GJMS Volume 1 | Issue 1 Sept - Dec 2021

ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Fast Food and Soft Drink Consumption Pattern in

Medical Students and its Association with
Overweight and Obesity
Patibandla Geethika1, Lavanya Yamani2

1. MBBS Student, Pinnamaneni Siddhartha Institute of medical sciences and research Foundation, Andhra Pradesh, India;
2. Department of Physiology, Pinnamaneni Siddhartha Institute of medical sciences and research Foundation, Andhra Pradesh, India*

ABSTRACT
Background: Fast food and soft drink consumption is an increasing trend among young people and in medical students. Increased stress
in life due to increased study load, have negative influences on the food choices of medical students. Hence present study was undertaken
to know objectives of study fast food and soft drink consumption patterns in medical students, and to explore various factors contributing
to fast food and soft drink consumption and to correlate patterns of fast food and soft drink consumption with overweight and obesity.
Materials & Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out during July 2020 to August 2020 where 198 undergraduate medical
students were included in study. Pretested self-administrated semi structured questionnaire was used. analysis was done using Microsoft
Excel 2013 and SPSS 16 version.
Results: Study showed 98%of respondents consume fast foods & soft drinks. Overweight prevalence is taken based on BMI, BMI> 25
was considered to be overweight, >30 was considered to be obese. Therefore 47%were affected to overweight. Among subjects who are
affected with being overweight they consume Fast foods & soft drinks more frequently. The main Reason for consumption of fast food
was mainly taste 58%, easily accessible 40%.
Conclusion: Despite the majority 95% aware of the fact that eating fast food may lead to many diseases, still all subjects continue to
consume fast food , soft drinks mostly because of taste.
Keywords: Fast food, Soft drink, Medical students, Overweight, Obesity
*See End Note for complete author details

INTRODUCTION negatively influence the food choices of medical students.4

Many Studies have reported a very high prevalence of
Foods are the foods that are easily prepared and served at physical inactivity, mental stress, tobacco and alcohol use
the outlets and thus called as fast foods. It includes chips, among a large proportion of medical students and future
sandwiches, burgers, fried chicken, French fries, Noodles, doctors.3 Consumption of fast foods has become a global
chicken nuggets, pizza, ice-cream etc.1 They are high in phenomenon. India’s fast food industry is a very rapidly
calories and lack micronutrients. Fast foods and soft drink growing industry at the rate of 40% every year. India ranks
consumption is an increasing trend among the young people 10th in the fast food per capita spending figures with 2.1 %
and medical students are no exception to it.2 A widespread of expenditure in annual total spending expenditures.5 It has
perspective is that medical students and future doctors would been proven that fast foods and soft drinks intake leads to
have had a healthier lifestyle and food habits as compared to many diseases and disorders like obesity and various other
their non-medical counterparts and non healthcare workers.3 healthcare problems which are likely to cause cardiovascular
Stressful life which is due to increased study load may diseases later on and various other health care issues.
According to WHO (2003), frequent fast food consumption

Cite this article as: Patibandla G, Yamani L. Fast Food and Soft Drink Consumption Pattern in Medical Students and its Association with
Overweight and Obesity. Global Journal of Medical Students. 2021;1(1):9–14.
Submitted 31-08-2021 Accepted 22-09-2021 Published 28-12-2021

Access this Article Online Corresponding author:

Dr. Lavanya Yamani
Scan this QR Code Associate Professor, Department of Physiology, Pinnamaneni Siddhartha
Institute of medical sciences and research Foundation, Andhra Pradesh, India
https://doi.org/10.52314/gjms.2021.v1i1.22 E-mail: lavphyphd@gmail.com

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Patibandla Geethika and Lavanya Yamani. Fast Food and Soft Drink Consumption Pattern in Medical Students and its Association with Overweight ..

is also associated with health concern because most fast Study Period: July 2020 to August 2020.
foods and soft drinks are rich in saturated fats, trans fats,
simple carbohydrates and sodium-all of which are nutrients Study Participants: Undergraduate medical students (1 – 9
associated with hypertension cardiovascular diseases, and semesters) of our college belonging to age group 8 – 25
type 2 diabetes and various other healthcare issues6 and years.
sugar sweetened beverages consumption is also associated Inclusion Criteria: Apparently healthy female and male
with increased weight gain, which may have many reasons undergraduate medical students of the study area at the time
such as due to low satiety of liquid calories and incomplete of study.
compensation of energy intake at subsequent meals.7 Those
who consume fast foods in a fast food centre once a week Exclusion Criteria: Unhealthy female and male
or more regularly than this usually have so much of an effect undergraduate medical students and those who are not
on nutritive adequacy of the diet that it is not that great. willing to participate in the study were excluded.
But for those who consume fast food daily at these places
the nutritive contributions must be carefully considered.2 Random sampling method was used and a convenient
Economic development is accompanied by a nutrition sample of 198 medical students was taken. After obtaining
transition characterized by a shift from traditional fiber and permission from Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) and
whole grains-rich diets to fat, fast food, harmful food and Institutional authorities, the purpose of the study will be
sugar-rich diets.8-10 This shift possibly occurs first in urban explained to students enrolled for the Bachelor of Medicine,
areas, with higher intake of polished food grains, fats, animal Bachelor of Surgery (M.B.B.S) course and written informed
products, sugar, processed foods, and foods eaten away from consent will be taken from those willing to participate in the
home than in rural areas and other not so developed cities.8 study.
Moreover, the nutrition transition generally affects high
The respondents will be personally interviewed by a single
socioeconomic individuals first, which is consistent with a
observer using a self made pretested self administrated semi
generally higher prevalence of obesity in them than in low
structured questionnaire which was developed by physiology
socioeconomic individuals.10 However fast foods and soft
department of Pinnamaneni Siddhartha Institute of Medical
drinks are gaining popularity among youngsters and are
Sciences and Research Foundation. Detailed history
widely spreading over both traditional and non-traditional
regarding the lifestyle of medical students will be taken.
food outlets.11 Unhealthy habits introduced during young
adulthood usually persist in later life and can increase the Fast food preferences:
risk of several chronic diseases.11,12
Food preferences will be known by asking them ,in the
The main aim and objective of this study is to know the form of questionnaire like ‘How amuch do you eat this food
fast food and soft drink consumption pattern in the medical (Quantity) ?’ in relation to five different food categories:
students correlate the patterns of fast food and soft drink
consumption with overweight and obesity. 1) Fast food (Pizza, burgers, etc.)
2) Salty snack foods (potato chips, pretzels, french fries, etc.)
The specific objectives of our study is:
3) Fruits
1. To determine the patterns of fast food and soft drink 4) Vegetables
consumption in undergraduate medical students of our
5) Soft drinks and sugared fruit drinks, etc.
collage.
2. To identify the reasons for fast food and soft drink Dietary Knowledge :
consumption.
Consumers’ dietary knowledge has been found to be an
3. To correlate the patterns of fast food consumption and
important predictor of healthy eating. In the present study
Soft drink with overweight and obesity.
it is found whether consumers’ dietary knowledge will
be associated with their food preference patterns. The
MATERIALS & METHODS respondents are asked to provide their judgments on health
effects of dietary knowledge statements.
Type of Study: A cross sectional descriptive study
Source: The source of beverage is referred to where the
Study Area: The study was carried out in the Pinnamaneni product was purchased and included the following categories,
Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences and Research that is fast food outlets including college canteens, packaged
Foundation, Andhra Pradesh. beverages purchased from supermarkets and fresh products
such as homemade juices, milkshakes or smoothies.

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Patibandla Geethika and Lavanya Yamani. Fast Food and Soft Drink Consumption Pattern in Medical Students and its Association with Overweight ..

Anthropometric Measurements: The following basic and Table 1. Relationship between Bodymass Index and Frequency of
derived anthropometric measurements (indices) will be Consumption of Fast Foods and Soft Drinks (n=198)
recorded in each subject, using standard methodology. Body Mass Index
Normal Overweight
1. Height will be measured in centimeters (to the nearest Fast food consumption %
weight % /obese %
Total
0.1centimeter) with a scale marked on a vertical wall, with
Yes 98.6 % 52.4 % 47.4 % 98.6%
the subject standing in erect position without shoes or
No 1.04 % 1.04 % _ 1.04%
headgear with head in Frankfort plane, feet together, heels,
buttocks and upper part of the back touching the scale.13 Total 100 % 53.53 % 47.4 % 100 %
Crude Death Rate ** 6.2 7.1
2. Body weight will be measured in kilograms (to the nearest Infant Mortality Rate ** 36 44
0.5kg) using a precalibrated weighing scale with the subject
Maternal Mortality
Standing evenly on both feet, wearing normal indoor clothing Rate ***
359 212
but without footwear and before lunch.13 Frequency of Fast Food Consumption:
4. Body Mass Index (BMI):- Body will be calculated Normal Overweight
Fast food consumption % Total
weight % /obese %
using the Quetelet formula - weight in kilograms divided
by squared height in meters (weight in kg/height in m2). Once in a week 27.7 % 25.18 % 2.51 % 27.7 %
Participants will be classified into four categories using the Twice in a week 34.3 % 15.13 % 19.6 % 34.3 %
WHO – defined cut – off points to: underweight( <18.5 kg/
m2 ), normal weight (18.5 – 24.9 kg/m2), overweight(25.0- Alternative days 10.6 % 1.51 % 9.08% 10.6 %
29.9kg/m2), class I obesity (30.0 – 34.9 kg/m2), class II Most of the days
26.26
10.1 % 16.16 %
26.26
obesity (35.0 – 39.9kg/m2).14 % %
Frequency of Soft Drink Consumption :
Statistical Analysis: Normal Overweight
Soft Drink Consumption % Total
weight% %
Categorical data will be presented as frequencies and
Once in a week 27.7 % 22.16 % 5.54 % 27.7 %
percentages and continuous data as Mean and Standard
deviation (SD). If the data follows normal Distribution, Z Twice in a week 38.3 % 20.15 % 18.14 % 38.3 %
test shall be applied, if it does not follow normal distribution Alternative days 22.7 % 6.05 % 16.64 % 22.7 %
as our sample size is large, significance of difference in Most of the days 10.1 % 2.02 % 8.08 % 10.1 %
parameters shall be calculated by Karl Pearson’s chi square
test at 95% confidence interval(P<0.05)
obesity. Moreover there is a significant relationship was
observed between overweight and consumption of soft
RESULTS drinks. Among these subjects who were affected with
overweight and obesity 5.54 % of people consume soft
Total of 198 medical students participated in the study. Mean
drinks once in a week, 18.14 % of people consume soft
age of subjects was 22.9±1.5 years. 98.86 % subjects have
drinks twice in a week, 16.64 % of people consume soft
fast food consumption out of these 27.7 % consumed fast
drinks in alternative days, 8.08 % of people consume soft
food once in a week, 34.3 % consumed fast food twice in
drinks in most of the days. The relationship between BMI
a week, 26.2 % consumed fast food on alternative days,
and frequency of consumption of fast foods and soft drinks
10.6 % consumed fast foods on most of the days. However
was described in [Table – 1]. Therefore consumption of soft
the most common type of fast food consumption was pizza
drinks is related to overweight and obesity.
(40.4 %), fried Manchuria, noodles, French fries, potato
chips (23.5%), chocolates, sandwich ( 21%), burger ( 13.8%) Based on multivariate regression model many factors were
respectively. related for the consumption of fast food & soft drinks [Table
– 2]. Like parental consumption of fast food, status of living
The overweight and Obesity prevalence is taken based
– Hostlers/Day scholars, years of fast food consumption and
on BMI classification. Therefore 47.4 % were affected to
soft drink consumption and exercise habits etc.
overweight. Among these subjects who were affected with
overweight & obesity 2.51% of people consume fast foods Almost 196 subjects as high as (98.86 %) were eating fast
once in a week, 19.6 % of people consume fast foods twice in foods and Among them the majority were consumers from the
a week, 16.16% of people consume fast foods in alternative past 2-5 years (98.86%). As many as 64 (32.32%) participants
days, 9.08 % of people consume fast foods in most of the said that they will prefer fast foods over usual meals. Reason
days. Therefore the consumption of fast foods is related to for the consumption was stated by 196 participants. The

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Patibandla Geethika and Lavanya Yamani. Fast Food and Soft Drink Consumption Pattern in Medical Students and its Association with Overweight ..

Table 2. Factors Related for the Consumption of Fast Foods and Soft Drinks (n=198) various reasons were taste of the food (58 %), as
Body Mass Index
they are easily accessible with plenty of fast food
eateries and restaurants around (40%). Out of these
Fast food consumption Yes no overweight
196 consumers of fast food and soft drinks said
Parental consumption of fast food 26.26 % 73.73 % 25.2 %
that their parents and other family members will
Status of living (hostlers) 55.5 % - 28.3 %
also consume fast foods and soft drinks. Therefore
Status of living (with parents) 43.4 % 1.01 % 19.1 % the consumption of fast foods and soft drinks
Years of Fast Food Consumption: among parents was significantly associated with
Years of fast food consumption Yes Normal weight Overweight / obese its usage among their children. Reasons for non
1-2years - - - consumption of fast foods stated by 2 non – users
2-3 years 2.5 % 2% 0.5 % were following parental advice, and being aware
3-4 years 14.1 % 12.08 % 2.01 % of ill effects stated by another one. Awareness of
4 -5 years 11.1 % 10.09 % 1.009 % harmful effects of fast foods and soft drinks was
>5years 72.2 % 26.75 % 45.44 % noted in 186 students (94.8%). Association of
Years of Soft Drink Consumption: various risk factors with consumption of fast and
Years of soft drink consumption yes Normal weight Overweight /obese soft drinks among participants and association of
1-2 years - - - consumption of fast foods and soft drinks with
body mass index was described in [Table - 3],
2-3 years 2.5 % 2% 0.5 %
[Table - 4] respectively
3-4 years 14.1 % 12.08 % 2.01 %
4-5 years 11.1 % 10.09 % 1.009 % Students who consumed fast foods and soft
>5years 72.2 % 26.75 % 45.44 % drinks in alternative days /most of the days had
Exercise Habits:
greater proportion of being overweight (or)
obese compared to less frequent consumers (25.4
Exercise habits yes Normal weight Overweight /obese
%) Although it was also noted that duration of
0 hrs 82 9 73 physical activity was found to poor among greater
0-6 hrs 94 75 19 proportion of students who are fast food consumers
6-12 hrs 17 15 2 in alternative days and on most of the days in a
12-18 hrs 5 5 - week. Among 196 students who consume fast food
Preference of Fast Foods Over Usual Meals: and soft drinks, the overweight and obesity was
Number Percentages found to be more among those who consume it for
>5 years (45.44 %).
Yes 64 32.32 %
No 134 67.6 %
Preference of Branded Fast Foods: DISCUSSION
Number Percentages
Yes 175 88 % According to our results, 98.86 % of subjects
have fast food and soft drink consumption. It
No 23 11.6 %
seems that the consumption of fast foods and
Preference of Aerated Drinks Over Fresh Fruit Juices:
soft drinks is high in these subjects. Fast food
Number Percentages consumption was reported by 98% in a study done
Yes 128 64 % in Lucknow, India and by all students in a study
No 70 35.3% done in Jammu Kashmir, India which was similar
Place of Fast Food Consumption: to our observations (100%).1,15 In the present study
Place of fast food consumption Number Percentages Pizza was the most preferred fast food followed
At home 35 18 %
by fried Manchuria, noodles, French fries, potato
chips, chocolates, sandwich, burger respectively.
Collage Premises 60 30.3 %
In this study it is observed that who consume fast
Fast foodstall 101 51.01 % foods and soft drinks more frequently from 4 – 5
Total 196 98.86 % years with low exercise habits were affected with
Parental Consumption of Fast Foods: overweight and obesity. Fast food and Soft drink
Number Percentages consumption at our home and outside is one of
Yes 51 26.02 % the risk factors for obesity and overweight. Fast
No 147 75 % foods and Soft drinks are considered more energy

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Patibandla Geethika and Lavanya Yamani. Fast Food and Soft Drink Consumption Pattern in Medical Students and its Association with Overweight ..

Table 3. Association of Various Risk Factors with Consumption of Fast Table 4. Association of Consumption of Fast Foods and Soft Drinks
and Soft drinks among Participants (n=198) with Body Mass Index
Parental Consumption of Fast Foods and Soft Drinks : Fast food consumption Body Mass Index Total
Consumers (%) Non consumers (%) Total Normal weight/ Overweight/Obese
Underweight (%) (%)
Yes 50(26.02%) 0 50
Yes 102(52.4%) 94(47.4%) 196
No 146(75%) 2(1.01%) 148
Total 196 2 198 No 2(1.04%) 0 2

Chi square = 0.683, Degrees of freedom = 1, Probability = 0.409 Total 104 94 198

Awareness of Health Hazards of Fast Foods and Soft Drinks : Chi square =1.83, Degrees of freedom = 1, Probability= 0.177

Consumers (%) Non consumers (%) Total Frequency of Fast Food Consumption

Yes 186(93%) 2(1.01%) 188 Normal weight/ Overweight/Obese

Total
Underweight (%) (%)
No 10(5.9%) 0 10
Once in a week 49(25.18%) 5(2.51%) 54
Total 198 2 198
Twice in a week 30(15.13%) 39(19.6%) 69
Chi square =0.107, Degrees of freedom = 1, Probability = 0.743
Alternative days 4 (1.51%) 18(9.08%) 22
Most of the days 19(10.1%) 32(16.16%) 51
dense and higher in fat intake as compared to their other Total 102 94 196
counterparts. It was also observed that the prevalence of
Chi square =49, Degrees of freedom =3, Probability = 0.000
obesity and overweight grew in children and adolescents
Soft drink consumption Body Mass Index Total
with frequent snacking and consumption of junk food.16,17
Increased frequency of various junk food consumption was Normal/Under- Overweight/Obese
weight (%) (%)
significantly associated with overweight/obesity similar
Yes 102(52.4%) 94(47.4%) 196
to Veena V et al., study.18 Consumption of soft drinks
was a significant risk factor for overweight and obesity. No 2(1.04%) 0 2
Consumption of these fast foods and soft drinks increases Total 104 94 198
weight as they add more calories. In addition, consumption Chi square = 1.83, Degrees of freedom =1, Probability= 0.177
of sandwich, fried chicken and pizza were associated with Frequency of Soft Drink Consumption
obesity/overweight.19 The various reasons stated were being Normal /Under- Overweight/Obese
taste of the food (58 %), as they are easily accessible with Total
weight (%) (%)
plenty of fast food eateries and restaurants around (40%). Once in a week 43(22.16%) 11(5.54%) 54
While In a similar study done on adolescent girls of Saudi Twice in a week 40(20.15%) 36(18.14%) 76
Arabia it was found that they eat fast food primarily for
Alternative days 4(2.02%) 16(8.08%) 20
enjoying the delicious taste followed by convenience.20
Most of the days 12(6.05%) 34(16.64%) 46
American college students chose to eat fast food for a limited
time, followed by enjoyment of the taste.21 Peer influence Total 99 97 196
stated as a reason for consumption was also mentioned in Chi square= 36.9, Degrees of freedom= 3, Probability = 0.000
other studies done in the USA and Iran similar to the finding Association between Frequencies of Fast Food and Soft Drink
of our study.22,23 Easy availability of fast foods at any time Consumption with Physical Activity among Students
of the day as a reason for fast food usage was mentioned Fast food and soft
Duration of physical activity Total
in several studies.1,21,23 In the present study despite of drink consumption
awareness regarding morbidities of fast food eating majority Good Poor
of the subjects were consuming fast food similar to a study Yes 110(55.3%) 86(43%) 196
done in Baroda, India where children despite knowing the No 2(1.01%) 0 2
harmful effects continued to eat fast foods and for reasons Total 112 86 198
like taste preferences, strong desire to do so and quick to
Chi square=1.55, degrees of freedom = 1, probability = 0.213
eat.24 Nutrition counselling could help to reduce this gap
between knowledge and practice.
being aware that consuming fast foods and soft drinks leads
to many diseases, all the subjects continue to consume fast
CONCLUSION food and soft drinks mostly because they found it tasty.
In our study 98.86% students were consuming fast food
Fast food and soft drink consumption was reported by most
and soft drinks in their diet, among them 47.4% were found
of the students in this study. Despite of a majority (95 %)
to be overweight /obese. On the same side, more frequency

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Patibandla Geethika and Lavanya Yamani. Fast Food and Soft Drink Consumption Pattern in Medical Students and its Association with Overweight ..

of fast food and soft drink consumption in a week and with 8. Drewnowski A, Popkin BM. The nutrition transition: new trends in
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Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences and Research 13. International Society for the Advancement Of Kinanthropometry
Foundation, Andhra Pradesh, India (ISAK). International Standardsfor Anthropometric Assessment. Un-
derdale, SA,Australia. 2001:53-5.
2. Dr. Lavanya Yamani 14. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific.
Associate Professor, Department of Physiology, The Asia-Pacific perspective : redefining obesity and its treatment [In-
Pinnamaneni Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences ternet]. Sydney: Health Communications Australia; 2000 [cited 2021
and Research Foundation, Andhra Pradesh, India Dec 6]. 55 p.
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Conflict of Interest: None declared among School Going (9-13Year) in Lucknow District. International
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Acknowledgement: Sincere thanks to Dr.Pinnamaneni 16. Reilly JJ, Armstrong J, Dorosty AR, Emmett PM, Ness A, Rogers I, et
Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences and Research al. Early life risk factors for obesity in childhood: cohort study. BMJ.
Foundation, Vijayawada and Squad Medicine and Research 2005 Jun 11;330(7504):1357.
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