REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

CHAPTER – 4

REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
INTRODUCTION
According to World Health Organisation, reproductive health means a total well-being in all aspects of reproduction that is
physical, emotional, behavioural and social, therefore a society with people having physically and functionally normal
reproductive organs and normal emotional and behavioural interactions among them in all sex related aspects might be called
reproductively healthy.
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH: PROBLEMS AND STARTIGIES
India was one of the first countries in the world to use the Government Measures to create awareness among
"family planning" programme, which began in 1951. people about reproduction related aspects: The
government is doing this with the help of:
In a culture, reproductive health is an important component
• Audio-visuals and print media.
of overall health.
• Even family members and close relatives are becoming
Under the common moniker 'Reproductive and child health aware.
care (RCH) programme,' improved programmes • Sex education is implemented in schools to raise
encompassing a broader range of reproduction-related issues awareness.
are presently in operation. • Adequate education regarding reproductive organs,
Young people's health and education, as well as marriage and puberty and associated changes, safe and sanitary sexual
childbearing at more mature phases of life, are all crucial behaviours, sexually transmitted illnesses, AIDS is also
factors in a society's reproductive health. being taught in schools.
Amniocentesis: It is a method that uses amniotic fluid to of fertilisation are relatively high during this period,
detect chromosomal abnormalities in growing embryos. which is known as the fertile period.
o Coitus interruptus: To avoid fertilisation, the male
It is also misapplied to determine foetal sex based on the
partner withdraws the penis from the vagina
chromosomal pattern in the amniotic fluid around the
immediately before ejaculation.
growing embryo.
o Lactational Amenorrhea: Because of the lack of
menstruation following parturition, as well as the
strong milk feeding and lack of ovulation during this
period, the odds of fertilisation are minimal.
Q1. Family planning programmes were initiated in which of
the following year? (ii) Barrier method: A barrier prevents ovum and sperm
(a) 1947 (b) 1951 from physically meeting. This includes the following:
(c) 1977 (d) 1955 o Condom: ‘Nirodh’ is a popular brand of condom in
males.
S1. (b)
Q2. RCH stands for.
(a) Reproductive and child health care
(b) Rennovation and child health care
(c) Reproduction and common health care
(d) None of the above
S2. (a)
Condom for male Condom for female
Population explosion and Birth Control
o Diaphragms, cervical caps and vaults: these are
People's improved quality of life, enhanced health care, and rubber barrier put into the female reproductive tract
better living conditions had an exponential influence on during coitus. Spermicidal lotions, jellies, and foams
population growth. are commonly used in conjunction with these
The fundamental cause of population explosion is: barriers to improve their contraceptive
o Rapid drop in death rates, effectiveness.
o MMR (maternal mortality rate) Barrier approaches provide the following advantages:
o IMR (infant mortality rate) ✓ They can be discarded easily.
o An increase in the population of reproductive age. ✓ They are self-insertable.
✓ They may be reused
Steps to combat population growth are: ✓ Prevents conception by blocking entry of sperm
o Using numerous ways of contraception. through cervix.
o Educating individuals about the disadvantages of having a (iii) IUD’s: put vaginally into the
big family. uterus of a female by a doctor
o Increasing both female and male marriageable ages or a skilled nurse Non-
o Providing an incentive to parents with one or two medicated IUDs (e.g.,
children. Lippes loop), copper
An ideal way of controlling the population is the use of releasing IUDs (CuT, Cu7,
contraceptives. Multiload 375), and
Contraceptives: these come in form of pills and many other hormone releasing IUDs
forms that prevent the fusion of egg and the sperm and hence are all examples of IUCDs
the pregnancy. (Progestasert, LNG-20).

An ideal contraceptive should have following features: Copper-T

✓ User friendly ✓ Easily available IUDs promote sperm phagocytosis in the uterus, but
✓ Effective ✓ Reversible copper releasing IUDs decreases sperm motility and
✓ No side effects reproductive capability. IUDs that release hormones
✓ No way interferes with sexual desire and sexual act. render the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the
Contraceptives are divided into following: cervix unfriendly to sperms. It is great for females who
(i) Natural/Traditional Method: these avoids the desire to postpone pregnancy and have space between
meeting of sperm and ovum by chance and includes the two children.
following: (iv) Oral pills: Females take progesterone or a
o Periodic abstinence: Couples avoid coitus from day progesterone-estrogen combo in the form of pills. They
10 to day 17 of their menstrual cycle since the odds hinder or delay sperm entrance by inhibiting ovulation
 and implantation and altering the quality of cervical (c) Both (a) and (b)
mucus. Progesterone or a progesterone-estrogen (d) None of the above
combination administered within 72 hours following
S2. (b)
coitus has been demonstrated to be particularly
effective as an emergency contraceptive. Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP): MTP (medical
termination of pregnancy) or induced abortion refers to the
(v) Surgical Methods: it a terminal method of
voluntary termination of a pregnancy before full term. It
contraception and can be done on both males and
contributes significantly to population reduction by
females.
terminating unwanted pregnancies.
o Vasectomy: In males, a little portion of the vas deferens
is excised or tied up by a minor incision on the scrotum MTP was legalised in India in 1971, with various restrictions
to prevent sperm release. to avoid its abuse, such as indiscriminate and unlawful female
foeticides.
MTP is used to avoid undesired pregnancy as a result of
unprotected intercourse or the failure of contraception used
during coitus or rapes.
When continuing the pregnancy might be detrimental to the
mother or baby.
During the first trimester, or up to 12 weeks of pregnancy,
MTPs are regarded reasonably safe. MTPs in the second
trimester are much risky.

Vasectomy
o Tubectomy: is a medical procedure in which a little
portion of the fallopian tube is surgically removed.
Q1. MTP was legalised in India in which of the following
year?
(a) 1940 (b) 1950
(c) 1970 (d) 1971
S1. (d)
Q2. MTP can be performed safetly in which of the following
trimester?
(a) 1st trimester (b) 2nd trimester
(c) 3rd trimester (d) 4th trimester
S2. (a)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Sexually transmitted
illness, venereal disease (VD), or reproductive tract infection
Tubectomy refers to diseases or infections spread by sexual contact
These procedures are quite successful, but their (RTI).
reversibility is extremely low. Gonorrhea, syphilis, genital herpes, chlamydiasis, genital
warts, trichomoniasis, hepatitis-B, and AIDS are among
prevalent STDs.
Hepatitis B and HIV can also be transferred by the sharing of
Q1. An emergency contraceptive should be administered. injection needles or surgical equipment with an infected
(a) 24 hours following coitus individual, blood transfusion, or from an infected mother to a
(b) 36 hours following coitus foetus.
(c) 72 hours following coitus
With the exception of genital herpes, HIV and hepatitis-B
(d) 96 hours following coitus
are totally curable if discovered and treated early.
S1. (c)
STDs must be detected and treated as soon as possible,
Q2. Multiload 375 is a. otherwise they can lead to:
(a) Hormone release IUD (i) pelvic inflammatory disorders (PID)
(b) Cu releasing IUD (ii) abortions, stillbirths, ectopic pregnancies,
(iii) infertility ZIFT (zygote infra fallopian transfer) and an embryo
(iv) cancer of the reproductive system. with more than 8 blastomeres via IUT (intra uterine
transfer) into the uterus.
They can be prevented by:
(i) Avoiding sex with unknown/multiple partners. Gamete intra fallopian transfer (GIFT): Transfer of
(ii) Use of condoms gametes from a donor into the fallopian tube of another
(iii) If having some uneasiness, then consulting a doctor. female who does not produce an egg.
Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection: specialised laboratory
process for forming an embryo in which sperm is directly
inserted into the ovum
Q1. Undetected STD can lead to.
Artificial insemination: Infertility cases in which the male
(a) Still births (b) Abortions
spouse is unable to generate healthy sperms are treated with
(c) Infertility (d) All of the above
this treatment, in this method the donor sperm is
S1. (d) intentionally delivered into the female's vagina or uterus by
IUI (intra uterine insemination).
Q2. Which of the following STD cannot be cured at all?
(a) Genital herpes (b) HIV
(c) Hepatitis-B (d) All of the above
S2. (d) Q1. Which of the following is about ZIFT?
Infertility (a) a zygote or early embryo of 6 blastomeres is
Infertile couples are those who are unable to reproduce transferred into the fallopian tube
offspring despite unprotected sex. There might be several (b) a zygote or early embryo of 8 blastomeres is
explanations for this, including physical, congenital, illnesses, transferred into the fallopian tube
medications, immunological, or psychological factors. (c) a zygote or early embryo of 10 blastomeres is
Infertile couples can be helped to bear children using specific transferred into the fallopian tube
treatments known as Assisted reproductive technologies (d) a zygote or early embryo of 12 blastomeres is
(ART). Some of the methods include: transferred into the fallopian tube

In-vitro fertilisation (IVF): The test tube baby programme S1. (b)
involves fertilisation outside the body followed by embryo Q2. IVF technique includes.
transfer. (a) GIFT (b) AI
• The ovum from the wife/donor and the sperms from the (c) IUT (d) All of these
husband/donor are collected and fertilised in a
laboratory setting. S2. (c)
• For further development, a zygote or early embryo (8
blastomeres) is transferred into the fallopian tube using
According to WHO, reproductive health means total well- technique used to find out chromosomal abnormality in
being in all aspects of reproduction i.e. physical, the developing embryo by using amniotic fluid. It is also
emotional, behavioural and social. India was amongst the used to check foetal sex that is illegal.
first countries in the world to initiate to the programme
An overall improvement in reproductive health has
“family planning” in 1951.
taken place in our country as indicated by reduced
Health and education of young people and marriage and maternal and infant mortality rates, early detection and
child bearing during more mature stages of life are cure of STIs, assistance to infertile couples, etc. Now
important attributes to the reproductive health of a with the advancement of technology various birth
society. control methods are available that can prevent
unwanted pregnancies, STDs.
Overpopulation explosion in population causes a scarcity
of every basic need and hence affects the well-being of MTP (medical termination of pregnancy) was legalised
reproductive health. in India in 1971.
Due to a lack of sex education, people are not concerned Infections or diseases transmitted through sexual
about safe and hygienic sexual practices. Sex abuse and intercourse are called Sexually Transmitted Diseases
sex-related crimes can cause physical injury, unwanted (STIs). STIs can lead to several problems like ectopic
pregnancy, vaginal discharge, pelvic pain etc. Female pregnancies, still births and infertility also.
foeticide is also increasing. With technological advancements, various innovative
All these can be stopped by family planning, sex education, measures can now be employed to treat infertility that is
infrastructural facilities material support and especially the inability to conceive even after 2 years of
ban on amniocentesis which is a unprotected sexual intercourse.
India was among the 1st country to initiate actions to attain Condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps and vaults are barrier
total reproductive health as social goal. methods of contraception.
Contraceptive methods include natural methods, barriers, CuT, Cu7, Multiload 375 and Lippes Loop are examples of
IUDs, oral contraceptives, injectables, implants and surgical IUDs.
Methods.
Vasectomy and tubectomy are surgical/sterilisation methods
Periodic abstinence, coitus interrupts and lactational of contraception.
amenorrhea are natural methods of contraception.
Infertility can be treated by Assisted Reproductive
Technologies like IVF, ZIFT, ICSI, GIFT and AI.
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Q1. What steps can be adopted so as to discourage Q9. What is lactational amenorrhea?
misconceptions about sex related aspects? (a) Absence of lactation
(a) Introduction of sex education in schools (b) Absence of ovulation
(b) Providing information about sex-related aspects (c) Absence of menstruation
(c) Educating people about sexually transmitted (d) All of the above
diseases
Q10. Which of the following is correct about condom?
(d) All of the above
(a) It comes for both males and females
Q2. What steps can be adopted to bring up a socially (b) It is made of thin rubber or latex sheath
conscious healthy family of the desired size? (c) It is barrier method to prevent insemination
(a) Educating fertile couples about available birth (d) All of the above
control options
Q11. Which of the following are barrier methods a
(b) Educating people about how to take care of
preventing contraception?
pregnant mothers
(a) Diaphragms (b) Cervical caps
(c) Educating people about post-natal care of mother
(c) Vaults (d) All of the above
and child
(d) All of the above Q12. Which among the following are copper releasing
intrauterine devices?
Q3. How is amniocentesis useful?
(a) CuT (b) Cu7
(a) It is useful for determining chromosomal
(c) Multiload375 (d) All of the above
abnormalities
(b) In determining foetal infections Q13. Which of the following is a non-medicated IUD?
(c) For sex determination (a) LNG-20 (b) Lippes loop
(d) All of the above (c) Multiload 375 (d) None of the above
Q4. Amniocentesis can be useful in determining which of Q14. Which of the following are hormone-releasing IUD’s?
the following genetic disorders in a developing foetus? (a) Progestasert (b) LNG-20
(a) Haemophilia (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of the above
(b) Down’s syndrome
Q15. Which of the following are ideal contraceptive for a
(c) Sickle cell anaemia
female who wants to delay pregnancy or wants to have
(d) All of the above
space among children?
Q5. Which of the following Research Institute developed (a) Cervical caps (b) Diaphragms
the female contraceptive pill ‘Saheli’? (c) IUDs (d) Vaults
(a) ICGEB, New Delhi
Q16. How do oral pills prevent contraception in females?
(b) CDRI, Lucknow
(a) They inhibit ovulation
(c) ICMR, Agra
(b) They inhibit implantation
(d) AIIMS, New Delhi
(c) They retard the entry of sperms
Q6. What was the reason that the population of India (d) All of the above
increased rapidly during 2011?
Q17. Which of the following can be used as an emergency
(a) Decline in maternal mortality rate
contraceptive?
(b) Decline in Infant mortality rate
(a) Progestogen-estrogen combination
(c) Increase in number of people in reproducible age
(b) IUD
(d) All of the above
(c) Both (a) and (b)
Q7. What are the features of an ideal contraceptive? (d) None of the above
(a) User friendly
Q18. Sterilisation method in males is called as.
(b) Easily available
(a) Vasectomy (b) Tubectomy
(c) Effective and reversible
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of the above
(d) All of the above
Q19. In tubectomy, which part of the female reproductive
Q8. Which of the following are natural methods of
tract is removed?
preventing fertilization of the sperm and an egg?
(a) Uterus
(a) Periodic abstinence
(b) Cervix
(b) Coitus interruptus
(c) Oviduct
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) All of the above
(d) None of the above
Q20. What are the side effects of contraceptive methods? Q28. In which of the following technique, a sperm is directly
(a) Breakthrough bleeding injected into the ovum under lab conditions?
(b) Breast cancer (a) ZIFT
(c) Nausea (b) GIFT
(d) All of the above (c) ICSI
(d) All of the above
Q21. Which of the following is correct for intensely lactating
mothers? Q29. Which of the following procedure is suitable in
(a) They cannot conceive due to suppression of infertility cases where a male partner is unable to
thyroxin inseminate a female or has a very low sperm count?
(b) They cannot conceive due to suppression of (a) GIFT (b) ICSI
adrenalin (c) Artificial Insemination (d) None of the above
(c) They cannot conceive due to suppression of Q30. What are the complications of sexually transmitted
gonadotrophins diseases?
(d) They cannot conceive due to suppression of (a) Pelvic inflammatory diseases
vasopressin (b) Still birth’s
(c) Infertility
Q22. What is induced abortion?
(d) All of the above
(a) It is the intentional termination of pregnancy before
full term is achieved Q31. Emergency contraception is effective after.
(b) It is voluntary termination of pregnancy before full (a) 36 hours of coitus
term is achieved (b) 72 hours of coitus
(c) Both (a) and (b) (c) 36 hours of implantation
(d) None of the above (d) 72 hours of implantation
Q23. Which of the following are sexually transmitted Q32. Given below are some of the STDs, which of them does
diseases? not affects any sex organs?
(a) Gonorrhoea (a) AIDS (b) Syphilis
(b) Syphilis (c) Gonorrhoea (d) Warts
(c) Chlamydiasis Q33. Which of the following is the correct full form of RCH?
(d) All of the above (a) Restricted and Child Health Care Programme
Q24. Which of the following diseases are transmitted by (b) Reproductive and Child Health Care Programme
sharing of injecting needles, surgical instruments, (c) Reproductive and Child House Programme
infected persons and transfusion of blood? (d) Reproductive and Child Hair Programme
(a) Hepatitis-B Q34. How can the population of a country can be decreased?
(b) HIV (a) Providing food and houses to people.
(c) Both (a) and (b) (b) Restricting people from going here and there
(d) None of the above (c) Motivating them to adopt family planning methods
(d) Killing people
Q25. Which of the following is correct about ZIFT?
(a) Zygote Inter Fallopian Transfer Q35. In which year, family planning programmes was
(b) Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer initiated in India?
(c) Zygote Into Fallopian Transfer (a) 1950 (b) 1951
(d) Zygote Invited Fallopian Transfer (c) 1952 (d) 1953

Q26. IUT stands for. Q36. In the given techniques, which of the following is not an
(a) Intra uterine transfer assisted reproductive technology?
(b) Into uterine transfer (a) ICSI
(c) In uterus transfer (b) Artificial Insemination
(d) Inoculation uterine transfer (c) IUD
(d) Artificial Insemination
Q27. Which of the following method is useful for a female
who cannot produce ovum but can provide a suitable Q37. In test tube baby technique, the male and female
gamete are made fuse with each other.
environment for development of foetus?
(a) In-vivo
(a) ZIFT
(b) In-vitro
(b) GIFT
(c) Inside the womb of the female
(c) ICSI
(d) None of the above
(d) All of the above
Q38. Which of the following is correct about vasectomy? (c) Genital herpes (d) AIDS
(a) A small part of epididymis is removed or tied up
Q49. In which of the following trimester MTP’s are
(b) A small part of vas deferens is removed or tied up
considered relatively safe?
(c) A small part of scrotal sac is removed or tied up
(a) First trimester (b) Second trimester
(d) All of the above
(c) Third Trimester (d) Fourth trimester
Q39. Which among the following you are contraception not
used by women? Q50. Which of the following method of contraception can be
(a) Multiload 375 (b) Nirodh used as an implant under the skin?
(c) Lippes’s loop (d) Saheli (a) IUD
(b) Progestogen
Q40. In copper releasing IUD, what is the function of copper (c) Progestoge-estrogen combination
ions? (d) Both (b) and (c)
(a) Increase phagocytosis of sperms
(b) Supress sperm motility ASSERTION AND REASON
(c) Supress fertilisation capacity of the sperms
(d) Both (b) and (c)
Direction: in the following questions, a statement of
Q41. Which of the following diseases is caused due to a retro assertion (A) is followed by a statement of reason (R). Choose
virus? the correct option among a, b, c and d.
(a) Gonorrhoea (b) Syphilis
Q1. Assertion (A): Use of condom is a safeguard against
(c) AIDS (d) All of the above
AIDS and sexual diseases besides checking pregnancy.
Q42. Which of the following is a terminal method to prevent Reason (R): Certain contraceptives are planted under
any more pregnancy? the skin of the upper arm to prevent pregnancy
(a) Vacestomy (b) Tubectomy (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of the above reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion
Q43. How can one prevent himself/herself from contracting (A)
STI? (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but
(a) Avoid sex with multiple partner reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
(b) Use of protection assertion (A)
(c) If suspecting any symptoms related to any disease, (c) Assertion (A) is true but reason(R) is false
immediately consult a doctor (d) Assertion (A) is false but reason(R) is true
(d) All of the above Q2. Assertion (A): Amniocentesis is often misused.
Q44. What is the full form of MTP? Reason (R): Amniocentesis is meant for determining
(a) Mobile Termination of Pregnancy the genetic disorders in the foetus, but it may also lead
(b) Mutual Termination of Pregnancy to female foetocide.
(c) Medical Termination of Pregnancy (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and
(d) Mechanical Termination of Pregnancy reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion
(A)
Q45. Why MTP?
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but
(a) To stop continuing a pregnancy if it is fatal to
reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
mother
assertion (A)
(b) To stop continuing a pregnancy if it is fatal to the
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason(R) is false
developing child
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason(R) is true
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of the above Q3. Assertion (A): Mother should not be blamed for the
Q46. In which year was the Medical Termination of birth of girls in the family.
Pregnancy Act was passed/ Reason (R) : Father is responsible for the sex of the
(a) 2016 (b) 2017 child.
(c) 2018 (d) 2019 (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and
reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion
Q47. Which of the following method of contraception is (A)
highly effective but their visibility is very poor? (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but
(a) IUDs (b) Barrier method reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
(c) Sterilisation method (d) Oral pills assertion (A)
Q48. Which of the following STD is completely curable? (c) Assertion (A) is true but reason(R) is false
(a) Hepatitis-B (b) Genital warts (d) Assertion (A) is false but reason(R) is true
Q4. Assertion (A): Reproductive health means a total
well-being in all aspects of reproduction that is TRUE AND FALSE
physical, emotional, behavioural and social.
Reason (R): This statement about reproductive health Q1. Small doses of progestogens/ progestogen–estrogen
was given by WHO. combinations can be used as a contraceptive method
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and by the females.
reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion Q2. In barrier methods, ovum and sperms are prevented
(A) from meeting physically.
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but
reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Q3. LNG-20 is a Cu releasing IUD.
assertion (A) Q4. In vivo- fertilisation followed by transfer of embryo
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason(R) is false into the female genital tract is commonly known as the
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason(R) is true ‘Test Tube Baby’ Programme.

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Q1. Which one of the following is the most widely accepted
Q9. A contraceptive is.
method of contraception in India, as at present?
(a) Condom, cervical cap and diaphragm
(a) Cervical caps
(b) Intrauterine device
(b) Tubectomy (c) Pill
(c) Diaphragms (d) All the above
(d) IUDs' (Intra uterine devices) Q10. A contraceptive pill contains:
Q2. Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) is (a) Progesterone and estrogen
considered safe up to have many weeks of pregnancy? (b) Spermicidal salts
(a) Eight weeks (b) Twelve weeks (c) Chemicals that cause automatic abortion
(c) Eighteen weeks (d) Six weeks (d) Chemicals that prevent fertilization of ovum
Q11. Given below are four methods (A-D) and their modes
Q3. Which contraceptive method provides protection
of action (a-d) in achieving contraception. Select their
against HIV?
correct matching from the four options that follow:
(a) IUD (b) Pills
Method Mode of Action
(c) Condom (d) Periodic abstinence
(a) The pill (a) Prevents meeting of sperm and
Q4. Study of abnormalities by taken out the amniotic fluid ovum
of embryo is called: (b) Condom (b) Prevents implantation
(a) Endoscopy (b) Amniocentesis (c) Vasectomy (c) Prevents ovulation
(c) Laproscopy (d) Natal endoscopy (d) Copper T (d) Semen contains no sperms

Q5. Which one is not legitimate for reducing birth rate? Matching:
(a) Ban on marriages (b) MTP (a) A (c); B (d), C (a), D (b)
(c) Use of contraceptives (d) Late marriages (b) A (b), B (c), C (a), D (d)
(c) A (c), B (a), C (d), D (b)
Q6. Purpose of tubectomy is to prevent: (d) A (d), B (a), C (b), D (c)
(a) Egg formation
Q12. Consider the statements given below regarding
(b) Embryonic development
contraception and answer as directed thereafter.
(c) Fertilization I. Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) during
(d) Coitus first trimester is generally safe.
Q7. Vasectomy is. II. Generally, chances of conception are nil until
(a) Cutting of fallopian tube mother breast-feeds the infant upto two years.
(b) Cutting of vas deferens III. Intrauterine devices like copper T are effective
(c) Factor of population growth contraceptives.
(d) none of these IV. Contraception pills may be taken upto one week
after coitus to prevent conception
Q8. An IUCD is. Which two of the above statements are correct?
(a) Vasectomy (b) Copper T (a) I and III (b) I and II
(c) Condom (d) All above (c) II and III (d) III and IV
 Q22. In which of the following methods zygote upto 32
Q13. Which of the following is correct about human
blastomere is transferred into the uterus?
Reproduction?
(a) IUT
(a) 'Saheli' is a new contraceptive for males
(b) ZIFT
(b) Amniocentesis is carried out to know the (c) GIFT
chromosomal pattern from the sample taken from (d) ICSI
the cells of umbilical cord.
(c) Ovulation is facilitated by breastfeeding Q23. A contraceptive pill developed by the scientists of
(d) A combination of progesterone and oestrogen is CDRI Lucknow is?
injected· or implanted under the skin as an (a) Mala-D
effective contraceptive (b) Mala-N
Q14. Which of the following is incorrect regarding (c) Saheli
(d) Quinestrol
vasectomy?
(a) Vasa deferentia is cut and tied Q24. If male is impotent and female is normal, then which
(b) Irreversible sterility of the following technique can be used?
(c) No sperm occurs in seminal fluid (a) ICSI
(d) No sperm occurs in epididymis (b) ZIFT
(c) GIFT
Q15. Embryo with more than 16 blastomeres formed due to (d) A.I.
in vitro fertilization is transferred into.
(a) Fimbriae Q25. Saheli, a female antifertility pill is used.
(b) Cervix (a) Daily
(c) Uterus (b) Weekly
(d) Fallopian tube (c) Quarterly
(d) Monthly
Q16. Which of the following is not a method of birth
Q26. Which of the following is common among condoms
control?
and diaphragm?
(a) Tubectomy
(a) Available for males only
(b) Vasectomy
(b) Provide protection against STD
(c) Periodic abstinence of coitus from day 10 to 17 of
(c) Prevent meeting of sperm and ovum
the menstrual cycle (d) Prevent ovulation
(d) Periodic abstinence of coitus from the day 6th to
9th of menstrual cycle. Q27. The reason to legalise conditional MTPs by the
Government of India is.
Q17. Estrogen is used to avoid pregnancy because it. (a) To decrease the population growth rate
(a) Prevents fertilization (b) To check indiscriminate illegal male foeticide
(b) prevents ovulation and implantation (c) To check illegal female foeticide which is reported
(c) Inhibit sperm motility high in India
(d) forms cervical plug (d) To check pregnancies
Q18. Which method of contraception has high failure rate? Q28. Following STDs are completely curable if detected at
(a) Barrier method early stage, except.
(b) IUD (a) Chlamydiasis
(c) Sterilization (b) Trichomoniasis
(d) Natural method (c) Gonorrhoea
(d) Hepatitis B
Q19. Which of the following can be used as an emergency
contraceptive? Q29. A technique that involves injection of a sperm directly
(a) Mala-D (b) Saheli into cytoplasm of ovum is.
(c) i-pills (d) Condom (a) GIFT (b) IUI
(c) ICSI (d) AI
Q20. Which of the following method of contraception has
Q30. Some couple avoid pregnancies by opting natural birth
least side effect?
control method. Which of the following is not included
(a) IUD (b) Pills
under this method?
(c) Coitus interruptes (d) Cervical cap
(a) Coitus interruption
Q21. In which of the following, the technique is in-vivo? (b) Periodic abstinence
(a) ZIFT (b) GIFT (c) Lactational amenorrhoea
(c) ICSI (d) IUT (d) Spermicide
 (c) Assertion (A) is true but reason(R) is false
ASSERTION AND REASON (d) Assertion (A) is false but reason(R) is true
Q3. Assertion (A): Surgical methods, also called
Direction: in the following questions, a statement of sterilisation methods, are generally advised for the
assertion (A) is followed by a statement of reason (R). Choose male/female partner as a terminal method to prevent
the correct option among a, b, c and d. pregnancies.
Q1. Assertion (A): A wide range of contraceptive methods Reason (R): Surgical intervention blocks gamete
are available for family planning. transport and thereby prevent conception.
Reason (A): Natural method includes condoms, (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and
diaphragms, etc., while barrier methods use methods reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion
like periodic abstinence, lactational amenorrhea, etc. (A)
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but
reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
(A) assertion (A)
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but (c) Assertion (A) is true but reason(R) is false
reason (R) is not the correct explanation of (d) Assertion (A) is false but reason(R) is true
assertion (A) Q4. Assertion (A): Intra Uterine Devices are inserted by
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason(R) is false doctors or expert nurses in the uterus through vagina.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason(R) is true Reason (R): Pills are ideal contraceptives for the
Q2. Assertion (A): Nearly 45 to 50 million MTPs are females who want to delay pregnancy and/or space
performed in a year all over the world which accounts children.
to 1/5th of the total number of conceived pregnancies (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and
in a year reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion
Reason (R): MTP is illegal in India. (A)
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but
reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion (A) reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but assertion (A)
reason (R) is not the correct explanation of (c) Assertion (A) is true but reason(R) is false
assertion (A) (d) Assertion (A) is false but reason(R) is true
 SOLUTIONS MULTIPLE CHOICE
S1. (d) the government and the non-government agency S15. (c) IUD is one of the most widely accepted methods
have taken various steps to create awareness of contraception in India.
among the people about reproduction-related
S16. (d) oral administration is small doses of either
aspects, other than this parents and other close
progestogen or progestogen estrogen
relatives, teachers and friends also have a major combination and is effective contraceptive
role in the dissemination of the above
method used by females.
information.
S17. (c) It is seen that administration of progestogen or
S2. (d) If a certain amount of information is provided to progestogen-estrogen combination or IUD within
fertile couples and to people who are in 72 hours of coitus have been found to be very
marriageable groups about reproduction-related effective as emergency contraceptive as they
aspects, then surely a healthy and socially could be used to avoid possible pregnancy.
conscious society can be built easily.
S18. (a) in vasectomy, a small part of the vast deferens is
S3. (d) amniocentesis is useful to determine foetal either removed or tied up through a small
problems if any, however people make illegal use incision on the scrotum.
of the test to determine sex of the developing
child that has been banned by the government. S19. (c) in tubectomy, a small part of the fallopian tube is
removed or tied up through a small incision in the
S4. (d) other than in the determination of genetic abdomen or through the vagina.
disorders amniocentesis can also be useful to S20. (d) selection of a suitable contraceptive method
determine the survivability of the foetus. should always be undertaken in consultation with
S5. (b) ‘Saheli’ is an oral contraceptive pill that was a qualified medical professional, besides the
developed to prevent contraception in females. widespread use of these methods they have
certain ill effects also like abdominal pain
S6. (d) in India, the population at the time of irregular, menstrual bleeding etc.
Independence was about 350 million it reached S21 (c) During this period, ovulation and therefore the
the billion mark by 2008 1.2 billion in May 2011. menstrual cycle is absent.
S7. (d) an ideal contraceptive should not interfere with S22. (c) Abortion is also called as medical termination of
the sexual drive, desire and sexual act of the user. pregnancy (MTP) that has been legalised in India
S8. (c) periodic abstinence is one such method in which in 1971.
the couples avoid from coitus from date 10 to 17 S23. (d) STD’s are diseases that are transferred through
of the menstrual cycle, Coitus interruptus is sexual intercourse, they are also called as sexually
another method in which the male partner transmitted diseases or venereal diseases or
withdraws his penis from vagina just before reproductive tract infections.
ejaculation so as to avoid insemination.
S24. (c) Hepatitis-B and HIV are transmitted from mother
S9. (c) lactational amenorrhea method is based on the to foetus also.
fact that ovulation and therefore the ovulation
cycles do not occur during the period of intense S25. (b) in this method, after fertilisation under lab
lactation following parturition. conditions, the zygote uptil 8-blastomeres is
transferred into the fallopian tube of the female.
S10. (d) In barrier methods, the ejaculated semen is
prevented to enter the female reproductive tract. S26. (a) in this method, after fertilisation is achieved, the
embryo with more than 8-blastomeres is
S11. (d) barrier methods like diaphragms and cervical transferred in the uterus of the female.
caps are made from rubber and can be inserted
into the female reproductive tract to cover the S27. (b) In GIFT, gamete intra fallopian transfer
cervix. technique, an ovum is collected from a donor and
is transferred to the fallopian tube of a female
S12. (d) An IUD are inserted by Doctors or expert nurses who cannot produce one but can provide a
in the uterus through the vagina of the female. suitable environment for the further
S13. (b) intrauterine devices are a safe, effective and development of the baby.
popular method that is generally adopted by S28. (c) ICSI, stands for intra cytoplasmic sperm injection.
doctors and expert nurses.
S29. (c) In artificial insemination, semen is collected
S14. (c) hormone-releasing IUD make the uterus either from husband or a healthy donor and is
unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile artificially introduced into the vagina or in the
to sperms. uterus.
S30. (d) STDs are infections that are passed through a effects on mother or the child, in such cases, a
sexual intercourse, if any one partner is infected doctor has to adopt MTP procedure.
then chances are high for the other one of getting
S46. (b) the government has legalised this procedure in
infected.
India with the intention of reducing illegal
S31. (b) emergency contraceptives are very useful in
abortions and cases of female foeticide.
preventing unwanted pregnancies due prevailing
rape cases. S47. (c) the sterilization techniques adopted for males
and females a very good method to prevent
S32. (a) AIDS is the only STD that directly affects the
pregnancy but these methods are not reversible
immune system of an individual, though the virus
that is once done a person cannot reproduce
gets sexually transferred.
again.
S33. (a) the RCH programmes are new tech-based
S48. (b) Among the above STDs, genital warts can be
programme that are in current operation so as to
cured if detected in early stages.
spread awareness among people.
S49. (a) MTP is considered safe during the first trimester
S34. (c) educating people about reproduction related
that is up to 12 weeks of pregnancy, in second
issues and sex related issues creates awareness
trimester abortions are much riskier.
among people, this automatically cuts down the
population growth rate. S50. (d) Skin implants of progestogen or progestogen-
estrogen combination have similar mode of
S35. (b) In 1951, many family planning programmes were
action as that of pill and their effective periods are
initiated in India and were periodically assessed
also longer.
over time.
S36. (c) IUD are intra uterine devices that is a method of ASSERTION AND REASON
contraception.
S37. (b) in test tube baby technique ova from wife/female S1. (b) Condoms are the contraceptive measure that prevent
(donor) and sperm from the husband/donor pregnancy and protect from many other sexually
(male) are collected and induced to form zygote transmitted diseases because they prevent the contact
under stimulated conditions in the laboratory. of body fluids between the male and females. There are
many contraceptive methods that are implanted
S38. (b) vasectomy is a male sterilization procedure in under the skin or the upper arm that reduce a certain
which a small part of vas deferens is removed or type of hormones and chemicals that prevent the
tied up through a small incision on the scrotum. pregnancy but not the sexually transmitted diseases
S39. (b) Nirodh is a popular brand of condom for male because in that case to the body fluids are coming in
these are barrier methods that besides contact.
preventing insemination also protect the user S2. (a) In amniocentesis some of the amniotic fluid of the
from contacting STIs. developing foetus is taken to analyse the fetal
S40. (d) in copper releasing IUDs increase the cells and dissolved substances. This procedure is
phagocytosis of the sperms and the copper ions used to test for the presence of certain genetic
released suppress sperm motility and the disorders such as, Down’s syndrome, haemoplilia,
fertilization capacity of the sperm. sickle-cell anemia, etc.

S41. (c) AIDS is caused due to a retro virus called HIV. S3. (a)

S42. (c) surgical methods also called sterilization S4. (a)

methods are generally advised for the male and TRUE AND FALSE
female partner as a terminal method to prevent
any more pregnancy, surgical interventions like
S1. (True)
vasectomy and tubectomy blocks the transports
of sperms and prevent contraception. S2. (True)
S43. (d) STIs can be prevented from contracting by
S3. (False) LNG-20 is a hormone releasing IUD.
adopting above methods.
S44. (c) The Government legalised MTP in the year 1971 S4. (False) In vitro- fertilisation followed by transfer of
with some strict conditions to avoid its misuse. embryo into the female genital tract is
commonly known as the ‘Test Tube Baby’
S45. (c) MTP procedure has been legalised in India Programme.
because in some cases a couple cannot continue
with the pregnancy because of some harmful
 PRACTICE SOLUTIONS
S1. (d) IUDs are most widely accepted method of S17. (b) pills of estrogen prevent ovulation and
contraception. implantation.

S2. (b) second trimester abortions are risky. S18. (a) condom is a barrier method has a high failure
rate.
S3. (c) Condom is a barrier method of contraception and
S19. (a)
can prevent the virus from passing from male to
female. S20 (c) Coitus interruptes is a natural method of
contraception and has least side effects.
S4. (b) Amniocentesis can be used to detect S21 (b) Gamete intra-fallopian transfer (GIFT) is a three-
abnormalities but it can also be misused. step procedure that involves removing the eggs,
combining them with sperm, and immediately
S5. (a) Ban on marriages is not an option for reducing the placing them in the fallopian tubes, where the egg
birth rate. is fertilized.
S6. (c) tubectomy prevents fertilisation. S22. (a) The zygote or early embryos (with upto 8
blastomeres) could then be transferred into the
S7. (b) in vasectomy, a small part of the vas deferens is fallopian tube (ZIFT–zygote intra fallopian
removed or tied up through a small incision on transfer) and embryos with more than 8
the scrotum. blastomeres, into the uterus (IUT – intra uterine
transfer), to complete its further development.
S8. (b) The IUCDs are small devices that are placed inside S23. (c) Saheli is a mini oral contraceptive pill that
the uterus to prevent pregnancy. These devices contains only progesterone. It was developed by
are currently available in form of copper CDRI, Lucknow.
releasing IUDs (e.g., CuT, Cu7, Multiload 375) and S24. (d) AI - Artificial insemination (AI) also known as
the hormone releasing IUDs (e.g., Progestasert, Intrauterine insemination (IUI) is a technique in which
LNG-20). the sperm of the healthy donor is placed into the
vagina or cervix of a female when a woman is
S9. (d) All are contraceptives. ovulating. This technique can be used if the male is
impotent and the female is normal
S10. (a) Contraceptive pills contain hormones such as estrogen
& progesterone, these work to inhibit the body's S25. (b) Saheli is a non-steroidal pill and is taken weekly.
natural cyclical hormones to prevent pregnancy. S26. (c) Condoms are barriers made of thin rubber/ latex
S11. (c) sheath that are used to cover the penis in the male
or vagina and cervix in the female, just before
S12. (c) coitus so that the ejaculated semen would not
enter into the female reproductive tract. This can
S13. (d) A combination of progesterone and oestrogen is prevent conception. Diaphragms, cervical caps
injected· or implanted under the skin as an and vaults are also barriers made of rubber that
effective contraceptive are inserted into the female reproductive tract to
cover the cervix during coitus
S14. (d) sperms first enter into epididymis then into vas S27. (c) the government put a ban on MTP to stop its
deferens,through vas deferens it won't further enter misuse.
into Ejaculatory duct as vas deferens has been cut.
S28. (d) Except for Hepatitis-B, genital herpes and HIV
S15. (c) The zygote upto 8 blastomeres is transferred to infections, other diseases are completely curable
the fallopian tube called ZIFT. IUT involves the if detected early and treated properly.
transfer the embryo more than 8 blastomeres to S29. (c) ICSI is intra cytoplasmic sperm injection. It is one of the
the uterus. techniques of Assisted Reproductive Technology
(ART) that help couples to overcome their infertility. In
S16. (d) Periodic abstinence is a method where the couple ICSI, sperm is directly injected into ovum, in vitro to
avoids coitus from the day 10-17 of menstrual form zygote. The embryo, formed is later implanted
cycle because these are the most fertile days and through ZIFT into woman.
the chances of pregnancy are high. S30 (d)
 S2. (c) Government of India legalised MTP in 1971 with
ASSERTION AND REASON some strict conditions to avoid its misuse. Such
restrictions are all the more important to check
S1. (c) Natural methods work on the principle of indiscriminate and illegal female foeticides which
avoiding chances of meeting of ovum and sperm, are reported to be high in India.
e.g. periodic abstinence, lactational amenorrhea. S3. (a)
In barrier methods, ovum and sperm are
S4. (c) IUDs are ideal contraceptives for the females who
prevented from physically meeting with help of a
want to delay pregnancy and/or space children
barrier, e.g. condoms, cervical caps, etc.