is not a very quick approach, as it will take you some time to finish the project. Nevertheless,
here's how to do it:
#1 Open blank paper
 First, start Microsoft Word. Then select the blank document option. A blank sheet will appear
on your screen.
 If you want to design a certificate in vertical form, you are ready to proceed. However, if you
want it to be in horizontal form, go to the layout tab and then choose orientation > landscape.
#2 Add elements
 Now it's a matter of adding such elements that will give shape to the design.
 For example - if you want to build professional certificates of achievement, choose cool colors,
go for minimalism, and do not clutter the background.
 But if you plan to issue a gift certificate Word, you can go wild and bet on a colorful
background.
 Either way, go to the Draw tab and choose from a variety of shapes. You can also choose to
insert pictures and even 3D Models to make your certificate stand out even more.
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 We went for
simplicity and chose a navy-blue frame and white background. We also added space for a
stamp and for the issuer's signature along with the date.

#3 Fill in the text

 Now it's time to add text. This is an important element not only because it provides relevant
content but also affects the attractiveness of the certificate.
 You can use different fonts (but don't mix them too much. 2-3 should be enough), add bold,
italics, etc. Combine colors and try different combinations of all elements.
 We used the color gold, navy green, and navy blue. The fonts we chose were Century Gothic
and Book Antiqua (Headings).

#4 Save your new template

Thus prepared, you can save the template on your computer and use it at will. Usually, certificates in
Word are not too complicated to create and contain simple elements.
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Header and Footer in Word 2010

Here we will discuss how to add header and footer in Word 2010. Headers and footers are parts of a document
that contain special information such as page numbers and the total number of pages, the document title,
company logo, any photo, etc. The header appears at the top of every page, and the footer appears at the bottom
of every page.

Add Header and Footer

The following steps will help you understand how to add header and footer in a Word document.

Step 1 − Click the Insert tab, and click either the Header button or the Footer button that which
needs to be added first. Assume you are going to add Header; when you click the Header button it
will display a list of built-in Headers from where you can choose any of the headers by simply clicking
on it.

Step 2 − Once you select any of the headers, it will be applied to the document in editable mode and
the text in your document will appear dimmed, Header and Footer buttons appear on the Ribbon and
a Close Header and Footer button will also appear at the top-right corner.
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Step 3 − Finally, you can type your information whatever you want to have in your document header
and once you are done, click Close Header and Footer to come out of the header insertion mode. You
will see the final result as follows.

You can follow a similar procedure to add footer in your document.

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Edit Header and Footer

The following steps will help you understand how to edit the existing header or footer of your
document.

Step 1 − Click the Insert tab, and click either the Header button or Footer button or whatever you
want to edit. Assume you are going to edit the Header, so when you click the Header button it will
display a list of options including the Edit Header option.

Step 2 − Click on the Edit Header option and Word will display the editable header as shown in the
following screenshot.
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Step 3 − Now you can edit your document header and once you are done, click Close Header and
Footer to come out of the edit header mode.

You can follow a similar procedure to edit the footer in your document

Find & Replace in Word 2010

While working on editing a document you come across a situation very frequently when you want to
search a particular word in your document and many times you will be willing to replace this word
with another word at a few or all the places throughout the document. Here, we will understand how to
find a word or phrase in a word document and how to replace an existing word with any other word
using simple steps.

Find Command

The Find command enables you to locate specific text in your document. Following are the steps to
find a word document in the following screen −

Step 1 − Let us work out on a sample text available in our Word document. Just type =rand() and
press Enter; the following screen will appear −

Step 2 − Click the Find option in the Editing group on the Home tab or press Ctrl + F to launch the
Navigation pane –
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Step 3 − Enter a word which you want to search in the Search box, as soon as you finish typing, Word
searches for the text you entered and displays the results in the navigation pane and highlights the
word in the document as in the following screenshot –
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Step 4 − You can click the clear button (X) to clear the search and results and perform another search.

Step 5 − You can use further options while searching for a word. Click the option button to display
the options menu and then click the Options option; this will display a list of options. You can select
the options like match case to perform case-sensitive search.

Step 6 − Finally, if you are done with the Search operation, you can click the close button (X) to close
the Navigation Pane.

Find & Replace Operation

We assume you are an expert in searching a word or phrase in a word document as explained above.
This section will teach you how you can replace an existing word in your document. Following are the
simple steps −

Step 1 − Click the Replace option in the Editing group on the Home tab or press Ctrl + H to launch
the Find and Replace dialog box shown in Step 2 −

Step 2 − Type a word which you want to search. You can also replace the word using the Find and
Replace dialog box as in the following screenshot –
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Step 3 − Click the Replace button available on the Find and Replace dialog box and you will see the
first occurrence of the searched word would be replaced with the replace with word. Clicking again
on Replace button would replace next occurrence of the searched word. If you will click Replace
All button then it would replace all the found words in one go. You can also use Find Next button just
to search the next occurrence and later you can use Replace button to replace the found word.

Step 4 − You can use More >> button available on the dialog box to use more options and to make
your search more specific like case sensitive search or searching for whole word only etc.

Step 5 − Finally, if you are done with the Find and Replace operation, you can click the Close
(X) or Cancel button of the dialog box to close the box.

To Insert the Date and Time in Microsoft Word

1. Open Microsoft Word.

2. Place the text cursor where you want to insert the date and time.
3. Click the Insert tab in the Ribbon.
4. On the Insert tab, click the Date & Time option.
5. Select the date or time format you want to insert in the document. To have this information
automatically updated, you can check the Update automatically box.
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6. Once done selecting the format, click OK to insert.

If you are working on a document that is frequently updated and printed, place the date and time in the
document footer. Keeping an updated date and time on all printed copies helps you keep track of the
most recent hard copy.

DROP CAP

MS Word provides a special feature known as a drop cap. A drop cap is a large capital letter that
presents at the beginning of a text block or a paragraph and has the depth of two or more lines of
regular text. Or in another word, we can say that a drop cap is the largest capital letter or a word
(according to the user requirement) which is used as a decorative element at the beginning of a
paragraph. Generally, the size of the drop cap is two or more lines, but you can also customize the size
and spacing according to your needs.
Now let us discuss how to use drop cap step by step:
Step 1: Open MS Word and write a paragraph like as shown in the below image:
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Now we use the drop cap option on the first letter of this paragraph, i.e., P.
Step 2: Click on the INSERT, then go to the Text section and click on the Drop Cap button. A list will
display (like as shown in the below image). Now, this list contains four options:
 None
 Dropped
 In margin
 Drop Cap Options

Step 3: Select the Drop Cap option that you want:

 To create a Drop Cap that fits within your paragraph, select “Dropped” option.
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Task 3: Creating project abstract Features to be covered: -Formatting Styles, inserting table,
Bullets and Numbering, Changing Text Direction, Cell alignment, Footnote, Hyperlink, Symbols,
Spell Check.
Create Bulleted and Numbered Lists
Bullets and numbers are used to make a list more presentable and readable. A bulleted list attracts more
than a simple list. Word offers you various styles of bullets and numbers. The steps to create bulleted
lists are given below;
o Select the text you want to convert to bulleted or numbered list
o Select the Home tab
o In Paragraph group click the Bullets or Numbering command
o It displays Bullets or Numbering menu
o With a left click select the desired Bullet or Numbering style
o To increase the list place the cursor at the end of list and press Enter key

See the image:

Spell Check in Word

Microsoft Word provides a decent Spelling and Grammar Checker which enables you to search for and
correct all spelling and grammar mistakes in your document. Word is intelligent enough to identify
misspelled or misused, as well as grammar errors and underlines them as follows.
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 A red underline beneath spelling errors.

 A green underline beneath grammar errors.

 A blue line under correctly spelled but misused words.

Check Spelling and Grammar using Review tab

Here is the simple procedure to find out the spelling mistakes and fix them −

Step 1 − Click the Review tab and then click the Spelling & Grammar button.

Step 2 − A Spelling and Grammar dialog box will appear and will display the wrong spellings or
errors in grammar. You will also get suggestions to correct as shown below –
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Now you have following options to fix the spelling mistakes −

 Ignore − If you are willing to ignore a word, then click this button and Word ignores the word
throughout the document.

 Ignore All − Like Ignore, but this ignores all occurrences of the same misspelling, not just once but
throughout the document.

 Add to Dictionary − Choose Add to Dictionary to add the word to the Word spelling dictionary.

 Change − This will change the wrong word using the suggested correct word.

 Change All − Like Change, but this changes all occurrences of the same misspelling, not just once
but throughout the document.

 AutoCorrect − If you select a suggestion, Word creates an AutoCorrect entry that automatically
corrects this spelling error from now on.

Step 3 − Select one of the given suggestions you want to use and click the Change option to fix the
spelling or grammar mistake and repeat the step to fix all the spelling or grammar mistake.

Step 4 − Word displays a dialog box when it finishes checking for spelling and grammar mistakes,
finally Click OK.
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Check Spelling and Grammar using Right Click

If you will right-click the mouse button over a misspelled word, then it will show you the correct
suggestions and the above-mentioned options to fix the spelling or grammar mistake. Try it yourself.

Special Symbols in Word 2010

Your keyboard may not have many characters available but you want to use those characters in your
document; in such situations, you have the option to insert Special Symbols the way we will further
understand in this chapter.
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To insert symbols that are occasionally used, follow the steps in this section. If you find yourself using
a particular symbol frequently, you can assign a keyboard shortcut to it.

Insert Special Symbols

Here is a simple procedure to apply zoom-in or zoom-out operation using the View tab −

Step 1 − To insert a special symbol, bring your cursor at the place where you want to insert the
symbol. Click the Insert tab. You will find two options under the symbol button (a) Equation and (b)
Symbols. Click either of these two options based on your requirement. You will further use equations
while preparing mathematical or scientific or any similar document. For now, we are going to
understand the use of the Symbol button as shown below.

Step 2 − When you click the Symbol button, a small list of symbols will appear as shown below.
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Step 3 − Now click on any of the available symbols in the box to insert that in your document at the
selected location. If you do not find the desired symbol in this small box, then you can click at
the More Symbols option to have a wide range of symbols as shown below in the symbol dialog box.
You can select any of the symbol and then click the Insert button to insert the selected symbol.

Shortcuts to use Undo & Repeat operations

Though you can access the Undo and Repeat commands from the Quick Access toolbar, but because
these commands are the most frequently used commands, we recommend you memorize their
keyboard shortcuts which are as follows −

S.No Shortcuts & Operation

Ctrl + Z
1
Undoes the previous action.

Ctrl + Y
2
Repeats the previous action.

Hyperlink
A hyperlink is a word, phrase, or image that you can click on to jump to a new document, or a new
section within the document, or to a webpage, etc. Hyperlinks are found in nearly all Web pages, and
these links allow the users to click their way from the current page to a new page. Most of the time text
hyperlinks are often blue and underlined, but it is not all the time or a necessary condition. When you
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move the cursor over a hyperlink (text or image), the arrow should change to a small hand pointing at
the link and when you click it, a new page is opened or a new place in the current page will open.
MS-Word also provides this feature to add a hyperlink to the document. With the help of this, you can
connect your document to another document or also can add webpages link as per your choice. This
tool is very useful, and it is easy to use.
Creating a Hyperlink with the help of text
As mentioned before hyperlinks can be created with MS Word, and we will learn this through a step-
by-step process with help of images and instructions.
Steps to follow:
Step 1: First open MS-Word on your PC.
Step 2: Now, Open the document or create a new one in which you want to perform this operation.

Step 3: Select a text(a text or phrase) for creating a hyperlink. (Here “Geeksforgeeks” is Selected)
Step 4: Now, go to the Insert tab.

Step 5: Now, In the insert tab go to the “Links” Section and in Link Section, click on the
“Hyperlink” option.
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Step 6: As you click on the Hyperlink option a new tab will open named “Insert hyperlink“. (as
shown in the below image.)

Step 7: Now, In this tab, there is an address bar. In this address bar, you have to add the link of
webpage or address to new file anything you want. (Here we will add the address of the webpage of
geeksforgeeks site link which is “https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/”)
Step 8: After entering the address click ok.
Step 9: Hyperlink is added to the selected text successfully.
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Create a Table in Word 2010

In this chapter, we will discuss how to create a table in Word 2010. A table is a structure of vertical
columns and horizontal rows with a cell at every intersection. Each cell can contain text or
graphics,and you can format the table in any way you want. Usually, the top row in the table is kept as
a table header and can be used to put some informative instruction.

Create a Table

The following steps will help you understand how to create a table in a Word document.

Step 1 − Click the Insert tab followed by the Table button. This will display a simple grid as shown
below. When you move your mouse over the grid cells, it makes a table in the table that appears in the
document. You can make your table having the desired number of rows and columns.

Step 2 − Click the square representing the lower-right corner of your table, which will create an actual
table in your document and Word goes in the table design mode. The table design mode has many
options to work with as shown below.
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Step 3 − This is an optional step that can be worked out if you want to have a fancy table. Click
the Table Styles button to display a gallery of table styles. When you move your mouse over any of
the styles, it shows real time preview of your actual table.

Step 4 − To select any of the styles, just click the built-in table style and you will see that the selected
style has been applied on your table.
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Delete a Table

Following are the simple steps to delete an existing table from a word document.

Step 1 − Click anywhere in the table you want to delete.

Step 2 − Click the Layout tab, and click the Delete Table option under the Delete Table Button to
delete the complete table from the document along with its content.

Rows & Columns in Word 2010

A Word table can contain as many as 63 columns but the number of rows is unlimited. This chapter
will teach you how to add and delete rows and columns in a table.

Add a Row

Following are the simple steps to add rows in a table of a word document.

Step 1 − Click a row where you want to add an additional row and then click the Layout tab; it will
show the following screen.
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Step 2 − Now use the Row & Column group of buttons to add any row below or above to the
selected row. If you click the Insert Below button, it will add a row just below the selected row as
follows.

If you click the Insert Above button, it will add a row just above the selected row.

Delete a Row

The following steps will help you delete rows from a table of a Word document.

Step 1 − Click a row which you want to delete from the table and then click the Layout tab; it will
show the following screen.
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Step 2 − Click the Layout tab, and then click the Delete Rows option under the Delete Table
Button to delete the selected row.

Add a Column

The following steps will help you add columns in a table of a Word document.

Step 1 − Click a column where you want to add an additional column and then click the Layout tab; it
will show the following screen.

Step 2 − Now use the Row & Column group of buttons to add any column to the left or right of the
selected column. If you click the Insert Left button, it will add a column just left to the selected
column as follows.
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If you click the Insert Right button, it will add a column just next to the selected column.

Delete a Column

Following are the simple steps to delete columns from a table of a word document.

Step 1 − Click a column which you want to delete from the table and then click the Layout tab; it will
show the following screen.
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Step 2 − Click the Layout tab, and click the Delete Column option under the Delete Table Button to
delete the selected column.

Merging Cells in Word

In this chapter, we will discuss how to merge table cells in Word 2010. Microsoft Word allows the
merging of two or more cells to create one large cell. You will frequently need to merge columns of
the top row to create the title of the table. You can merge cells either row-wise or column-wise, rather
you cannot merge cells diagonally. This chapter will teach you how to merge multiple rows or
columns.

Merging Cells

The following steps will help you merge table cells in a Word document.

Step 1 − Bring your mouse pointer position inside the first cell that you want to merge. Now press
the Shift key and click the cells around the cell which you want to merge into the first cell. This will
highlight the cells which you click and they will be ready to be merged.
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Step 2 − Now click the Layout tab and then click the Merge Cells button which will merge all the
selected cells.

After merging the cells, all the content of the cells will be scrambled which you can fix later as you
like. For example, you can convert the merged cells text into title or some other description. For
example, let us have center-aligned and bigger font text as follows on top of the table.

Split a Table in Word

In this chapter, let us discuss how to split a table in Word 2010. Microsoft Word allows splitting a
table into multiple tables but a single operation will always divide a table into two tables. This chapter
will teach you how to split a table into two smaller tables.
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Split a Table

Following are the simple steps to split a table into two tables in a Word document.

Step 1 − Bring your mouse pointer position anywhere in the row that should appear as the first row of
the new table.

Step 2 − Now click the Layout tab and then click the Split Table button which will split the table into
two tables and the selected row will become the first row of the lower table.

After splitting the table into two tables, you can further divide it into two parts and you can continue
dividing the Word tables as long as a table has more than one row.
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Task 4: Creating a Newsletter: Features to be covered: - Table of Content, Newspaper columns,

Images from files and clipart, Drawing toolbar and Word Art, Formatting Images, Textboxes,
Paragraphs and Mail Merge in word.

News letters

Most companies have one or more email newsletters for their employees and customers.

Microsoft has added new features over the years. And since Microsoft word, 2013, there is a ready-
made newsletter template that you can use. But that doesn't mean you shouldn't put any effort to
customize your newsletter.

All newsletters share the same components. These include information boxes, newsletter layout,
image placeholders and a banner.

The layout of a newsletter

Begin by creating a new blank document in Microsoft Word. Next click on the 'page layout', menu
tab and then click on the columns drop-down selection icon. Decide on the number of columns
you'll need for your newsletter column, or click left. This solely depends on your style preference,
so there is no right or wrong way of going about it.

Still, don' t see any obvious changes? That's fine. Click on the 'view' menu button and mark on the
Ruler checkbox. A ruler will appear at the top, on the left side of your document, showing where
the selected columns are.

Now click the 'design' icon to select the best theme for your newsletter. There are multiple themes
you can choose from. Here is an example.
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Since it's difficult to view how your newsletter template will look like in a blank page, add some
text. Insert the "Loren Ipsum" text in the two columns. In your word document, type the following
text =lorem(2,12)

Once you hit the enter button, you can see some auto generated text in your columns. You can then
tweak the size of the fonts to meet the needs of your company if you've got guidelines on the
standard font size. This can be done by highlighting your text and right-clicking it to the size you
want it to be.

Banners and text boxes

Click on the 'insert' tab and click on the 'shapes' drop-down selected arrow. Select a rectangle shape
and insert it above the columns.

Right-click on the banner and click 'insert text' and write the name of your newsletter. Next, click
on the 'home' tab and choose the title font style.

Click on the top left column right before your first character. Insert a text box here. From the 'insert'
table list, select on the 'text box' button. You'll see a placeholder on your template that will allow
you to input a title, quote or a story heading.
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Add an image placeholder

Now it's time to add a placeholder for a picture.

Click the 'insert' tab and select 'picture'. Insert the picture on the position you'd want it to be on the
newsletter, and select the layout options icon and choose bottom and top so that the text wraps
around the image and not through it.
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Save your newsletter as a template. You can keep adding more components to your newsletter
template, but you get the idea. Select the file menu, and use the 'save as' button, and select the
document type as a word template.

To use your template as a starting point, to create another newsletter template, click 'new' when you
open word to create your first newsletter. Click 'personal' to see all your templates, and click the
'newsletter template' button.

Use Graphics in Word 2010

In this chapter, we will discuss how to use graphics in Word 2010. You can add beauty to your
Microsoft Word documents by inserting a variety of graphics. This chapter will teach you two ways of
adding graphics.

Adding Picture in Document

The following steps will help you add an existing picture in your word document. It is assumed that
you already have a picture available on your machine before you add this picture in your Word
document.

Step 1 − Click on your document where you want to add a picture.

Step 2 − Click the Insert tab and then click the Picture option available in illustrations group, which
will display the Insert Picture dialog box.
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Step 3 − You can select a required picture using the Insert Picture dialog box. When you will click
the Insert button, selected picture will be inserted in your document. You can play with your inserted
picture in different ways, like you can apply quick styles to your picture, you can resize it, or you can
change its color too. To try it, just -lick your inserted image and Word will give you numerous options
available under the Format tab to format your inserted graphics.
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You can try yourself to insert other available graphics like Clipart, Different Shapes, Charts and
SmartArt or Screenshots.

Adding WordArt in Document

WordArt provides a way to add fancy words in your Word document. You can document your text in a
variety of ways. The following steps will help you add WordArt in your document.

Step 1 − Click in your document where you want to add WordArt.

Step 2 − Click the Insert tab and then click the WordArt option available in the Text group; this will
display a gallery of WordArt.

Step 3 − You can select any of the WordArt style from the displayed gallery by clicking on it. Now
you can modify the inserted text as per your requirement and you can make it further beautiful by
using different options available. To try it, just double-click your inserted WordArt and Word will give
you numerous options available from the Format tab to format your image. Most frequently used
options are Shape Styles and WordArt Styles.
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You can try yourself to apply different options on the inserted WordArt by changing its shape styles,
colors, WordArt Styles, etc.
Set Watermark in Word 2010

In this chapter, we will discuss how to set watermark in a Word document. A watermark is a picture
that shows up faintly behind the text on a Word document page. When you draft a document, you can
watermark the document with Draft Copy stamp, or you can watermark a duplicate document with
the Duplicate stamp. Microsoft Word allows you to stamp with watermark using simple steps
explained in this chapter.

Set Standard Watermark

The following steps will help you set standard watermark in word document. A standard watermark is
the one which is already defined by words and cannot modify their font or color etc.

Step 1 − Open a word document in which you want to add a watermark.

Step 2 − Click the Page Layout tab and then click the Watermark button to display a list of standard
watermark options.

Set Custom Watermark

The following steps will help you set custom watermark in word document. A custom watermark is the
one which can be modified text and its font, color and size etc.
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Step 1 − Open a Word document in which you want to add a watermark.

Step 2 − Click the Page Layout tab and then click the Watermark button to display a list of standard
watermark options. At the bottom, you will find the Custom Watermark option.

Step 3 − Click over the Custom Watermark option; this will display the Printed Watermark dialog
box.
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Step 4 − Now you can set a picture as watermark or you can set predefined text as watermark; you can
also type your text in the Text box available at Printed Watermark dialog box. We will set text
watermark as DUPLICATE and also set its font color and font size. Once all the parameters are set,
click the OK button to set the parameters.

Remove Watermark

The following steps will help you remove an existing watermark from a Word document.

Step 1 − Open a Word document the watermark of which needs to be deleted.

Step 2 − Click the Page Layout tab followed by the Watermark button to display a list of standard
watermark options. At the bottom, you will find the Remove Watermark option.
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Step 3 − Click Remove Watermark option; this will delete the existing watermark from the
document.
Mail merge
Mail Merge is a useful tool that will allow you to easily produce multiple letters, labels, envelopes, and
more using information stored in a list, database, or spreadsheet. In this lesson, you will learn how to
use the Mail Merge Wizard to create a data source and a form letter, and explore other wizard
features

To use Mail Merge:

1. Select the Mailings on the Ribbon. From the Mailings tab, click the Start Mail
Merge command and select Step-by-Step Mail Merge Wizard from the drop-down
menu.

The Mail Merge task pane appears and will guide you through the six main steps to complete a merge.
You will have several decisions to make during the process. The following is an example of how to
create a form letter and merge the letter with a recipient list.

Step 1:
 From the Mail Merge task pane on the right side of the Word window, choose
the type of document you want to create. In our example, we'll select Letters. Then
click Next: Starting document to move to
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Step 2.

 Select Use the current document, then click Next: Select recipients to move to Step
3.

Step 3:
 Select the Type a new list button.
 Click Create to create a data source. The New Address List dialog box appears.
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o Click New Entry to enter another record.

o Click Close when you have entered all of your data records.
o Enter the file name you want to save the data list as.
o Choose the location where you want to save the file.
o Click Save. The Mail Merge Recipients dialog box appears and displays all of
the data records in the list.
o Confirm that the data list is correct, and click OK.
o Click Next: Write your letter to move to Step 4.

Steps 4-6
 Write a letter in the current Word document, or use an open existing document.

To insert recipient data from the list:

 Place the insertion point in the document where you want the
information to appear.
 Select Address block, Greeting line, or Electronic postage from the
task pane. A dialog box with options will appear based on your
selection.
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OR
o Select More Items. The Insert Merge Field dialog box will appear.
o Select the field you want to insert in the document.

o Click Insert. Notice that a placeholder appears where information from the
data record will eventually appear.
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o Repeat these steps each time you need to enter information from your data record

 Click Next: Preview your letters in the task pane once you have completed your letter.
Step 5:
Preview the letters to make sure the information from the data record appears correctly
in the letter.
Step 6:
Click Next: Complete the merge.


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INTRODUCTION TO MS- EXCEL

Excel Orientation: The mentor needs to tell the importance of MS office or equivalent (FOSS)
tool Excel as a Spreadsheet tool, give the details of the four tasks and features that would be
covered in each. Using Excel – Accessing, overview of toolbars, saving excel files, Using help
and resources.

Step 1 − Click on the Start button.

Step 2 − Click on All Programs option from the menu.

Step 3 − Search for Microsoft Office from the sub menu and click it.

Step 4 − Search for Microsoft Excel 2010 from the submenu and click it.
This will launch the Microsoft Excel 2010 application and you will see the following excel window.
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Explore Window in Excel

File Tab

The File tab replaces the Office button from Excel 2007. You can click it to check the Backstage
view, where you come when you need to open or save files, create new sheets, print a sheet, and do
other file-related operations.

Quick Access Toolbar

You will find this toolbar just above the File tab and its purpose is to provide a convenient resting
place for the Excel's most frequently used commands. You can customize this toolbar based on your
comfort.

Ribbon
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Ribbon contains commands organized in three components −

 Tabs − They appear across the top of the Ribbon and contain groups of related commands. Home,
Insert, Page Layout are the examples of ribbon tabs.
 Groups − They organize related commands; each group name appears below the group on the
Ribbon. For example, group of commands related to fonts or group of commands related to alignment
etc.
 Commands − Commands appear within each group as mentioned above.
Title Bar

This lies in the middle and at the top of the window. Title bar shows the program and the sheet titles.

Help

The Help Icon can be used to get excel related help anytime you like. This provides nice tutorial on
various subjects related to excel.

Zoom Control

Zoom control lets you zoom in for a closer look at your text. The zoom control consists of a slider that
you can slide left or right to zoom in or out. The + buttons can be clicked to increase or decrease the
zoom factor.

View Buttons

The group of three buttons located to the left of the Zoom control, near the bottom of the screen, lets
you switch among excel's various sheet views.

 Normal Layout view − This displays the page in normal view.

 Page Layout view − This displays pages exactly as they will appear when printed. This gives a full
screen look of the document.
 Page Break view − This shows a preview of where pages will break when printed.
Sheet Area

The area where you enter data. The flashing vertical bar is called the insertion point and it represents
the location where text will appear when you type.

Row Bar

Rows are numbered from 1 onwards and keeps on increasing as you keep entering data. Maximum
limit is 1,048,576 rows.

Column Bar

Columns are numbered from A onwards and keeps on increasing as you keep entering data. After Z, it
will start the series of AA, AB and so on. Maximum limit is 16,384 columns.
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Status Bar

This displays the current status of the active cell in the worksheet. A cell can be in either of the fours
states (a) Ready mode which indicates that the worksheet is ready to accept user inpu (b) Edit mode
indicates that cell is editing mode, if it is not activated the you can activate editing mode by double-
clicking on a cell (c) A cell enters into Enter mode when a user types data into a cell (d) Point mode
triggers when a formula is being entered using a cell reference by mouse pointing or the arrow keys on
the keyboard.

Dialog Box Launcher

This appears as a very small arrow in the lower-right corner of many groups on the Ribbon. Clicking this button
opens a dialog box or task pane that provides more options about the group

Entering Values in Excel 2010

Entering values in excel sheet is a child’s play and this chapter shows how to enter values in an excel
sheet. A new sheet is displayed by default when you open an excel sheet as shown in the below screen
shot.

Sheet area is the place where you type your text. The flashing vertical bar is called the insertion point
and it represents the location where text will appear when you type. When you click on a box then the
box is highlighted. When you double click the box, the flashing vertical bar appears and you can start
entering your data.

So, just keep your mouse cursor at the text insertion point and start typing whatever text you would
like to type. We have typed only two words "Hello Excel" as shown below. The text appears to the left
of the insertion point as you type.
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There are following three important points, which would help you while typing −

 Press Tab to go to next column.

 Press Enter to go to next row.
 Press Alt + Enter to enter a new line in the same column.

Save Workbook in Excel 2010

Saving New Sheet

Once you are done with typing in your new excel sheet, it is time to save your sheet/workbook to avoid
losing work you have done on an Excel sheet. Following are the steps to save an edited excel sheet −

Step 1 − Click the File tab and select Save As option.

Step 2 − Select a folder where you would like to save the sheet, Enter file name, which you want to
give to your sheet and Select a Save as type, by default it is .xlsx format.
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Step 3 − Finally, click on Save button and your sheet will be saved with the entered name in the
selected folder.

Saving New Changes

There may be a situation when you open an existing sheet and edit it partially or completely, or even
you would like to save the changes in between editing of the sheet. If you want to save this sheet with
the same name, then you can use either of the following simple options −

 Just press Ctrl + S keys to save the changes.

 Optionally, you can click on the floppy icon available at the top left corner and just above the File
tab. This option will also save the changes.
 You can also use third method to save the changes, which is the Save option available just above
the Save As option as shown in the above screen capture.
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Task 1: Creating a Scheduler - Features to be covered: Gridlines, Format Cells, Summation,

auto fill, Formatting Text

Insert Data in Excel 2010

In MS Excel, there are 1048576*16384 cells. MS Excel cell can have Text, Numeric value or
formulas. An MS Excel cell can have maximum of 32000 characters.

Inserting Data

For inserting data in MS Excel, just activate the cell type text or number and press enter or
Navigation keys.

Inserting Formula

For inserting formula in MS Excel go to the formula bar, enter the formula and then press enter or
navigation key. See the screen-shot below to understand it.
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Modifying Cell Content

For modifying the cell content just activate the cell, enter a new value and then press enter or
navigation key to see the changes. See the screen-shot below to understand it.
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Rows & Columns in Excel 2010

MS Excel is in tabular format consisting of rows and columns.

 Row runs horizontally while Column runs vertically.

 Each row is identified by row number, which runs vertically at the left side of the sheet.
 Each column is identified by column header, which runs horizontally at the top of the sheet.

For MS Excel 2010, Row numbers ranges from 1 to 1048576; in total 1048576 rows, and Columns
ranges from A to XFD; in total 16384 columns.

Navigation with Rows and Columns

Let us see how to move to the last row or the last column.

 You can go to the last row by clicking Control + Down Navigation arrow.
 You can go to the last column by clicking Control + Right Navigation arrow.

Cell Introduction

The intersection of rows and columns is called cell.

aCell is identified with Combination of column header and row number.

For example − A1, A2.

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Setting Cell Type in Excel 2010

Formatting Cell

MS Excel Cell can hold different types of data like Numbers, Currency, Dates, etc. You can set the cell
type in various ways as shown below −

 Right Click on the cell » Format cells » Number.

 Click on the Ribbon from the ribbon.
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Various Cell Formats

Below are the various cell formats.

 General − This is the default cell format of Cell.

 Number − This displays cell as number with separator.
 Currency − This displays cell as currency i.e. with currency sign.
 Accounting − Similar to Currency, used for accounting purpose.
 Date − Various date formats are available under this like 17-09-2013, 17th-Sep-2013, etc.
 Time − Various Time formats are available under this, like 1.30PM, 13.30, etc.
 Percentage − This displays cell as percentage with decimal places like 50.00%.
 Fraction − This displays cell as fraction like 1/4, 1/2 etc.
 Scientific − This displays cell as exponential like 5.6E+01.
 Text − This displays cell as normal text.
 Special − Special formats of cell like Zip code, Phone Number.
 Custom − You can use custom format by using this.

Setting Fonts in Excel 2010

You can assign any of the fonts that is installed for your printer to cells in a worksheet.

Setting Font from Home

You can set the font of the selected text from Home » Font group » select the font.
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Setting Font From Format Cell Dialogue

 Right click on cell » Format cells » Font Tab
 Press Control + 1 or Shift + Control + F

Text Decoration in Excel 2010

You can change the text decoration of the cell to change its look and feel.

Text Decoration

Various options are available in Home tab of the ribbon as mentioned below.

 Bold − It makes the text in bold by choosing Home » Font Group » Click B or Press Control + B.

 Italic − It makes the text italic by choosing Home » Font Group » Click I or Press Control + I.

 Underline − It makes the text to be underlined by choosing Home » Font Group » Click U or

Press Control + U.

 Double Underline − It makes the text highlighted as double underlined by choose Home » Font

Group » Click arrow near U » Select Double Underline.

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Setting Colors in Excel 2010

You can change the background color of the cell or text color.

Changing Background Color

By default the background color of the cell is white in MS Excel. You can change it as per your need
from Home tab » Font group » Background color.
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Using Functions in Excel 2010

Functions in Formula

Many formulas you create use available worksheet functions. These functions enable you to greatly
enhance the power of your formulas and perform calculations that are difficult if you use only the
operators. For example, you can use the LOG or SIN function to calculate the Logarithm or Sin ratio.
You can’t do this complicated calculation by using the mathematical operators alone.

Using Functions

When you type = sign and then type any alphabet you will see the searched functions as below.

Suppose you need to determine the largest value in a range. A formula can’t tell you the answer
without using a function. We will use formula that uses the MAX function to return the largest value in
the range B3:B8 as =MAX(A1:D100).
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Another example of functions. Suppose you want to find if the cell of month is greater than 1900 then
we can give Bonus to Sales representative. The we can achieve it with writing formula with IF
functions as =IF(B9>1900,"Yes","No")
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Function Arguments

In the above examples, you may have noticed that all the functions used parentheses. The information
inside the parentheses is the list of arguments.

Functions vary in how they use arguments. Depending on what it has to do, a function may use.

 No arguments − Examples − Now(), Date(), etc.

 One argument − UPPER(), LOWER(), etc.
 A fixed number of arguments − IF(), MAX(), MIN(), AVERGAGE(), etc.
 Infinite number of arguments
 Optional arguments

Built-in Functions in Excel 2010

Built In Functions

MS Excel has many built in functions, which we can use in our formula. To see all the functions by
category, choose Formulas Tab » Insert Function. Then Insert function Dialog appears from which
we can choose the function.
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Functions by Categories

Let us see some of the built in functions in MS Excel.

 Text Functions
o LOWER − Converts all characters in a supplied text string to lower case

o UPPER − Converts all characters in a supplied text string to upper case

o TRIM − Removes duplicate spaces, and spaces at the start and end of a text string
o CONCATENATE − Joins together two or more text strings.
o LEFT − Returns a specified number of characters from the start of a supplied text string.
o MID − Returns a specified number of characters from the middle of a supplied text string
o RIGHT − Returns a specified number of characters from the end of a supplied text string.
o LEN − Returns the length of a supplied text string
o FIND − Returns the position of a supplied character or text string from within a supplied text string
(case-sensitive).

 Date & Time

o DATE − Returns a date, from a user-supplied year, month and day.
o TIME − Returns a time, from a user-supplied hour, minute and second.
o DATEVALUE − Converts a text string showing a date, to an integer that represents the date in
Excel's date-time code.
o TIMEVALUE − Converts a text string showing a time, to a decimal that represents the time in
Excel.
o NOW − Returns the current date & time.
o TODAY − Returns today's date.

 Statistical
o MAX − Returns the largest value from a list of supplied numbers.
o MIN − Returns the smallest value from a list of supplied numbers.
o AVERAGE − Returns the Average of a list of supplied numbers.
o COUNT − Returns the number of numerical values in a supplied set of cells or values.
o COUNTIF − Returns the number of cells (of a supplied range), that satisfies a given criteria.
o SUM − Returns the sum of a supplied list of numbers.

 Logical
o AND − Tests a number of user-defined conditions and returns TRUE if ALL of the conditions
evaluate to TRUE, or FALSE otherwise
o OR − Tests a number of user-defined conditions and returns TRUE if ANY of the conditions
evaluate to TRUE, or FALSE otherwise.
o NOT − Returns a logical value that is the opposite of a user supplied logical value or expression i.e.
returns FALSE if the supplied argument is TRUE and returns TRUE if the supplied argument is
FALSE

 Math & Trig

o ABS − Returns the absolute value (i.e. the modulus) of a supplied number.
o SIGN − Returns the sign (+1, -1 or 0) of a supplied number.
o SQRT − Returns the positive square root of a given number.
o MOD − Returns the remainder from a division between two supplied numbers.
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Task 2: Calculating GPA -. Features to be covered: - Cell Referencing, Formulae

in excel average, Charts, Renaming and Inserting worksheets, Hyper linking,
Count function.

Formulas in MS Excel

Formulas are the Bread and butter of worksheet. Without formula, worksheet will be just simple
tabular representation of data. A formula consists of special code, which is entered into a cell. It
performs some calculations and returns a result, which is displayed in the cell.

Formulas use a variety of operators and worksheet functions to work with values and text. The values
and text used in formulas can be located in other cells, which makes changing data easy and gives
worksheets their dynamic nature. For example, you can quickly change the data in a worksheet and
formulas works.

Elements of Formulas

A formula can consist of any of these elements −

 Mathematical operators, such as +(for addition) and *(for multiplication)

Example −
o =A1+A2 Adds the values in cells A1 and A2.

 Values or text
Example −
o =200*0.5 Multiplies 200 times 0.15. This formula uses only values, and it always returns the same
result as 100.

 Cell references (including named cells and ranges)

Example −
o =A1=C12 Compares cell A1 with cell C12. If the cells are identical, the formula returns TRUE;
otherwise, it returns FALSE.
 Worksheet functions (such as SUMor AVERAGE)
Example −
o =SUM(A1:A12) Adds the values in the range A1:A12.

Creating Formula

For creating a formula you need to type in the Formula Bar. Formula begins with '=' sign. When
building formulas manually, you can either type in the cell addresses or you can point to them in the
worksheet. Using the Pointing method to supply the cell addresses for formulas is often easier and
more powerful method of formula building. When you are using built-in functions, you click the cell
or drag through the cell range that you want to use when defining the function’s arguments in the
Function Arguments dialog box. See the below screen shot.
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As soon as you complete a formula entry, Excel calculates the result, which is then displayed inside the
cell within the worksheet (the contents of the formula, however, continue to be visible on the Formula
bar anytime the cell is active). If you make an error in the formula that prevents Excel from being able
to calculate the formula at all, Excel displays an Alert dialog box suggesting how to fix the problem.

Cell Reference In Excel

A cell reference in Excel refers to other cells to a cell to use its values or properties. So in simple
terms, if we have data in some random cell A2 and we want to use that value of cell A2 in cell A1, we
can use =A2 in cell A1. So it will copy the value of A2 in A1. So it is called cell referencing in Excel.

For example, suppose you insert C1O. As a result, it will expand "Column C" and the "10th Row."
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Likewise, we can also define or declare cell references to any location in the worksheet. We may also
activate another way for cell reference.

 Cell reference in Excel refers to a cell that is copied from another cell to use its values or properties.
For example, if data is stored in a random cell A2, and the value of A2 is copied to cell A1, this is
known as cell referencing.
 Excel offers three types of cell references: relative cell references, absolute cell references, and
mixed cell references.
 Cell references are crucial in Excel functions, formulas, charts, and commands. They can be either a
row or a column, but not both, and can be locked using mixed references.

Types of Cell Reference in Excel

1 - Relative cell references:

It does not contain dollar signs in a row or column, e.g., A2. Relative cell reference type in Excel
changes when a formula is copied or dragged to another cell. In Excel, cell referencing is relative by
default. It is the most commonly used cell reference in the formula. Let us learn this method with a
detailed example.

Example - Relative Cell References

The below-mentioned pharma sales table below contains medicine "Products" in column C (C10:C16),
"Quantity Sold" in column D (D10:D16), and "Total_Sales_Value" in column F, which we need to
find out.

To calculate the total sales for each item, we need to multiply the price of each item by its quantity of
that.

Let us check out the first item. For the first item, the formula in cell F10 would be multiplication in
Excel - D10*E10.
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It returns the total sales value.

Now, instead of entering the formula for all the cells, we can apply a formula to the entire range. To
copy the formula down the column, click inside cell F10, and we can see that the cell is selected. Then,
select the cells till F16. So, that column range will get selected. Then, we will click "Ctrl+D"to apply
the formula to the entire range.
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Here, when you copy or move a formula with a relative cell reference to another row. Automatically,
row references will change (similarly for columns also)

We can notice that the cell reference automatically adjusts to the corresponding row.

To check a relative reference, we must select any of the cells of the "Total _Sales_ Value" in column
F, and we can view the formula in the formula bar. E.g., In cell F14, we can observe that the formula
has been changed from D10*E10 to D14*E14.

2 - Absolute cell references:

Absolute cell reference contains dollar signs attached to each letter or number in a reference, e.g.,
$B$4. Suppose we mention a dollar sign before the column and row identifiers. It makes absolute or
locks both the column and the row, i.e., where cell reference remains constant even if it is copied or
dragged to another cell. Let us learn this method with a detailed example.

Example - Absolute Cell References

The below-mentioned pharma product table contains medicine "Products" in column H (H6:H12), and
it's "Old_Price" in column I (I6:I12), and "New_Price" in column J, which we need to find out with the
help of absolute cell reference.
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We can see that the rate for each product is increased by 5% effective from Jan 2019 and is listed in
cell "K3".

To calculate the "New_Price" for each item, we need to multiply the old price of each item by the
percentage price increase (5%) and add the “Old_Price” to it.

Let us check out the first item. For the first item, the formula in cell J6 would be =I6*$K$3+I6, where
it returns the new price.
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Here, the percentage rate increase for each product is 5%, a common factor. Therefore, we must add a
dollar symbol in front of the row and column number for the cell "K3" to make it an absolute
reference, i.e., $K$3.Wecan add it by clicking the "function+F4" key once.

Here the dollar sign for the cell "K3" fixes the reference to a given cell, where it remains unchanged no
matter when you copy or apply a formula to other cells.

Here, $K$3 is an absolute cell reference, whereas "I6" is a relative cell reference. It changes when you
apply to the next cell.
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Now, instead of
entering the formula for all the cells, we can apply a formula to the entire range. To copy the formula
down the column, click inside cell J6, and we will see that the cell has been selected. Then, we must
select the cells till J12. So, that column range will get selected. Then click "Ctrl+D," so the formula is
applied to the entire range.

3 - Mixed cell references in Excel:

In Excel, mixed cell references contain dollar signs attached to either the letter or the number in a
reference. E.g., $B2 or B$4. It is a combination of relative and absolute references. Let us learn this
method with a detailed example.

Example - Mixed Cell References

In the below-mentioned table, we have values in each row (D22, D23, and D24) and columns (E21,
F21, and G21). Here, we have to multiply each column with each row with the help of a mixed cell
reference.

There are two types of mixed cell references that we can use here to get the desired output.

Let us apply two types of mixed references below in the cell "E22."
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The formula would be =$D22*E$21.

#1 - $D22: Absolute column and Relative row

Here, the dollar sign before column D indicatesthat only the row number can change. At the same
time, the column letter D is fixed. It does not change.

When we copy the formula to the right side, the reference will not change because it is locked, but
When you copy it down, the row number will change because it is not locked.

#2 - E$21: Absolute row and Relative column

Consider the below example.

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The dollar sign right before the row number indicates only the column letter E can change. Whereas
the row number is fixed; it does not change.

The row number will not change when copying the formula because it is locked. But when we copy
the formula to the right side, the column alphabet will change because it is not locked.

Now, instead of entering the formula for all the cells, we can apply a formula to the entire range. Now,
we will click inside cell E22. As a result, first, we will see that the cell is selected. Then, we will select
the cells until G24 so that the entire range will get selected. Next, we will click on the "Ctrl+D" key
first and later "Ctrl+R."

Likewise, we can use cell references in Excel.

How to add a new worksheet

To add a new worksheet to your Excel file, follow the steps below for the version of Excel on your
computer.
Excel 2013 and later
1. At the bottom of the Excel window, to the right of the last worksheet listed, click the + symbol.
2. A new worksheet is created, with a default name of "Sheet" plus a number. The number used is
one more than the number of existing worksheets. For example, if there are three worksheets in
the Excel file, the new worksheet is named "Sheet4".
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Excel 2010 and earlier

1. At the bottom of the Excel window, to the right of the last worksheet listed, click the small tab
with a folder-like icon.
2. A new worksheet is created, with a default name of "Sheet" plus a number. The number used is
one more than the number of existing worksheets. For example, if there are three worksheets in
the Excel file, the new worksheet is named "Sheet4".
3.

How to rename a worksheet

To rename a worksheet in an Excel file, follow the steps below.

1. At the bottom of the Excel window, right-click the worksheet tab you want to rename.
2. Click the Rename option.
3. Type in the new name for the worksheet and press Enter
Show gridlines in Excel
Suppose you want to see gridlines in the entire worksheet or workbook, but they are just turned off. In
this case you need to check one of the following options in the Excel 2016 - 2010 Ribbon.
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Start with opening the worksheet where cell lines are invisible.
Note: If you'd like to make Excel show gridlines in two or more sheets, hold down the Ctrl key and
click the necessary sheet tabs at the bottom of the Excel window. Now any changes will be applied to
every selected worksheet.
When you are done with the selection, just navigate to the VIEW tab on the Ribbon and check
the Gridlines box in the Show group.

Alternatively, you can go to the Sheet Options group on the PAGE LAYOUT tab and select
the View checkbox under Gridlines.
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Simple Charts in Excel

Charts

A chart is a visual representation of numeric values. Charts (also known as graphs) have been an
integral part of spreadsheets. Charts generated by early spreadsheet products were quite crude, but thy
have improved significantly over the years. Excel provides you with the tools to create a wide variety
of highly customizable charts. Displaying data in a well-conceived chart can make your numbers more
understandable. Because a chart presents a picture, charts are particularly useful for summarizing a
series of numbers and their interrelationships.

Types of Charts

There are various chart types available in MS Excel as shown in the below screen-shot.


Column − Column chart shows data changes over a period of time or illustrates comparisons
among items.
 Bar − A bar chart illustrates comparisons among individual items.
 Pie − A pie chart shows the size of items that make up a data series, proportional to the sum of
the items. It always shows only one data series and is useful when you want to emphasize a
significant element in the data.
 Line − A line chart shows trends in data at equal intervals.
 Area − An area chart emphasizes the magnitude of change over time.
 X Y Scatter − An xy (scatter) chart shows the relationships among the numeric values in
several data series, or plots two groups of numbers as one series of xy coordinates.
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 Stock − This chart type is most often used for stock price data, but can also be used for
scientific data (for example, to indicate temperature changes).
 Surface − A surface chart is useful when you want to find the optimum combinations between
two sets of data. As in a topographic map, colors and patterns indicate areas that are in the
same range of values.
 Doughnut − Like a pie chart, a doughnut chart shows the relationship of parts to a whole;
however, it can contain more than one data series.
 Bubble − Data that is arranged in columns on a worksheet, so that x values are listed in the first
column and corresponding y values and bubble size values are listed in adjacent columns, can
be plotted in a bubble chart.
 Radar − A radar chart compares the aggregate values of a number of data series.
Creating Chart

To create charts for the data by below mentioned steps.

 Select the data for which you want to create the chart.
 Choose Insert Tab » Select the chart or click on the Chart group to see various chart types.
 Select the chart of your choice and click OK to generate the chart.

Editing Chart

You can edit the chart at any time after you have created it.
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 You can select the different data for chart input with Right click on chart » Select data.
Selecting new data will generate the chart as per the new data, as shown in the below screen-
shot.

 You can change the X axis of the chart by giving different inputs to X-axis of chart.
 You can change the Y axis of chart by giving different inputs to Y-axis of chart
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LOOKUP/VLOOKUP
Task 3: Split cells, freeze panes, group and outline, Sorting, Boolean and logical
operators, Conditional formatting

Data Filtering in Excel 2010

Filters in MS Excel

Filtering data in MS Excel refers to displaying only the rows that meet certain conditions. (The other
rows gets hidden.)

Using the store data, if you are interested in seeing data where Shoe Size is 36, then you can set filter
to do this. Follow the below mentioned steps to do this.

 Place a cursor on the Header Row.

 Choose Data Tab » Filter to set filter.

 Click the drop-down arrow in the Area Row Header and remove the check mark from Select All,
which unselects everything.
 Then select the check mark for Size 36 which will filter the data and displays data of Shoe Size 36.
 Some of the row numbers are missing; these rows contain the filtered (hidden) data.
 There is drop-down arrow in the Area column now shows a different graphic — an icon that indicates
the column is filtered.
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Data Sorting in Excel 2010

Sorting in MS Excel

Sorting data in MS Excel rearranges the rows based on the contents of a particular column. You may
want to sort a table to put names in alphabetical order. Or, maybe you want to sort data by Amount
from smallest to largest or largest to smallest.

To Sort the data, follow the steps mentioned below.

 Select the Column by which you want to sort data.

 Choose Data Tab » Sort Below dialog appears.
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 If you want to sort data based on a selected column, Choose Continue with the selection or if you
want sorting based on other columns, choose Expand Selection.
 You can Sort based on the below Conditions.
o Values − Alphabetically or numerically.
o Cell Color − Based on Color of Cell.
o Font Color − Based on Font color.
o Cell Icon − Based on Cell Icon.
Clicking Ok will sort the data.

Sorting option is also available from the Home Tab. Choose Home Tab » Sort & Filter. You can see
the same dialog to sort records.

Conditional Formatting

MS Excel 2010 Conditional Formatting feature enables you to format a range of values so that the
values outside certain limits, are automatically formatted.

Choose Home Tab » Style group » Conditional Formatting dropdown.

Various Conditional Formatting Options

 Highlight Cells Rules − It opens a continuation menu with various options for defining the
formatting rules that highlight the cells in the cell selection that contain certain values, text, or dates, or
that have values greater or less than a particular value, or that fall within a certain ranges of values.
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Suppose you want to find cell with Amount 0 and Mark them as red.Choose Range of cell » Home Tab
» Conditional Formatting DropDown » Highlight Cell Rules » Equal To.

After Clicking ok, the cells with value zero are marked as red.
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 Top/Bottom Rules − It opens a continuation menu with various options for defining the formatting
rules that highlight the top and bottom values, percentages, and above and below average values in the
cell selection.

Suppose you want to highlight the top 10% rows you can do this with these Top/Bottom rules.

Data Bars − It opens a palette with different color data bars that you can apply to the cell selection to
indicate their values relative to each other by clicking the data bar thumbnail.

With this conditional Formatting data Bars will appear in each cell.
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 New Rule − It opens the New Formatting Rule dialog box, where you define a custom conditional

formatting rule to apply to the cell selection.

 Clear Rules − It opens a continuation menu, where you can remove the conditional formatting rules

for the cell selection by clicking the Selected Cells option, for the entire worksheet by clicking the
Entire Sheet option, or for just the current data table by clicking the This Table option.
 Manage Rules − It opens the Conditional Formatting Rules Manager dialog box, where you edit and

delete particular rules as well as adjust their rule precedence by moving them up or down in the Rules
list box.

Lookup in Excel
In simple terms, lookup means looking for a specific value within a row or a column in Excel after

meeting specific criteria. You can look for single or multiple values within a range. There are several

specific Excel built-in functions for looking up value both horizontally and vertically. Moreover, you

can also combine multiple functions for performing a lookup.

Different Types of Lookup to Apply in Excel: 8 Types

In the following dataset, we have a list of marks obtained by different students throughout a semester

in a subject.
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Now, we will use this dataset to demonstrate 8 different types of Lookup in Excel. Let’s demonstrate

them with proper illustrations.

1. Using LOOKUP Function in Excel

The LOOKUP function looks up a value in a given array and can return a result from another array.

Suppose, we want to find out the grade of one of the students.

Steps:

➤ First, type the following formula,

=LOOKUP(K7,B5:B14,I5:I14)

Here, K7 is the lookup value, B5:B14 is the lookup array and I5:I14 is the result array.

The LOOKUP function will find the lookup value in the lookup array and give the result array’s

return.

Now, press ENTER

Hence, you will get the grade of that student. In a similar way, you can use the LOOKUP function to

find out any specific value from a table.

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2. Utilizing HLOOKUP Function for Horizontal Lookup

The HLOOKUP function looks for a value in the top row of a table or array and returns a value in the

same column from a specified row. The function looks for a value along a row that means horizontally

and that’s why it is called HLOOKUP.

Suppose, we want to find the mark obtained in the final by a student named Robin.

Steps:

Here, apply the following formula to perform this task

=HLOOKUP(K5,B4:I14,8,FALSE)
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🔎 Formula Breakdown

First of all, we can see K5 is the lookup value, B4:I14 is the table array, 8 is the row index number

which means we want the value from the 8th row of the table and FALSE indicates that the function

will lookup for an exact match. Then the formula will lookup for K5 in the top row of

table B4:I14 and will return the value from the 8th row of the column in which K5 has been found.

Hence, you will get the mark in the final obtained by Robin.

3. Lookup Vertically with VLOOKUP Function

The VLOOKUP function is the complementary function of the HLOOKUP function.

The HLOOKUP function looks for the value along a row while the VLOOKUP function looks for the

value in a column. VLOOKUP looks for the value in the leftmost column and after that, it returns a

value in the same row of the specified column.

Let’s find out the grade of one of the students (Sheldon) using the VLOOKUP function.

Steps:

➤ Here, insert the following formula for serving our purpose.

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=VLOOKUP(K5,B5:I14,8,FALSE)

🔎 Formula Breakdown

At first, we can see K5 is the lookup value, B5:I14 is the table array, 8 is the column index number

which means we want the value from the 8th column of the table and FALSE indicates that the

function will lookup for an exact match. Then, the function will lookup for K5 in the leftmost column

of table B5:I14 and will return the value of the 8th column from the row in which the lookup value has

been found.

Hence, you will get the grade of that student (cell K5).
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Getting Started with PowerPoint 2010

Task 1: Students will be working on basic power point utilities and tools which help them
create basic power point presentations. PPT Orientation, Slide Layouts, Inserting Text, Word
Art, Formatting Text, Bullets and Numbering, Auto Shapes, Lines and Arrows in PowerPoint.

Introduction to Microsoft PowerPoint

Information can be displayed using an electronic presentation application. This information is usually
presented as a slide show — the data is displayed on a slide that may be viewed on a computer monitor
or projected onto a screen using an LCD projector. A presentation might consist of multiple slides that
are exhibited one after the other. The presentation tool in MS Office is MS PowerPoint. Microsoft
PowerPoint is a popular presentation application, although there are alternatives such as Corel
Presentations OpenOffice.org, Impress, etc.

Three major components of a presentation program are:

(i) An editor that allows text to be input and formatted

(ii) a means for inserting visual pictures, audio, and video

(iii) and a slide-show system to display the final content.

How to open MS PowerPoint

In Windows 8/above:

Step 1: Press Windows + c to open the search bar

Step 2: Type PowerPoint & click on the MS Office version you are having in your system. MS
Office window will pop up.
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In Windows 7 or below:

Step 1: Go to the program section in the windows start menu.

Step 2: Go to MS Office & click on it. A drop-down list is seen
Step 3: Click on MS PowerPoint & MS PowerPoint window will pop up.

Creating a Presentation
Once your MS PowerPoint Window pops up, you can create & save the file by:

Step 1: Click on the Microsoft button on the top left.

Step 2: Click on new, a new Presentation window will pop up.

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Step 3: Click on Create & a new presentation will be created.

Note: Shortcut for New: Ctrl +n

Saving a Presentation
Once you have created a presentation, it can be easily saved with the help of following steps:

Step 1: Click on the Microsoft icon

Step 2: Click on the Save button

Step 3: A new Window for Save As will pop up.

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Step 4: Select the drive (by clicking on it: Example: Local Drive (D)) in which you want to save the
presentation. Then your drive will open up, select the folder in which you want to save the presentation
(Example: img folder here) & then give the required name to your presentation (Example:
MyPresentation here). Your presentation is created & saved with the provided name.

Note: Shortcut for save: Ctrl + s

Basic Elements of a PowerPoint Window/Slide

You can see various bars in the presentation window. They are:

(i) Title Bar: This shows the name/title given by you to the current presentation. If user do not save
the presentation by any name, default name given by MS PowerPoint appears in this bar.
(ii) Menu Bar: Contains menu items like insert, views, design, animations, etc.
(iii) Office Button: MS Office button on the left-most top.
(iv) Formatting Toolbar: Have tools like Bold, Italic, Underline, Font shape & size etc. to format
your data.

(v) Zoom Slider: To zoom in or zoom out your presentation.

(vi) Slide Sorter Pane: This allows us to choose which slides will be shown in which sequence during
the slide show.
(vii) Notes Pane: This allows us to type notes that we may require later when preparing for the
presentation, but they will not be displayed during the slide show.
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(viii) View Buttons: Provides different views of your presentation like : normal, slide show & slide
sorter.
(ix) Slide Pane: This is where we type, format, and otherwise design the slide.

Concept of Slide Shows

After preparing the presentation, it’s time for the slide show. Steps for slide show are:

Step 1. Click on the view Option on the top Menu Toolbar

Step 2. Click on the slide show option.

Step 3. The slide show will start (Press Esc key (escape) to come out of slide show)

Note: Shortcut for the slide show is: F5

Slide Views

The group of four buttons located to the left of the Zoom control, near the bottom of the screen, lets
you switch between PowerPoint views.

 Normal Layout view − This displays page in normal view with the slide on the right and a list of

thumbnails to the left. This view allows you to edit individual slides and also rearrange them.
 Slide Sorter view − This displays all the slides as a matrix. This view only allows you to rearrange

the slides but not edit the contents of each slide.

 Reading View − This view is like a slideshow with access to the Windows task bar in case you need

to switch windows. However, like the slideshow you cannot edit anything in this view.

Create Presentation using Powerpoint

PowerPoint offers a host of tools that will aid you in creating a presentation. These tools are organized
logically into various ribbons in PowerPoint. The table below describes the various commands you can
access from the different menus.
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Menu Category Ribbon Commands

Clipboard functions, manipulating slides, fonts, paragraph

Home
settings, drawing objects and editing functions.

Insert tables, pictures, images, shapes, charts, special texts,

Insert
multimedia and symbols.

Slide setup, slide orientation, presentation themes and

Design
background.

Transitions Commands related to slide transitions.

Animations Commands related to animation within the individual slides.

Slide Show Commands related to slideshow set up and previews.

Proofing content, language selection, comments and comparing

Review
presentations.

Commands related to presentation views, Master slides, color

View
settings and window arrangements.
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Besides these depending on the objects selected in the slide, there are other menu tabs that get enabled.

Add New Slides in Powerpoint 2010

In this chapter, we will understand how to add new slides in an existing presentation. Here are the
steps that allow you to insert a new slide in the deck −

Step 1 − Right-click in the Navigation Pane under any existing slide and click on the New
Slide option.

Step 2 − The new slide is inserted. You can now change the layout of this slide to suit your design
requirements.
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Step 3 − To change the slide layout, right-click on the newly inserted slide and go to
the Layout option where you can choose from the existing layout styles available to you.

You can follow the same steps to insert a new slide in between existing slides or at the end on the slide
list.

When we insert a new slide, it inherits the layout of its previous slide with one exception. If you are
inserting a new slide after the first slide (Title slide), the subsequent slide will have the Title and
Content layout.

You will also notice that if you right-click in the first step without selecting any slide the menu options
you get are different, although you can insert a new slide from this menu too.
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Adding Shapes to Slide in Powerpoint 2010

PowerPoint supports the addition of shapes in presentations. It also includes Shapes like basic
geometric shapes, flowchart components, arrows, callouts, lines and other predefined special shapes.
These shapes also double up as text boxes as they support adding text to them directly. Besides, you
can also use these shape to crop pictures to shape.

Given below are the steps to add a shape in PowerPoint.

Step 1 − Go to the Illustrations group under the Insert Tab.

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Step 2 − Click on the Shapes dropdown to view the available shapes.

Step 3 − Select the shape you want to insert. This will change the cursor to a + sign.

Step 4 − Click and drag on the slide to create the shape. As you drag, the shape will show up on the
slide. Continue to drag and adjust the size and the symmetry of the shape.
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Editing Added Shapes in Powerpoint 2010

Just like images and pictures, PowerPoint also supports editing of shapes inserted in the presentation.
The shape editing features in PowerPoint can be accessed from the Format ribbon once the shape is
selected. The editing features are grouped under the Insert Shapes and the Shape Styles section in
the Format ribbon.

Shape Styles Features

The table below describes various shape style features available in PowerPoint.

S.No Feature & Description

Shape Fill
1 Selects the shape fill color and style. You can add a single solid color from the
palette, or a picture, gradient or texture.

2 Shape Outline
Selects the shape border color, thickness and style.

3 Shape Effects
Adds special effects to the shape like reflection, 3D rotation, bevel, shadow, etc.

Predefined Styles
4 These are a combination of the style features that can be applied to the shape
with a single click.
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Task 2: Interactive presentations - Hyperlinks, Inserting –Images, Clip Art, Audio,

Video, Objects, Tables and Charts.

Add Pictures to Slide in Powerpoint 2010

PowerPoint supports multiple content types including images or pictures. With regards to pictures
PowerPoint classifies them into two categories −

 Picture − Images and photos that are available on your computer or hard drive
 Clip Art − Online picture collection that you can search from the clip art sidebar

Although their sources are different, both these types can be added and edited in similar fashion. Given
below are the steps to add picture to a slide.

Step 1 − Go to the Images group in the Insert ribbon.

Step 2 − Click on Picture to open the Insert Picture dialog and add a picture to the slide.

Step 3 − In this dialog, you have three sections: to the left corner, you have folders that can be
browsed, the section in the center shows the subfolders and files in the selected folder and to the right,
you can have a preview of the selected image.
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Step 4 − Select the image you want and click Open to add the picture to the slide.

Step 5 − To add online pictures, click on Clip Art and search for keywords in the Clip Art sidebar.
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Step 6 − Once you have the clipart you want to use, double-click on the image to add it to the slide.
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Adding Audio & Video in Powerpoint 2010

PowerPoint supports multimedia in the slides. You can add audio or video clips to the slides which can
be played during the presentation.

The following steps will help you add audio or video file to the slides.

Step 1 − Go to the Media group under the Insert ribbon

Step 2 − To insert video file select Video as media type and Video from File to insert a video from
your computer or hard drive.
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Step 3 − In the Insert Video dialog, browse for a video file and click Insert.

Step 4 − You will now see that a Video file is added to the slide.

Step 5 − To insert audio file select Audio as media type and Audio from File to insert an Audio from
your computer or hard drive.
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Step 6 − In the Insert Audio dialog, browse for an audio file and click Insert.

Step 7 − You will now see that an Audio file is added to the slide.
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Insert a hyperlink to another PowerPoint presentation

To insert a link or hyperlink to another PowerPoint presentation:

1. In Normal View or Slide Master View, select the text, shape or image you want to use as a
hyperlink. If you are using a shape that contains text, click its edge.
2. Click the Insert tab in the Ribbon.
3. In the Links group, click Link or Hyperlink. You can also press Ctrl + K. The Edit Hyperlink
dialog appears.
4. Under Link to, select Existing File or Web Page.
5. Click Browse (yellow file folder icon).
6. Navigate to the other presentation and double-click it.
7. If you are using a text hyperlink, enter the descriptive text that will become the link text in the
Text to display box (if necessary).
8. Click OK.
9. Click Slide Show on the bottom right of the screen to run your slide show. You can also press
Shift + F5.
10. Click the link to test it.
11. Press ESC to exit the slide show.
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Below is the Edit Hyperlink dialog box with a link to another presentation:

Add & Format Tables Powerpoint 2010

One of the most powerful data representation techniques is the use of tables. Table allows information
to be segregated making it easy to read. PowerPoint has features that let you add tables in slides and
also format them to enhance their visual effects. What's more, these tables are also compatible with
Microsoft Excel, so you can basically take a spreadsheet or a section of a spreadsheet and paste it into
a slide as a table.

The following steps will help you add a table in PowerPoint.

Step 1 − Go to the Tables group under the Insert ribbon.

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Step 2 − Click on the dropdown and select your table dimension from the matrix.

Step 3 − If you require more than 10 columns or 8 rows click on "Insert Table" to open the Insert
Table dialog where you can specify the column and row count.
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The PowerPoint table formatting features have been grouped under two ribbons: Design and Format.
The sections below discuss the features under each ribbon. To access these ribbons, you must select the
table first.

Table Design Features

We will now understand the table design features in PowerPoint.

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Table Format Features

We will now understand the various table format features in PowerPoint.

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Add & Format Charts in Powerpoint 2010

Charts are an effective way of representing data. Long list of confusing numbers can instantly become
trends which can be spotted when they are captured as charts. PowerPoint supports the addition and
formatting of charts.

Given below are the steps to add a chart to PowerPoint.

Step 1 − Go to the Illustrations group under the Insert ribbon.

Step 2 − Click on the Chart option to open the Insert Chart dialog. You can choose the chart
category and pick individual chart types from the list.
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Step 3 − Select the chart type and click OK or double-click on the chart type to insert the chart in the
slide.
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Step 4 − Along with the chart, an Excel spreadsheet is also launched. This spreadsheet is the source for
your chart. You can change the category names, series names and individual values to suit your needs.

As you edit the values and the table in Excel the chart gets modified accordingly.

The PowerPoint chart formatting features have been grouped under three
ribbons: Design, Layout and Format. The sections below discuss the features under each ribbon. To
access these ribbons you must select the chart first.

Chart Design Features

We will now understand the various chart design features in PowerPoint.

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The table given below describes the various chart design features −

Feature Sub Features Description

Changes the chart type retaining the same

Type Change Chart Type
data. N

Select Data Changes the data range covered in the chart.

Edit Data Changes the chart source data.

Refresh Data Refreshes the chart to show the latest data.

Offers a list of predefined layouts which can

Chart Layouts Chart Layouts be instantly applied to current chart with a
single click.

Offers a list of predefined styles which can

Chart Styles Chart Styles be instantly applied to current chart with a
single click.

Chart Layout Features

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Task 3: Master Layouts (slide, template, and notes), Types of views (basic, presentation, slide
slotter, notes etc), and Inserting – Background, textures, Design Templates, Hidden slides.

Slide Master view

Slide Master view is a special feature in PowerPoint that allows you to quickly modify the slides and
slide layouts in your presentation. From here, you can edit the slide master, which will affect every
slide in the presentation. You can also modify individual slide layouts, which will change any slides
using those layouts.

For example, let's say you find a theme you like but you don't like a few of the slide layouts. You
could use Slide Master view to customize the layouts to look exactly the way you want.

In Slide Master view, the Slide Master tab will appear first on the Ribbon, but you'll still be able to
access commands on different tabs as you normally would.
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Using Slide Master view

Whether you're making significant changes to your slides or just a few small tweaks, Slide Master
view can help you create a consistent, professional presentation without a lot of effort. You could use
Slide Master view to change just about anything in your presentation, but here are some of its most
common uses.

 Modify backgrounds: Slide Master view makes it easy to customize the background for all of
your slides at the same time. For example, you could add a watermark or logo to each slide in
your presentation, or you could modify the background graphics of an existing PowerPoint
theme.
 Rearrange placeholders: If you find that you often rearrange the placeholders on each slide,
you can save time by rearranging them in Slide Master view instead. When you adjust one of
the layouts in Slide Master view, all of the slides with that layout will change.
 Customize text formatting: Instead of changing the text color on each slide individually, you
could use the Slide Master to change the text color on all slides at once.
 Create unique slide layouts: If you want to create a presentation that looks different from
regular PowerPoint themes, you could use Slide Master view to create your own layouts.
Custom layouts can include your own background graphics and placeholders.

Some overall presentation changes—like customizing the theme fonts and theme colors—can be
made quickly from the Design tab.

To make changes to all slides:

If you want to change something on all slides of your presentation, you can edit the Slide Master. In
our example, we'll add a logo to every slide. If you'd like to work along with our example, right-click
the image below and save it to your computer.

1. Select the View tab, then click the Slide Master command.

2. The presentation will switch to Slide Master view, and the Slide Master tab will be selected
on the Ribbon.
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3. In the left navigation pane, scroll up and select the first slide. This is the slide master.

4. Make the desired changes to the slide master. In our example, we’ll insert a picture of the
Mongibello logo.
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5. Move, resize, or delete slide objects as needed. In our example, we'll resize the logo and move
it to the bottom-right corner.
6.

7. When you’re finished, click the Close Master View command on the Slide Master tab.

8. The change will appear on all slides of the presentation.

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When you make a change to the slide master, it's a good idea to review your presentation to see how
it affects each slide. You may find that some of your slides don't look exactly right. We'll show you
how to fix this by customizing individual slide layouts.

Hide a Slide

If you don’t want a slide to be included in the final slide show, you can hide it from your audience. It
won't show up when you play the slide show, but you will still see it in the editing views so you can
bring it back in the future.

1. Select the slide you want to hide.

2. Click the Slide Show tab.
3. Click Hide Slide.

Right-click the slide and select Hide Slide.

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The slide number is crossed out, indicating that it is hidden.

Slide Views

PowerPoint includes several different slide views, which are all useful for various tasks. The slide
view commands are located in the bottom-right of the PowerPoint window. There are four main slide
views.
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The group of four buttons located to the left of the Zoom control, near the bottom of the screen, lets
you switch between PowerPoint views.

 Normal view: This is the default view, where you create and edit slides. You can also move
slides in the slide navigation pane on the left.

 Slide sorter: In this view, you'll see a thumbnail version of each slide. You can drag and drop
slides to reorder them quickly.

 can drag and drop slides to reorder them quickly.

Reading view: This view fills the PowerPoint window with a preview of your presentation.
It includes easily accessible navigation buttons at the bottom-right.
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Play slide show: This is the view you'll use to present to an audience. This command will
begin the presentation from the current slide. You can also press F5 on your keyboard to start
from the beginning. A menu will appear when you hover the mouse in the bottom-left corner.
These commands allow you to navigate through the slides and access other features, such as
the pen and highlighter.
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Introduction To Latex
LaTeX, which is pronounced «Lah-tech» or «Lay-tech» (to rhyme with «blech» or «Bertolt Brecht»),
is a document preparation system for high-quality typesetting. It is most often used for medium-to-
large technical or scientific documents but it can be used for almost any form of publishing.

LaTeX is not a word processor! Instead, LaTeX encourages authors not to worry too much about the
appearance of their documents but to concentrate on getting the right content. For example, consider
this document:

Why Latex

Any Overleaf project can be configured to recompile automatically each time it is edited: click the small arrow
next to the Recompile button and set Auto Compile to On, as shown in the following screengrab:
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A minimal document preamble might look like this:

\documentclass[12pt, letterpaper]{article}
\usepackage{graphicx}
where \documentclass[12pt, letterpaper]{article}
defines the overall class (type) of document. Additional parameters, which must be separated by
commas, are included in square brackets ([...]) and used to configure this instance of the article class;
i.e., settings we wish to use for this particular article-class-based document.
In this example, the two parameters do the following:

 12pt sets the font size

 Letter paper sets the paper size

Of course, other font sizes, 9pt, 11pt, 12pt, can be used, but if none is specified, the default size is 10pt.
As for the paper size, other possible values are a4paper and legal paper. For further information see the
article about page size and margins.
The preamble and body can now be combined to produce a complete document which can be opened
in Overleaf:
\documentclass[12pt, letterpaper]{article}
\title{My first LaTeX document}
\author{Hubert Farnsworth\thanks{Funded by the Overleaf team.}}
\date{August 2022}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
We have now added a title, author and date to our first \LaTeX{} document!
\end{document}
This example produces the following output:
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Bold, italics and underlining

Next, we will now look at some text formatting commands:

 Bold: bold text in LaTeX is typeset using the \textbf{...} command.

 Italics: italicised text is produced using the \textit{...} command.
 Underline: to underline text use the \underline{...} command.

The next example demonstrates these commands:

Some of the \textbf{greatest}

discoveries in \underline{science}

were made by \textbf{\textit{accident}}.

This example produces the following output:

Paragraphs and new lines

With the abstract in place, we can begin writing our first paragraph. The next example demonstrates:

 how a new paragraph is created by pressing the "enter" key twice, ending the current line and
inserting a subsequent blank line;
 how to start a new line without starting a new paragraph by inserting a manual line break using
the \\ command, which is a double backslash; alternatively, use the \newline command.

The third paragraph in this example demonstrates use of the commands \\ and \newline:
\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}

\begin{abstract}
This is a simple paragraph at the beginning of the
document. A brief introduction about the main subject.
\end{abstract}

After our abstract we can begin the first paragraph, then press ``enter'' twice to start the second one.

This line will start a second paragraph.

I will start the third paragraph and then add \\ a manual line break which causes this text to start on a
new line but remains part of the same paragraph. Alternatively, I can use the \verb|\newline|\newline
command to start a new line, which is also part of the same paragraph.
\end{document}
This example produces the following output:
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Creating tables
The following examples show how to create tables in LaTeX, including the addition of
lines (rules) and captions.
In this example the argument is {|c|c|c|} which declares three (centred) columns each
separated by a vertical line (rule); in addition, we use \hline to place a horizontal rule
above the first row and below the final row:
\begin{center}

\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|}

\hline

cell1 & cell2 & cell3 \\

cell4 & cell5 & cell6 \\

cell7 & cell8 & cell9 \\

\hline

\end{tabular}

\end{center}

This example produces the following output:

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Inline math mode

Let’s see an example of inline math mode:
\documentclass[12pt, letterpaper]{article}

\begin{document}

In physics, the mass-energy equivalence is stated

by the equation $E=mc^2$, discovered in 1905 by Albert Einstein.

\end{document}

This example produces the following output:

To typeset inline-mode math you can use one of these delimiter pairs: \( ... \), $ ...
$ or \begin{math} ... \end{math}, as demonstrated in the following example:

\documentclass[12pt, letterpaper]{article}

\begin{document}

\begin{math}

E=mc^2

\end{math} is typeset in a paragraph using inline math mode---as is $E=mc^2$, and so too is
\(E=mc^2\).

\end{document}
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Chat GPT
ChatGPT is a powerful artificial intelligence bot developed by OpenAI. Its makers Altman, Musk, and
other Silicon Valley investors created an artificial intelligence research non-profit organization in 2015
and unveiled it to the world on 30th November 2022. ChatGPT is Chat Generative Pre-Trained
Transformer. It is a powerful AI bot that is capable of understanding human speech and producing in-
depth writing that is easily understood by humans. The question-answer format use in ChatGPT makes
it interesting.
The CEO is Sam Altman, who previously was president of Y Combinator

How Can You Access ChatGPT?

ChatGPT can be accessed on your mobile browser or computer/laptop. Using ChatGPT is very easy.
To know how to use chatGPT, follow the steps mentioned below:

Step 1: Visit https://chat.openai.com/auth/login to get started.

Step 2: Sign up on this website by entering your full name.

Step 3: Verify your account through a code sent to your mobile phone or email id.

Step 4: Once the verification is completed from your end, you can begin using it.

What kind of questions can you ask on ChatGPT?

In recent days, the hype around ChatGPT has accelerated to such a great extent that this tool has a
huge potential in the near future. With so many uses of ChatGPT in daily life, it has garnered attention
of people of every age group. Chat GPT generates human like responses through texts. It can generate
codes, write stories, poems, etc. It gives natural answers to generate responses in a way a human would
provide. Let us have a look at some of the uses of ChatGPT:

 Write codes
 Do translations
 Debug
 Recommend you songs, party ideas, etc.
 Write a compelling poem or prose
 Help you prepare for a Law exam
 Write an essay for your school or college project
 Give you the recipe for your favourite dish
 Give you the lyrics of any song
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Some of the examples: