Rise of Indian National T

for the Growth of

Reasons Nationalism

1 Exploitative policies of British

The trade British which flooded Indian markets
policies
of the
with cheap British goods made it
difficult for Indians to
sell their product

Huge amount of money was spent on Durbarwhen the

country was under severe famine
British exploited tribals as well

29
Unifying effect of British administration
The British introduced a uniform system of governance
across the country bringing all Indians under one single
rule
of law

3
spread of Western Education
The spread
of British education exposed many Indians to
Western thoughts and ideas about
liberty freedom equality
democracy etc
Western education made Indians aware
of freedom struggles
in other countries and inspired them to fight for their
rights

4 Cultural Awakening
of Indians
different prints and reading made Indian aware
 any ft
them to
of their struggles and helped fight for their
rights
such as Brahmo Samaj Arya Samaj
Later different groups
and other groups helped to develop a sense of pride

5 Rise Vernacular press and literature

of
1 Vernacular PressAct This act stoppedthe press to criticize
the government It allowed the British govt to seize
the printing press if they do not followthe act or
if gout find something objectionable

6 Racial Discrimination
The British recruited Indians only at lower posts
in the army police or civil services
Lord Lytton who becameviceroy
of India in 1876
did many discriminations
ArmsAct It was passed in the 1878 whichforbade
year
Indians from carrying weapons

Ilbert Bill 1 It mentioned that trial European and British

of
people can be done by Indian judges
2 The British forced their govt to withdraw the bill
which made Indians angry
3 Due to which formation of Indian National Congress took
place

Indians form Political Associations

1 one the such association was British Indian
 of
Association in 1851
2 It was followed by Madras Native Association and
the Bombay Association in 1852
associations
3 In the 1870s
many political came up
such as Poona Sarvajanik Sabha Madras MahajanSabha
and Bombay Presidency Association
The activities associations was limited to confined regions
of the
4
and membership was
only given to the upper class
5 The associations sent petition to the British govt on
various issues concerning the people such as discrimination

high land revenue and called for greater role ofIndians

in the administration

Birth ofIndian National Congress

1
After the controversy over Ilbert bill in 1883 the demand
such
for an
organisation grew
2 In December 1885 72 leaders all over the country met
in Bombay and established Indian National Congress INC
3 The early leaders were Dadabhai Naoroji Surendranath
Banerjee Pherozshah Mehta Badruddin Tyabji Romesh
Chandra Dutt and S Subramania Iyer

Role A 0 Hume
of
1 Allan Octavian Hume a retired British civil servant
gave much support to the INC In fact he had played
an important role in convening the
meeting
form an association that
2 Hume wanted Indians to would

inform British about the problems Indians

 form govt of
3 Hume that such an organization would serve as a safe
felt
outlet for Indians to voices and another outbreak
grow their
might not take place

INC
Objectives of the
1 To bring leaders from different parts of the country together
to discuss the problems and demands
of the people
2 To work towards
eradicating all kinds of prejudices based
on class caste or religion
3 To decide the roadmap forgetting the British to concede
their demands

The Moderate Phase 1885 1905

1 In this phase the leaders believed in applying constitutional

methods to raise demands They made Indians more aware
2 They wrote articles and gave speeches criticising the
British policies and actions
3 This was because
many believed that the British
respected

their ideas or freedom and justice These leaders came

to be known as moderates
4 It included Surendranath Banerjee GopalKrishna Gokhale
D E Wacha and Pherozshah Mehta
5 Some
of the demands made by early Congress were
i They wanted appointments
of Indians on
higher pasts
in civil services and legislative councils
iil They wanted more participation of Indians in the govt
It asked govt to consider their opinions
iii They wanted withdrawal Arms Act
 iv It asked that Indians be allowed to speak and
express their opinions freely
v1 It demanded reduction
of land revenue more money for

irrigation cut in military trade They wanted salt to

become tax free

British Attitude towards Congress

1 British response to the Congress was

initially favourable But
gradually British turned suspicious their activities
of
2 British even encouraged anti Congress movements

3 However British failed to check the growing nationalistic

sentiments that Congress
grew

Importance
of theModeratePhase
1 The moderates in the early years pavedthe path for
many
constitutional
reforms The methods they adoptedto push
for reform firmly established the democratic tradition in India
2 The work Congress leaders was instrumental in
of early
spreading discontent against British rule and helped in
developing nationalistic sentiments against Indians
3 It was also during the moderate phase that the foundation
national movement which united Indians in struggle
of
for freedom

Chapter 11 The struggle

for Swaraj
The Rise of Radicals
1
Many people began questioning the work of
moderates as
the time passed
 by
2 The moderates and their methods failed in making British
accept the demands
3 Leaders like Lala Lajpat Rai Bal Gangadhar Tilak and

Bipin Chandra Pal criticised the moderates for their politics

of prayers
4 They came to be known as radicals or extremists
5 They wantedpeople to do strikes boycotts and demonstrations
to push for their demands
Partition
of Bengal
1 In 1905 Viceroy Curzon partitioned Bengal separating
Muslim dominated East Bengal and Hindu dominated West
Bengal
2 The British said that the movement was to ensure easier
administration as
Bengal was largest province
3 It was believed that British wanted to reduce the influence
Indian leaders and split the people of Bengal on
of
communal terms
4 But the partition boosted the nationalistic feeling instead
making it weak
of
5 The partition also gave rise to new radical
of Bengal
methods
of protest Swadeshi and Boycott were examples
these methods
of
Swadeshi and Boycott Movements
2 Swadeshi means
of one's own country This encouraged people
to use Indian goods national education and the idea
of
Swaraj
 ay
The radicals also advocated boycott
of British goods
2

3 This movements were aimed to blow the British industry

and promoteIndian industry
4 In many places people set fire on the British goods
5 Some radicals even
began to advocate violence
as a necessary means to end British rule
6 British reacted aggressively to it and curbed press
deported or imprisoned prominent leaders and jailed
students

Calcutta Session 1906

1 The INC in Calcutta session 1906 under the leadership
of of
Dadabhai Naoroji and passed a resolution to promote

and declare self governance as its main objective

Swadeshi goods

2 This marked a significant shift in the attitude of the

moderates as well

The Surat split 1907

1 The moderates wanted Swadeshi and Boycott movement tostay
in the Bengal itself
2 The radicals on the other hand wanted anti partition
movements into national movements
3 The radicals supported national education and wanted to
end Western education
4 This
finally led to splitting of Congress in 1907 during
a session in Surat This came to be known as Suratsplit

Formation the Muslim League

 of ag
1 In 1906 Muslim landlords and Nawabs established the
All India Muslim League in Dacca
2 British played divide and rule tactics and convinced
Muslim leaders that Hinder dominated Congress would not
provide support
any
3 In October 1906 Muslim leaders led by AgaKhan metViceroy
Minto and asked to treat Muslims as a separate community
4 The leaders also established Muslim league in the same
Dacca
year and Nawab important role
an
of played

Morley Minto Reforms 1909

key features of Mosley Minto reforms were
Some

1 Indians were granted greater representation in the central

councils
provincial legislative
2 Separate electorates were introduced for the Muslims where
only
candidates from Muslim community can participate

The leaders
felt that separate electorates was
formation of
designed to create rift between Hindu Muslim

DelhiDurbar OR ImperialDurbar 1911

In 1911 the British held a Durbar George V

1
for King for
becoming the king
2 Two important decisions were announced

a Reunification of Bengal
b Shifting of British capital from Calcutta to Delhi

3 A similar durbar was also held in 1877 in Delhi to

 proclaim Queen Victoria as Empress
ofIndia

Rise Revolutionaries
Early Phase
of
1 The freedom fighters who resorted to violence against the
British were called revolutionaries
2 The revolutionaries formed secret societies attacked British
officials and lanched bombs or used other forms of
violence to force the British to leave India
3 Some
revolutionary societies were Anushilan Samiti and
theJugantar Dal in Bengal and Abhinav Bharat Society in
Maharashtra

Home Rule leagues

1 As the world was Indian leaders decided to
raged
put greater pressure on the British to
give them
rule
self
2 Between 1915 and 1916 Two Home Rule leagues were launched
with this objective B G Tilak in Poona and Annie
by
Besant in Madras

Lucknow Pact 1 In 1916 the Muslim league decided to unite

with Congress in the fight self governance
for
2 The Muslim league and Congress signed this pact
in lucknow which came to be known as Lucknow Pact

Mahatma Gandhi
Emergence
of
1 Gandhiji was practicising law in South Africa where
he led Indians in a non violent racist
 ggle g
laws
2 In 1915 he came back to India and travelled across the
country to understand people's problems
3 In 1917 he helped peasants
of Champaran Bihar in
their struggle to get better prices Indigo The efforts
for
of Gandhiji forced British to raise the prices
4 In 1918 Gandhiji led workers at a textile mill in
Ahendabad and in the he helped
same
year
farmers of Kheda district as they were not able to
taxes due to failure
pay crop
5 These successful movements made Gandhiji a national
leaders

Montague Chelmsford Reforms and Rowlatt Act

1 In 19 S Indian viceroyLord Chelmsford and Edwin Montague
propose some reforms to allow for self governance in
India under British rule
2 They served as a basis
of Government of India Act 1919
3 Some
of the important features of this act were
a The provincial legislative councils were enlarged It was
decided that the majority would be
of their members
elected
b The provincial governments were
given more powers
under the system Under this system
of
diarchy
some aspects such as finance law and order remained
under the control whereas education
of Governor
public health local self government was under
legislatives
 g
cThe central govt had unrestricted control over
provincial govt
d The right to vote was severely restricted

Rowlattact 1 It was enacted the Britishgovt in 1919

by
which gave extensive powers to the police It allowed
to police to held anyone in prison without a trial

I It also limited fundamental rights such as freedom

of
expression
iii many leaders called Rowlatt Act as a black bill and
decided to launch a movement
against
it and people
across India joined the movement in large numbers
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
On April13 1919 in Jallianwala
many Indians gathered
1

Bagh in Amritsar to peacefully protest against the

arrest Dr Satya Pal and Dr Saifuddin Kitchelew
of
2 GeneralDyer a British officer and his troops blocked the
entrance and fired which killed hundreds of men women

and children

3
Many national leaders condemned the Britishaction and
Rabindranath Tagore gave away the knighthood award
which was given the British
by
4 The movement against Rowlatt Act and British action proved
 ag
to be a turning point in the freedom struggle

chapter
the NationalMovement
1923 1939

The Swaraj Party

1 After Mahatma Gandhi called off the Non Cooperation
Movement in 1922 Congress divided into two
groups
ideologically
2 led
by Motilal Nehru and
One group leaders Chitter
of
Ranjan Das felt the Congress needed to contest elections
They were called Pro changers
Another group led
by Vallabhbhai Patel
3 and Rajendra
Prasad wanted to continue with the policy
Congress
of
non cooperation they were called No changers

A new party was formed

1 In 1923 the Pro Changers floated the Congress Khilafat
Swaraj party within Congress which was known as

Swaraj Party
2 They
contested and won several seats to the legislatures
in 1923
3
Playing a crucial role in the legislatures they managed
to defeat the bill that went against the interest Indians
of
Peasants and workers in the National Movement
1 Some leaders and associations such as Poona
 arly
Sarvajanik Sabha and Gopal Krishna Gokhale supported
the peasants
2 Kisar Sabhas were organised during the Non Cooperation
to
Movement the rights
fight for of the peasants
3 Some important leaders were Baba Ramchandra
Vijay
Singh Pathik N a Ranga Alluri Sitaram Raju

Bardoli Satyagrah
1 It was an important landmark in the peasants movement
2 when the British govt tried to increase the land tax
in the region peasants in Bardoli got angered
3 Under the leadership Vallabhbhai Patel the peasants
of
launched a successful protest in 1928 which attracted
massive support
4 It also led to the formation of All India KisanSable
in 1936
5 Also All India Trade union Congress AITUC was
established in headed
Bombay which was
by Lala
Lajpat Rai Jawahar Lal Nehru C R Das and S C Bose

Spread of Socialist Ideas

1
many leaders such as Jawaharlal Nehru were
Congress
also influenced socialism and worked to include
by
socialist ideas
2 In 1925 the Communist
Party of India was established
the footsteps Communist
on
of a conference
3 In 1934 Congress Socialist Party was established within
the Congress to spread the ideas socialism
 of
The Revolutionary Movement Second Phase
2 In 1924 revolutionary leaders founded the Hindustan

Republican Association with the goal of overthrowing

the British with violence
2 Bhagat Singh Yogendra Shukla and Chandra Shekhar
Azad played an important role in the association
3 In 1925 some revolutionaries looted govt money
at a place near Kakari near Lucknow and came

to be known as Katori Conspiracy

4 In 1929 Bhagat Singh and another revolutionary leader
B K Dutt bombed the Central legislative Assembly He
when he died with his
was
only 23 associates Sukhdev
and Rajguru
5 In 1931 the revolutionary leader Chandra Shekhar Azad
was also killed in police encounter
The revolutionary movement saw active participation
6 of
women Kalpana Dutt and Pritilata Waddedar were
some prominent women

Simon Commission
2 In 1927 Britain's govt appointed a commission headed
Lord Simon to look into constitutional reforms
by
2 Indian leaders decided to oppose Simon Commission where
Congress Muslim and Hindu Mahasabha came together
3 As a result when the commission arrived in India in
1928 it met with protests strikes and calls of Simon
Go back were heard
4 The people protested aggressively and they got together and

fought with unity

CivilDisobedience Movement 1930 34

1 Mahatma Gandhi launched the Civil Disobedience Movement

in 1930 to fight Pasna Swaraj by marching to Dandi
for
to break salt law
2 On March 12 1930 Gandhiji began the march toDandi
from Sabarmati Ashram and reached on April6 1930
3 Similar marches were arranged in the different
parts of the country as well
4 It even reached North West Frontier Provincewhere
it was led by Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan who was
also known as frontier Gandhi
5
Many farmers refused
to
pay taxes and many other
movements also took
place due to which Gandhiji was
arrested
b
After this a womanleader Sarojini Naidu raided
a salt depot in Dharsana in Surat

First Round Table Conference 1930

1 In 1930 the Simon Commission submitted its report to Britain
2 The British govt wanted to discuss the recommendations
with Indian leaders
3 But Indian leaders boycotted it

Gandhi Irwin Pact

1 In 1931 Gandhiji reached a settlement with Viceroy Irwin
 1
and agreed to suspend Civil Disobedience movement and

participate in Second Round Table Conference

2 The British in turn agreed to release political
prisoners arrested during the movement

Second RoundTable
Conference 1937
1
Gandhiji attended the Second RoundTable Conference at the

end 1931 in London

of
2 He represented Congress and Mohammad Ali Jinnah
represented Muslim League
3 He demanded the dominion status for India but the
British declined it and Second Round Table Conference
ended as a
failure
4 In 1932 Gandhiji resumed the movement but due to
agressive actions taken by British it ended in 1934

Government of India Act 1935

1 This Act which means it allowed

gave provincial autonomy
provinces to make practically independent decisions
Some the features Gout India Act were
of of of
1 It set up a federal form of govt which means two
or more level
of govt and divided the powers between
centre and state govt The Act of 1935 gave the states the
freedom of joining or
rejecting the federation
ii This Act made the governors the provinces and
of
the Governor General India
of more powerful as
they
could the bills
 ry for by g
iii The Act provided for a dual system at
the centre This meant that
of govt
Governor General
only
could adminster certain powers
iv Diarchy was withdrawn from the provinces which
were now allowed
to work with autonomy However
two important tools police and civil services remained
under provincial governors Hence the Act did not

gave real autonomy to Indians

The to vote in the provincial elections was
v
right
restricted and 14onlyIndians were allowed to
vote
vi Two new provinces Orissa Sindh were created
of
vii Burma was separated from India
viii The Act proposed setting up of a federal const

Provincial Elections 1937

1 The British govt decided to hold elections to provincial
legislatures in 1937 Though it opposed the Act of1935
the Congress decided to contest the elections
2 The in most provinces and had
Congress won
of the
in Muslim dominated
majority even provinces
3 In July 1937 Congress govts were formed in 7 out of
11 provinces

Independence Movement in Princely States

1 As the freedom movement spread
people from princely
states too launched movement
a
for fighting for their
rights
2 In 1927 an All India States People Conference was set up
After the Haripur session in 1938
3 of Congress many
Congress leaders became more active in politics
of princely
states
Jawaharlal Nehru was made the President
4
of All India States
in 1938
People Conference

Chapter 13
Marching Towards Independence

The National Movement and World War II

1 The success of elections was short lived as their rule
came to an end due to world was II
2 British declared that all colonies would take part in
the war but Congress refused and demanded complete
independence in return
This the British and Gandhiji called
3 was rejected by for
individual Satyagraha and by 1941 25000 satyagrahis
were arrested
4 But in 1942 British forced to rethink its position
was

India Independence
on granting after Japan captured
Rangoon
5 Worried Britain Sir Stafford Cripps to secure
sent
co operation
from Indian leaders

The Cripps Mission 1942

This mission proposed

i The British would dominion status to India the
 g
war which meant India can form its govt but under
British empire
ii Provinces and princely states given the choice
were

of joining Indian Union or opt out of it

iii The negotiations brokedown as Congress was not satisfied
with the deal and wanted immediate transfer of power

Movement 1942
Quit India
1 After the Cripps Mission failed Gandhiji decided to launch
the Quit India Movement in August 1942
2 The Quit India Movement was a mass struggle
for Independence
and Gandhiji asked people to do or die
3 Gandhiji and various other leaders were arrested
by
masses came out in support of the movement
4 By 1943 more than 90 000 people were imprisoned and
about 1,000 people killed in police while
firing
showing aggression towards British
5 The Quit India Movement was the last mass uprising
in the Indian freedom struggle

The Azad Hind Fang

1 S.C Bose a radical nationalist leader did not supported

and Calcutta and reached Singapore via
Gandhiji left
Germany and raised Azad Hind Fairy or Indian National
Army INA
2 The slogan was Jai Hind and Bose even set up a
free India and adopted a tricolour
 g of
flag
3 In 1944 the INA tried to invade India with Japanese
support but failed
4
Many INA officers and soldiers were captured andimprisoned
the British
by
5 Nehru defended prominent INA officers who were eventually

set free

Afterthe War
1 W W I had put a heavy toll on Britain's resources
Afterthe war Britain found it difficult to sustain
political and military control
2 The Conservative Party led
by Winston Churchill
was

voted out and the Labour Party led by Clement

Atlee came into power
3 The labour Party supported India's call for Independence
and granted them Independence when world war I
ended

The Cabinet Mission 1946

1 In 1946 the British govt once again held provincial elections
The
of the
Congress won majority constituencies
2 Muslim stuck to its demand
for separate state of
Pakistan
for Muslims
31 Clement Atlee sent a 3 member Cabinet Missionto
Indiawhich
looked into the demand separate electorate
i of
ii negotiate the terms for transfer of power to
 Indians
4 The Cabinet Mission rejected the demand for a separate
state Pakistan but allowed limited autonomy for
of for
Muslim majority areas
5 They formed an interim govt headed by Nation
6 In Dec 1946 a Constituent Assembly was also set up

to draft India's Constitution

Partition and Independence

1 Under the leadership of Mohammad Ali Jinnah Muslim
league decided to launch a mass agitation to
its demand Pakistan
put for
2 It declared 16 August 1946 as Direct ActionDay
3 By March 1947 the communal violence had spread to
Northern India
4 Thousands
of Indians killed
were
5 In June 1947 Lord Mountbatten announced the partition
of the country
6 A separate state of Pakistan was formed it comprised
the North West Frontier Province Sindh west Punjab
and East Bengal
7 In July 1947 the British Parliament passed the Indian
Independence Act
8 Pakistan became independent on August 14 1947 and
India became independent on August 15 1947 and
Nehru became the first P.M India
of free
Assassination Mahatma Gandhi
1 On January 30 1948 just a few months after India
became independent Mahatma Gandhi was shot dead by
Nathuram Godse
2 This day is now observed every
year as Martyr'sDay
or Sarvodaya Day with prayer meetings and mass

spinning programme