Speed change levers – Cần thay đổi tốc độ The Working Principle of a Lathe Machine

Speed gear box – Hộp số thay đổi tốc độ A lathe is a fundamental machine tool used in
Spindle head (headstock) – Ụ trước (hoặc đầu trục mechanical engineering to perform various operations
chính) such as turning, facing, drilling, and threading. The
basic working principle of a lathe is simple: the
Tool post – Ổ gá dao (hoặc giá dao)
workpiece rotates, while a cutting tool moves in a
Tailstock – Ụ sau controlled path to remove material and shape the part.
Feed gear box – Hộp chạy dao The spindle head (or headstock) holds and rotates the
Lead screw – Trục vít me (trục me) workpiece. The spindle is powered by an electric
Feed shaft – Trục chạy dao motor, and its speed is adjusted using speed change
Saddle – Bàn trượt ngang (bàn dao ngang) levers connected to the speed gear box. The workpiece
Rack – Thanh răng (thanh răng truyền động bàn is clamped using a chuck, which is mounted on the
trượt) spindle. The cutting tool is fixed on a tool post, which
is attached to the saddle. The saddle moves along the
bed of the lathe, guided by guideways. Movement of
the tool can be controlled manually or automatically
using the feed gear box, which is connected to the feed
shaft and lead screw. The lead screw is especially used
for thread cutting. For long workpieces, the tailstock is
used to support the free end of the part. It can also hold
tools such as drill bits or taps for internal operations. In
modern lathes, a tool turret may be used instead of a
simple tool post. This allows quick tool changes and is
ideal for mass production lathes. In such setups, tools
like collapsible taps are used to improve efficiency by
avoiding the need to reverse the spindle after tapping.
In summary, the lathe machine works on the principle
of rotating the workpiece and feeding the tool in a
linear motion to cut the material. It is a highly versatile
and essential machine in metalworking and
manufacturing industries.
The provided diagram illustrates a horizontal planer The 3-2-1 priciple
mechanism, a common configuration in mechanical
engineering used for machining flat surfaces. This
mechanism consists of several key components and joints
that facilitate the reciprocating motion required for planing
operations.
The structure is anchored at point C, which serves as a fixed
pivot or base support. From C, a rigid link extends upward to
point S₃, forming the primary support arm labeled as
segment 3. This arm is connected to a pivoting joint at B,
where a secondary link (segment 2) is attached, allowing
rotational movement. The angle θ₁ at point A indicates a
120° rotational capability, suggesting a crank or lever Geometry tells us that three points are required to
mechanism that drives the motion. define a plane. This is the "3" in 3-2-1. For example a
three dimension part, represented by a cube is placed
on a datum plane defined by three support points. So
the part’s six degrees of freedoms have now. been
reduced to three. It still moved along the X or Y axes
and rotate about Z axis.
A second plane, if it is perpendicular to the first, can be
defined two point, the “ 2” in 3-2-1. The part is now
constrained to one degree of freedom: movement
along the Y axis( the part can not move along the X, Y
axes because it is held against the planes by clamping
force
A third plance, if it perpendicular to both of the first
two planes can be define by one point. The “ 1” in 3-2-
1. The part is now entirely contrained. It can’t move
along or rotate about the x,Y or Z axes.
 Jigs Fixtures
It is a work holding It is a work holding
device that holds, device that holds,
supports and locates the supports and locates the
workpiece and guides workpiece for a specific
the cutting tool for a operation but does not
specific operation guide the cutting tool
Jigs are not clamped to Fixtures should be
the drill press table securely clamped to the
unless large diameters table of the machine
to be drilled and there is upon which the work is
a necessity to move the done.
jig to bring one each Come into the principle of the footpump, you could
bush directly under the see it contains three bars and 1 cylinder. You could
drill. force into link 1 to provide power that helps the
cylinder go down. After that, the air exits through the
The jigs are special tools Fixtures are specific
pipe form. If you don't force in link 1, the air remains in
particularly in drilling, tools used particularly in
the pipe formed, pushing link 3 forward. and joint 2
reaming, tapping and milling machine, shapers
supports link 2, and link 1 rotates together. Finally, the
boring operation. and slotting machine.
footpump is applied everywhere in our lives. It
Gauge blocks are not Gauge blocks may be
provides air to the tires. In case you have a flat tire,
necessary. provided for effective
you could use it until you can fix it
handling.
Lighter in construction. Heavier in construction.

At point B, the mechanism transitions through a slider- Máy tiện Máy phay
crank arrangement. The link from B to D (segment 2) Turning: Reducing the Face Milling: Creating
connects to a revolute joint at D, which interfaces with diameter of a flat surfaces using the
another link extending to point S₄. This link, labeled workpiece. face of the cutter.
segment 4, is part of a sliding mechanism that guides Facing: Creating a flat End Milling: Cutting
the tool or cutting head. The sliding motion is further surface at the end of a slots, grooves, or
supported by the connection from S₄ to E, where the part. complex profiles.
cutting tool is likely mounted, as indicated by the Parting (Cut-off): Cutting Slotting and Keyway
parallel lines (segment 5) representing the tool's off a finished part from Cutting: Making
cutting edge. the raw material. keyways and slots.
The input force P is applied at the left end, where a
square section (possibly a piston or crank) initiates the Thread Cutting: Drilling and Boring:
motion. This force is transmitted through the system, Producing external or Performed using
causing the crank at A to rotate and drive the internal threads using a suitable attachments.
reciprocating action of the tool along the vertical guide single-point cutting tool.
(segment 6). The presence of S₅ near E suggests an Drilling: Making a hole Contour Milling:
additional support or adjustment point to maintain using a drill bit held in Creating curved surfaces
stability during the cutting process. the tailstock. and 3D shapes.
This horizontal planer mechanism is designed to Thread Milling: Cutting
convert rotary motion into linear reciprocating motion, Boring: Enlarging an threads with a rotating
enabling precise material removal. The configuration existing hole with a cutter.
ensures that the cutting tool at E moves consistently boring bar.
along the workpiece, with the joints at D and B Knurling: Creating a
allowing for the necessary articulation. Proper textured pattern for
alignment and lubrication of the sliding and pivoting grip.
joints are critical to minimize wear and ensure Grooving: Making a
operational efficiency. narrow groove on the
cylindrical surface.
Head: Đầu trục 1. Bed : bàn máy
Motor: Động cơ chính 2. Drive : ổ đĩa
Motor Switch: Công tắc động cơ 3. Runner : người chạy
Tool Head: Đầu cắt 4. Caliper : thước cặp
Quill: Trục đứng 5. Rocker mechanism : cơ cấu lắc
Spindle: Trục chính 6. Feed box : hộp cấp liệu
Table: Bàn công tác 7. Table : bảng
Saddle: Yên dẫn hướng 8. Lubrication unit : bộ phân bôi trơn
Cross Feed Handle: Tay quay ngang 9. Electrical equipment: thiết bị điện
Knee: Khối nâng
Base: Đế máy
Monitor: Màn hình điều khiển
Ram: Thanh trượt ngang
Table Stop Dogs: Chốt giới hạn bàn
Column: Cột trụ

Phay