HISTORICAK BACKGOUND

The historical and political backgrounds of the Korean National Police system
are reviewed including the first predecessor of the current police
organization found in the Lee Dynasty in 1839. The study selected several
Korean history books as sources. Seven stages of the development and
formation of the Korean National Police system are identified: (1) Primitive
stage, (2) Japanese rule stage, (3) United States military administration
stage, (4) Korean government establishment stage, (5) Korean War stage, (6)
postwar restoration and growth stage, and (7) continuing growth stage.
Unlike the police systems in other advanced countries, the Korean National is
viewed as facing the special challenge of maintaining the national security
against the Communist threat. The first priority, therefore, among the police
duties is the maintenance of national security through tactical police training
for antiCommunists. The police system has 12 functional divisions, 4 levels of
different police organizations ranging from the National Police Headquarters
to the police substation or police detachment, and 10 police ranks. In
addition, the system has a maritime unit, a combat unit, and an aircraft unit.
For the purpose of confrontation with the Communists, the police system has
an intelligence organization function which includes cooperation with the
Central Intelligence Agency and other military agencies. The Korean police
system is also seen as showing some degree of priority for State interests
over individual interests and freedom. Photographs and the Korean Criminal
Code are appended, and 22 references are provided.

STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION

The policing system in South Korea is primarily centralized, with the Korean
National Police Agency (KNPA) serving as the main governing body. However,
there have been efforts to introduce elements of decentralization,
particularly in specific regions like Jeju Island.

Centralized Structure

Organization: The KNPA is structured with one Deputy Commissioner

General, eight bureaus, and several offices and divisions. It oversees various
aspects of policing, including community safety, investigations, traffic
management, and public security
Regional Division: Despite the centralized structure, the police force is
regionally divided across 18 metropolitan cities and provinces, with local
police agencies operating under the KNPA's oversight

Affiliated Institutions: The KNPA has several affiliated institutions, such as the
Korean National Police University and the Police Human Resources
Development Institute, which support training and development

Decentralization Efforts

Jeju Island Pilot Program: In 2006, South Korea launched a pilot program on
Jeju Island to implement a more decentralized policing structure. This move
aimed to enhance local autonomy and tailor policing services to community
needs

Empirical Outcomes: Studies have shown that decentralization in Jeju led to

significant reductions in crime rates and improvements in crime clearance
rates, suggesting potential benefits of localized policing strategies

COMMUNITY POLICING

Community policing in South Korea has been evolving since its introduction
as a core program of the Grand Reform in 1999. This reform aimed to shift
the nation's policing style from colonial to more democratic, focusing on
accountability to citizens and service orientation1. The implementation of
community policing in South Korea shares similarities with practices in the
United States, including scheduled meetings between community members
and police officers at substations, as well as citizen police academies

Trust and Engagement Challenges

Despite efforts to improve police-community relations, studies have revealed

challenges in building trust:

A majority of Korean police officers perceived that citizens do not support the
police, indicating deep-rooted distrust and antagonism between police and
citizens

Police officers' overall trust level in residents was found to be lower than
average, suggesting a need for improvement in this area

Factors Influencing Trust and Engagement

Several factors have been identified as influencing public trust in the police
and community policing acceptance:

Police effectiveness, procedural justice, and social cohesion have significant

positive effects on public trust in the police, with police effectiveness being
the most influential factor

Police officers' trust in residents positively influences their acceptance of

community policing

Experienced officers and those working in rural areas are more likely to have
positive attitudes toward citizen support6.

Community income level and perceived crime problems significantly affect

officers' attitudes toward citizen support.

TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION

South Korea has been making significant strides in technology and

innovation, particularly in the field of law enforcement and public safety.

KEY DEVELOPMENTS:
AI and Data Analytics in Policing

The Korean National Police Agency has implemented AI-based technologies

for crime analysis, including:

Intelligent CCTV systems for identifying missing children and suspects

3D facial recognition

AI-based crime analysis

Online obscenity blocking

Drone-based autonomous patrol and tracking systems

The police have developed a tool that uses deep learning algorithms for
facial recognition, speaker identification, and criminal gang profiling

Robotics in Law Enforcement

Self-driving robots are expected to aid police on nighttime patrols by 2024,

as part of an expanded use of autonomous mobility vehicles for enhanced
public services
Robots will be used to promote public safety, faster transport services, and
environmental protection

TRAINING AND RECRUITMENT

Training and recruitment for police officers in South Korea are primarily
managed by the Korean National Police University (KNPU) and other
specialized institutions like the Central Police Academy and the Police Human
Resources Development Institute. Here's an overview of the processes and
programs involved:

Training Programs
1. Korean National Police University (KNPU):
 Undergraduate Program: A four-year program focusing on law
and public administration, requiring 174 credits. It includes police
field training, where students gain practical experience at police
stations
 Postgraduate Programs: KNPU offers a two-year master's
program and a three-year doctoral program in departments such
as Investigation, Criminology, and Public Safety
 Specialized Training Courses: KNPU provides specialized training
for incumbent police officers to enhance professional skills
2. Central Police Academy:
 New police officers undergo a 34-week training program here,
covering foundational skills for law enforcement
3. Police Human Resources Development Institute:
 Offers advanced training for police officers, focusing on
professional development and leadership skills

Recruitment Process
1. Eligibility and Selection:
 Candidates typically need to pass a series of exams and
assessments to be selected for police training programs.
 The selection process often includes physical fitness tests,
written exams, and interviews.
2. Police Cadet Program:
 KNPU offers a police cadet program as part of its recruitment
strategy, focusing on developing future police leaders
3. Orientation and Initial Training:
 New recruits participate in a two-week orientation program at
KNPU to familiarize themselves with the university and police
organization.
Recruitment Process for Police Officers in South Korea

Overview

The recruitment of police officers in South Korea is governed by a merit-

based, competitive examination system designed to ensure fairness,
transparency, and the selection of qualified individuals. The process is
overseen primarily by the Korean National Police Agency, with legal
frameworks provided by statutes such as the Police Officials Act and the
State Public Officials Act.

Eligibility Criteria

Applicants must be citizens of the Republic of Korea.

Candidates must be of sound body and mind and possess good character.

Certain disqualifications apply, including criminal records, bankruptcy, or

disciplinary removals.

Historically, there have been minimum physical requirements (height and

weight), but these are being reformed to eliminate gender-based standards
by 2026.

Recruitment Pathways

There are two main routes to becoming a police officer:

Police Recruitment Exam: The standard path for most applicants.

Police Cadet Exam: For those seeking to become police inspectors, often
requiring graduation from the Korea National Police University or equivalent
qualifications.

Examination and Selection Process

The recruitment process typically involves the following steps:

Recruitment Announcement: The National Police Agency announces

upcoming recruitment, including the number of positions and exam dates.

Application: Eligible candidates submit their applications.

Written Examination: Candidates take a competitive written test covering

relevant subjects. This is the primary method for open recruitment.

Physical Fitness Test: Applicants must pass a physical fitness assessment. As

of 2025, the test includes push-ups, sit-ups, grip strength, a 100-meter run,
and a 1,000-meter run. Starting in 2026, both male and female recruits will
be held to the same physical standards, eliminating previous gender-based
differences.

Interview: Successful candidates from the written and physical tests are
invited for an interview to assess suitability and character.

Medical and Background Checks: Final checks ensure candidates meet health
and legal requirements.

Final Selection: Candidates are ranked by merit and appointed according to

their performance in all stages.
CRIME PREVENTION STRATEGIES

South Korea employs a variety of crime prevention strategies, leveraging

advanced technology, community-focused initiatives, and environmental
design principles. Here are the key approaches:

1. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design

(CPTED)
South Korea has implemented CPTED strategies to deter criminal behavior
by modifying physical environments. Key elements include:
 Surveillance and Access Control: Installation of CCTVs and
controlled entry points in high-crime areas14.
 Target Hardening: Strengthening security measures such as
reinforced windows and doors to prevent burglary, which has shown a
23.7% reduction in domestic burglaries in certain areas1.
 Community Involvement: Encouraging local communities to
participate in safeguarding their neighborhoods, fostering a sense of
territoriality and shared responsibility4.
 Urban Design Projects: Addressing issues like slum redevelopment,
theft-prone marketplaces, and safety for single women through
customized environmental designs4.

2. Technology-Driven Crime Prevention

South Korea integrates cutting-edge technology into crime prevention
strategies:
 Hotspot-Based Patrol Optimization: Algorithms analyze crime data
and public information to predict crime risks and optimize patrol routes
for smart policing5.
 AI-Based Monitoring Systems: Advanced systems monitor high-risk
individuals, providing alerts when restraining orders are violated or
threats are detected6.
 Electronic Monitoring Services: Devices track offenders under
probation or restraining orders, ensuring quick responses to
violations6.

3. Community-Oriented Programs
South Korea emphasizes community engagement in crime prevention:
 Safe City for Women Initiative: Programs like Ansimi mobile app,
emergency alarms, and Women Safety Sheriffs focus on protecting
women from sexual violence and harassment3.
  Community Revitalization Efforts: CPTED projects integrate
community members into safety initiatives to foster collective vigilance
and cooperation4.

4. Rehabilitation and Recidivism Reduction

To prevent repeat offenses, South Korea focuses on offender rehabilitation
through:
 Psychotherapy: Behavioral improvement programs for high-risk
offenders during incarceration and post-release6.
 Vocational Training and Job Placement: Collaboration with the
Korea Rehabilitation Agency to support offenders' reintegration into
society6.
 Intensive Probation for Vulnerable Groups: Enhanced supervision
for crimes targeting children, domestic violence victims, and other
disadvantaged populations6

INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION
1 Collaboration with INTERPOL
South Korea is a member of INTERPOL, the International Criminal Police
Organization, which facilitates cooperation among 194 member countries to
combat transnational crime. INTERPOL provides tools such as:
 Global Databases: Secure access to criminal information, including
fingerprints, DNA records, and photographs, aiding investigations
worldwide18.
 Color-Coded Notices: Alerts for wanted individuals, security threats,
and criminal modus operandi18.
 Training and Capacity Building: Expertise and operational support
for addressing terrorism, cybercrime, organized crime, drug trafficking,
and corruption23.
South Korea also actively contributes to INTERPOL's Global Policing Goals,
which align with the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs),
aiming to create a safer world through collective action17.

2. UN Collaboration
South Korea collaborates with the United Nations Police (UNPOL) and other
UN entities to address global policing challenges. Key areas include:
 Transnational Organized Crime: Supporting the enforcement of
frameworks like the UN Convention against Transnational Organized
Crime (UNTOC)3.
  Corruption Prevention: Assisting member states in implementing
the UN Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) through technical
assistance and information sharing3.
 Peacekeeping Missions: Contributing to police capacity-building in
post-conflict states such as South Sudan and the Democratic Republic
of Congo5.

3. ASEANAPOL Engagement
South Korea actively participates in ASEANAPOL (ASEAN Chiefs of Police),
fostering regional cooperation in Southeast Asia. This includes:
 Data Sharing: Supporting shared databases for tracking criminals and
enhancing border security6.
 Capacity Building: Training programs for law enforcement agencies
in ASEAN countries6.

4. Bilateral Partnerships
South Korea has established bilateral collaborations with countries like
Vietnam, the Philippines, and Honduras to improve policing capabilities.
These efforts include:
 Providing forensic science tools and training6.
 Sharing advanced surveillance technologies like CCTV systems6.

5. Technology Sharing
South Korea leverages its technological advancements in policing to support
international partners:
 AI-based crime analysis tools
 Intelligent surveillance systems
 Drone patrol technologies
These innovations are shared during international summits and training
programs to enhance global policing standards.

6. Contributions to Global Policing Architecture

South Korea supports initiatives like INTERPOL's Global Policing Architecture,
aimed at improving communication channels among regional police
organizations and fostering multilateral cooperation6.
Through these collaborations, South Korea demonstrates its commitment to
strengthening international law enforcement partnerships and addressing
global security challenges effectively
CHALLENGES AND REFORMS
Challenges
1. Technological Integration and Privacy Concerns:
 The use of AI-powered surveillance systems like Dejaview raises
concerns about privacy and data protection. Balancing crime
prevention with individual rights is a significant challenge1.
 Ensuring that advanced technologies are used ethically and
transparently is crucial.
2. Public Trust and Perception:
 Historical issues with police-community relations, such as
perceived corruption or inefficiency, can hinder trust in policing
efforts. Improving transparency and accountability is essential6.
 Public perception of police effectiveness impacts the success of
community policing initiatives.
3. Social and Economic Factors:
 South Korea faces societal challenges like discrimination against
marginalized groups, which can affect policing strategies and
community relations6.
 Economic factors, such as fraud targeting older adults, require
innovative solutions that leverage technology and community
engagement5.
4. Political Tensions and Security:
 Political instability, such as the recent impeachment and martial
law declaration, can strain policing resources and public trust67.
 Managing protests and maintaining public order while respecting
freedoms of assembly and expression is a delicate task6.

Proposed Improvements
1. Enhanced Technological Integration:
 AI and Data Analytics: Further development of AI systems like
Dejaview to predict and prevent crimes, ensuring they are used
responsibly and with robust privacy safeguards1.
 Cybersecurity Measures: Strengthening cybersecurity to
combat digital crimes, including fraud and cyber harassment,
which are increasingly prevalent5.
2. Community-Oriented Policing:
 Trust Building Initiatives: Implementing programs to improve
police-community relations, such as community policing and
citizen engagement initiatives.
  Diversity and Inclusion Training: Providing officers with
training on diversity and inclusion to address societal
discrimination and improve policing for marginalized groups6.
3. International Cooperation:
 Global Partnerships: Continuing to participate in international
forums like INTERPOL to share best practices and address
transnational crimes3.
 Bilateral Agreements: Strengthening bilateral collaborations to
enhance policing capabilities and share technological
advancements.
4. Legislative Reforms:
 Anti-Discrimination Laws: Advocating for comprehensive anti-
discrimination legislation to protect marginalized groups and
improve societal cohesion6.
 Privacy Protection Laws: Updating laws to ensure robust
privacy protections in the context of advanced surveillance
technologies

COMPARISON WITH THE PHILIPPINES

1. Organizational Structure
 South Korea: Has a dual policing system with both national and local
police forces, allowing for a more localized approach to policing1.
 Philippines: Features a centralized police force under the Philippine
National Police (PNP), which can lead to more uniform policies but may
lack local adaptability1.
 Lesson: A dual system can provide flexibility and responsiveness to
local needs, while a centralized system ensures consistency across the
country.

2. Technology Integration
 South Korea: Known for its advanced use of technology in policing,
including AI and surveillance systems1.
 Philippines: Could benefit from integrating more technology into its
policing practices to enhance efficiency and effectiveness.
 Best Practice: South Korea's technological advancements offer a
model for how technology can improve crime prevention and
investigation.
3. Community Policing
 Both Countries: Emphasize community policing, but South Korea's
approach is more integrated with local community initiatives1.
 Lesson: Engaging the community in policing efforts can build trust
and improve public safety outcomes.

4. Crime Rates and Safety

 South Korea: Has a lower crime rate compared to the Philippines,
with a safety scale of 74.50 versus 56.802.
 Lesson: Effective policing strategies and community engagement can
contribute to lower crime rates and increased public safety.

5. Corruption and Governance

 South Korea: Has made significant strides in reducing corruption,
with a lower corruption perception compared to the Philippines5.
 Lesson: Strong governance and anti-corruption measures are crucial
for maintaining public trust in law enforcement.

6. Constitutional and Legal Frameworks

 South Korea: Has a more stable constitutional framework with clear
reforms aimed at strengthening democracy6.
 Philippines: Faces challenges in constitutional reform, with ongoing
debates about federalism and decentralization6.
 Lesson: A stable legal framework supports effective governance and
policing by providing clear guidelines and accountability